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STADSBYGGNADS KONTORET
Stockholm City Planning Administration Box 8314 SE-104 20 Stockholm, SWEDEN Visiting address: Fleminggatan 4 Telephone: int + 46 8 508 26 000
September 2001
Contents
Stockholm a Capital in Northern Europe . . 4 Towards Sustainable Development . . . . . . . . . . . 5 An era of Rapid Development, 1950 - . . . . . . . 6 A Liveable Place
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Appendices
The planning system in Sweden In Sweden, physical planning is mainly carried out by the local municipalities according to The Planning and Building Act. The Regional Plan is mandatory only for Stockholm County. It deals with land and water use and contains general development guidelines for the county. It also constitutes a basis for infrastructure planning. It has no binding force for the municipalities or private individuals. The Comprehensive Plan is mandatory. It deals with land and water use and development and covers the entire municipality. It contains general development guidelines for the municipality and constitutes a basis for detailed planning and rulings on applications for building permits. The comprehensive plan can be detailed for specific local areas. The plan has no binding force. The Detailed Development Plan is the main document used for all urban development. The plan regulates land use and the construction of buildings and facilities and is a legally binding development document. The detailed development plan regulates where and how the property-owner may build. A planning monopoly In principle there is a municipal planning monopoly in Sweden, and the planning system is therefore basically designed for local authorities the municipalities. Each municipality, under the Local Government Act, has to handle its own affairs. This is a fundamental rule of competence for the primary municipalities. Within this Act and the framework of special laws, municipalities decide for themselves on organisation, actions, standards on town planning for instance, etc. For healthcare and public transportation, there is a regional authority, the County Council. Stockholm County Council is also responsible for regional planning for the county. The Stockholm County Administrative Board is the regional state authority responsible for certain planning control. SOME BASIC DATA ABOUT STOCKHOLM JANUARY 2001 Stockholm County Region 6.780 480 Area etc. Land area, km2 thereof parks and green zones Population density, inh/km2 Stockholm 187 approx. 60 4,013
Todays Trends and Endeavours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 A strategy for the future: Build the city inwards The new Stockholm City Plan 1999 . . . Strategic Development Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . Green Structure Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Urban Design Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Population Share of Sweden, 2000 Foreign citizens 750,348 8.4 % 74,661 1,823,210 20.5 %
10 12 13 14
Three Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Hammarby Sjstad Kista The National City Park A Regional Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Housing Stock of apartments Dwellings by type of building Multi-family houses Single family houses Residents per 100 room units
This publication is based on Stockholm City Plan 1999, the Stockholm County Draft Regional Plan 2000 and information from the Stockholm City Planning Administration. Text: Gunnar Lantz, Architect SAR. Graphic design: Timmer Reklambyr AB Photographs: Peter Gullers, Anders Hanser, Jan Inghe, Lennart Johansson InfoBild, Klaus Luukkonen Bildmedia, Nino Monastra Printed by: Katarina Tryck AB Production: Cristina Bjrn, Strategic Planning Department Stockholm City Planning Administration
Labour market (Persons 16-64 years) Employed in all Agriculture and forestry etc Manufacturing and energy production Construction Trade and communications Financial activities etc. Education and research Medical care and social welfare Personal and cultural services Public administration etc. Gainfully employed women in % of all women Unemployed in % of labour force Men Women
Stockholm 393,000 0.3 % 8.4 % 3.4 % 19.8 % 26.4 % 8.2 % 14.7 % 12.0 % 6.3 % 78.8 % 3.8 % 2.6 %
Sweden 4,158,600 2.4 % 19.1 % 5.4 % 19.2 % 13.3 % 8.7 % 18.5 % 7.9 % 5.4 % 72.2 % 5.0 % 4.3 %
If you want to know more about Stockholm City Council: www.stockholm.se Planning for the City of Stockholm: Stockholm City Planning Administration www.sbk.stockholm.se the Regional Planning: Stockholm County Council The Office of Regional Planning and Urban Transportation www.rtk.sll.se
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A Regional Outlook
The aim of the Draft Regional Development Plan 2000 is to support three main goals for the Stockholm region: International competitiveness, High and equal living conditions and Long-term, sustainable environment. The County Council defined five areas as strategically important: Economic development, renewal and integration, Education and research, Co-operation within the Baltic Sea region, Public transport and accessibility and Housing. The Stockholm region is formally known as the County of Stockholm, but the functional region covers a much larger area. The proposal is to develop the region into a multi-centred region in order to increase accessibility for workplaces, service and culture in the different parts of the region. Contact-intensive operations are those that increase most and require densely populated locations with easy access. These often benefit from being integrated with housing and service in new centres in different parts of the region. The Plan includes two alternative structures for the future distribution of population, housing and workplaces in the region: Alternative K concentrated and Alternative P peripheral. In both cases town planning is based on increasing the developmental density and complementary additions Many people commute to their jobs in the County of Stockholm from neighbouring areas, and the housing problem in the Stockholm region can be partly solved outside the county boundaries. The extensions of the Mlarbanan and the Svealandsbanan have opened up the functional region, which today incorporates the neighbouring areas of Uppsala and the County of Sdermanland. In the long-term, an even larger area of the Mlaren Valley will become integrated into the Stockholm region. The European Corridor Co-operation exists between nearly 40 cities, municipalities and regions in southern Sweden, eastern Denmark and northern Germany for a high-speed railway from Stockholm via Copenhagen to Hamburg. This high-speed railway will constitute the backbone of a mega-region where about 5 million people live in the Swedish part. The highspeed railway will be the main part of a system of inter-city, regional and local trains that connect the different sub-markets in the whole region. It will play an important role in connecting the Baltic area with the northern parts of the European Continent. It is essential to maintain and develop environmentally sound, sustainable, cheap and effective means of transport that are necessary for the development of the Northern Europe region.
sterker Tby
Tby centrum
Arninge
BarkarbyJakobsberg
Kista-SollentunaHggvik
Vaxholm Liding
Regioncentrum
Eker
Haninge centrum
Botkyrka
0 3 6 km
From the Draft Regional Development Plan 2000.The proposal to develop the region into a multi-centred region, alternative P peripheral.
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ICELAND
Gvle Borlnge
SWEDEN FINLAND
NORWAY
Avesta
Helsinki
Oslo
Stockholm
Tallinn
St.Petersburg
Fagersta
Sala
Uppsala
ESTONIA
Riga
DENMARK IRELAND UNITED KINGDOM LATVIA LITHUANIA Kaliningrad NETHERLANDS
RUSSIA
Copenhagen
50 km
Enkping
Arlanda
Vilnius
Vsters Kping
BELARUS
London
Amsterdam Brussels
BELGIUM LUXEMBURG
Berlin Warsaw
Strngns Eskilstuna
GERMANY
POLAND
Stockholm
Sdertlje
Prague
UKRAINE CZECH REP. SLOVAKIA
Paris
rebro Katrineholm
FRANCE
Bern
SWITZERLAND
Vienna
AUSTRIA
Budapest
HUNGARY
ROMANIA
Nykping
500 km
Norrkping
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Three Examples
Hammarby Sjstad a sustainable district development The first of the strategic development areas is Hammarby Sjstad, Hammarby Sea City, a new part of inner Stockholm where the focus is on the water. This run-down port and industrial district is being transformed into a modern, ecologically sustainable part of the city. Hammarby Sjstad is Stockholms largest on-going urban development project. An old dockland and industrial area is being transformed into a modern city area that will form a logical extension of the city district Sdermalm, with 8,000 apartments housing a population of 20,000. After completion of all parts of the project in 2010, there will be 30,000 people living and working in the area. Environmentally, Hammarby Sjstad will be a well-planned area with its own recycling model and its own local sewage treatment plant. Hammarby Sjstad will have an innercity character with new, exciting architecture, establishing classic urban qualities in a modern shape. Hammarby Sjstad marks a break from the modernistic policy of building suburbs to a policy of re-establishing urban values including streets with shops and restaurants, meeting-places and a mix between work and leasure. Unique qualities and opportunities flow from the waterside location and the proximity of both the inner city and the open recreation areas nearby. In a further response to environmental concerns, Hammarby Sjstad will be well provided with transportation options including the new peripheral tramline, ferries across the Hammarby Canal, and car pooling arrangements. Plans also include a highly developed network of pedestrian and cycle paths. Kista Science City the wireless valley Kista, located in the north-western part of Stockholm, is one of the worlds most important IT-clusters. Companies like Ericsson, Nokia, Intel, Microsoft, Motorola have chosen to locate their development in wireless telecom and wireless Internet in this area. Kista is the result of planning activities in the 1970s. It was originally an industrial area, divided from a residential area by a motorway. Parts of this residential area are among the disadvantaged living areas of Stockholm, as are the suburban areas south of Kista. The city is now working, in co-operation with the Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University, with a project to transform these areas to an attractive place for work and life. New physical connections like public transport and roads are important to increase availability, e.g. an extension of the new peripheral tramline is planned in an effort to over-bridge cultural and ethnic barriers
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An era of Rapid Development: 1950 Stockholm, a city with a medieval core, has gradually evolved since it was founded in the thirteenth century. The character of the Inner City block structure was set during the expansion periods of the 17th and late 19th centuries. The Stockholm of today is mainly the result of planning efforts and development strategies carried out during the last century. Since around 1920, the City Council has taken an active part in providing people with affordable and decent housing. An important part of this strategy has been to purchase land for development, recreation purposes, etc. The strategy and the planning have been inspired by modernistic ideals with clear separation between dwelling, work and business areas, following the principles of zoning, and with high accessibility to public transport. Planning for a metro city In order to outline a strategy for the growth outside the inner city, a city-wide comprehensive plan was approved by the City Council in 1952. New suburbs were planned along metro lines like pearls on a string. The land needed was owned by the city. Each suburb was designed as a neighbourhood unit with a social and commercial core, high density housing close to the station, and in the periphery work areas and lower density housing, together with self-built one-family homes. The new concept of ABC-suburb stood for work-housing-centre. A green structure was established with green areas and parks dividing the neighbourhoods. Major investments were made in establishing an efficient public transport system, based on a network of metro lines, and later on, commuter trains out into the region. The idea was to make it possible for people to live pleasantly in the suburbs and take the metro to work in the city centre or in special work areas. The post-war era has essentially been characterised by economic growth, but also by overheating and inflation. Particularly during the 1950s and 1960s, Stockholm had to cope with a high number of people moving in, as well as a rapid growth rate concerning both public economy and urban construction. During this time, Stockholm developed about twenty-five new neighbourhoods for about 10,000 residents each, served by the new metro system. The Central Business District was renovated, and older housing in the inner city refurbished. In the 1980s a change was noted in Stockholms economic structure, with the virtual disappearance of the manufacturing industry, while private services and businesses within the financial and media sectors demonstrated significant growth. The planning strategies from 1952 have served the development of Stockholm well during several decades, providing good housing conditions and a healthy environment. The regional setting A star-shaped regional development pattern and a system of green wedges in between, provide the conditions necessary for a residential environment with good communications and simultaneously good access to green areas. The City of Stockholm currently has an annual population growth rate of just over one percent. All land within the city, except parks and green areas, is used for built-up areas, and new development projects involve densification of previously developed land. In recent decades, the majority of growth in the Stockholm area has taken place outside the city limits in neighbouring municipalities. Stockholm dominates the regions labour market with 500,000 workplaces, of which almost 300,000 are in the inner city. Many workers commute to these jobs from the surrounding suburbs. The Stockholm County constitutes an important part of the Stockholm Mlar Region. The Stockholm Mlar Regional Council (Mlardalsrdet), an association for voluntary co-operation of four county councils and 41 municipalities, is promoting the development of the area as a region in an integrated Europe. Urban planning and design categories Different annual growth rings and urban planning and design categories can be distinguished in Stockholms plan-patterns and ways of building. The characteristics of these different characters are summarized into twelve urban planning and design categories. Guidelines are given for each category. Four of the urban planning and design categories are illustrated here.
The Central, Grid-pattern City, 1880-1930, is given its main character by closed blocks with unified heights with buildings from different periods in time.
The narrow-block housing areas, 1930-1950, with both parallel and open plan-patterns as neighbourhood units, as well as with multi-family housing block groups in more closed forms of lay-outs.
The metro system suburbs, 1950-1975, with the Work-Housing-Centre suburbs, group-housing areas with terrace housing, semi-detached housing, and point block areas from the 1960s.There are also the more large-scale areas from the 1960s and 1970s with tall, slab blocks, 3-storey slab blocks and single-family houses built in groups.
The garden city developments, 1910-1945, contain both the classic garden city areas and the later, small-cottage areas.
15 1
1900
1930
1950
2000
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A Liveable Place
Stockholm has good qualifications to function well for daily living, for work and leisure, as a home town and a good environment for children to grow up in. There is also a large and varied labour market, extensive public transport and a large number of attractive housing areas containing flats as well as one-family dwellings and a wide access to green areas and unspoilt nature. As a capital city, Stockholm can offer a rich cultural life especially within the arts, music and theatre. The environmental standards are high. Social integration Problems which are characteristic of many large cities throughout the world also exist in Stockholm, although on a considerably smaller scale. Social differences and housing segregation between different parts of the city exist. The economic boom during the 1970s made it possible for some households to move out to own houses, draining some of the large-scale suburban housing areas, and leading to empty flats. In most housing districts, however, there is a social mixture. The Outer City Programme To meet social and ethnic problems in the outer suburb districts, the Stockholm City Council manages a special program, the Outer City Program, in co-operation with the tenants, supporting them in improving their situation. Focus has also been put on education and jobmatching in co-operation with companies to improve the inhabitants situation with some good results. One result is that the built environment and the design and standards of the buildings have been largely improved following tenants initiatives. In some suburbs and neighbouring cities, a development of their own identity and a new culture can be seen.
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12
5 km
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