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SECTION lGENERAL
1.1 Scope ...............................................................................................................
1.2 Referenced Publications ..................................................................................

SECTION 2FLOW

2.1 Scope ...............................................................................................................

2.2 General ............................................................................................................
2.2.1 Categories .................................................................................................
2.2.2 Transmission Practice ...............................................................................
2.2.3 Accessibility .............................................................................................
2.2.4 Local Indication ........................................................................................
2.2.5 Vibration ...................................................................................................
2.2.6 Pulsation ...................................................................................................
2.2.7 Purging and Sealing ..................................................................................
2.2.8 Piping .......................................................................................................
2.3 Measurement Devices .....................................................................................
2.3.1 Differential-Pressure Meters ....................................................................
2.3.2 Variable-Area Meters ...............................................................................
2.3.3 Magnetic Flowmeters ...............................................................................
2.3.4 Turbine Meters .........................................................................................
2.3.5 Positive-Displacement Meters ..................................................................
2.3.6 Vortex Meters ...........................................................................................
2.3.7 Mass Flowmeters ......................................................................................

SECTION 3LEVEL
3.1 scope ...............................................................................................................
3.2 General ............................................................................................................
3.2.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................
3.2.2 Accessibility .............................................................................................
3.2.3 Readability ...............................................................................................
3.2.4 Comections to Vessels .............................................................................
3.2.5 Multiple-Instrument Mounting .................................................................
3.2.6 Block Valves ........................................................................................J....
3.2.7 Strain Relief ..............................................................................................
3.2.8 Vibration ...................................................................................................
3.2.9 Drains and Vents .......................................................................................
3.3 Locally Mounted Indicating Gauges ...............................................................
3.3.1 General .....................................................................................................
3.3.2 Tubular Gauge Glasses .............................................................................
3.3.3 Armored Gauge Glasses ...........................................................................
3.3.4 Magnetic Gauges ......................................................................................
3.4 Level Transmitters ...........................................................................................
3.4.1 General .....................................................................................................
3.4.2 Displacement Transmitters .......................................................................
3.4.3 Differential-Pressure Transmitters ...........................................................
3.4.4 Hydrostatic-Head Transmitters ................................................................
3.4.5 Nuclear Level Transmitters ......................................................................
3.4.6 Ultrasonic Level Transmitters ..................................................................
3.4.7 Capacitance/Radio-Frequency Level Transmitters ..................................
3.5 Locally Mounted Controllers ..........................................................................
3.5.1 General .....................................................................................................
3.5.2 Displacement Controllers .........................................................................
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3.5.3 Internal Ball-Float Controllers .................................................................

3.5.4 Differential-Pressure Controllers .............................................................
3.6 Level Switches ................................................................................................
3.6.1 General .....................................................................................................
3.6.2 Installation of Float Switches ...................................................................
3.6.3 Installation of Other Switches ..................................................................
3.6.4 Testing ......................................................................................................
3.6.5 Overfill Protection ....................................................................................
3.7 Tank Gauging ..................................................................................................
3.8 Accessories ......................................................................................................
3.8.1 Seals and Purges .......................................................................................
3.8.2 Weather Protection ...................................................................................

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SECTION 4PRESSURE
4.1 Scope ...............................................................................................................
4.2 General ............................................................................................................
4.2.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................
4.2.2 Application Practice .................................................................................
4.2.3 Accessibility .............................................................................................
4.2.4 Local Indication ........................................................................................
4.2.5 Vibration ...................................................................................................
4.2.6 Pulsation ...................................................................................................
4.2.7 Purging and Sealing ..................................................................................
4.2.8 Piping .......................................................................................................
4.2.9 Enclosures ................................................................................................
4.2.10 Element and Socket (Wetted) Materials ...................................................
4.3 Pressure Gauges and Switches ........................................................................
4.3.1 Connections ..............................................................................................
4.3.2 SUPPOrtS ....................................................................................................
4.3.3 Safety Devices ..........................................................................................
4.3.4 Siphons .....................................................................................................
4.3.5 Case Material and Size .............................................................................
4.4 Pressure Transmitters ......................................................................................
4.4.1 Connections ..............................................................................................
4.4.2 Installation Considerations .......................................................................
4.4.3 Differential-Pressure Transmitters ...........................................................
4.5 Locally Mounted Controllers and Recorders ..................................................
4.5.1 Connections ..............................................................................................
4.5.2 !+lPPOrtS ....................................................................................................
4.5.3 Installation Considerations .......................................................................

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SECTION 5TEMPERATURE
5.1 Scope ...............................................................................................................
5.2 l%ermowells ....................................................................................................
5.2.1 General .....................................................................................................
5.2.2 Insertion Length .......................................................................................
5.2.3 Immersion Length ...............................0....................................................
5.2.4 Materials ...................................................................................................
5.2.5 Construction .............................................................................................
5.3 Thermocouple Temperature Instruments ........................................................
5.3.1 General .....................................................................................................
5.3.2 Applications ............................................................................................!
5.3.3 Tube-Surface Temperature Measurement ................................................
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5.3.4 Firebox Temperature Measurement ..........................................................

5.3.5 Extension Wires ........................................................................................
5.3.6 Signal Conditioning ..................................................................................
5.3.7 Input Circuits ............................................................................................
5.4 Resistance Temperature Measurement ............................................................
5.4.1 Application ...............................................................................................
5.4,2 Resistance Temperature Devices ..............................................................
5.4.3 Extension Wires ........................................................................................
5.4.4 Resistance Transmitters ............................................................................
5.5 Dial Thermometers for Local Temperature Measurement ..............................
5.6 Filled-System Temperature Instruments .........................................................
5.6.1 General .....................................................................................................
5.6.2 Applications .............................................................................................
5.6.3 Self-Acting Temperature Regulators ........................................................
5.6.4 Temperature Transmitters .........................................................................
5.6.5 Installation Guidelines ..............................................................................
5.7 Radiation Pyrometers ......................................................................................

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SECTION 6PROCESS AND ENVIRONMENTAL

PROTECTION
6.1 Scope ...............................................................................................................
6.2 General ............................................................................................................
6.3 Seals ................................................................................................................
6.3.1 Diaphragm Seals ......................................................................................
6.3.2 Liquid Seals ..............................................................................................
6.4 Purges- ..............................................................................................................
6.4.1 General .....................................................................................................
6.4.2 Purge Fluids ..............................................................................................
6.4.3 Rate of Flow .............................................................................................
6.5 Heating ............................................................................................................
6.5.1. General .....................................................................................................
6.5.2 Steam Heating ..........................................................................................
6.5.3 Electrical Heating .....................................................................................
,
Figures
lFlow Nozzle, Venturi Tube, and Flow Tubes .................................................
2Pitot Tube Installation ....................................................................................
3Close-Coupled Differential-Pressure Flowmeters .........................................
4Remotely Mounted Differential-Pressure Flowmeters for Liquid and
Gas Service ....................................................................................................
5Remotely Mounted Differential-Pressure Flowmeters for Steam or
Condensable-Vapor Service ...........................................................................
6Variable-Area Meter Piping Configurations ..................................................
7Gauge-Glass Assemblies ...............................................................................
8Gauge-Glass Mounting Arrangements for Horizontal Vessels and for
Interface Measurement ...................................................................................
9Typical Magnetic Gauge ................................................................................
10-Extemal-Cage Displacement Instrument .....................................................
1lExternal-Cage Displacement Controller With Standpipe ............................
12Standpipe With External-Cage Displacement Instrument and Multiple
Sight Gauges ................................................................................................
13Typical Stilling Well .....................................................................................
14Typical Installations of Differential-Pressure-Level Instruments ................
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15Flange-Type Differential-Pressure-Level Transmitter .................................

16Typical Arrangement for Nuclear Level Transmitter ...................................
17Capacitance/Radio-Frequency-Type Level Transmitter ..............................
18-Arrangement of High- and Low-Level Alarm Switches With Parallel
Gauge Glass .................................................................................................
19Piping for Pressure Instruments That Share a Common Frocess
Comection ...................................................................................................
20-Piping for Pressure Gauges in Pulsating, Corrosive, Slurry, or Freezing
Fluid Service ................................................................................................
21Pressure Gauges Supported by Piping .........................................................
22Field-Mounted Gauge Supports ...................................................................
23Gauges With Siphon Required in Hot Condensable-Vapor Service ............
24Typical Installation of Pressure Transmitters for Gas, Liquid, and Steam
Service ..........................................................................................................
25Schematic for Measurement of Pressure Differential Across a Reactor or
Section of Tower ..........................................................................................
26Therrnowell Installation ...............................................................................
27Elbow Installation of Thermowells ..............................................................
28Vessel and Line Installation of Thermowells ...............................................
29Metal-Sheathed, Mineral-Insulated Thermocouple Assemblies ..................
30-Sheathed-Type Thermocouple and Head Assembly ....................................
3lThermocouple-to-Conduit Connections .......................................................
32Knife-Edge Tube-Surface Thermocouple for Heater Tube ..........................
33-Typical Firebox Thermocouple Installations ................................................
34Typicrd Radiation Pyrometer Installation ....................................................
35Seals for Pressure Gauges ............................................................................
36Diaphragm and Capillary System ................................................................
37Liquid Seal Installations ..............................................................................
38-Freezing Points of Ethylene-Glycol-Water Mixtures ..................................
39-Purge Installations ........................................................................................
40-Orifice Tap Furges for Flowmeters ..............................................................
41Steam Tracing and Insulation for Instrument Lines and Pressure Gauges ..
42Steam Tracing and Heating ..........................................................................
43Instrument Housings ....................................................................................
44-Steam Tracing and Insulation for External Displacement Level
Instrument ....................................................................................................
45Typical Steam Tracing for Flow Transmitter ...............................................
46Typical Steam Tracing for Pressure Transmitter ..........................................
47Typical Electrical Tracing and Instrument Enclosures .................................
48Electrical Tracing and Insulation for Pressure Gauges ................................
49Elecrncrd Tracing and Insulation for Level Instruments .............................
50-Electrical Tracing and Insulation for Instruments ........................................
Tables
lThermocouple Materials and Temperature Range ..........................................
2Thermocouple Extension-Wire Materials ......................................................

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