Term of Office- three (3) years Qualifications of a Representative 1. A natural born citizen of the Philippines 2.

At least 25 years of age on the election day 3. Able to read and write 4. Except for party-list representative, a registered voter 5. A resident thereof, for a period of not less than one (1) tear preceding the election day COMPOSITION/ELECTION/SELECTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF MEMBERS 1. The Constitution limits to 250 the maximum numbers the House of Representative may have. 2. The House of Representatives shall be elected from legislative districts and through party-list system of registered national and sectoral parties or organizations. The party-list representative shall constitute 20% of the number of representatives in the Lower House including those under the party-list. 3. The members of the House of the Representatives may be classified into district, party-list and sectoral representatives. Compensation- 160,000.00 to 180,000.00 annually. Any increase in their salary takes effect only after the expiration of full term of the members approving such increase. STEPS IN THE PASSAGE OF THE BILL 1. FIRST READING 2. Referral to the appropriate committee 3. SECOND READING 4. Debates 5. Printing and Distribution 6. Third reading 7. Referral to the other House 8. Submission to join bicameral committee 9. Submission to the President ARTICLE VII-EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT
Section 1. The executive power shall be vested in the President of the Philippines. Executive Power- define as the power to administer Section 2. No person may be elected President unless he is a natural-born citizen of the Philippines.

Qualifications of the President and Vice President 1. Natural born citizen of the Philippines 2. Registered voter 3. Able to read and write 4. At least 40 years of age 5. Resident of the Philippines for at least 10 years.
Section 3. There shall be a Vice-President who shall have the same qualifications and term of office and be elected with, and in the same manner, as the President. He may be removed from office in the same manner as the President.

Reasons for Prohibition against RE-election of President

1. A President seeking a second term is vulnerable to constant political pressure from those whose support he must preserve has to devote his time and energy to consolidate this political support. 2. A President who seeks a second term is under terrific handicap in the performance of his function. 3. A President seeking re-election will even use funds for the purpose even to the extent of making the government bankrupt. 4. The prohibition also widens the basic leadership. 5. The ban will put an end or at least hamper the establishment of political dynasties. 6. The six year term will give the President a reasonable time within which implement his plans and programs of government. 7. A term no matter how long is short for good president. POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT 1. Appointing Power 2. Power to revoke any appointments 3. Power to control over all executive department, etc. 4. Military Power 5. Power to grant reprieve, commutations and pardons 6. Power to contact and guarantee foreign loan 7. Power to enter into treaties or the international agreement. 8. Budgetary Power 9. Power to address the Congress.

ARTICLE VIII-JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT

Section 1. The judicial power shall be vested in one Supreme Court and in such lower courts as may be established by law. Meaning of Judicial Power- is the power to apply the law to contests and disputes concerning legally recognized rights or duties between the state and private person or between individual litigants in case property brought before the judicial tribunal. Scope of Judicial Power

1. Adjuratory power- it includes the duties: a. To settle actual controversies involving rights are legally demandable and enforceable. b. To determine whether there has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or recess jurisdiction on the part of any branch or instrumentality of the of the government. 2. Power of Judicial Review a. To pass upon the validity or constitutionality of the laws of the state and acts upon the other departments of the government. b. To interpret them. 3. To render binding judgment 4. Incidental powers- it likewise includes the incidental powers necessary to the effective discharge of the judicial functions.

Section 4. (1) The Supreme Court shall be composed of a Chief Justice and fourteen Associate Justices. It may sit en banc or in its discretion, in division of three, five, or seven Members. Any vacancy shall be filled within ninety days from the occurrence thereof. Qualifications for members of the Supreme Court and lower collegiate court

1. He must be a natural born citizen of the Philippines, a naturalized citizen may not be appointed. 2. He must be at least forty (40) years of age. 3. He must have, for fifteen (15) tears or more, been a judge of a lower court or engaged in the practice of law in the Philippines. 4. He must be a person of proven competence, integrity, probity, and independence ARTICLE IX CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSION Common Provisions Independent Provisions Independent Constitutional Bodies The three Constitutional Commissions are: 1. Commission on Civil Service. 2. Commission on Audit. 3. Commission on Election Common Features: 1. They are multi-headed bodies 2. They are categorized as independent by constitution 3. Their powers and functions are defined in the constitution 4. The commissioners are required to be natural- born citizens of the Philippines 5. Their term of office is staggered with two years interval. 6. The commissioners appointed are intelligible for appointment for a period beyond the maximum tenure of seven (7) years. 7. Appointment of any vacancy is only for the unexpired portion of the term of the predecessor. 8. The commissioners cannot be appointed or designated in the temporary or acting predecessor. 9. The commissioners are removable only by impeachment. THE CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION Composition of civil service commission It is composing of a Chairman and two (2) Commissioners. It is envisioned to enhance its independence on the theory that it will be more resistant to political pressure or influenced than a body headed by a single individual. Their terms of office are for seven (7) years only without reappointment. Qualifications of members 1. They must be natural born citizens of the Philippines 2. They must be at least thirty five (35) years of age at the time of appointment 3. They must be persons with proven capacity for public administration 4. They must not have been candidates for any elective position in the elections immediately preceding their appointment.

The term civil service means that professionalized body of men and women who have made of the government service on a lifetime career. The scopes of this are very branch, agency, controlled cooperation with original character. COMPOSITION OF COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS It is composed of a Chairman and (6) Commissioners. The 1973 Constitution increased in the membership from three in the 1973 Charter to nine on the theory that it would make it more difficult for the Commission to become the captive of any group or any person who might be interested in the commission deciding or taking action one way or another. Qualification of the Members 1. They must be natural born citizens of the Philippine 2. They must be at least thirty five (35) years of age at the time of appointment 3. They must be at least holders of college degree 4. They must not have been candidates for any elective position in the elections immediately preceding their appointment. THE COMMISSION ON AUDIT Composition of Commission on Audit It is composed of a chairman and two (2) Commissioners. It is designed to make it more resistant to pressure from legislative and executive branches and other offices of the government. Qualification of the Members 1. They must be natural born citizens of the Philippine 2. They must be at least thirty five (35) years of age at the time of appointment 3. They must be certified public accountants with mot less than ten (10) years of experience 4. They must not have been candidates for any elective position in the elections immediately preceding their appointment. ARTICLE X LOCAL GOVERNMENT General provisions Section 1. The territorial and political subdivisions of the Republic of the Philippines are the provinces, cities, municipalities, and barangays. There shall be autonomous regions in Muslim Mindanao and the Cordilleras as hereinafter provided LOCAL GOVERNMENT Concept Local government refers to a political subdivision of a nation or states is constituted by law and substantial control of local affairs which officials elected or otherwise locally selected. LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS The local government units are the following: 1. Province 2. City

3. Municipality 4. Barangay 5. Autonomous regions These units are also called the political subdivisions of the country POWERS OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTS The powers of the local government are: 1. To have continues succession in its corporate name 2. To sue and be sued 3. To have use a corporate seal 4. To acquire and convey real or personal properties 5. To enter into contract, and 6. To exercise such other powers as granted to corporations subject to limitations provided by laws. ARTICLE XI ACCOUNTABILITY OF PUBLIC OFFICERS Section 1. Public officer is a public trust Public office- is defined as the right, authority and duty created and conferred by law in a given period either fixed by law or enduring at the pleasure of the supporting power. Public officer- is the individual invested with some portion of the sovereign functions of the government for the benefit of the public. Nature of Public Office 1. It is a public trust because it renders service to the public. 2. It is not a property for the holder of the office may not claim invested right. 3. It is not a contract because one has no right to sue the government for the recovery of damages. The principle of the public accountability is emphasized in this section. All public officers and servants must consider their positions as sacred and not as a means for achieving of power and wealth. Section 2. Nature of Impeachment Impeachment has been defined as a method of national inquest into the conduct of public men. It aims to protect from official delinquencies or malfeasance. Officials Removable by Impeachment 1. The president and vice president 2. Members of the supreme court 3. Members of the Constitutional Commissions 4. The Ombudsman Grounds for Impeachment 1. Culpable violation of the constitution 2. Treason: example a Filipino imposes war in the Philippines and controlling the enemies of the country. 3. Bribery, either direct or indirect bribery 4. Graft and corruption 5. Betrayal of public trust- new ground for impeachment Section 3. Initiating and Trial for Impeachment

House of Representatives have the sole power to initiate all cases of impeachment. The senate has the sole power to try all cases impeachment. Procedure in Impeachment cases 1. Filing of verified complaint in the House of Representatives 2. Trial by the Senate 3. Requirement for conviction To convict an officer, at least of all members of Senate agreeing are necessary. The only penalty to impose in an officer is limited to removal from office and disqualification to hold any office under the Republic of the Philippines. If a criminal offense has been committed, the party convicted is still liable to prosecution, trial and punishment. The power of the president to grant reprieves, commutations and pardons does not extend to cases of impeachment. Section 4. Anti- Graft known as Sandiganbayan The Sandiganbayan as special court by Batasang Pambansa under the 1973 Constitution. Section 5. Office of the Ombudsman to be known as Tanodbayan Tanodbayan is a coined term in Filipino, which means guardians of the nations. It is categorized like three Constitutional Commissions as independent. It is known as the office of the Special Prosecutor. Section 8. Qualification of Ombudsman Deputies They must be: 1. They must be natural born citizens of the Philippine 2. At least forty (40) years old at the time of the appointment 3. Persons with recognized probity and independence 4. Members of the Philippine Bar 5. Not have been a candidate for any elective office in the preceding election