332:382 Electromagnetic Fields I

Instructor: Wei Jiang

Chap. 9. Magnetic Materials and Forces

9.1 Force on a moving charge

Electric force Magnetic force

r r r F = Qv B

r r F = QE

Total force

r r r r F = Q( E + v B)
Lorentz force equation

F v Centripetal force

Without other forces (no gravity, friction), the magnetic force will cause a charged particle to revolve or spiral

2 332:382 Electromagnetic Fields (W. Jiang)

9.2 Magnetic Force on a differential current element

r r r dF = dQ v B dQ = dV r r r dF = v B dV r r r dF = J B dV r r r F = J B dV

For a wire of length dL with a crosssection A carrying a current I

vol

dV = AdL I = JA r r JdV = IdL r r r dF = IdL B r r r r r F = IdL B = I B dL r r r r For constant field B and a straight current wire : F = IL B
3

332:382 Electromagnetic Fields (W. Jiang)

9.3 Force between differential current element

r dH 2 = r R12 I1dL1 a

2 4R12 r r r dF = IdL B r r r d (dF2 ) = I 2 dL2 dB2 r r dB2 = 0 dH 2 r r I1 I 2 r R12 ) dL2 (dL1 a d (dF2 ) = 0 2 4R12 r R12 dL1 r r I1 I 2 a dL2 F2 = 0 2 4 R12

4 332:382 Electromagnetic Fields (W. Jiang)

9.3 Force between differential current element

Example
Two infinite parallel filaments with separation d and equal but opposite currents I experience a repulsive force F, find F.

r r In free space, B = 0 H = 0 I1 / 2da r r r z ) ( I1 / 2da ) = L 0 I1 I 2 / 2d a F = I 2 L B = I 2 ( La Force per unit length F / L = IB = 0 I1 I 2 / 2d (N/m)

r H = I1 / 2da

1. In the figure, the two current are opposite in direction (I1=I2=I), therefore the two wires repel each other 2. If the two currents are flowing in the same direction, they attract each other.
332:382 Electromagnetic Fields (W. Jiang)

9.3 Force between differential current element

For two differential current elements, d(dF2) -d(dF1)
r r I1 I 2 r R12 ) d (dF2 ) = 0 dL2 (dL1 a 2 4R12 r r I 2 I1 r R21 )] d (dF1 ) = [ 0 dL1 (dL2 a 2 4R21

Example : r y A m at P1 (1,0,0); I1L1 = 3 10 6 a r x + 0.4a y + 0.3a z )a y A m at P2 (2,2,2); I 2 L2 = 3 10 6 (0.5a r x + 0.33a y 2.67 a z )10 20 N d (dF2 ) = (1.33a r x + 0.67 a z )10 20 N d (dF1 ) = (4.67a
Reason: the non-physical nature of current elements (only closed circuits exist, this imposes an additional constraint). For closed circuits, total force satisfies: F1=-F2
6 332:382 Electromagnetic Fields (W. Jiang)

9.4 Force and Torque on a closed circuit, Magnetic dipole moment r r

r dF1 = Idx a x B0 r r r (R1: the mid-point of edge 1) dT1 = R1 F1 r r r = (dy / 2)a y ( Idx a x B0 ) r r r = ( Idxdy / 2)a y ( a x B0 ) r = ( I / 2)dxdyB0 y a x r r r dT3 = R3 F3 r r = ( I / 2)dxdyB0 y a x = dT1 r r r dT1 + dT3 = IdxdyB0 y a x r r r dT2 + dT4 = IdxdyB0 x a y r 4 r r r dT = dTi = Idxdy( B0 x a y B0 y a x )

r r r dT = dm B r r dm = IdS
332:382 Electromagnetic Fields (W. Jiang)

r r r dT = Idxdy( a z B0 )

i =1

r r r dT = IdS B r s dS = dxdya

Magnetic dipole moment

9.4 Force and Torque on a closed circuit, Magnetic dipole moment

The dipole moment formula applicable to a current loop of any shape. Assume the magnetic field is constant in the entire region that the loop is present, then

r r r r r T = m B = IS B

r m

r m
r r m B = 0
8

zero torque Balance A free moment will rotate until aligned.

332:382 Electromagnetic Fields (W. Jiang)

Non-zero torque. Will have to rotate

9.5 Magnetic Materials

Microscopic origin of magnetic properties
Electron orbital motion, electron spin, nuclear spin(weak)

Two types of electron orbital effects

Diamagnetic (always exist): If electron orbit cant freely rotate (inert gases, Ge, Si, Au, S, NaCl), electron moves slower (if aligned), or faster (if opposite-aligned). Always reduce the total B (<B0), but this is often a weak effect. Paramagnetic: if electron orbital can freely rotate (transition metals, rare earth), it always tends to produce a field aligned with B0. Total B > B0

orbit spin
9 332:382 Electromagnetic Fields (W. Jiang)

9.5 Magnetic Materials

Paramagnetic materials:
without external B0: electron orbital moments are randomly aligned, therefore average Binternal=0 B B0 Applied external B0: electron orbital moments are aligned with B0, if this is enough to overpower diamagnetic effect,

No external field

Apply external field

K, O, W, rare earth and their salts (ErCl3, neodymium oxide, yttrium oxide)
r magnetic dipole moment 1 nv r M = = lim mi v 0 v unit volume i =1 = 1 V r N r r m m (for homogeneou s material, N atoms in volume V, each having dipole m ) = V
10 332:382 Electromagnetic Fields (W. Jiang)

9.5 Magnetic Materials

Electron spin effect:
Spin-created field generally tends to aligned with external field ferromagnetic similar to paramagnetic, but much stronger (up to 109)

Ferromagnetic materials
Domains in the ferromagnetic material Occurs below certain temperature (Curie temperature) Above Tc its paramagnetic, below Tc, its ferromagnetic

11 332:382 Electromagnetic Fields (W. Jiang)

9.5 Magnetic Materials

Hard drive

Shrink bit size for more hard drive capacity. Too small micron domain size is problematic Read/write head <0.1micron is also difficult
12 332:382 Electromagnetic Fields (W. Jiang)

9.6 Magnetization and Permeability

r M = ( total magnetic moments of a material)/volume r r m : magnetic susceptibility M = m H r r r B = 0 ( H + M ) r r r B = H = R 0 H ( : permeability; R : relative permeability)

R = 1+ m
Hysteresis for a ferromagnetic material (Si:Fe) Hc: coercive field Br: remnant field History-dependent: increasing H and decreasing H follow different curves.
13 332:382 Electromagnetic Fields (W. Jiang)

9.6 Magnetization and Permeability r r r H = J D = v r r v M = Jb P = b r r v B E & B determine the = JT 0 E = T force (force is due to the
r r r JT = J + J b

T = v + b

total charge/current)

B is usually considered a fundamental quantity (rather than H).

14 332:382 Electromagnetic Fields (W. Jiang)

9.6 Magnetization and Permeability

Example

r z , r = 4.1; Given : B = 0.05 xa r r r r Find : (a) H , (b) M , (c) J , (c) J b r r z = 9.7 xa z H = B /( 0 r ) = 0.05 x /(4.1 4 10 7 ) a r r z kA/m M = ( r 1) H = 30.1xa r r y kA/m 2 J = H = 9.7 a r r y kA/m J b = M = 30.1a

kA/m

15 332:382 Electromagnetic Fields (W. Jiang)

9.7 Magnetic boundary conditions

r r B dS = 0 Bn1S Bn 2 S = 0

Bn1 = Bn 2
r r H dL = I H t1L H t 2 L = KL
r r r N12 = K or ( H 1 H 2 ) a

H t1 H t 2 = K

K is the surface current density (unit: A/m). If K=0 (an interface between two dielectrics), then Ht1=Ht2
16 332:382 Electromagnetic Fields (W. Jiang)

9.9 Magnetic potential energy

1 r r WE = vol D Edv 2 B2 1 r r 1 1 2 WH = vol B Hdv = vol H dv = vol dv 2 2 2
Advanced problem: Think: how to apply this equation to calculate the energy used to magnetize a ferromagnetic material?

17 332:382 Electromagnetic Fields (W. Jiang)

9.10 Inductance and mutual inductance

Magnetic field in Solenoids & Toroids Refer to Sec. 8.2

Solenoid r NI z (well inside the solenoid) * H= a d Toroid NI r , a H = 2 0, (inside toroid) (outside toroid)

*When the field point is more than 2 from the solenoid inner surface and when it is more than 2 from the end of the solenoid.
18 332:382 Electromagnetic Fields (W. Jiang)

9.10 Inductance and mutual inductance

R C, now L : the total magnetic flux Flux linkage of a N-turn toroid: N Inductance is defined as

N I Example : For a toroid L=

0 NI 2 0 NIS = 2 0
B =

Advanced topic: Partial flux linkage

0 N 2 S L= 2 0
332:382 Electromagnetic Fields (W. Jiang)

19

9.10 Inductance and mutual inductance

Example: Coaxial cable
H = I 2 I B = 0 2 = =

0 a

[ B d ]dz

0 I d b 1 [ d ]dz 2 0 a Id b = 0 ln 2 a d b (unit :H) L = = 0 ln *insignificant at high frequencies) 2 I a L 0 b = ln (inductance per unit length, unit : H/m) d 2 a
332:382 Electromagnetic Fields (W. Jiang)

Only considered the region between the conductor Internal inductance: - Due to B inside conductors - For a long, straight wire with circular cross-section and uniform J La,int= /(8) H/m ( 0 for non-ferromagnetic metals)

20