e-Learning English, Grammar Review, Level 1, A-Z

00000 0 Its important to understand these grammatical concepts: A verb describes an action or state. It usually goes after the subject: Jack works on the 5th floor We dont understand this An infinitive is the basic/root form of the verb. For example: (to) be, (to) do, (to) take, (to) win, etc.: To be or not to be? I cant do this A gerund is the -ing form of the verb: I hate flying Thank you for listening A subject is the thing or person that goes before a verb: The boy needs help We walk to work An object is a thing or person that goes after the verb: He loves them very much She wants more money A noun is a thing or person. It usually goes before a verb: These plates are dirty! That man lives in London A pronoun substitutes a noun: Give me the books -> Give me them Its her key -> Its hers An adjective describes something or somebody It goes before a noun: The blue pens are mine Hes a very stupid man
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An adverb describes how? how much? when? where? etc. It goes after a verb, but before an adjective: He sings beautifully Its an incredibly cheap watch A preposition describes position, direction, relation, etc. It usually goes before a noun, pronoun or gerund: Thanks for the biscuits Give it to him Im tired of studying 11304 A/An We use a before vowels eg. a, e, i: Its an elephant Its a elephant Shes an artist Shes a artist We use an before consonants eg. b, c, d: Its a cat Its an cat Hes a doctor Hes an doctor If the noun begins with h or u, we use a or an depending on the pronunciation of the letter h or u: horse -> a house (the h is pronounced) hour -> an hour (the h is silent) university -> a university (the u is pronounced like you) umbrella -> an umbrella (the u is pronounced like us) 12901 Activities: -ing We often use the ing form of verbs to create activities: shop -> shopping fish -> fishing walk -> walking smoke -> smoking play football -> playing football listen to the radio -> listening to the radio Look at these examples: He hates shopping (activity = object) We like playing football (activity = object) She loves listening to the radio (activity = object) Fishing is very relaxing (activity = subject) Walking is good for the body (activity = subject) Smoking is bad for your health (activity = subject)
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Look at these typical mistakes: Drink too much isnt good for you Drinking Fry an egg isnt difficult! Frying 11915 Any / Some We use some with plural nouns in positive sentences: Clives got some problems any problems We use any with plural nouns in negative sentences: Sally hasnt got any problems some problems We use any with plural nouns in questions: Have you got any children? some children 12013 Apostrophe + s The apostrophe + s has three uses 1) s = contraction of is (be, 3 Person singular) Shes angry with us = She is Its a lovely day = It is Whens the concert? = When is 2) s = contraction of has (have, 3 Person singular) Johns finished his breakfast = John has Its been a long day = It has Whos got a dictionary? = Who has 3) s = possession Mandys mother is French = the mother of Mandy Craig is Bobs uncle = the uncle of Bob London is Englands capital city = the capital city of England 12303 Asking for Things: Can I have? When we want something, we begin Can I have?: -Can I have some more coffee, please? -Certainly -Can I have another glass of wine, please? -Here you are -Can I have your name, please? -Yes, its Colin Jones 13125 Be: Contractions
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rd rd

We use contractions when we speak and in informal situations

Be, Present Simple, Positive Statements Im married I am married Youre usually late Hes a good worker Shes my best friend Its a difficult question Were always nice to her Theyre engineers Be, Present Simple, Negative Statements Im not married I am not married You arent usually late (or Youre not usually late) He isnt a good worker (or Hes not a good worker) She isnt my best friend (or Shes not my best friend) It isnt a difficult question (or Its not a difficult question) We arent always nice to her (or Were not always nice to her) They arent engineers (or Theyre not engineers) 11411 Be: Short Answers & Contractions When we reply with positive short answers, we use no contractions: Yes, I am Yes, Im Yes, you are Yes, youre Yes, he is Yes, hes Yes, she is Yes, shes When we reply with negative short answers, we use contractions: No, Im not No I am not No, you arent or No, youre not No you are not No, he isnt No, he is not No, she isnt No, she is not 10213 Be: Yes, I am / No, Im not If somebody asks Are you? you reply Yes, I am or No, Im not: Are you Peter? Yes, I am Yes, Im Are you happy? No, Im not 13208 Can / Can't We use Can and Cant to talk about abilities. Can you understand him? Yes, I can / No, I cant

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We use the same forms for everybody (singular or plural, 1st, 2nd or 3rd person): Can you dance? - Yes, I can Can your mother speak Italian? - No, she cant Anthony can play chess, but he cant play very well We cant hear you They can do what they want Can is a special verb and it does NOT use do(nt) or does(nt) to form questions and negatives. Look at these typical mistakes: She cans sing very well -> She can sing very well He doesnt can play the piano -> He cant play the piano Do you can help me? -> Can you help me? They dont can understand us -> They cant understand us Brian can to come to the concert -> Brian can come to the concert Cant you to wait a minute? -> Cant you wait a minute 14325 Can I? We use Can I? to ask for permission: Can I change these cheques? Can I see your passport? Can I ask you a personal question? We say Yes of course, Certainly or Go ahead to give permission: -Can I take sit here? -Yes, of course -Can I join you? -Certainly -Can I interrupt you? -Go ahead 13107 Collocation: Introduction In every language, some words combine naturally to form collocations. For example: watch + television = watch television listen to + the radio = listen to the radio stay + at home = stay at home go + to work = go to work get up + early = get up early have + breakfast = have breakfast We will look at collocations in more detail in Levels 2 and 3.
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12011 Contractions: Introduction

We often combine the subject and the verb be to form contractions: I am from Oxford -> Im from Oxford You are a good teacher -> Youre a good teacher He is very tired -> Hes very tired Angela is my friend -> Angelas my friend It is raining again -> Its raining again We are confused -> Were confused They are wonderful children -> Theyre wonderful children We can also combine question words with is to form contractions: Whos Peter? = Who is Peter? Wheres Jane? = Where is Jane? Whys Margaret angry? = Why is Margaret angry? Whats the time? = What is the time? Whens your birthday? = When is your birthday? Contractions are especially common when we are speaking: - Whats the time? - Im not sure. We also use contractions when writing informally: Hi Jeff! How are you? Im in Cambridge now. Its a lovely place. Were going to London tomorrow

12806 Days & Months

Days and Months begin with a Capital letter: Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday January, February, March Look at these typical mistakes: th th thursday 6 june -> Thursday 6 June rd rd friday 23 august -> Friday 23 August

14130 Else

Else means more or in addition: Anything else? No, thats everything, thanks. We use else after no-, some- and any- words: Is anybody else interested in the film? No, nobody else

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Ive got something else to tell you. Its a secret! Does anyone else know? No, noone else knows! Else is also used in these simple questions: Who else? What else? Why else? When else? How else? Look at these typical mistakes: What more? else Who more? else Do you want anything more? else I have something more to say else 13515 Excuse me, Sorry, etc. We use Excuse me... to attract somebodys attention: Excuse me, wheres the town hall? Excuse me, could you tell me the time, please? We say Excuse me?... when we didnt hear or understand something: -Thats 943,653 in total -Excuse me? We can also use Sorry? Im sorry? or (more formally) I beg your pardon? in this kind of situation: -W-I-L-L-I-S -Sorry? -Two kilos of Golden Delicious, please -Im sorry? -Open your suitcase, please, Madam -I beg your pardon? We say Excuse me?! (with rising intonation) to express surprise: -John, youre the boss today -Excuse me?! Similarly, we can use Sorry?! Im sorry?! or I beg your pardon?!: -Im 93 years old today
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-Sorry?! -Ill have the chocolate chicken, please -Im sorry?! -Weve decided to fire you, Angela -I beg your pardon?! We sometimes use (Oh) Excuse me to apologise: -Would you mind letting me through? -Oh, excuse me However, its more usual to say Sorry or Im sorry in this situation: -Could you tell me the time, please? -Sorry, I havent got a watch -Excuse me, do you know the way to Oxford Street? -Im sorry, Im a stranger here myself 10205 Excuse me? 13731 Food & Drink We use Excuse me? to catch somebodys attention: Excuse me? Are you Jane Wilson? Most people have three meals: breakfast (in the morning), lunch (at midday) and dinner (in the evening). We use have with food and drink. It means eat or drink, but we say have. Look at these examples: Come on! Lets have breakfast! eat Lets have a beer! drink What time do you have lunch? eat I often have a coffee at 11 drink We normally have dinner at 7 oclock. eat We use have X for breakfast (etc.) to give details about what we eat or drink: My wife usually has a white coffee and biscuits for breakfast I sometimes have chicken and chips for lunch We never have meat for dinner Dont confuse meat with meal! Look at these typical mistakes: My favourite meat is breakfast -> meal My favourite meal is pork -> meat
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13416 Frequency: Sometimes, Usually, etc.

Look at this scale of common adverbs of frequency: never -> rarely -> sometimes -> often -> usually/normally -> always 0% ->.-> 100% We normally put the adverb before the verb: She never remembers my name He rarely comes for a drink It sometimes snows in Liverpool They often phone me I usually have a coffee after lunch We normally put the adverb before the verb You always seem happy! We put the adverb after be and can: Im always right Theyre usually late He can normally do the crossword She can rarely beat me at Monopoly!

10514 From

We use from to express origin: Where are you from? Im from Peru Wheres this coffee from? Its from Brazil

10116 Greetings

The usual greetings are: Hi or Hello If you know their name, you can add it: Hi, Jack or Hello, Ana! Its usual to ask about the person: How are you? or Are you OK? And normally we reply: Fine, thanks. And you?

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11909 Have got

11909 Have got

We use have got to indicate possession: Ive got an idea She hasnt got a job Have you got any brothers or sisters? When we reply with positive short answers, we use no contractions: Yes, I have Yes, Ive / Yes Ive got Yes, you have Yes, youve / Yes, youve got Yes, he has Yes, hes / Yes, hes got Yes, she has Yes, shes / Yes, shes got When we reply with negative short answers, we use contractions: No, I havent No, I have not / No, I have not got No, you havent No, you have not / No, you have not got No, he hasnt No, he has not / No, he has not got No, she hasnt No, she has not / No, she has not got

13806 Here
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When we give somebody something, we say Here you are: -Here you are.

-Thanks! When we specify the object, we use Heres (singular) or Here are (plural): Heres your passport Heres my business card Here are your keys Here are our clothes Look at these typical mistakes: Here you have Here you are your briefcase Here you are your glasses 11320 How many...?

Here you are Heres your briefcase Here are your glasses

How many? is always followed by a plural noun: How many seconds are there in a minute? How many hoursare there in a day? We use How often? to ask about the frequency of activities: How often do you go to the dentists? About twice a year How often do they take their dog to the vets? Once a year How often does Jim call? Every morning How often does it rain in Ireland? Quite a lot!

14401 How often...?

11410 How old?

We ask How old? when we want to know the age of something or somebody: How old are you? How old is your car? This is how we introduce two people: Jack, this is Ana Ana, Jack. The phrase this is is optional.

10116 Introductions

14022 Is there? Are there?

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When somebody asks Is there? we usually reply Yes, there is or No,

there isnt. Similarly, if the question is Are there? we normally answer Yes, there are or No, there arent. Look at these examples: Is there a clock on the wall? (Is there a? Singular, Question) Yes, there is No, there isnt Yes, theres a clock No, there isnt a clock Is there any money? (Is there any? Uncountable, Question) Yes, there is No, there isnt Yes, theres some money No, there isnt any money Are there any paintings? (Are there any? Plural, Question) Yes, there are No, there arent Yes, there are 3 paintings Yes, there are some paintings No, there arent any paintings 11102 Jobs: She's a hairdresser... You must put a before the job: Whats her job? Shes a hairdresser, not Shes hairdresser Whats your job? Im a doctor, not Im doctor 10210 Leaving 13113 Likes & Dislikes When we leave, we can say: Bye or Goodbye or See you tomorrow When we talk about likes and dislikes, the verb takes an ing form: We love playing tennis Do you like going for walks? He doesnt like watching TV She hates cooking Remember to put to after listen. Look at these typical mistakes: Im listening the radio -> Im listening to the radio Listen me! -> Listen to me!

13129 Listen

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10210 Meeting People 13723 Meeting People

When we meet somebody for the first time, we say: Nice to meet you or Pleased to meet you When we meet somebody for the first time, we say: Nice to meet you or Pleased to meet you When we meet somebody again, we say: Nice to see you again or Good to see you again

14130 None v. No-one

None means not any. No-one means nobody. Look at these examples: -How many tickets have you got? -None (= Not any) No-one -Whos interested? -No-one (=Nobody) None

10403 Numbers 1-10

10403 Numbers 1-10

We write eight, not eigth

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10407 Numbers 11-20

10407 Numbers 11-20

We say thirteen, fourteen, etc. with the stress on the teen

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11314 Numbers 200-1000

11314 Numbers 200-1000

Hundred is always singular: Three hundred hundreds We say a thousand: A thousand people are here Thousand people

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11123 Numbers 21-100

11123 Numbers 21-100

We say thirty, forty, etc. with the stress on the first syllable We say a hundred: A hundred people are here Hundred people

11007 Offering, Accepting & Rejecting

Offering Would you like anything to drink? Would you like anything to eat? And for you, Madam? And for you, Sir? Accepting an Offer (Saying YES) Yes please A coffee, please A cheese and ham sandwich, please Rejecting an Offer (Saying NO) No, thank you. No, thanks. Nothing for me, thanks.

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Passing Something to Somebody Here you are Giving Thanks Thanks Thank you Accepting Thanks Not at all Don't mention it Example Dialogue 1 Waiter: Would you like anything to drink? Woman: A white coffee, please Waiter: And for you, Sir? Man: Nothing for me, thanks Waiter (to woman): Here you are Woman: Thank you Waiter: Not at all Example Dialogue 2 Waiter: Would you like anything to eat? Man: A jumbo chicken burger, please Waiter: And for you, Madam? Woman: No, thank you Waiter (to man): Here you are Man: Thanks Waiter: Dont mention it 13809 Offering, Accepting & Rejecting Can I help you? We can accept an offer: Yes, please Thank you Thanks That's very kind of you If you don't mind Or we can reject the offer:
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It's OK, thanks I'm OK, thanks I'm all right, thank you It's all right, thank you Don't worry, I'm fine 13731 On television, On the radio, etc, We use on with telecommunications: on the radio on TV / on the TV on television / on the television on the Internet / on the Net on my mobile on BBC Radio on ITV 3 etc. When we want somebodys opinion, we ask What do you think of?: What do you think of the new logo? What do you think of Mary? What do you think of my garden? There are many ways to give an opinion. Look at these examples: -What do you think of Daves idea? -I think its ridiculous! -I like it! -I love it! -I dont think its a bad idea -Im not sure -I dont know what to think! -What do YOU think? 14105 Pence, Pounds & Prices There are 100 pence (100p) in one pound (1 / 1.00). Pence is the plural of penny (0.01 / 1p). We often say p instead of pence or penny 2 pounds (2) is about 3 euros (3) 1 euro (1) is about 66 pence (66p / 0.66) 5 cents (0,05) is about 3 pence (3 p / 0.03) When we want to know the price of something, we ask How much? Look at these examples:
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12502 Opinions: Asking and Giving

How How How How

much is it? much are they? much is the map? much are the oranges?

When we say a price in pence, we often say p: Its ninety p (= Its ninety pence) Theyre twenty p each (= Theyre twenty pence each) When we say a price in pounds, we often omit p (or pence) because its obvious: Its eight pounds fifty (= Its eight pounds fifty pence / p) Theyre two pounds twenty (= Theyre two pounds twenty pence / p) We can write prices in two different ways: in pence format or pound format. Look at these examples: 66p / 0.66 3 p / 0.03 When we want to know the final price (the total), we ask How much is that? When we give the final price (the total), we usually say Thats -How much is that, please? -Thats sixteen pounds, twenty-two -So, how much is that? -Thats ninety-seven p, please 11307 Plural Nouns: Spelling We usually add s to make plural nouns: girl -> girls table -> tables cat -> cats If the singular noun ends in -s, -sh, -ch or -x, we add -es: bus -> buses buss dish -> dishes dishs church -> churches churchs box -> boxes boxes If the singular ends in -f or -fe, we change f to v:
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wife -> wives wifes leaf -> leaves leafs If the singular ends in -y, the plural form depends on the letter before the y. If the letter before y is a consonant, we change y to i and add -es: family -> families familys baby -> babies babys If the letter before y is a vowel, we simply add s: boy -> boys monkey -> monkeys Some plural nouns are irregular. For example: man -> men mans woman -> women womans child -> children childs person -> people persons tooth -> teeth tooths foot -> feet foots fish -> fish fishes sheep -> sheep sheeps mouse -> mice mouses 10502 Possession: His & Her We use his and her to express possession. If the person who possesses is male, we use his: Whats his name? His names Paolo (Paolo is a boy or man) If the person who possesses is female, we use her: Whats her name? Her names Barbara (Barbara is a girl or woman) 12801 Possessive Adjectives We use Possessive Adjectives before a noun to express possession: I love my job! You love your job! He loves his job! She loves her job! We love our job! They love their job!

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Look at these typical mistakes: She loves his husband -> She loves her husband (She!) He loves her wife -> He loves his wife (He!) We hate ours jobs -> We hate our jobs (No Plural Form!) They need theirs cars -> They need their cars (No Plural Form!) 11605 Prepositions of Location: Above / Under / Next To / Near

11605 Prepositions of Location: Above / Under / Next To / Near

We say near, not near of: The light is near the table near of the table We say next to, not next: The light is next to the table next the table Next to means very near

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11601 Prepositions of Location: On / In / In Front Of / Behind

11601 Prepositions of Location: On / In / In Front Of / Behind

We say behind, not behind of: The cat is behind the box behind of the box The opposite of behind is in front of: Im in front of Wendy -> Wendy is behind me.

12811 Prepositions of Time: In / On / At

We use in with months, seasons and years: in July, in November in spring, in autumn in 1986, in 2008 We also use in with these expressions: in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening We use on with days and dates: on Monday, on Friday on Tuesday morning, on Sunday afternoon, on Wednesday evening th nd th on 4 of July, on October 22 , on Thursday 15 May We use at with times:

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at six oclock, at half past seven We also use at with these expressions: at the weekend, at weekends at night at Christmas, at Easter 12307 Prepositions: For, At and In We use for to refer to a beneficiary (somebody who receives something): I work for Microsoft This pen is for you We also use at in these common phrases referring to location: At home -> Shes not at home At work -> Is Bob at work? At school -> The children are at school At university -> Janes at university At church -> We often see Jack at church We use in before place names: I live in Manchester She works in France 12307 Present Simple: Are they? When somebody asks Are they? we usually reply Yes, they are or No, they arent: -Are they at home? -Yes, they are -Are they at work? -No, they arent We use a similar form with we and you (plural): -Are you busy? -Yes, we are -Are you angry with me? -No, we arent 12212 Present Simple: Be, Have and Have got The verb be has completely different forms to other verbs Be, Present Simple, Positive Statements Im married Youre usually late
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Hes a good worker Shes my best friend Its a difficult question Were always nice to her Theyre engineers Be, Present Simple, Negative Statements Im not married You arent usually late (or Youre not usually late) He isnt a good worker (or Hes not a good worker) She isnt my best friend (or Shes not my best friend) It isnt a difficult question (or Its not a difficult question) We arent always nice to her (or Were not always nice to her) They arent engineers (or Theyre not engineers) Be, Present Simple, Questions Am I right? Are you busy? Is he American? Is she a good teacher? Is it cold out? Are we all here? Are they hungry? Look at these typical mistakes: I dont be married You dont be usually late He doesnt be a good worker Does she be a good teacher? Do we be all here? Do they be hungry?

Im not You arent He isnt Is she? Are we? Are they?

rd

The verb have is regular, but in positive statements, the 3 Person Singular form (he/she/it) is has, not haves: Marian has dinner at 9 oclock Brian has a lot of friends July has 31 days Like be, the verb have got is different to other verbs Look at these typical mistakes with have got: I dont have got a lot of money I havent got
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He doesnt have got many friends He hasnt got Do you have got the time? Have you got the time? Does she have got a mobile? Has she got a mobile? 12308 Present Simple: Do they...? When somebody asks Do they? we usually reply Yes, they do or No, they dont: -Do they live in York? -Yes, they do -Do they work there? -No, they dont Look at these typical mistakes: -Do they like chocolate? -Yes, they like Yes, they do -No, they dont like No, they dont (or No, they dont like it) -Do they know Peter? -Yes, they know Yes, they do -No, they dont know No, they dont (or No, they dont know him) 12213 Present Simple: Do you...? When somebody asks Do you? we usually reply Yes, I do or No, I dont: -Do you live in York? -Yes, I do -Do you work there? -No, I dont Look at these typical mistakes: -Do you like chocolate? -Yes, I like Yes, I do -No, I dont like No, I dont (or No, I dont like it) -Do you know Peter? -Yes, I know Yes, I do -No, I dont know No, I dont (or No, I dont know him) 13408 Present Simple: Does...? When somebody asks Does she? Does he? etc. we usually reply Yes, she does or No, she doesnt, etc.: -Does Pamela live in York? -Yes, she does -Does she work there? -No, she doesnt

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-Does Graham play golf? -Yes, he does -Does he play well? -No, he doesnt -Does it rain a lot in England? -Yes, it does -Does it rain as much as in Scotland? -No, it doesnt Look at these typical mistakes: -Does she like chocolate? -Yes, she likes Yes, she does -No, she doesnt like No, she doesnt (or No, she doesnt like it) -Does he know Peter? -Yes, he knows Yes, he does -No, he doesnt know No, he doesnt (or No, he doesnt know him) 12212 Present Simple: Introduction We use the Present Simple for permanent situations / facts and habits / routines We put the infinitive after I, you, we or they to make positive statements: I live in Coventry (permanent situation / fact) You have lunch at 1 oclock (habit / routine) We play tennis on Thursdays (habit / routine) They like classical music (permanent situation / fact) If the subject is he, she or it (3 Person Singular), we add s: He lives in Coventry She plays tennis on Thursdays It rains a lot in Scotland If the infinitive ends in a consonant + y, we change y to i and add -es: She studies French 5 hours a week studys He worries about his parents worrys If the infinitive ends in -s, -z, -sh, -tch, -x or -o, we add -es: kiss -> Gran kisses me goodbye every morning kisss pass -> Steve passes the bank on his way home passs buzz -> London buzzes with activity! buzzs fizz -> Cola fizzes more than coffee! fizzs
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rd

wash -> Dave washes his car every week catch -> Sandy usually catches the bus to work mix -> Deirdre mixes business with pleasure fax -> John faxes me once a month do -> This car does 100 miles to the gallon go -> Brian goes to church every Sunday

washs catchs mixs faxs dos gos

We use dont + I/you/we/they + infinitive to make negative statements: I live in Coventry -> I dont live in Birmingham You have lunch at 1 oclock -> You dont have lunch at 2 oclock We play tennis on Thursdays -> We dont play tennis on Wednesdays They like classical music -> They dont like pop music If the subject is he, she or it, we use doesnt: He lives in Coventry -> He doesnt live in Birmingham She plays tennis on Thursdays -> She doesnt play tennis on Wednesdays It rains a lot in Scotland -> It doesnt rain a lot in Saudi Arabia We use do + I/you/we/they + infinitive to make questions: Do I know you? Do you want a drink? Do we have time? Do they like country music? If the subject is he, she or it, we use does: Does he live in Coventry? Does she play tennis on Thursdays? Does it rain a lot in Scotland? Look at these typical mistakes: She play football at the weekend They do live in Pakistan He dont like hamburgers It doesnt snows much here Do he work with you? Does Angela wants to come? She speak French? He have a car? 13707 Present Simple: Wh- Questions & How Questions

She plays football at the weekend They live in Pakistan He doesnt like hamburgers It doesnt snow much here Does he work with you? Does Angela want to come? Does she speak French? Does he have a car?

Look at these examples of common Wh- Questions and How Questions: -Where does Bill live? -In Brighton

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-What does he do? -He works in supermarket -When does he get up? -At half past eight -What time does he start work? -At half past nine -Why does he like his job? -Because he likes meeting people -Who does he work with? -With Sam, his brother -How does he travel to work? -By bus, usually? -How long does the journey take? -About 20 minutes -How many hours does Bill work every day? -He works 8 and a half hours -How much does he earn? -I have no idea! 12503 Pronouns - I/me, he/him, etc. We distinguish between subject pronouns and object pronouns: Subject Object I me you you he him she her it it we us you you they them Look at these typical mistakes: I dont like he him (object of verb like) Do you know they? them (object of verb know) Her lives in Germany She (subject of verb live) Us play golf on Tuesdays We (subject of verb play) 13726 Saying Goodbye When we leave, we can say: Bye Goodbye See you tomorrow See you later See you next week

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See you on Monday We can add: Have a nice evening Have a good afternoon Have a nice day Have a good weekend, etc. And we usually reply: Thanks. The same to you. 14130 Somebody / Someone, etc. Xbody = Xone, so somebody = someone anybody = anyone nobody = no-one We usually write no-one with a hyphen (-) between no and one. 10205 Sorry When we make a mistake, we say: Sorry or Oh, sorry Normally we reply: Thats OK or Thats all right

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14006 Theres... / There are...

14006 Theres... / There are...

Look at the picture of a living room Theres a table in the middle of the room. (Theres a Singular) Theres some water in the vase (Theres some... Uncountable, Positive) There are some plants. (There are some Plural, Positive) There are two armchairs (There are X Plural, Number) There isnt a computer (There isnt a Singular, Negative) There isnt any beer (There isnt any Uncountable, Negative) There arent any bookcases (There arent any Plural, Negative) Is there a clock on the wall? (Is there a? Singular, Question) Is there any money? (Is there any? Uncountable, Question)

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Are there any paintings? (Are there any? Plural, Question) Look at these typical mistakes: Theres any water in the vase (Theres some Uncountable, Positive) There are any plants. (There are some Plural, Positive) There isnt any computer (There isnt a Singular, Negative) There isnt some beer (There isnt any Uncountable, Negative) There arent some bookcases (There arent any Plural, Negative) Is there any clock on the wall? (Is there a? Singular, Question) Is there some money? (Is there any? Uncountable, Question) Are there some paintings? (Are there any? Plural, Question) 11613 This / That / These / Those We use this or these to refer to something that is here. We use this for singular nouns and these for plural nouns: Whats this? (= here, singular) This is a notebook What are these? (= here, plural) These are biscuits We use that or those to refer to something that is there. We use that for singular nouns and those for plural nouns: Whats that? (= there, singular) Thats a clock What are those? (= there, plural)) Those are books 10412 This is We use This is to introduce people: John, this is Elena We also use This is to identify objects: This is a PDA We use this with singular nouns: Whats this? Its a chair We use these with plural nouns: What are these? Theyre chairs 13119 Time: Whats the time? etc.
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11311 This/These

Look at these example times:

03:00 -> 3 oclock 03:10 -> 10 past 3 03:15 -> A quarter past 3 03:30 -> Half past 3 03:40 -> 20 to 4 03:45 -> A quarter to 4 If the number of minutes is between 1 and 30, use past. The rule is MINUTES + past + LAST HOUR 03:10 -> 10 past 3 16:28 -> 28 past 4 If the number of minutes is between 31 and 59, use to: The rule is MINUTES + to + NEXT HOUR 03:40 -> 20 to 4 20 to 3 16:38 -> 22 to 5 22 to 4 If the number of minutes is 15 or 45, use a quarter: 03:15 -> A quarter past 3 16:45 -> A quarter to 5 If the number of minutes is 30, use half: 03:30 -> Half past 3 16:30 -> Half past 4 If the number of minutes is 0, use oclock: 03:00 -> 3 oclock 16:00 -> 4 oclock Look at these typical mistakes: 03:00 -> 3 clock 3 oclock 03:10 -> 3 past 10 10 past 3 03:15 -> Quarter past 3 A quarter past 3 03:30 -> 30 past 3 Half past 3 03:30 -> A half past 3 Half past 3 03:40 -> 40 past 3 20 to 4 03:40 -> 20 to 3 20 to 4 03:45 -> Quarter to 4 A quarter to 4 There are several ways to ask the time: Whats the time? What time is it?
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More formally (eg. with strangers), we can use: Can you tell me the time, please? Could you tell me the time, please? More informally (eg. with friends/family), we often use: What time do you make it? Its = The time is: Its 1 oclock Its 7 oclock They are 7 oclock When we give the time, Its is optional: Whats the time? 6 oclock / Its 6 oclock 13519 Travel & Transport: by car, on foot We use by to refer to transport generally: I go to work by bus She usually goes by car I hate travelling by plane We say on foot, not by foot: We came here on foot its quicker than by tube 14017 What colour...? When we want to know the colour of something, we ask What colour is/are? Look at these examples: What colour is that shirt? Its white What colour are your shoes? Theyre brown What colour is this chair? Its green What colour are their helmets? Theyre pink Look at these typical mistakes: What colour has your jersey? is What colour have your socks? are 13506 What time? At We ask What time ? when we want to know when somebody does something: What time do you get up at the weekends? What time does Jack go to bed? What time does Alison leave home? What time do they start work?

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We put at before the time to say when we do something. We can give a short answer or a longer answer: What time do you get up at the weekends? At 9 oclock / I get up at 9 oclock What time does Jack go to bed? At half past 10 / He gets up at half past 10 What time does Alison leave home? At a quarter to 7 / She leaves home at a quarter to 7 Look at these typical mistakes: She wakes up 8 oclock. He starts work its half past 7. At what hour do you have dinner? 12510 Why...? Because...

She wakes up at 8 oclock He starts work at half past 7 What time do you have dinner?

We use Why? to ask for a reason and we use Because to give a reason: -Why do you study so much? -Because I want a better job -Why do you want a better job? -Because I want to earn more money -Why do you want to earn more money? -Because I want to buy a bigger house -Why do you want to buy a bigger house? -Because I want to have a garden -Why do you want to have a garden?... We use Would you like? to offer something: Would you like anything to drink? Would you like anything to eat? Would you like a room with a bath? Would you like a single room? We use Id like to say what we want: Id like a beer, please Id like a double room, please Id like to see the manager Id like to visit Australia one day Id like is a contraction of I would like. We use Id like and Would you like? in specific moments or situations:

13802 Would like

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Id like a beer, please (now) Would you like to visit Australia? (one day) We use I like and Do you like? (Present Simple) to refer to general situations: I like biscuits with my tea (habit) Do you like cheese? (fact) Look at these typical mistakes: -What do you like? -I like a black coffee, please -Do you like anything to eat?... 11108 Yes, he is / Yes, she is What would you like? Id like a black coffee, please Would you like anything to eat?...

If somebody asks Is he? you reply Yes, he is or No, he isnt: Is he American? Yes, he is Yes, hes or No, he isnt If somebody asks Is she? you reply Yes, she is or No, she isnt: Is she married? Yes, she is Yes, shes or No, she isnt

10116 You

You can be singular or plural, informal or formal, respectful or disrespectful There are no alternatives for you in English!

CONEXIA S.COOP. Reservados todos los derechos.