ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 4

ADAPTIVE REUSE

I.

ADAPTIVE REUSE
Adaptive reuse deals with the issues of conservation and heritage policies. Whilst

old buildings become unsuitable for their programmatic requirements, as progress in technology, politics and economics moves faster than the built environment, adaptive reuse comes in as a sustainable option for the reclamation of sites. In many situations, the types of buildings most likely to become subjects of adaptive reuse include; industrial buildings, as cities become gentrified and the process of manufacture moves away from city; political buildings, such as palaces and buildings which cannot support current and future visitors of the site; and community buildings such as churches or schools where the use has changed over time. Adaptive reuse is seen as an effective way of reducing urban sprawl and environmental impact. By reusing an existing structure within a site, the energy required to create these spaces is lessened, as is the material waste that comes from destroying old sites and rebuilding using new materials. Through adaptive reuse old, unoccupied buildings can become suitable sites for many different types of use.

II.

PRINCIPLES OF ADAPTIVE REUSE

The cultural significance of the place, its fabric and its use will guide adaptation. The continuation of a culturally significant use (historical use) is preferable to a new use. A setting contributes to the heritage significance of a place. Where adaptation is required it should involve the minimal amount of change to significant fabric necessary to achieve the requirements of the new use. This should be undertaken only after demonstrated consideration of alternatives. Heritage is dynamic and heritage places should continue to live and develop over time. The associated stories of a place should continue after the adaptation of the place. Adaptive reuse is an essential component of sustainable development practice and has environmental, social and economic benefits. 1|Page

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 4

ADAPTIVE REUSE

Through adaptation, the authenticity of a place should be revealed and the significance of the place should be interpreted. New additions or new constructions in the vicinity of a place of heritage significance should be in harmony with the existing structure but also be clearly identifiable as new additions.

Adaptive Reuse should be undertaken using high quality design and materials.

While the process of adaptive reuse is a decision often made purely by companies establishing a particular brand or presence, there are often criteria for deciding whether a building should be conserved and reused or just demolished for the area of land it occupies. Some of these determining criteria include;

The societal value of a given site; that is, the importance to the community of the use of a site by community members or visitors. The potential for the reuse of a particular site; the physical damage sustained to the site and its support of future use, the character of the existing site in terms of the proposed reuse.

The historical importance of the site; in terms of both the physicality of the street-scape and the area, as well as of the role of the site in the communitys understanding of the past.

The natural ecological conditions of the site; whether the site is suitable climatically or can support the proposed environmental work needed in the site.

Significance and Compatible Use Adaptive reuse must be sympathetic, appropriate and compatible with the significance of a place. Adaptation should allow a place and its associated stories to live and develop over time. Community interest, concern and potential use of a place should be considered when determining reuse of places. Adaptive reuse should allow for interpretation of the heritage values of the place and promote public appreciation. Adaptive reuse options, including associated infrastructure, will consider the impacts to the setting, surrounding landscape and infrastructure.

2|Page

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 4
Level of appropriate change

ADAPTIVE REUSE

Adaptive reuse should minimize impacts on significant fabric. The level of change should be appropriate to the significance of the place or element being adapted. Works that involve changes to fabric of high significance should be reversible, as far as practicable. Reuse of a heritage place and its significant elements should be considered in preference to constructing major new additions. Where aspects of the new use would have an unacceptable heritage impact, these uses should be accommodated in sympathetic modest additions. Incompatible uses that negatively impact on heritage significance should be avoided and may include adaptive reuse requiring: 1. Extensive changes 2. Major structural upgrading 3. Major new services

In this case, either the functional requirements of the new use need to be reduced, or an alternative use must be found.
Source:

III. STRUCTURES A. Public Library

A public library is a library that is accessible by the general public and is generally funded from public sources, such as taxes. It is operated by librarians and library paraprofessionals, who are also civil servants. There are five fundamental characteristics shared by public libraries. They are generally supported by taxes (usually local, though any level of government can and may contribute); They are governed by a board to serve the public interest; They are open to all and every community member can access the collection; They are entirely voluntary in that no one is ever forced to use the services provided; And public libraries provide basic services without charge.

3|Page

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 4

ADAPTIVE REUSE

Public libraries exist in many countries across the world and are often considered an essential part of having an educated and literate population. Public libraries are distinct from research libraries, school libraries, and other special libraries in that their mandate is to serve the general public's information needs (rather than the needs of a particular school, institution, or research population). Public libraries also provide free services such as preschool story times to encourage early literacy, quiet study and work areas for students and professionals, or book clubs to encourage appreciation of literature in adults. Public libraries typically allow users to take books and other materials off the premises temporarily; they also have non-circulating reference collections and provide computer and Internet access to patrons.

The primary goal of effective library design and space planning is that the facility must respond to the needs of its service population. Once the needs of its service population are determined, the library building must include flexibility in the design of its interior and exterior spaces and elements in order for the library to effectively address the immediate and future needs of its design population. Since the late 1970s, advanced technologies and alternative methods of how libraries deliver services, i.e., distance learning, electronic media, continue to develop rapidly. Before the late 1970s, housing print media was the main function of a library. Today, Internet access, electronic media, computer technology, and other forms of modern-day advancements have had a profound effect on the function and design of libraries. As a result, library design must take into account all of the issues that may affect its use in the future. Incorporating flexibility and adaptability in the design, planning, and construction of libraries is essential in order for the library to serve the immediate and future needs of its community. The first step in the design of any library is a written building program that outlines the library's space needs. An effective program must include input from librarians and library staff who have hands-on experience with the function of a library, its space needs, and the needs of its service population. A general rule of thumb is that the program should project the space needs of the library for 20 years. A library building consultant can also help to prepare the building program. Library design is most effective if the program is developed before beginning the schematic design phase.

4|Page

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 4
Library Spaces

ADAPTIVE REUSE

The Library space types are areas where bound paper documents, film, or magnetic media are stored. A Library space type may include both open and closed storage systems and moveable shelving systems, and be applicable to file rooms and other dense storage of material in conditioned office environments. Libraries are assumed to be general purpose, and may include display spaces and reading, meeting, and electronic workstations, as defined by the desired level of access to materials being stored. Space Attributes Internet access, electronic media, computer technology, and other forms of modernday advancements have had a profound effect on the function and design of libraries. As a result, Library space type design must be flexible enough to take into account these types of integrated technologies as well as to properly store, handle, and circulate printed and other media types. No special type of humidity control is assumed in the Library space type since storage of archival materials is not typical. There are seven broad types of library space 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Collection space Public electronic workstation space User seating space Staff work space Meeting space Special use space Non-assignable space (including mechanical space) Functional / Operational Integrated Technology: Begin the design process with a thorough understanding of the technological requirements of the space, including anticipated future needs.

Shelving systems: Depending on the particular needs of a library space, shelving systems
can be integrated into the design of the room or installed as modular and adaptable units.

Heavy floor loads: Library stacks and records storage are typically designed for a 150
LB/SF live load.

Acoustic and Visual Privacy: Library space types will typically include reading and private
work/study areas that require acoustic and visual separation from general circulation and work areas. Program these spaces in relation to public access to shelving for self-service.

Special Lighting: Establishing lighting zones at the beginning of the design process.
Differentiate between the lighting needs for shelving, circulation, reading and workrooms. Consider energy-efficient lighting.
Source: http://www.wbdg.org/design/public_library.php

5|Page

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 4

ADAPTIVE REUSE

Lounge chairs Not more than 15 percent. Should in general be restricted to lounge areas, smoking rooms, current-periodical rooms, or used to break up unpleasantly long rows of other types of accommodations . In many libraries 8 to 10 percent of seating of this kind is adequate . Individual accommodations Up to 85 percent. These should provide in most cases for working surfaces cut off from immediately adjacent neighbors, aisles or partitions on one, two, or three sides . The partitions should be high enough-52 in . for men-so that heads do not bob up or down above them and cause visual distraction . These accommodations may include : (1) Tables for one . These can bequite satisfactory along a wall or screen if the readers all face in the same direction . (2) Tables for two with partitions down the center . Sae Fig . Bb . For limited use only. (3) Tables for four or more with partitions in both directions

Book-Stack Capacity Book-stack capacity is based on : A. The Number of Volumes Shelved in a Standard Stack Section The number of volumes that can be shelved in a standard stack section depends on : (1) Book heights and the number of shelves per section ; (2) book thickness ; (3) the decision in regard to what is considered a full section . 1 . Book Heights and Shelves per Section Stack sections in academic libraries are considered standard if they are 7 ft 6 in . high and 3 ft wide . Sections of this height make possible seven shelves 12 in . on centers over a 4-in. base. This spacing is adequate for books which are 11 in . tall or less, which, as shown in Table 11, include 90 percent of the books in a typical collection . It is suggested that most of the remaining 10 percent will be concentrated in a comparelively few subjects, that 70 percent of this 10 percent will be between 11 and 13 in . tall, and that six shelves 14 in . on centers will provide for them . 2 . Book Thickness and the Number of Volumes That Can Be Shelved Satisfactorily on Each Linear Foot of Shelving.No two libraries are alike in this connection . The average thickness will depend on (a) The definition of a volume ; (b) binding policy, particularly for pamphlets and serials and periodicals ; (c) the collection under consideration . B . Squera-footage Requirements for a Standard Stack Section . The square-footage requirements for a standard stack section depend primarily on : (1) range spacing ; (2) range lengths ; (3)the number of cross aisles and their widths ;(4) cross aisle area charged against adjacent reader accommodations ; (5) nonassignable space . 6|Page

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 4

ADAPTIVE REUSE

1 . Range Spacing . Range spacing should be based on column spacing, on shelf depths, which are discussed in a below ; and on stack aisle widths, dealt with in 2 below. a . Shelf depths . Depths as used here are based on double-faced bracket shelving with 2 in . between the back of the shelf on one side of the range and the back of the shelf on the other side . Shelf depths specified by stack manufacturers are 1 in . greater than the actual depth, that is, a 7-in . "actual" shelf is called an 8-in. "nominal" shelf, because 8 in . i s available if half the 2 in . noted above is assigned.

7|Page

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 4

ADAPTIVE REUSE

8|Page

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 4

ADAPTIVE REUSE

9|Page

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 4

ADAPTIVE REUSE

FOREIGN LIBRARIES
1. GOETHE INSTITUT PHILIPINEN

Located at G/4-5/F Adamson Centre 121 L.P. Leviste St. Salcedo Village 1127 Makati City Goethe Institut Philipinen, named after the greatest German poet Johann Wolfgang Goethe. This library aims to provide general information on the cultural aspect of the Germany to the Filipino public. Its task is to foster international cultural cooperation and to promote the German language. The interior of the library was lively. It is full of color and well lighted. The space provided for the library was maximized through the use of the mezzanine.

10 | P a g e

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 4

ADAPTIVE REUSE

Librarian's Work Station and collection of Children's book at the back.

Computers for multimedia Resources such as Music CDs,CD-ROMs and DVDs.

Multimedia section , LED Screen for movienights every Wednesday.

11 | P a g e

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 4

ADAPTIVE REUSE

Stairs going up to the mezzanine

Shelve at the mezzanine containing collection of books in German language.

Work table at the mezzanine

12 | P a g e

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 4

ADAPTIVE REUSE

2. ALLIANCE FRANCAISE DE MANILLE Library

Located at 209 Nicanor Garcia Street, Bel-Air II, Makati City, Philippines The Alliance franaise de Manille (AfM) was founded in 1920 and is one of the most prominent foreign cultural institutions in the Philippines. A non-profit organization committed to promoting the French language and culture, AfM encourages friendly relations between the Filipinos and the French through art and educational programs. The library of Alliance franaise de Manille is very pleasing to the eyes because of the color scheme used in the interior.

13 | P a g e

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 4

ADAPTIVE REUSE

Work Table for a group of 4

A view of staff working space and floor mats.

14 | P a g e

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 4

ADAPTIVE REUSE

Group table for 4 persons

View from the center of the room

Group table for 4 persons

National Library of Sejong City /

15 | P a g e

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 4 Samoo Architects &Engineers

ADAPTIVE REUSE

Architects: Samoo Architects &Engineers Location: Sejong-daero, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea Collaboration: KeunJeong Architects & Engineers Inc Area: 21076.0 sqm Year: 2013

The National Library of Sejong City is the first branch facility of the National Library of Korea and is planned to be built in the Multifunctional Administrative City of Korea, also known as Sejong City. Designed by Samoo Architects & Engineers with the motif of a book page being turned over, a simple geometry of a gently curved paper forms the basis of the design and creates a unique outline that is easily recognizable as one of the landmark buildings of the city. As one of the strategies in designing the building, the library was also planned to become an Emotional Library, a place where analogue and digital formats converge for the convenience of the users and to maximize the possibilities of the library.

16 | P a g e

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 4

ADAPTIVE REUSE

Planned to be the major resource & support facility to the newly relocated central government complex, the library will be a fundamental infrastructure for the government as well as the local citizens. Inside the library, an expansive open space with a splendid view of the lake provides an ultimate atmosphere for library users while a central pedestrian plaza forms an open space welcoming visitors inside the building. The expansive open spaces provide spatial connectivity throughout the library which also helps users in way-finding. Reading areas are located mainly on the 1st and 2nd floor with open layouts & easy accessibilities. Seminar rooms & conference facilities are located on the 3rd floor while the upper-most floors provide dining facilities & roof-top terraces with open view of the surroundings.

Roof Terrace

Expansive open spaces

Ground Floor plan

17 | P a g e

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 4

ADAPTIVE REUSE

Second Floor plan

Third Floor plan

18 | P a g e

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 4

ADAPTIVE REUSE

Fourth Floor plan

Helsinki University Main Library

Architects: Anttinen
Oiva Architects

Location: Kaisaniemenk
atu,Helsinki,Finland Area: 31,700sqm Year: 2012

19 | P a g e

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 4

ADAPTIVE REUSE

West Facade

Helsinki University Main Library, the largest academic library in Finland is located in a historically important city block in the very heart of the city centre. The library was designed to offer a wide range of services flexibly to a large number of customers. This imposing building in the centre of Helsinki provides a gateway to the new information age. The new library building complements the urban block by adding a curved brick facade, integrated within the street line formed by the adjacent buildings.

20 | P a g e

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 4

ADAPTIVE REUSE

A work zone with sound-proof working facilities provides areas for both quiet reading and noisy group work. The library also has quiet reading rooms. Field-specific areas are designated for the collections in each of the floors.

The building has a reinforced concrete frame which is built on top of the old, existing basement levels. Due to increasing load the old concrete structures were heavily reinforced. The facades are concrete walls which are covered with onsite laid brickwork. The large main window openings are suspended steel structures.

21 | P a g e

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 4

ADAPTIVE REUSE

City Library in Seinjoki / JKMM Architects

Architects: JKMM Architects Location: Seinjoki, Finland Main Designer: Asmo Jaaksi Architect SAFA Area: 4,430 sqm

The civic centre of Seinjoki is a uniform building complex designed by Alvar Aalto. The building complex showcases Aaltos exquisite touch from the details of door handles to the scale of urban planning. The centre is a masterpiece of modern architecture and a highly valuable cultural environment. The library was completed as part of the civic centre in 1965. An example of Aaltos famous series of library designs, it served well as the towns main library for over four decades. With the expansion of the town and evolution of library activities, however, it was no longer able to meet todays demands. As a solution, the town decided to co-locate a modern building with the current library, so that the resulting two buildings would merge into a single functional complex. An architectural competition was organised for its design in 2008, in which the winning entry was our proposal titled Apila (Clover).

22 | P a g e

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 4

ADAPTIVE REUSE

Dividing the new building into three sculpturelike sections was an important insight that helped to reconcile its large volume with the scale of the civic centre. The building thus relates to its surroundings, and a different statuesque aspect of it is revealed from each direction. On the other hand, the new building discreetly keeps its distance from the outlines and materials of the old civic centre. With liberal generosity, it was placed in the middle of lawns, as though a building in a park. The dark copper of the facades stands out from the whiteness of the surrounding Aalto buildings, the contrast helping to detach the new from the old. A distinctive copper cladding material was designed for the facades that gives the building a unique lively texture. The building comprises a cast-in-place concrete structure that lent itself to the sculpture-like design. The panoramic, unobstructed views across the interiors were achieved by using challenging long-span beams similar to those used in bridge structures. The visual look is dominated by cast concrete surfaces aiming for an unfussy, rough feel produced by using uneven plank moulds and by leaving the surfaces unfinished after casting. Building maintenance technology was integrated in architectural solutions, meaning that the vaulted ceilings and other internal surfaces could be kept free of technical installations.

23 | P a g e

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 4

ADAPTIVE REUSE

24 | P a g e

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 4

ADAPTIVE REUSE

PUP LIBRARIES
1.PUP CEA LIBRARY Pureza St. Corner Anonas St., NDC COMPOUND Located at the 4th floor of College of Engineering and Architecture Building. The primary users of this library are the students and faculty members from the College of Engineering and College of Architecture and Fine Arts. The library was relatively small to accommodate the huge number of students from College of Engineering and Architecture.

Group Tables for 8 persons

Study area and staffs table

25 | P a g e

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 4

ADAPTIVE REUSE

Collection Stacks

View from Collection stack area

Study Area with group tables

Group table and pantry at the back

26 | P a g e

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 4

ADAPTIVE REUSE

2.Ninoy Aquino Library and Learning Resource Center (NALLRC )

Photo from wikimapia.org

The heart of the university, the Ninoy Aquino Library and Learning Resources Center is one of the major service centers of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines. As such, it strives to meet the academic and related needs of its clientele through the provision of adequate and efficient library and information services. The NALLRC serves as the Universitys gateway to the global information society, and provides various services and development of programs to its clientele. Source:

27 | P a g e

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 4

ADAPTIVE REUSE

Collection Stacks

Reference Stack

Reception Area

Carrels

28 | P a g e

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 4

ADAPTIVE REUSE

References Stacks

Computer Room

Group tables for 8 persons

Card Catalog

29 | P a g e

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 4
3.GRADUATE SCHOOL LIBRARY

ADAPTIVE REUSE

Located at PUP MH del Pilar Campus or better known as PUP HASMIN This library is located at the ground floor of PUP Graduate School building. Students from College of Tourism and Hotel and Restaurant Management are the primary users of this library. The library was well ventilated and well lighted.

Entrance and exit door

Reception desk/ Information Desk

30 | P a g e

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 4

ADAPTIVE REUSE

Carrels

Reception Area

Shelve installed on the column containing the periodicals.

Group tables for 6 persons

31 | P a g e

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 4

ADAPTIVE REUSE

Collection Stacks

Reference Stacks

Study area with group tables and carrels

32 | P a g e

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 4
4. PUP COLLEGE OF LAW LIBRARY

ADAPTIVE REUSE

Located at the ground floor of NALLRC Building. The library is wide and well ventilated. The wall , ceiling and tile flooring are white in color.

33 | P a g e

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 4

ADAPTIVE REUSE

Collection and references area

Group Tables at the Collection and References Area

Group tables for 8 persons

34 | P a g e

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 4

ADAPTIVE REUSE

View of carrels and group tables from the entry door.

Librarian and staffs working area

35 | P a g e

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 4

ADAPTIVE REUSE

ANTILLAN HOUSES
This is the Filipino version of Spanish colonial architecture developed in Manila and other Philippine cities and towns over several centuries. Many 19th century examples can still be found in the main streets and plaza. An elegant two-storey,rectangular town house, the Antillan house is easily recognizable from its massive stone first floor contrasting with a light and airy second floor, mother-of-pearl windows running around its sides and a picturesque, wide tile roof. The main entrance is guarded by a heavy plank door studded with wrought-iron or brass nails which opens unto a large Zaguan or patio with granite or brick. On both sides of it are various offices, stables, lumber rooms,coach-houses or servants rooms. Those chambers are called the entresuelo. Stone or brick is used for the walls and the exterior windows are elevated from the ground and grilled in the Spanish manner. Sometimes sinkholes are built into the paving to drain off excess humidity. A grand staircase, partly of stone but mostly of polished hardwood, with fine banisters, leads to the main or second floor.

36 | P a g e

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 4
1. TANDUAY FIRE STATION

ADAPTIVE REUSE

(Old picture of the fire station . Credits to the information desk of the station.) The Tanduay Fire Station was built during the American colonial period, 1901. It is located along the street of Legarda in Manila It was untouched during World War II actually a lot of ancestral houses and historic structures such as San Sebastian Church and the National Teacher's College were untouched during the war. It was manned by American soldiers. The former street of Legarda was Tanduay but as years pass by, they eventually changed it to Legarda but the they still retained the name of the Tanduay Fire Station.

37 | P a g e

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 4

ADAPTIVE REUSE

The faade of the building was made of stones and bricks. The windows was made of capiz shell, underneath are the sliding panels called ventanilllas or small windows with wooden balusters. Originally, the roof was made of roof tiles. The ground floor of the building was made of stones. Large arches on entrances and high ceiling were for intended for the large horse carriages that enters the building and it also serves as its parking area. View along Legarda St. The second floor of the building was made of wood, from the stairs, to the flooring ,walls and up to the roof trusses it was all made of wood.

View from the second floor window

Window made of capiz shell

38 | P a g e

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 4

ADAPTIVE REUSE

Left side of the building

Second floor

Wooden staircase

39 | P a g e

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 4

ADAPTIVE REUSE

SOME REMAINS MATERIALS USED

Capiz Shell

Bricks

Remains of roof tile

stones

Stones

Wood

40 | P a g e

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 4 2. KAPITAN MOYS HOUSE

ADAPTIVE REUSE

Kapitan Moy was owned by Don Jose Guevara and Don Laureano "Kapitan Moy" Guevara. It is the ancestral house of Guevera Family who is well off that time. This ancestral house symbolizes feudalism that time an example for that was the thick and heavy walls on the first floor of the house. In year 1887, Kapitan Moy developed the first pair of shoes. And in year 1993 Former Mayor Bayani Fernando planned and approved that Kapitan Moy an ancestral house will be the central culture of Marikina City. From that year on Kapitan Moy became the central for culture. The upper part of Kapitan Moy was used for having events like parties, gatherings, conferences, graduation and many more. The upper part of Kapitan Moy is now used as an event center. The lower part of Kapitan Moy has cafe and bar named, Caf Kapitan and Piano Bar. And the lower part can also be use for having exhibits.

Right side of the house

41 | P a g e

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 4

ADAPTIVE REUSE

View from the lobby to the porch

Elevator

Lobby On the right is the piano bar and on the left is the Caf Kapitan Restaurant Information Desk

42 | P a g e

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 4

ADAPTIVE REUSE

Caf Kapitan Restaurant Entrance Staircase to the 2nd floor

Cocina

43 | P a g e

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 4

ADAPTIVE REUSE

Reception area and stage

44 | P a g e

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 4

ADAPTIVE REUSE

Buffet area
Lavatory outside toilet

Materials :

Bricks flooring
45 | P a g e

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 4
Referrence: http://marikinaplace.weebly.com/kapitan-moy.html

ADAPTIVE REUSE

http://www.archdaily.com/459135/helsinki-university-main-library-anttinen-oiva-architects/ http://www.wbdg.org/design/library_st.php http://www.statelibrary.sc.gov/docs/Facility/space_planning_guide.pdf http://www.wbdg.org/design/public_library.php http://www.cawspi.org/Furniture%20Design.pdf en.wikipedia.org Salvan,George (1986).Architectural Character and the History of Architecture. JMC PRESS, INC. 388 Quezon Avenue, Quezon City http://www.designboom.com/architecture/national-library-of-sejong-city-by-s-a-m-o-o-hasswooping-roof-10-01-2013/gallery/image/s-a-m-o-o-national-library-of-sejong-city/ http://europaconcorsi.com/projects/229324-JKMM-Architects-The-new-city-library-of-Seinjoki/images/3833581 http://www.archdaily.com/360049/city-library-in-seinajoki-jkmmarchitects/516c7610b3fc4b0f260000e7_city-library-in-sein-joki-jkmmarchitects_fin5_pohjapiirustukset_info_finnish-png/ http://www.archdaily.com/360049/city-library-in-seinajoki-jkmm-architects/

46 | P a g e