Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
I I . SF
N 24a 2 1920a4
are:
(2)
MAURICE LANDAU
Synopsis: This paper presenits an anialytical method for calculating sags, tensions, and lengths of overhead cables. The method is applicable to both level and non-level spans; self contained, not requiring the use
be uniformly distributed along the horizontal projection of the cable, the curve taken by the cable is that of the parabola. The equiations of the parabola La
(3)
General
In general the problems of sag and ten-
of precalculated data or functions; and adaptable to both cables with constant nodulus of elasticity, such as steel or copper, and cables such as steel reinforced aluminum cable where stress-strain curves must be resorted to. Included in the method is a direct calculation of the horizonital component of tension in a span where the tenof length of cable are calculated rather than total lengths, thus permitting adequate accuracy to be had using a 10-inch slide rule.
sion at either support is known. Increments
calculations for overhead suspended cable are to determine sag, tensions, and lengths of overhead cable between fixed supports at stringing temperatures and conditions of maximum sag such that ag chdtisrm s undethe ost under the most severe loading conditions the maximum tension in the cable will not exceed a predetermined allowable maxision mum.
S-L1
L2
calc tension ed paper were inn this described developed for use in the design of the transmission lines of the Department of Water and Power of the City of Los Angeles. They have been used in the design of the 287.5-kv Boulder transmission lines which extend 266 miles from Hoover Dam to Los Angeles, the 138-kv belt line in and adjacent to Los Angeles, and the 230-kv transmission line from the Owens River Gorge, 260 miles from Los Angeles,
.HE Ilations
m
Fortic or the purpose of calculations, the weight of the cable itself and the superimposed ice and wind loads are assumed to be uniformly distributed along the line of the cable. Under these conditions, the cable takes the curvature of the catenary.
Comparing equations 1 and 3, the first terms of each equation are identical. The same is true of the first two terms of equations 2 and 4. Thus for spans where L is small with respect to a, the catenary and parabola are for practical purposes identical. This is the basis for the soThis of the thh called parabolic methods.
24a2 640a4
...
(4)
Expressed as a series the equations of the catenary for a level span are: (1) L4 _L[ L2 Y 8aL 48ai 5,760a4
'T' 8 uz On
Essentially sag and tension calculations of overhead cables consist of the follow-
ing:
the stressed length of the 1. cable between supports under the assumed
Determinie
u.
_a
- - -l
to Los Angeles. The Boulder line conductors are 512,000 circular mil, type HH copper, the belt line conductors 500,000 circular mil stranded copper, and the Owens Gorge line 954,000 circular mil
X
2
-8 I0
_ /
- -
- _
_ .
__
_6
steel reinforced aluminum cable 54/7. 8 All of the lines have 1/2-inch high strength stranded steel overhead ground wires.
Z
o____t7__
,_
__-61-
llll]]]|/
- _ _-3z
_ Paper 51-294, recommended by the ALEE Transmission and Distribution Committee and approved.C _C __ by the Technical Program Committee for presents. 0 tion at the AIEE Pacific General Meeting, Portland, Greg., August 20-23, 1951. Manuscript submitted May 17, 1951; made available for printing July 6,
0-1020.
.
9Co ELONGATION
. .
. .
1951.
15v64
AJEE TRANSACTIONS
2. Remove all load (weight) from the cable and determine the length of the unstressed length of cable. 3. Determine the change in unstressed length of wire due to change in temperature. 4. Place the desired load (weight) on the cable at the new temperature and determine the stressed length. 5. Calculate the sag and tension characteristics corresponding to the stressed length at the new temperature.
D = difference in elevation of supports, feet L, = straight line distance between supports, feet S = stressed length of conductor, feet x, y=co-ordinate of any point on the conductor, feet distance between low point xi =horizontal to upper support, feet X2 =horizontal distance between low point to lower support, feet
upper support, feet Y2=vertical distance between low point to lower support, feet
Tas= Tavg/A, pounds per square inch H = horizontal component of tension, pounds a =H/ W, feet a, = T1/W, feet Z = L/2a, a pure number A =area of cross-section of conductor, square inches E =tmodulus of elasticity, pounds per square inches cc =coefficient of linear expansion, feet per foot per degree Fahrenheit
L + L
Z
W=weight of conductor per unit length, pounds per foot T=tension of conductor at point x, y, pounds T = tension of conductor at point xi, yl, pounds T2 =tension of conductor at point x2, Y2, pounds Tavg =effective or average tension of conductor, pounds
Q
.
P
D
+ L
D/ Z2l
6
Z2
sinh Z
A pure number
L
D
-
A pure number
1--
machine. Figure
1 is
illustrative
of these
2. Preparing stress-strain curves for various temperatures to the required maximum tension from the stress-strain curve obtained by test. Figure 2 is illustrative of these curves. 3 Preparing curves which give the varia tions in sag and tension of a particular span corresponding to the same change of arc
length as those given in the stress-strain superimposing the stresscurves and then strain curves for the various temperatures upon such sag-tension curves.
Figure 1 is a set of stress-strain curves for 795,000 circular mil ACSR at 60 degrees Fahrenheit. Per cent elongation is plotted as abscissae, and tension in pounds per square inch of cable as ordi-
nates. The curves are from the ACSR Method. Curve 2 on Figure 1 shows the behavior of the complete cable upon the first application of load, while Curve 3 shows the effect of releasing the load. Curve 4 is the initial application of load for the steel core while Curve 5 is the release of the load. Curves 6 and 7 give corresponding data for the aluminum portion and are obtained from Curves 2, 3, 4, and 5. The dotted Curve 1 is the elongation produced immediately after the application of load. Curve 2 is the result after stretching has practically ceased (that is, after holding the final load for approximately one hour). Figure 2 is a set of stress-strain curves for various temperatures derived from the
120 -
Figure 2 (below). Stress-strain curves 795,000 circular mil ACSR 54/71 mdximum tension 12,750 pounds per square inch at 0 degree Fahrenheit
z80-
co
0
.05 .06
2o KO
% ELNATO
_l -08
.9w .10
Z
__
0951 VOLUM 70
Ladu
IceetlMehdfrSgTnio_aclts16
120
z
a<,60~~~~~~ S:t 80 ,
xoo
w
.6
:5 0 t/
t /
z1
t0 V 7v ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
0~ ~ I -
.0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.
a.
-260
320
.240
0
$9
E4
/ .21.232
.20
_______________ OF.0 .004 .008 .012 .016 1.02 -20~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 .21 .22 .23
.024
.028
.032
.036
1.04
Figure 6. Z, Q chart
1. Determining the initial value of Z for the particular span, tension, and maximum loading conditions. 2. Selecting various values of Z for the
tures corresponding to such values of Z. 3. Preparing curves for various loading conditions with Z as abscissae and temperature as ordinates.
labdledonly)dianodnscaalnultnladthed (that
is,
4. Calculating sags and tensions for selected values of temperature from the corresponding value of Z as determined from
the Z-temperature curves.
similar to that of Form 1, differing only in operation 2 above. Stress-strain curves plotted for particular temperatures, values of Z corresponding to such temperatures are calculated. Forms 1 and 2 each consist of 25 items arranged vertically, a series of columns being provided for tabulating data and calculations. Except for Items 12 to 16, inclusive, Forms I and 2 are identical.
Examples
of Sag Calculations
To illustrate the incremental method two examples for each of the two forms
Figure 7 (right). P, D
X
)ch
6
T
1566
ATEE TRANSACTIONS
Mailman Tension
P
6roject
(8
ccppea ~~~~
e WeikX Cable 8' SAG 3~~W~~~M ~~~~~ ~~3a AND TENSION .~~ CALCULATIONS Caliegh
FORM NO.
Date EXAMPLE Date_____E_XAMPLE be+/
cale
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Diameter
__
ca
zw/; WAZ= W,0-9 aAL/ft; V+AZa,3ELc., t W=a-j/f Max. Result. Load at o*F, W-/ALWp/ft;-W+A&.A&LxloExmeI Area of Croas Section, A-.0901 sq. in. of Cable, inche o f Elasticity, Ji~~~~~~~~odulusa 1NafS cc Coeffiolent of Linear Sxpanin xloe1 - 72 x10'8 cable onyCc5Ae,t CbeO
lsIc
Form Number 1
xml
/0009
0 /000 . 006 5670
__ __ __
d; d
=D/ZL * d)
8
8
V
a8
Z
1.269 .7 .87
4468.1
-
.87/,
.322
.3229 .322
__
..322
..871
____
(2al
D)/L0
8.936
l/(d
=
1/2)
10 11 12
Slack
(12/j) (l .Z2-/20)
=
so W/AE x 108
Stretch
A
13 14
(W/A1)(.S2/zz)
13
18i
17 18
19
1,5
L t
t= aa
20 21
a&S/(S~oa
.6124 .4203 .4203 2.720 1.865 2.099 -.607 *.248 -~.432 0 .855 .175
0
118.9 0
24.39
.08 .07 .075 .1/0/ .0676 1.067 .617 .937 999.4 .99,9.4 .999.4 .1,551 .15.5/ .155/__1 .971 1.109 1.03 . 096 -.292 -.098___ __ .703 .3/6 .1509__ 62.5" ../'97,70 43.8" 70.8' 62..0 .y9 97.7 43.80 70.60 320 .30 0
_
___ __
____
*iJ 0
0
75396 68t0
0
0
600 /00
rSeT
0
____
X2112)
500
__ 4468 ___
5635
___
081
500 500 500 216.25 16.90 /8.28 20-.95 5.26 16.90 /8.28 20.95 28 5
1'7.9' 7M/3
V/l
24]
25]
'Z!
36'
'
2 04
1.92//192
ZZ2O.
CAble
Cable
ine
Cable Weight
_________________________________
EXAMPLE
Cable +kto Wind
FOMN.IMax. Result. Load at 0'?,I Wa /f; Area of Cross Section, A- .39SseSq. Diameter of Cable, i'nche~ Modulus of Zlastiaity, 19a 30 xlO0O
Win___
Plus
jabl Ice
Weiht
ftV,ia,
Cable
Form Number I
W,1AEa.tao20X1OExmpe In.Exml2
.6 x10'-
Cable
~~Coefficient
_____
+-
Ice
-
Cable
Only
of linear Expansion cc
ct(bta+
Sa~~
Span Length
2 3
4
Lo=L
W
7
~~C.
Only9
.00140Z
8
8
a, T1/lw
8) = (2a1 - 0)/La Z 1/(a - Z/2) Slack a (Z2/1)(1 a
=
33,000-
14684 2.623
.215
.2/5
.205
.2/0
10 11
Z2/20)
so
12
x 10 W/Al
.28002124 .22124 .14204 .14204 .14204 11.653 7 11.5511 9.4134 9.5447 6.4268 6.2749 6.1279 28879 24.6/07 24.528/ 23.4663 3.5791 25.2/58 26.8837 0 .73 78 ..6552 -.4060 ':2938 1.3429 3.0108 25.88 22. 9 8'.-(4.24' -10-3014 710'./0-5-60
35.5266 36.-1618 33.9415 33.0116 30.005931.4907P3.0116 4306.9 4306.9 4306.9 4,306.9 4306.9 4306194,06.9
.2/87 .2085
.212?8
.2/62
.28020_
__
Form Numbet 2
Example 3
Cable
Projeot
9000 Ibs
xum
A.CSR. 795,OOOCi. E
Tension 0 O'f
EXAMPLE 3
C
Cable Weight W= 1.024 Cable Weight plus Ioe W= /1 999 Wnd Max. Resultant Load at OF We 2.439 Aree of Cross Section Ae .7055
Diameter
of Cable
-
lbs./ft.
eq.
In.
inches
L.=
d; d
Elevation D2/(2L, d)
1200 0
1200 .005
'Let
-e
-r
T1/W
(21
-
10 Slack 11 Lc * 10
D)/LC
Tos
WS0/2Z
.1646 .1646 .1654 .1654 .1670 .1667 5.4/5 5.415 5.475 5.475 5.575 5.563 /2054 1205.4 120&4 1205.4 /2054 /20S4 8930 7320 7280 7280 7220 7230
6.156
/.530
19
21
(X/2a)(
600
_ _
600
50.0 o
3650
49.6
3680
|_
22/12)
24 5 wa
T1
We1
Underlined numerals
8880 9000
refer to item numbers
3689
7060 7360
7000 7300
Form Number 2
Cable
Example 4
Maximu
ProJect
Cable
Cable Weight
FORM NO. 2
1 L
2
Span Length
EXAMPLE
T-r
por'
Yz7 Ic-0
Diameter of Cable
No Wind 'erm=nen
Area
Weight
plu3
Ice
W=
1.024 We A. 9 .lbs./ft.
2.439
Jq. 7055
Inches
In.
Differenoe in Elevation
L * d; d =
200
L0-=
D/IZL
.006/2
9000
/0/9.8
_|
-
_|
___
r
a (l2l D)/LL
=
-
al
Tl/W
3692
7.04
L__
z2/2o)
Tav = WSO/2z
.1435 .1435 .1455 .145/ .145/ .14 7/1 .1469 3.365 3.365 3.460 3.447 3.44 7 3.539 3.527 1023.2 1023.2 1023.2 /023.2 1023.2 /023.2 1023.2 87/0 7140 7040 7050 7050 6970 6990
153
a
longation
(14/lO0)So
- Ic 18 low. 10 17 t 18 a = ./Il
12,320 10,120 9,970 10,000 /0,000 .115 .124 .123 .123 .132 1/78 1.270 1.260 /260 1.352 2.18 7 Z.095 2.200 2.18 7 2.095 O__ 32'F 0f _
3485
9,870 9,900
.131 .131 1.340 14340
2.199
19
-/95
5.44
695
.5446
|2.18 7 32f6
676 70
|
_ __
3404
___
-1057
___
68 7
07
__ _
________
_ _ _ _
__|_
|- /78
4.6r
_ _ _ _
22
36.6
24I
25
23 al =e^* D*Y2
Wa
3690.4
to
item numbers
9000
18.901
7300
36.fZ/
36.9| 37.4
___
___
13608.
|__ |__ _
_____
_1__1
__
1568
AJEE TRANSACTIONS
are included: one for level spans and one for nonlevel spans. For this purpose, previously published examples are used so that a comparison with current methods of calculation may be had. In each case the cable characteristics and maximum loading conditions are stated in the heading of the form. EXAMPLE NUMBER 1. CALCULATED ON
OF ELASTICITY OF ELASTICITY The calculations are set forth in columnar arrangement, the first column being for the condition of miaximum tension at 0 degree Fahrenheit and maximum load-
The next steps are to calculate temperatures corresponding to arbitrarily assumed values of Z. Columns 2, 3, and 4 are such calculations for W= 0.871 (cable +ice loading) while columns 5 to 8, inclusive, are for W= 0.322 (cable only). In sequential order the calculations of column 2 are:
6.
Columns 9 to 12, inclusive, are calculations of sags and tensions for particular temperature and loading conditions. In each case the value of Z for the particular temperature is obtained from the "Ztemperature" curve, Figure 3. Calcula-
= 0. 871
= 0.
Z2
FORM NUMBER 1, WITH 1,000-FOOT LEVEL SPAN1 AN CONSTANT MODULUS MODULUS LEVEL SPAN' AND
CNTA
7. Z
1126
10.
Slack=-I
-
1+2--
~~~~~Z2\
= 2.113
= 999.4
11. So W
ing. Columns 2 to 8, inclusive, are calculations of temperatures corresponding to various assumed values of Z, from which "Z-temperature" curves Figure 3 are prepared. Columns 9 to 12, inclusive, contain calculations of sags and tensions for various selected temperatures, the values of Z being obtained from the "Z-temperature" curves, Figure 3. In detail the calculations are as follows, the underlined numerals in all cases referring to item numbers. For column 1, in sequential order:
1. L 2. D
3. Le 4. 6Lc/L2
12. - X 106 AE
= 0.4203
13
14. (SO-Lc) = 11-13 = +0. 248 2.113-1.865 = +0.248 15. AS=(14 Column 2) =0.855 (14 Column 1) 0.248-(-0.607)=0.855 16. 17.
AE\2Z
6x1.865 2X0.1126
At= AS/(So o)
= 118.9
=
t=to+ At
118.90
0.855 = 118.9 999.4X7.2X10 =19 Since tO=0 degree Fahrenheit; t0+ At = 118.9
=1,000
Span length
Level span D = 0; therefore Lc = L 6 X 1, 000/1, 0002 = 0.006 Maximum tension Weight per foot at maximum loading conditions
=8.936
5. 6.
TI
W
13.
14.
Stretch=
S02 AE 2Z
-
=2
720
0.6124X10-6=999.42
2X0.1126
(SO-Lc>== 10-13
AS
= -0 .607
2.113-2.720= =-0.607
=2720
15.
=0
7. al=T,/W 8 a -D= 8. c
9. Z=
2
due to change in temperature. This being the initial temperature, there is no change in length
Lc
= 8.936
16.
~~~~~~~~1,000
-=0.112;
Z
17. t
At=AS/(S c)
=0
=00'F
0/(SOXc)=0
Initial temperature
=0.1126
18. a=
19.
I_
=4,440
=0
1,000/2X0.1126=4,440
~=
0~~~~.112621
0.006
1+
0.11262\
20
1
/2
2.113
20.
L2=--19 -2
=500
28.15
=0.6124
2 X4,440
1+
0 12 X4,4402/ = 28.15
WS0th=2i= Z1+2\
L0
=2.1
,OOOXO.1126i i+0.11262\
=28. 15
= 4,468 =5,635
=5,670
(4,440+0+28)=4,468
4,440X1.269=5,635 4,468X 1.269=5,670
1951, VOLUME 70
1569
in Example Number 1. Due to the difference in elevation, the straight line distance between supports, L, is greater than the span length L; also the tangent sag and sag Y2 have different values. Figure 4 is the "Z-temperature" curve for this example.
EXAMPLE NUMBER 3. CALCULATED ON FORM NUMBER 2 WITH 1,200-FOOT LEVEL SPAN2 AND VARIABLE MODULUS OF ELASTICITY This calculation makes use of the stressstrain curves, Figure 3. As in thesolution ofproblems,ExAS in the solution of problems, Ex-
EXAMPLE NUMBER 2. CALCULATED ON FORM NUMBER 1 WITH 4,279-FOOT NONLEVEL SPAN3 AND CONSTANT MODULUS OF ELASTICITY These calculations are similar to those
stretched) at 32 degrees Fahrenheit, Z= 0.1654. Proceeding down column 3, items 18 to 25, inclusive, are calculated as in column 1. Columns 4, 5, and 6 give the calculations for the "Permanent" condition
(cable prestretched) at 32 degrees Fahrenheit, 1/2-inch ice, no wind. EXAMPLE NUMBER 4. CALCULATED ON EXAm NUMBER 4 CALCULATED ON
WS 2Z
(14)
(I5)
(16)
i)
(17)
2a,-D
Lc
(18
15
Appendix. Derivation of
Formulas
Let the conductor be represented by the Curve A-B, Figure 5. The fundamental formulas of the catenary referred to the point where it has a hori-
(19)
where 1
D 2
ample Number 1 and Example Number 2, calculations at maximum tension and loading conditions are made in column 1.
(5)
(6)
Q=
. x s=a snh -a
({ +1
Y( t
(20)
= 1205.4
= 8,930
=(. 122
=8,930
13.
=12,660
0.2055
= --12,660
17. t
Temperature at maximtum
tension and loading
Columns 2, et cetera, indicate the calculations of "Temporary" and "Permanent"' sags and tension at 32 degrees Fahrenheit, 1/2-inch ice, no wind. Under wthese conditions W=1.999. A method of successive approximations is used. Referring to column 2, a value of Z=0.1646 is assumed; calculating items 9 to 16, inclusive, in a similar manner to that indicated in column 1, we have item 16,(S0-L,) = 10-15=3.885.
Adding slack, column 2
The value of 16 should be 3.945 The difference of these to values is
in Example Number 1.
are
H= a
+ .
(7)-
(21)
tions.'4
Z
Figure 6 shows the relationiship between Q and Z for various values of DIL. It is eietta a egnrlycniee to be unity without loss of accura y.
z
/ Z2\ 1- |+ 6
(22)
16
(3
2- L
(9)
2T____WD 2 VW
(10)
2
L -
-D/Za\1
(23)
0.060 5.415
6Lc
20/
(11)
sinh-'[P(1-4
z
545
Tangent sag=-L-.+3L
Dz+p
>/(4
for slack = 5.475, we calculate the value of Z=0.1654 completing calculation of items 12 to 16, inclusive; in column 3 we get item16, SO-Lc=3.945, therefore, for the temporary condition (cable not pre-
LZ -4
Sr tch=
S
...2
(12)
Sbtttneuto2ieuto2
2
AE
13
FaD/Z2\1)]
LL\6/
25
1570
AJEE TRANSACTIONS
Values of P are plotted on Figure 7. It D2 can be seen that for ordinary values of D/L, where d=2 P may be considered to be unity. ExpandLdL ing equation 6 as a series a== 2 x2 x2 ai-j 1+ _+... y ~~~(26) 2a 12a2 2a, -CD Neglecting terms beyond the 2nd as negliLc gible
dLaL+d;
(A)
B
H= Wa
(J)
DP _ /
LL \ 6/
(K)
y2a L
=_
X-F +z V +
2aA\6a
Z
2-7 (27 Slack
1 z
-
(D)
01J
2
2 Z2/
Z2
(6\ L2 /
(E)
Copperweld Steel TABLB (book), James S. Martin. Company, Glassport, Pa., 1931. 2. ACSR GRAPHIC METHOD FOR SAG CALCULATIONS (book). Aluminum Company of America, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1927.
1.
References
USE OF
MARTIN'S
(28)
(29)
Let
(F)
Lc =L+d
then
d
Ws LcZ
z2\
(G)
il+-I
(H)
D2
(30)
Tangent sag=
a=
2Z
(I)
SUSPENSION
88.
Bissiri, Maurice Landau. SPANS, Alflo AIEE Transactions, volume 66, 1947, pages 1181-
No Discussion
1951, VOLUME 70
1571