CH 03 05 Soil Clasification

1
CE353 Soil Mechanics

Dr.Talat Bader
Civil Engineering Department
King Fahad University of Petroleum & Minerals
1
CE353
Geot ec hni c al
Engi neer i ng Labor at or y
SOI L
CLASSI FI CATI ON
Dr . Tal at Bader
Lec t ur e
5
2
Lec t ur e 5
SOI L
CLASSI FI CATI ON
Dr. Talat A Bader
CE 353 Dr . Tal at Bader
3
Why do w e need t o
c l assi f y soi l s ?
OTo desc r i be var i ous soi l t ypes
enc ount er ed i n t he nat ur e i n a
syst emat i c w ay and gat her i ng
soi l s t hat have di st i nc t physi c al
pr oper t i es i n gr oups and uni t s.
4
Gener al Requi r ement s of a
soi l Cl assi f i c at i on Syst ems
OBased on a sc i ent i f i c met hod
O Si mpl e
O Per mi t c l assi f i c at i on by vi sual and
manual t est s.
O Desc r i be c er t ai n engi neer i ng
pr oper t i es
O Shoul d be ac c ept ed t o al l engi neer s
5
Cl assi f i c at i on Syst ems
o Geol ogi c Soi l Cl assi f i c at i on Syst em
o Agr onomi c Soi l Cl assi f i c at i on Syst em
Tex t ur al Soi l Cl assi f i c at i on Syst em (USDA)
Uni f i ed Soi l Cl assi f i c at i on Syst em (USCS)
Amer i c an Assoc i at i on of St at e Hi ghw ay
Tr anspor t at i on Of f i c i al s Syst em (AASHTO)
Amer i c an Soc i et y f or Test i ng and Mat er i al s
Syst em (ASTM)
Feder al Avi at i on Agenc y Syst em (FAA)
Ot her s
6
The Si mpl est
Cl assi f i c at i on
0.075-4.75 4.75-75 Uni f i ed
<0.002 0.002-0.050 0.050-2.00 2.00-75 AASHTO
<0.002 0.002-0.060 0.060-2.00 2.00-100 MI T
<0.002 0.002-0.050 0.050-200 2.00-75 USDA
<0.005 0.005-0.075 0.075-2.00 2.00-100 ASTM
Cl ay Si l t Sand Gr avel
Gr ai n Si ze (mm)
syst em
2
Dr.Talat Bader
7
Char t Cassagr ande' s
8
Tex t ur al Soi l Cl assi f i c at i on
Syst em (USDA)
USDA c onsi der s onl y:
+No. Gravel in the System
Sand Silt Clay
If you encounter gravel in the soil ----
--- Subtract the % of gravel from the
100%.
+12 Subgroups in the system
Also Called
G Agriculture Classification System
9
Basses f or t he
d 0.002mm Cl ays
0.002mm d < 0.05mm Si l t s
0.05mm d < 2mm Sands
2mm d 75mm Gr avel s
d > 75mm
Cobbl es &
Boul der s
Diameter Range Soil Type
10
mm 2 d %with 100%
2mm d 0.05mm with %
Sand % Relative

=
mm 2 d %with 100%
mm 05 . d 0.002mm with %
Silt % Relative

=
mm 2 d %with 100%
0.002mm d with %
Clay % Relative

=
The USDA c l assi f i c at i on syst em
i s based on
t he r el at i ve % sand, % si l t , and % c l ay.
These
%age
Are
Based
On
11
Syst em (USDA)
12
Ex ampl e 1
Cl assi f y t he f ol l ow i ng soi l by t he
USDA Tex t ur al Cl assi f i c at i on
Syst em.
Given Data
% gravel = 18; % sand = 51;
% silt = 22; %clay = 9
3
Dr.Talat Bader
13
Sol ut i on:Ex ampl e 1
Si nc e w e have 18% Gr avel
- t he soi l t o be c l assi f i ed
i s = 100 18 = 82%
Calculating the % sand = 51/ 82 = 62%
Calculating the % silt = 22/ 82 = 27%
Calculating the % clay = 09/ 82 = 11%
Using these values in the USAC
Given Data
% gravel = 18;
% sand = 51;
% silt = 22;
% clay = 9
sandy loam
Then the Soil is Classified as
However, due to the presence of 18% gravel in
the soil, it is
- called "gravelly sandy loam."
14
Syst em (USDA)
Sand=62%
Silt =27%
Clay=11%
Bac k
15
Ex ampl e 2
Cl assi f y t he f ol l ow i ng soi l by t he
USDA Tex t ur al Cl assi f i c at i on
Syst em.
+Given:
+% gravel = 0 ; % sand = 30;
% silt = 30; % clay = 40;
16
Sol ut i on: Ex ampl e 2
% sand Pr esent = 30/ 100 = 30%
% silt Present = 30/ 100 = 30%
% clay Present = 40/ 100 = 40%
-Using these values in the USAC
-clay
Then the Soil is Classified as
Given Data
% gravel = 0;
% sand = 30;
% silt = 30;
% clay = 40
17
Syst em (USDA)
sand=30%
silt =30%
clay =40%
18
Uni f i ed Cl assi f i c at i on Syst em
(UCS)
- Di vi des soi l s i nt o t w o c at egor i es Coar se &
Fi ne
- Atterberg Limits checks for Law and High
Compressibility
- Used by Geotechnical engineers for selecting
appropriate soils in non-highway projects
- Last modified in 1991
- First Developed by the Army Corps of
Engineers Based in 1942.
G = Gravel
S = Sand
M = Silt
C = Clay
O = Organic
USC Main Groups
4
Dr.Talat Bader
19
Uni f i ed Soi l Cl assi f i c at i on
(USC) Syst em
Fine Grained
More than 50% Passing
Sieve 200
Coarse Grained
Less than 50% Passing
Sieve 200
More than 50%
Passing Sieve 4
Less than 50%
Passing Sieve 4
Clay Silt Organic
Gravel Sand
20
Cassagr ande' s Char t
21
Uni f i ed Soi l Cl assi f i c at i on (USC) Syst em
Course Grained
>50% passing Sieve 200
>5% Passing
Sieve 200
<12% Passing
Sieve 200
GP GW
C
u
>= 4
C
z
=1-3
C
u
< 6
C
z
=1-3
GM GC
PI < 4
Below
A-Line
PI > 7
Above
A-Line
>5% Passing
Sieve 200
<12% Passing
Sieve 200
SP SW
C
u
>=6
C
z
=1-3
C
u
>=6
C
z
=1-3
SM SC
PI <4
Below
A-Line
PI >7
Above
A-Line
Gravelly Soils
Less than 50%
passing
Sieve 4
Sandy Soils
More than 50%
passing
Sieve 4
22
Cassagr ande' s Char t
23
Unified Soil Classification (USC) System
Fine Grained
>50% passing Sieve 200
75 . 0
LL
LL
Ratio Limit Liquid
Undried
Dried Oven
= Then the Soil is Organic
ML CL MH CH OL OH Pt
24
5
Dr.Talat Bader
25
C
u
>= 4
C
z
=1-3
C
u
< 6
C
z
=1-3
GP GW
PI < 4
Below
A-Line
PI > 7
Above
A-Line
GM GC
C
u
>=6
C
z
=1-3
C
u
>=6
C
z
=1-3
SP SW
PI <4
Below
A-Line
PI >7
Above
A-Line
SM SC
ML
MH
OH
CL
CH
OL
Pt
>5% Passing
Sieve 200
<12% Passing
Sieve 200
>5% Passing
Sieve 200
<12% Passing
Sieve 200
Gravelly Soils
Less than 50%
passing Sieve 4
Sandy Soils
More than 50%
passing Sieve 4
Fine Grained
More than 50% Passing
Sieve 200
Coarse Grained
Less than 50% Passing
Sieve 200
Summery
Unified Soil Classification System
26
Uni f i ed soi l
GROUP SYMBOL GROUP NAME
GW WELL-GRADED GRAVEL, FINE TO COARSE GRAVEL
GP POORLY-GRADED GRAVEL
GM SILTY GRAVEL
GC CLAYEY GRAVEL
SW WELL-GRADED SAND, FINE TO COARSE SAND
SP POORLY-GRADED SAND
SM SILTY SAND
SC CLAYEY SAND
ML SILT
CL CLAY
OL ORGANIC SILT, ORGANIC CLAY
MH SILT OF HIGH PLASTICITY, ELASTIC SILT
CH CLAY OF HIGH PLASTICITY, FAT CLAY
OH ORGANIC CLAY, ORGANIC SILT
PT PEAT
27
Summar y
Uni f i ed Soi l Cl assi f i c at i on
28
Ex ampl e 1
2 24 35 80 C
32 60 76 99 B
10 30 48 92 A
(c umul at i ve % passi ng)
PI LL
No. 200
Si eve
No. 4
Si eve
Soi l
+Cl assi f y t he f ol l ow i ng soi l s
Usi ng Uni f i ed Cl assi f i c at i on
Syst em.
29
Sol ut i on
Soi l A
Coar se = 100-48 = 52% (r et ai ned on
No. 200), so COARSE-GRAI NED SOI L
8% retained on No. 4, vs. 52% coarse,
8/52 = 15% (<50%), so SAND
Atterberg limit above line A, so CLAY
-Classification SC, clayey sand
10 30 48 92 A
PI LL No. 200
Si eve
No.4
Si eve
Soi l
-Using the LL & PL values in the USAC
30
10 30 Soi l A
PI LL
Soil
A
6
Dr.Talat Bader
31
OCoar se = 100 - 76 = 24%, so
FI NE-GRAI NED SOI L
OLL = 60, and PI = 32
-Classification CH, inorganic clay
with high plasticity
OUsing Gasagrandi Chart
32 60 76 99 B
PI LL No. 200
Si eve
No.4
Si eve
Soi l
Sol ut i on
Soi l B
32
32 60 Soi l B
PI LL
Soil
B
33
OCoar se = 100 - 35 = 65%, so
COARSE-GRAI NED SOI L
O20% retained on No. 4, vs. 65%
coarse, 20/65 = 31% (<50%), so
SAND
-Classification SM, Silty sand
OUsing Gasagrandi Chart
Sol ut i on
Soi l C 2 24 35 80 C
PI LL No. 200
Si eve
No.4
Si eve
Soi l
34
PI LL
Soi l C 2 24
Soil
C
35
AASHTO
SOI L CLASSI FI CATI ON
Who i s AASHTO?
O American Association of State
Highway and Transportation
Officials
O Classification System
What i s i t used f or ?
O for design and construction of
highways.
36
AASHTO
Consi der s bot h t ex t ur e (GSD) and
At t er ber g Li mi t s..
Originally proposed in 1919; the system
was last modified in 1945.
-This system is widely used by highway
and transportation engineers.
Performed on that part of a soil sample that
falls in the gravel <--> clay size range.
7
Dr.Talat Bader
37
AASHTO Syst em
Soi l s ar e c l assi f i ed i nt o 7 maj or gr oups
A-1 t o A-7
Granular
A-1 {A-1-a - A-1-b}
Gravel & Sand
A-2 {A-2-4 - A-2-5 - A-2-6 - A-2-6}
A-3
More than 35% pass # 200
A-4
A-5 Fine
A-6 (Silt & Clay)
A-7
38
AASHTO
Soi l Cl assi f i c at i on Syst em
Fai r t o poor Ex c el l ent t o good
Gener al
subgr ade r at i ng
Cl ayey Soi l s Si l t y Soi l s Si l t y or c l ayey gr avel and sand
Fi ne
sand
St one
f r agment s,
gr avel , and
sand
Usual t ypes of
si gni f i c ant
c onst i t uent
mat er i al s
41 mi n
11 mi n
40 max
11 mi n
41 mi n
10 max
40 max
10 max
41 mi n
11 mi n
40 max
11 mi n
41 mi n
10 max
40 max
10 max
-
NP
-
6 max .
Char ac t er i st i c of
Fr ac t i on passi ng
No. 40
Li qui d Li mi t
Pl ast i c i t y i ndex
36 mi n. 36 mi n. 36 mi n. 36 mi n. 35 max . 35 max . 35 max . 35 max .
51 mi n.
10 max
50 max .
25 max .
50 max .
30 max .
15 max .
Si eve Anal ysi s
% Passi ng
No. 10
No. 40
No.200
A-7-5
A-7-6
A-2-7 A-2-6 A-2-5 A-2-4
A-1-b
A-1-a
A-7
A-6 A-5 A-4
A-2
A-3
A-1
Gr oup
Si l t y-Cl ay mat er i al s
(mor e t han 35% passi ng No.
200)
Gr anul ar mat er i al s
(35% or l ess of Tot al Sampl e passi ng No. 200)
Gener al
Plasticity index of A-7-5 subgrade is equal to or less than LL minus 30
Plasticity index of A-7-6 subgrade is grater than LL minus 30
39
Basses of
AASHTO Cl assi f i c at i on
I . Gr ai n si ze
a) Boulders (larger than 75mm), not
classified, but recorded
b) Gravel: material passing 75mm sieve,
retained on 2mm sieve
c) Sand: material passing 2mm sieve,
retained on 0.075mm sieve
d) Silt and Clay: pass 0.075mm sieve
II. Plasticity
a) Plasticity index =10, soils are
silty
b) Plasticity index =11, soils are
clayey
40
41
Basses of AASHTO
I I I . Cat egor i es r ange A-1 t o A-7
a) A-1 i s most sui t abl e f or bui l di ng
mat er i al
b) A-1 t hr ough A-3 ar e sands and
gr avel s
c ) A-4 and A-5 ar e si l t y soi l s
d) A-6 and A-7 ar e c l ayey soi l s
e) A-7 i s l east sui t abl e
42
AASHTO Soi l Cl assi f i c at i on Syst em
Gener al
subgr ade r at i ng
Fi ne
sand
St one
f r agment s,
gr avel , and
sand
Usual t ypes of
si gni f i c ant
c onst i t uent
mat er i al s
41 mi n
11 mi n
40 max
11 mi n
41 mi n
10 max
40 max
10 max
41 mi n
11 mi n
40 max
11 mi n
41 mi n
10 max
40 max
10 max
-
NP
-
6 max .
No. 40
Li qui d Li mi t
51 mi n.
10 max
50 max .
25 max .
50 max .
30 max .
15 max .
Si eve Anal ysi s
% Passi ng
No. 10
No. 40
No.200
A-7-5
A-7-6
A-2-7 A-2-6 A-2-5 A-2-4
A-1-b
A-1-a
A-7
A-6 A-5 A-4
A-2
A-3
A-1
Gr oup
200)
Gener al
8
Dr.Talat Bader
43
AASHTO
Gr oup I ndex (GI )
GI = (F-35) [ 0.2 + 0.005( LL-40)] + 0.01( F-15)( PI -10)
Where:
GI can be computed to further
classify soils within a given group.
+ F= % Passing Sieve 200
+ LL= Liquid Limits
+ PI= Plasticity Index
44
Basses of AASHTO
I V. Subc at egor i es , or Gr oup
I ndex Number s
a) Range f r om 0 (best engi neer i ng
val ue)
b) t o 20 (poor est engi neer i ng
val ue)
c ) I n par ent heses f ol l ow i ng
c at egor y
45
Ex ampl e 4
OCl assi f y t he f ol l ow i ng soi l Usi ng
AASHTO Syst em.
OGiven:
% passing Sieve No. 200 = 95%
LL = 60
PI = 40.
46
Is A-7-6.
OFr om Tabl e, t he gr oup c l assi f i c at i on
Now we Calculate the Group Index
GI= (F-35) [0.2 + 0.005(LL-40)] + 0.01(F-15)(PI-10)
Using the given data, F= 95, LL=60 & PI=40
GI= (95-35)[ 0.2 + 0.005( 60-40)] + 0.01( 95-15)(40-10)
GI= (35)[ 0.2 + 0.005(60)] + 0.01( 60-15)(40-10)
GI= (35)[ 0.5] + 13.5
GI= 31.0
Then GI= 31.0 --> 31
Thus, the AASHTO Classification is
C A - 7 - 6 (31); Clayey Soil;
CFair to poor As subgrade material
47
Gener al
subgr ade r at i ng
Fi ne
sand
St one
f r agment s,
gr avel , and
sand
Usual t ypes of
si gni f i c ant
c onst i t uent
mat er i al s
41 mi n
11 mi n
40 max
11 mi n
41 mi n
10 max
40 max
10 max
41 mi n
11 mi n
40 max
11 mi n
41 mi n
10 max
40 max
10 max
-
NP
-
6 max .
No. 40
Li qui d Li mi t
51 mi n.
10 max
50 max .
25 max .
50 max .
30 max .
15 max .
Si eve Anal ysi s
% Passi ng
No. 10
No. 40
No.200
A-7-5
A-7-6
A-2-7 A-2-6 A-2-5 A-2-4
A-1-b
A-1-a
A-7
A-6 A-5 A-4
A-2
A-3
A-1
Gr oup
200)
Gener al
Red =
Green = _
% passing Sieve No. 200 = 95%
LL = 60 & PI = 40.
Non
of these
No No No
PI(40) is grater than LL-30=(30)
Is A-7-6.
Nex t
48
Ex ampl e # 5
OCl assi f y t he f ol l ow i ng soi l Usi ng
AASHTO Syst em.
% passing No. 10 = 100;
% passing No. 40 = 80;
% passing No.200 = 58
LL = 30; PI = 10.
OGiven:
9
Dr.Talat Bader
49
is A-4.
OFr om Tabl e, t he gr oup c l assi f i c at i on
Using the given data, F= 58, LL=30 & PI=10
GI= (58-23)[ 0.2 + 0.005( 30-40)] + 0.01( 58-15)(10-10)
GI= (35)[ 0.2 + 0.005(-10)] + 0.01( 58-15)(0)
GI= 5.25
Then GI= 5.25 --> 5
Thus, the AASHTO Classification is
C A- 4 (5); Silty Soil;
C Fair to poor As subgrade material
Now we Calculate the Group Index
GI= (F-35) [0.2 + 0.005(LL-40)] + 0.01(F-15)(PI-10)
50
% passi ng No. 10 = 100;
% passi ng No. 40 = 80;
Gener al
subgr ade r at i ng
Fi ne
sand
St one
f r agment s,
gr avel , and
sand
Usual t ypes of
si gni f i c ant
c onst i t uent
mat er i al s
41 mi n
11 mi n
40 max
11 mi n
41 mi n
10 max
40 max
10 max
41 mi n
11 mi n
40 max
11 mi n
41 mi n
10 max
40 max
10 max
-
NP
-
6 max .
No. 40
Li qui d Li mi t
51 mi n.
10 max
50 max .
25 max .
50 max .
30 max .
15 max .
Si eve Anal ysi s
% Passi ng
No. 10
No. 40
No.200
A-7-5
A-7-6
A-2-7 A-2-6 A-2-5 A-2-4
A-1-b
A-1-a
A-7
A-6 A-5 A-4
A-2
A-3
A-1
Gr oup
200)
Gener al
% passing No.200 = 58
LL = 30; PI = 10.
Non
of these
No No No
Nex t
is A-4.
51
Thank you
Quest i on Ti me
Dr . Tal at Bader
52
Tal at
Thi s i s a r emi nder t hat t he
f ol l ow i ng sl i des ar e j ust f or may
be f ut ur e use as a sec ond
ex ampl e or a qui z
http://www.engr.uaa.alaska.edu/Sc
hool_of_Engineering/Courses/eqe694
f/694F_F97_Lecture2.html
Ask Sam
53
Ex ampl e Cl assi f y t hi s
Soi l
(sum = 450)
0.0 6.9 31.2 pan pan
6.9 13.4 60.4 0.075 200
20.4 21.2 95.6 0.150 100
41.6 19.8 89.1 0.250 60
61.4 22.8 102.6 0.425 40
84.2 11.0 49.5 0.850 20
95.2 4.8 21.6 2.000 10
100.0 0.0 0 4.750 4
Cumul at i ve
passi ng
%
r et ai ned
Mass
r et ai ned
Di amet er
US
Si eve
54
Cal c ul at i ons
D
10
= 0.11
D
30
= 0.19
D
60
= 0.38
C
u
= D
60
/D
10
= 3.45
C
c
= (D
30
)
2
/(D
60
.
D
10
) = 0.86
10
Dr.Talat Bader
55
Ex ampl e #4
Cl assi f y t he f ol l ow i ng soi l usi ng
UCS
Given: gravel fraction (% retained
on #4) = 30%
Sand fraction (passing #4, retained
on #200) = 40%
Silt and clay fraction (passing
#200) = 30%
56
Sol ut i on ex ampl e 4
Gr avel = 30%,
Sand = 40% and (100-Si l t s & Cl ay)/2 = 35%
Si nc e Sand > (100-F)/2, c oar se f r ac t i on i s
mor e sandy t han gr avel l y
Then
Gr oup symbol i s SC
Then, gr oup name i s " Cl ayey sand w i t h
gr avel "
57
Ex ampl e 5
Cl assi f y t he f ol l ow i ng soi l usi ng UCS
Gi ven: gr avel f r ac t i on (% r et ai ned on
#4) = 0%
sand f r ac t i on (passi ng #4, r et ai ned
on #200) = 14%
si l t and c l ay f r ac t i on (passi ng #200)
= 86%
LL = 55; PI = 28
58
Sol ut i on Ex ampl e 6
Si l t s & Cl ay = 86%,
Fr om Char t
Gr oup symbol i s CH I nor gani c
Cl ay
Gr oup name i s " Fat Cl ay"
59
Uni f i ed soi l
GROUP SYMBOL GROUP NAME
GW WELL-GRADED GRAVEL, FINE TO COARSE GRAVEL
GP POORLY-GRADED GRAVEL
GM SILTY GRAVEL
GC CLAYEY GRAVEL
SW WELL-GRADED SAND, FINE TO COARSE SAND
SP POORLY-GRADED SAND
SM SILTY SAND
SC CLAYEY SAND
ML SILT
CL CLAY
OL ORGANIC SILT, ORGANIC CLAY
MH SILT OF HIGH PLASTICITY, ELASTIC SILT
CH CLAY OF HIGH PLASTICITY, FAT CLAY
OH ORGANIC CLAY, ORGANIC SILT
PT PEAT
60
Thank you
Quest i on Ti me
Dr . Tal at Bader

CH 03 05 Soil Clasification

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CE353 Soil Mechanics

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