Storage Tank Detail 1.

Storage Tank Type (A) ATM Tank (B) cryogenic Tank(C)Mounted Tank (D)Silo Tank 2. ATM Tank Type (A) Single deck Floating Roof tank (B) Double Deck Floating Roof Tank (C) Cone Roof Tank (D) Dome Roof tank (E)IFR Tank 3. Cryogenics storage tank type (A)Single Containment (B)Double Containment (C) Full Containment 4. Storage tank normal Diameter Tolerance (+/-)12mm 5. ATM Tank Code API650 6. Cryogenic Tank Code API620 7. Lowtemperatur Tank code API620 Appendix R,Q 8. Tank Vertical Joint Tolerance (+/-)12.5mm 9. Tank Circular Joint Tolerance (+/-)12.5mm 10. Tank Straightness Tolerance (1/200mm)Every Each 200mm tolerance by 1mm 11. Tank Foundation Tolerance (+/-)25mm 12. Tank Foundation Type (A)Ring Beam(B)Slab(C)Slop(D)Stone Crush slop(E)Elevated 13. Inner Tank&outter tank Gap as per code 1200mm 14. Tank vertical one joint to another joint as per code 150mm 15. 10meter not required annular plate 16. IFR,SDFR,DDFR,Tank Straightness Tolerance only 20mm 17. SDFR,DDFR Tank Only Hydro Test&Deck Tilting Test 18. Cone Roof,Dome Roof Tank Only for Hydro,Pnematic,Vaccum Test 19. SDFR,DDFR Deck Area one Side welding Another side OIL Check Test 20. ATM Tank Shell To Bottom Root Run Welding Only Do It. Another Side PEN Test 21. Cryogenic Tank Shell To Bottom Root Run Welding Only Do It.Another Side DPT,MPT,LECK Test 22. ATM Tank 12mm plate Welding Electrode AWS A5.1 E6013 23. ATM/Cryogenic Tank Annular Plate With as per code 650mm to1000mm Only 24. ATM/Cryogenic Tank Annular Plate to Shell Outside area Projection 50mm Required as per code 25. ATM Foundation Bottom Area C.P.P Required 26. Tank Lifting Methods (A)Jacking (B)Convection 27. ATM Tank Set in Nozzle&Set on Nozzle 28. Tank Plate Rolling Tolerance (+/-)3mm 29. Tank Plate Fit up Tolerance (+/-)Over Lap, Root Gap Only 2mm 30. ATM Tank Bottom Plate Only LAP Joint Used 31. ATM Tank Annular Plate to Annular joint Backing Strip Used 32. Cryogenic Tank Annular Plate to Annular joint BUTT joint 33. Cryogenic Tank Annular Plate to Annular joint BUTT joint Full RT 34. ATM Tank Annular Plate to Annular joint Backing Strip Used RT only Sport Area 35. ATM Tank Plate ASTM SA-36,SA-537CL-1,SA-537CL-II,SA-516GR-60 IS2062GR-B 36. ATM Tank Plate ASTM SS/SA-240Type304,304L,316,316L 37. Cryogenic Tank Plate ASTM SA-553(9%NICKEL),SA-516GR-70 38. Cryogenic Tank Bottom Area Foam Glass, Shell Area PUF,Deck Area Mineral Wool insulation 39. Atm Tank Insulation Shell, Roof only

40. Tank Bottom Plate weld Joint Vacuum Box Test,DPT 41. Tank Roof Plate weld Joint Vacuum Box,Pnuematic Test 42. Tank Nozzle RF Pad Pneumatic Test 1.5KG/CM 43. 8mm plate thick only single Bevel 44. 8mm plate thick only double Bevel 45. First Activity Plate Receiving After Then MIR&QA/QC Inspection Work To Do. 46. All Tank Bottom Plate As per Drawing Squring,Cutting, Beveling, Sand Blasting SA-2& Painting work 47. All Shell Plate Squring,Cutting,Beveling,Rolling,Sand Blasting, Painting 48. You Have Check Foundation Detail, As per drawing All Dimension, And 0,90,180,270 All Degree To Transfer For Foundation Area 49. First You Start Annular Plate Laying As Per Drawing Dived Radios fit Up 50. After Then All Degree Transfer For Annular Plate Area.welding,Grinding,DPT, RT Work 51. Next All Bottom Plate Laying&Fit-up,Short Seam Welding, Long Seam Welding 52. After Then All Degree Transfer For Bottom Plate Area. 53. First You Start S-7 Shell Course Erection,Fit-up,Welding,DPT, RT work 54. Second you Start S-8 Course Erection,Fit-up,Welding,DPT, RT work 55. You Are Arrange All Lifting Jack Assemble. 56. Now Parley Curb Angle Erection,Fit-up,Welding,DPT 57. All Roof structure Erection,Fit-up,Welding 58. Finely As Per Drawing Sequenced Roof Plate Erection,Fit-up,Welding,DPT,Vaccum Box Testing. 59. All Roof Nozzle Erection,Fit-up,Welding,DPT,Rf Pad Testing 60. Next You Are Starting Lifted Jack in S8,S7,Roof area, Lift Than S6,S5,S4,S3,S2,Erection,Fit-up,Welding,DPT,RT,QA/QCClearence That Time All Lifting Jack To Be Lode Condition 61. All Bottom Annular Plate Area Vacuum Box Test 62. Now You Start S-1 Shell Course Erection,Fit-up,Welding,DPT,RT 63. Finely Sketch To Bottom Plate Fit-up,Welding,DPT 64. Last You start Shell To Bottom Fit-up,Welding,DPT,Oil Test 65. All Shell Nozzle Erection,Fit-up,Welding,DPT, Rf Pad Testing 66. As Per Code All Nozzle S/R work 67. After Than All Nozzle RF Pad Test work 68. That Time All Roof, Shell Area, All Structure Work to be done. 69. Finely All Mechanical Clearnes,QA/QC Cleanes,Process Clearness 70. APPENDIX C EXTERNAL FLOATING ROOFS 71. APPENDIX G STRUCTURALLY SUPPORTED ALUMINUM DOME ROOFS 72. APPENDIX H INTERNAL FLOATING ROOFS
Appendix B provides recommendations for the Design and construction of foundations for flat-bottom oil Storage tanks.

1.1.7 Appendix C provides minimum requirements for 73. pan-type, pontoon-type, and double-deck-type external floating a. ASTM A 36M/A 36 for plates to a maximum thickness of 40 mm (1.5 in.). None of the specifications for the appurtenant Materials listed in Table 1 of ASTM A 36M/A 36 are Considered acceptable for tanks constructed under this standard Unless it is expressly stated in this standard that the Specifications are acceptable. b. ASTM A 131M/A 131, Grade A, for plates to a maximum 74. thickness of 12.5 mm (0.5 in.); Grade B for plates to a maxia. API Spec 5L, Grades A, B, and X42. b. ASTM A 53, Grades A and B. c. ASTM A 106, Grades A and B. d. ASTM A 234M/A 234, Grade WPB. e. ASTM A 333M/A 333, Grades 1 and 6. f. ASTM A 334M/A 334, Grades 1 and 6. g. ASTM A 420M/A 420, Grade WPL6. h. ASTM A 524, Grades I and II. i. ASTM A 671 (see 2.5.3). 75. 2.5.1.2 The following specifications 2.8.1 For the welding of materials with a minimum tensile Strength less than 550 MPa (80 ksi), the manual arc-welding Electrodes shall conform to the E60 and E70 classification Series (suitable for the electric current characteristics, the Position of welding, and other conditions of intended use) in AWS A5.1 and shall conform to 5.2.1.10 as applicable. 2.8.2 For the welding of materials with a minimum tensile Strength of 550 through 585 MPa (80 through 85 ksi), the Manual arc-welding electrodes shall conform to the E80XXCX Classification series in AWS A5.5.

76. Flat- bottomed, vertical, cylindrical storage tanks for low temperature service(BS77777) 77. Part-I Guide to the general provision applying for design,construction,installation and operation. 78. Part-II Specification for the design and construction of single,double and full containment metal tanks for the storage of liquefied gas at temperature down to 165c 79. Part- Recommendations for the design and construction of prestressed and reinforced concrete tank and tank foundation and for the design and instullation of tank insulation tank liners and tank coatings 80. Part- Specification for the design and construction of single containment tank for the storage of liquid oxygen,liquid nitrogen,liquid argon 81. Bund wall; a low Construction of earth or concrete surrounding the storage tank at a considerable distance from the tank to contain spilled liquid.

82. Embankment: A bank of selected earth and other material placed against the outer face of a reinforced concrete wall. 83. Boil-off : A process of vaporization of very small quantities of refrigerated liquid by heat conduct through the insulation surrounding the storage tank 84. Inner Tank: A flat bottomed, vertical, cylinder with or without a roof, designed to storage liquid during service. 85. Outer tank : A flat bottomed, vertical cylinder designed to contain liquid from the inner tank in the even of leakage 86. Shell: A general term used to describe any metallic vertical cylinder. 87. Cover: A device providing weather protection for the annular space of a double containment tank. 88. Roof: A member on top of a shell or wall,sealing off the cotents from the atmosphere. 89. Suspended deck : A structure off supparting the internal insulation under the roof 90. Wall: A general term used to describe any concrete, vertical, cylinder structure. 91. Product liquid level: The design product level or the maximum product level should be not higher than 0.5m below the top of the of the shell. 92. Plate material : Type I steel = Normalized carbon-manganese steel conforming to grade BS EN-10028-3(Longitudingal charpy V-notch impact testing,27j at50c/120j test as per 40t=n/a) 93. Type II steel : Improved toughness carbon- manganes steel(L.C.V-notch I.T,27j at 50c-T, -20c 94. Type III steel :Low nickel steel (L.C.V-notch I.T 27J AT -80C-T,-50C) 95. Type IV steel : 9% nickel steel conforming to type 510 (L.C.V-notch I.T 35j at 196c,N/A) 96. Type V steel ; Improve 9% nickel steel (L.C.V-notch I.T 100J at -196c,N/A) 97. Type VI steel : Austenitic stainless steel (N/AN/A) 98. Material type for tank shell material :(LNG-165C)single containment (TypeV or VI)Double or Full containment (Type IV)/(Ethane/Ethylene-105c,s.c Type IV/d.c/f.c Type IV)/Propane/Propylen-50c,s.c type III,d.c/f.c Type II/Ammonia-35c s.c Type II,d.c/f.c Type I/Butane-10c s.c Type II d.c/f.c Type I 99. Maximum shell plate thickness :Type-I =30mm/ Type-II&III =25mm/Type IV&V =30mm/ Type V= 25mm 100. Bottom plate : All joint in rectangular and sketch plates shell be lapped and welded top side only fully fillet weld, and minimum lap off 5times thickness of plate lap required. 101. Annular plate to sketch plate lap required 60mm. 102. Tank radius erection tolerance : Tank12.5m =13mm,Tank12.5m45m=19mm,Tank45=25mm 103. Tank Hydro test: =1.5timexpressure 104. Tank pneumatic: = 1.25timeXpressure 105. Insulation material Detail : (A)Tank base insulation,(B)Tank shell internal insulation,(C)Tank shell exterior insulation,(D)Roof insulation,(E)Suspended deck insulation

106. Single tank outside of shell:(A) Cellular glass(B)Polyvinyl chloride fome(C)Polysocyanurate foam(D)Phenolic foam(E)Polystyrence foam(F)Polyurethan foam(G)Glass reinforced polyurthan foam 107. Single tank roof : A,B,C,D,E,F 108. Double tank inside of outer shell :B,C,D,E,F,G 109. Double tank outside of inner shell :A,B,C,D,E,F,G,+mineral wool or glass fiber blankets 110. Double tank inner/outer shell inter space :Loose fill insulation expand perlite or vermiculit 111. Suspended deck : Mineral wool or glass fiber blankets, loose fill insulation 112. BS-7777 Fundation type: (A) Ring beam (B) Surface raft (C) Pile supported base (D) Elevated slab. Elevated slab height minimum 1.5m required 113. Level Tolerances : Tank base surface under the shell plate should be laid to a level tolerances of 6mm in 10meter and 12mm between any two point around the per meter 114. Cone Roof Tanks(1)Normally contain high flash-point liquid (2)Cone roof tank have a vapor space between the liquid level and the roof(3)At the time of ignition if the vapor space between the liquid surface is in the flammable range, a vapor air explosion will occur(4)Cone roof tank are equipped with a pressure/vacuum relief device are adjust the internal pressure so that it is nearly equally to the external atmospheric pressure 115. Pressure/vacuum vent :(1)As liquid enter the internal space the pressure created by the compressing vapor is venting to the atmosphere or directed to a vapor recovery system(2)When the product in the tank is discharged the pressure/vacuum vent allow air to enter the tank, preventing damage that may be caused by the negative pressure. 116. Roof to shell seam :(1)The roof to shell weld on cone roof tank are only welded on one side(2)This weak seam provides a point of failed during the case of a vapor air explosive it prevent tank failed at the base of the tank 117. Incident involving cone roof tank:(1)Pressure/vacuum vent fire(2)fish mouthed fire(3)full surface fire(4)manifold fire(5)dike fire 118. Open top floaters :(1)The floating roof eliminate the vapor space above the liquid(2)open top, or external florets are designed with a stiffening ring (commonly know as a wind girder) to a add support due to the absent of a roof 119. Roof seal :(1)Provide spacing to allow for the roof to travel up and down on the product without touching the tank wall(2)provide a barrier between the fuel surface and the atmosphere 120. Incidents involving open top florets :(1)seal fire(2)full surface fire (3)dike fire(4)manifold fire 121. Internal fioting root tank :(1)Same basic design as the open top floater but it also utilized fixed roof(2)IFR tank can be identified and distinguished from the cone roof tank and th open top flouter by the characteristic eyebrow vent at the top of the tank shell 122. Incidents involving IFR: (1)vent fire(2)fish mouthed fire(3)full surface fire(4)dike fire(5)manifold fire 123. Cause of ignition :(1)Lightening strikes(2)hot work on live tank(3)flare stack fall out(4)ove head or failed of mixers(5)over full with remit ignition sources(6)floating roof contact wit tank shell 124. Reducing the risk of ignition:(1)Secondary seal for high vapor pressure products(2)fire retardant rim seal(3)independent high level alarm(4)linear heat detection in the rim

seal(5)wind girders with handrail to facility inspection of seal area and foam application to the seal area(6)system maintenance 125. IFR tank parts : double deck, leg support, ,inner rim, outer rim,ring1,ring2,ring3,ring4,radial plate,stiffner plate,poontune box, deck manhole, manhole lader,poontune box manhole, primary seal, secondary seal,earth,antsparktool,level transmitter, foam damp, bottom plate, shell plate, annular plate, primary wind guider ,secondary wind guider, bottom sump, oil skimmer, pressure gauge,tempuratury gauge,inlet,outlet,rim vent,bldder vent,mvws system. cone plate, roof structer,roof nozzle, 126. External floating roof tank parts :Annular plate, sketch plate, bottom plate, shell plate, cure angle,primary,secondary wind guirder,shell stiffner,external star case,mvws system, clean outdoor, shell nozzle, pressure, temperature gauge, heating coil, bottom sump, single deck, leg support, deck manhole, deck lader,rooling lader,level transmitter,poontune box,poontune box manhole, inner rim, outer rim,ring1,2,3,4, radia plate,stiffner plate, foam damp, foam purger,primary,secondary seal, roof drain system, deck sump. 127. Cone roof tank :Annular plate, bottom plate, sketch plate, shell plahe,shell nozzle,primary,secondary wind guiredre,shell stiffeners, curb angle,mvws system, external star case, heating coil,mixter,pressure,temputature,level gauge, roof plate, roo nozzle, roof structure. REDUCING (CONTROLLING) VAPOUR LOSSES FROM STORAGE TANKS. By S. Ramachandran [ MTech Machine Design, IIT Bombay ] INTRODUCTION. Evaporation losses are today a source of great worry for people concerned with storage of highly volatile Organic Chemicals. Rising cost on the one hand and strict implementation of Environmental Laws on the other hand coupled with heightened public awareness has left them with no alternative but to find ways and means of controlling emissions. Toxicity of the product stored adds an entirely new dimension and compounds the problem. It is well said " W hat cannot be replenished must be conserved." This paper attempts to understand the underlying causes of Emission, analyze the options to reduce them and look at the overall economics of the solutions available so as to serve as a guide to persons looking for conservation. Organic Liquid Storage Tanks Storage vessels containing organic liquids can be found in many industries, including

Petroleum producing and refining, Petrochemical and chemical manufacturing, Bulk storage and transfer operations, and Other industries consuming or producing organic liquids.

Six basic tank designs are used for organic liquid storage vessels: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Fixed Roof (Vertical and Horizontal) External Floating Roof (EFR) Domed External (or covered) Floating Roof Internal Floating roof Variable Vapour space, and Pressure (low and high).

Emission Mechanisms and means of controlling emissions in Fixed and floating roof tanks, which form an overwhelming majority, have been discussed below. A. FIXED ROOF TANKS Of current tank designs, the fixed roof tank is the least expensive to construct and is generally considered the minimum acceptable equipment for storing organic liquids. For stocks having a low true vapour pressure, less than 2 psia, the fixed roof tank generally will be the most economical solution. The two significant types of emissions from fixed roof tanks are storage and working losses. 1. Storage loss is the expulsion of vapour from a tank through vapour expansion and contraction, which are the results of changes in temperature and barometric pressure. This loss occurs without any liquid level change in the tank and can be controlled to some extent by using a pressure-vacuum relief valve. 2. Working loss: The combined loss from filling and emptying is called working loss. Evaporation during filling operations is a result of an increase in the liquid level in the tank. As the liquid level increases, the pressure inside the tank exceeds the relief pressure and vapours are expelled from the tank. Evaporative loss during emptying occurs when air, drawn into the tank during liquid removal, becomes saturated with organic vapour and expands, thus exceeding the capacity of the vapour space. Fixed roof tank emissions vary as a function of

Vessel capacity, Vapour pressure of the stored liquid, Utilization rate of the tank, and Atmospheric conditions at the tank location. Several methods are used to control emissions from fixed roof tanks.

1. Installing an Internal Floating Roof and seals to minimize evaporation of the product being stored. The control efficiency of this method ranges from 60 to 99 percent, depending on the type of roof and seals installed and on the type of organic liquid stored. 2. Vapour balancing is another means of emission control. As the storage tank is filled, the vapours expelled from the storage tank are directed to the emptying tanker truck. The truck then transports the vapours to a centralized station where a vapour recovery

or control system is used to control emissions. Vapour balancing can have control efficiencies as high as 90 to 98 percent if the vapours are subjected to vapour recovery or control. If the truck vents the vapour to the atmosphere instead of to a recovery or control system, no control is achieved. Vapour recovery systems collect emissions from storage vessels and convert them to liquid product. B. FLOATING ROOF TANKS Total emissions from floating roof tanks are the sum of withdrawal losses and standing storage losses. True vapour pressure is the force causing vapourization and generally, loss is considered to be more or less directly proportional to it. 1. Withdrawal losses occur as the liquid level, and thus the floating roof, is lowered. Some liquid remains on the inner tank wall surface and evaporates. For an internal floating roof tank that has a column supported fixed roof, some liquid also clings to the columns and evaporates. Evaporative loss occurs until the tank is filled and the exposed surfaces are again covered. This loss cannot be controlled. 2. Standing storage losses from floating roof tanks include rim seal and deck fitting losses, and, for internal floating roof tanks, also include deck seam losses for constructions other than welded decks.

Rim seal loss. Regardless of tank design, a floating roof requires a device to seal the gap between the tank wall and the deck perimeter. Rim Seal losses can occur through many complex mechanisms, but, for external floating roof tanks, the majority of rim seal vapour losses have been found to be wind induced. Wind movements give rise to a partial vacuum just above the floating roof which draws out vapour from the seal area. Tanks located in coastal areas are subject to high losses because of this peculiar phenomenon. No dominant wind loss mechanism has been identified for internal floating roof or domed external floating roof tank rim seal losses. Losses can also occur due to permeation of the rim seal material by the vapour or via a wicking effect of the liquid, but permeation of the rim seal material generally does not occur if the correct seal fabric is used. Testing has indicated that breathing, solubility, and wicking loss mechanisms are small in comparison to the wind-induced loss. A rim seal system may consist of just a primary seal or a primary and a secondary seal, which is mounted above the primary seal. The primary seal serves as a vapour conservation device by closing the annular space between the edge of the floating deck and the tank wall. Three basic types of seals are used on floating roofs: mechanical shoe, resilient filled, and flexible wiper seals. To conclude, Rim seal Losses can be controlled by eliminating the wind induced losses and by proper choice of seal. This is best achieved by going for Fixed cum Floating Roof tanks.

Deck fitting Loss : Deck Fittings can be a source of evaporative loss when they require openings in the deck. Numerous fittings pass through or are attached to floating roof decks to accommodate structural support components or allow for operational functions. Deck fittings give an escape route for the vapour, which if not blocked effectively can result in unnecessary losses. However, simple Vent Design rules, if followed, minimize these losses. Other potential standing storage loss mechanisms include breathing losses as a result of temperature and pressure changes. But for Floating Roof tanks, these losses are marginal.

VENTING OF STORAGE TANKS API Standard 2000 gives Normal and Emergency Venting requirements of liquid petroleum or petroleum products storage tanks. Types of Vents available and their operational characteristics are also covered in detail. Fixed roof tanks are either freely vented or equipped with a breather valve (pressure/vacuum valve), which allows the tanks to operate at a slight internal pressure or vacuum. Weight loaded, Spring loaded or Pilot Operated Mechanisms are used to control the pressure or vacuum. Because this valve prevents the release of vapours during only very small changes in temperature, barometric pressure, or liquid level, the emissions from a fixed-roof tank can be appreciable. Additionally, gauge hatches/sample wells, float gauges, and roof manholes provide accessibility to these tanks and also serve as potential sources of volatile emissions. Breather vents may be called conservation vents, although hardly any conservation of vapours occurs at such low pressure settings. ESTIMATING VAPOUR LOSS Emission models have been developed and published by API that estimates volatile organic compound (VOC) and hazardous air pollutant (HAP) emissions from fixed- and floating-roof storage tanks. Of special mention is the TANKS software program released jointly by API and EPA which is continuously updated. The cumbersome evaporation loss calculation procedure is now very much simplified. Necessary data, after years of research, is now readily available for hundreds of pure chemicals as well as mixtures commonly stored. These models take into account the effect of

Type of tank, overall dimensions and present condition. Physical and chemical properties of product stored. Seasonal and daily variations in temperature and pressure. Wind velocities at tank location. Various deck fittings and Relief Valves. Type of Rim seals used. Tank utilization (Turnovers). Shell and Roof Paint Colour and condition.

With such tools available in hand, a comparison of the efficiency of alternate designs of storage tanks has been made easy. Such an exercise is a must before starting out any new project to choose a system which is most efficient in the long run. And it wouldnt take long to

realize that existing systems are not economical in the overall sense. Retrofitting existing tanks to make it as equally efficient as modern systems has been made possible and again, would be economical in the long run. LOSS COMPARISON In order to obtain Quantitative Loss comparison data, yearly emissions were calculated for different Storage tanks having the same capacity. The products chosen were Naphtha (13RVP) and n-Hexane. Major Input data assumed are as follows Tank Diameter = 28m, Tank Height = 14m EFR: Steel Pontoon Deck. With Vapour Mounted Primary Seal with Weather Shield. IFR: Aluminium Bolted Deck with Vapour Mounted Primary Seal. DEFR: Aluminium Geodesic Dome. Location: Mumbai (For Meteorological data).Wind speed: 12 mph. Turnovers per year: 30 Typical Deck fittings, Deck Construction and provision of Breather Vents.

IFR Loss Type Fixed Roof EFR DEFR New / Retrofitted Remarks

Storage Loss P/T 15-20% Can be Controlled 6 84 % Wind Induced 16% Seasonal and Daily Cycles Depends on type used. Can be minimized

Negligible

Rim Seal

70%

48 %

Deck Fitting

26%

30%

Deck Seam Working Loss

18%

For Bolted Decks only

Filling 80 -85% Major Withdrawal

Depends on Vapour Space Wetting

< 1%

4%

4% Unavoidable

Loss Summary n-Hexane Loss 280 Tonnes/year Naphtha Loss 776 Tonnes/year Savings as compared to Fixed Roof Observations:

55

182

3.6

11

76-80%

>99%

98%

Retrofitting an EFR with a Dome Roof increases the savings to over 99%. Effect of wind speed: Increasing the wind speed from 12mph to 13mph resulted in a 26% increase in the losses from EFR. This accounts for the high losses suffered by EFRs installed near coastal areas. Retrofitting existing fixed roof tanks storing volatile products with an Internal floating Roof will pay off in most cases.

ECONOMICS The magnitude of savings realized by going for a more efficient storage system depends mainly on

The size and type of the tank, Its location,

Volatile and toxic nature of product stored, Product cost, Long term maintenance and replacement cost.

All these factors coupled with the pollution factor are to be considered before going in for any new storage facility or retrofitting an existing facility. For the case considered, typical relative costs of different storage systems are tabulated. Fixed Roof 1 EFR 1.3 IFR 1.25 DEFR 1.6

The point to be noted here is that IFR, though much more efficient, costs almost the same as EFRs. Despite this major advantage, majority of installations in India are EFRs. Retrofitting existing EFRs with Geodesic Domes may be economically feasible for only highly volatile products. CONCLUSION Quantitative estimates of vapour loss are available which give a fair idea of the extent of damage done to the environment as well as the loss of revenue suffered by the user by adhering to less efficient storage systems. Retrofitting of existing tanks would lead to a drastic reduction in the losses suffered and also aid in protecting the environment. The reduction in vapour loss in most cases, will give an economic return. To be most effective, conservation measures should be based upon an understanding of sources of loss, factors affecting size of loss, and means for its control. REFERENCES

Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors AP-42 API Standard 2000. API 650 - Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage. Other API publications on Vapour Losses.

Abbreviations IFR Internal Floating Roof. EFR External Floating Roof. DEFR Domed External Floating Roof. __________________________________________________

Paper presented at the 7th Annual "India Oil & Gas Review Symposium & International Exhibition" (IORS-2000) CONE ROOF TANK Of all the cylindrical tanks, the cone roof tank is the most popular for storing less volatile liquids such as heavy or light oil. SHI-ASiA makes the cone roof tanks in three type: self-supported; frame or truss supported; and column supported. The dome roof tank is usually used for storing volatile liquids at low pressure. A Self-supporting dome roof is a roof formed similar the spherical surface supported on its periphery. No other means of support is used.
Type - Rafter Type - Self Support Type Max. Capacity / Unit - 100,000 (600,000BBL)

DOME ROOF TANK DETAIL

The dome roof tank comes in a single and double wall type. The single wall type is used to store heavy and light oil, etc. The double wall type is used for low temperature liquids.

Classification of Carbon and LowAlloy Steels

Printable Version
Abstract: The American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) defines carbon steel as follows:Steel is considered to be carbon steel when no minimum content is specified or required for chromium, cobalt, columbium [niobium], molybdenum, nickel, titanium, tungsten, vanadium or zirconium, or any other element to be added to obtain a desired alloying effect; when the specified minimum for copper does not exceed 0.40 per cent; or when the maximum content specified for any of the following elements does not exceed the percentages noted: manganese 1.65, silicon 0.60, copper 0.60.

Steels can be classified by a variety of different systems depending on: The composition, such as carbon, low-alloy or stainless steel. The manufacturing methods, such as open hearth, basic oxygen process, or electric furnace methods. The finishing method, such as hot rolling or cold rolling The product form, such as bar plate, sheet, strip, tubing or structural shape The deoxidation practice, such as killed, semi-killed, capped or rimmed steel The microstructure, such as ferritic, pearlitic and martensitic The required strength level, as specified in ASTM standards

The heat treatment, such as annealing, quenching and tempering, and thermomechanical processing Quality descriptors, such as forging quality and commercial quality.

Carbon Steels
The American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) defines carbon steel as follows: Steel is considered to be carbon steel when no minimum content is specified or required for chromium, cobalt, columbium [niobium], molybdenum, nickel, titanium, tungsten, vanadium or zirconium, or any other element to be added to obtain a desired alloying effect; when the specified minimum for copper does not exceed 0.40 per cent; or when the maximum content specified for any of the following elements does not exceed the percentages noted: manganese 1.65, silicon 0.60, copper 0.60. Carbon steel can be classified, according to various deoxidation practices, as rimmed, capped, semi-killed, or killed steel. Deoxidation practice and the steelmaking process will have an effect on the properties of the steel. However,

variations in carbon have the greatest effect on mechanical properties, with increasing carbon content leading to increased hardness and strength. As such, carbon steels are generally categorized according to their carbon content. Generally speaking, carbon steels contain up to 2% total alloying elements and can be subdivided into low-carbon steels, medium-carbon steels, high-carbon steels, and ultrahigh-carbon steels; each of these designations is discussed below. As a group, carbon steels are by far the most frequently used steels. More than 85% of the steel produced and shipped in the United States is carbon steel. Low-carbon steels contain up to 0.30% C. The largest category of this class of steel is flat-rolled products (sheet or strip), usually in the cold-rolled and annealed condition. The carbon content for these high-formability steels is very low, less than 0.10% C, with up to 0.4% Mn. Typical uses are in automobile body panels, tin plate, and wire products. For rolled steel structural plates and sections, the carbon content may be increased to approximately 0.30%, with higher manganese content up to 1.5%. These materials may be used for stampings, forgings, seamless tubes, and boiler plate. Medium-carbon steels are similar to low-carbon steels except that the carbon ranges from 0.30 to 0.60% and the manganese from 0.60 to 1.65%. Increasing the carbon content to approximately 0.5% with an accompanying increase in manganese allows medium carbon steels to be used in the quenched and tempered condition. The uses of medium carbon-manganese steels include shafts, axles, gears, crankshafts, couplings and forgings. Steels in the 0.40 to 0.60% C range are also used for rails, railway wheels and rail axles. High-carbon steels contain from 0.60 to 1.00% C with manganese contents ranging from 0.30 to 0.90%. High-carbon steels are used for spring materials and high-strength wires. Ultrahigh-carbon steels are experimental alloys containing 1.25 to 2.0% C. These steels are thermomechanically processed to produce microstructures that consist of ultrafine, equiaxed grains of spherical, discontinuous proeutectoid carbide particles.

High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels

High-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels, or microalloyed steels, are designed to provide better mechanical properties and/or greater resistance to atmospheric corrosion than conventional carbon steels in the normal sense because they are designed to meet specific mechanical properties rather than a chemical composition. The HSLA steels have low carbon contents (0.05-0.25% C) in order to produce adequate formability and weldability, and they have manganese contents up to 2.0%. Small quantities of chromium, nickel, molybdenum, copper, nitrogen, vanadium, niobium, titanium and zirconium are used in various combinations.

HSLA Classification: Weathering steels, designated to exhibit superior atmospheric corrosion resistance Control-rolled steels, hot rolled according to a predetermined rolling schedule, designed to develop a highly deformed austenite structure that will transform to a very fine equiaxed ferrite structure on cooling Pearlite-reduced steels, strengthened by very fine-grain ferrite and precipitation hardening but with low carbon content and therefore little or no pearlite in the microstructure Microalloyed steels, with very small additions of such elements as niobium, vanadium, and/or titanium for refinement of grain size and/or precipitation hardening Acicular ferrite steel, very low carbon steels with sufficient hardenability to transform on cooling to a very fine high-strength acicular ferrite structure rather than the usual polygonal ferrite structure Dual-phase steels, processed to a micro-structure of ferrite containing small uniformly distributed regions of high-carbon martensite, resulting in a product with low yield strength and a high rate of work hardening, thus providing a high-strength steel of superior formability.

The various types of HSLA steels may also have small additions of calcium, rare earth elements, or zirconium for sulfide inclusion shape control.

Low-alloy Steels
Low-alloy steels constitute a category of ferrous materials that exhibit mechanical properties superior to plain carbon steels as the result of additions of alloying elements such as nickel, chromium, and molybdenum. Total alloy content can range from 2.07% up to levels just below that of stainless steels, which contain a minimum of 10% Cr. For many low-alloy steels, the primary function of the alloying elements is to increase hardenability in order to optimize mechanical properties and toughness after heat treatment. In some cases, however, alloy additions are used to reduce environmental degradation under certain specified service conditions. As with steels in general, low-alloy steels can be classified according to: Chemical composition, such as nickel steels, nickel-chromium steels, molybdenum steels, chromium-molybdenum steels Heat treatment, such as quenched and tempered, normalized and tempered, annealed.

Because of the wide variety of chemical compositions possible and the fact that some steels are used in more than one heat-treated, condition, some overlap exists among the alloy steel classifications. In this article, four major groups of alloy steels are addressed: (1) low-carbon quenched and tempered (QT) steels, (2) medium-carbon ultrahigh-strength steels, (3) bearing steels, and (4) heatresistant chromium-molybdenum steels.

Low-carbon quenched and tempered steels combine high yield strength (from 350 to 1035 MPa) and high tensile strength with good notch toughness, ductility, corrosion resistance, or weldability. The various steels have different combinations of these characteristics based on their intended applications. However, a few steels, such as HY-80 and HY-100, are covered by military specifications. The steels listed are used primarily as plate. Some of these steels, as well as other, similar steels, are produced as forgings or castings. Medium-carbon ultrahigh-strength steels are structural steels with yield strengths that can exceed 1380 MPa. Many of these steels are covered by SAE/AISI designations or are proprietary compositions. Product forms include billet, bar, rod, forgings, sheet, tubing, and welding wire. Bearing steels used for ball and roller bearing applications are comprised of low carbon (0.10 to 0.20% C) case-hardened steels and high carbon (-1.0% C) through-hardened steels. Many of these steels are covered by SAE/AISI designations. Chromium-molybdenum heat-resistant steels contain 0.5 to 9% Cr and 0.5 to 1.0% Mo. The carbon content is usually below 0.2%. The chromium provides improved oxidation and corrosion resistance, and the molybdenum increases strength at elevated temperatures. They are generally supplied in the normalized and tempered, quenched and tempered or annealed condition. Chromiummolybdenum steels are widely used in the oil and gas industries and in fossil fuel and nuclear power plants.

Can I insulate a dome roof?

Dome Roof - Hemispherical Dome Roofs - Lancaster Dome Roofs ... A sprayed on foam insulation can be used but the preferred method is to place a slightly smaller dome under the main dome. This allows room for insulation, wiring, etc along with an interior view of the roof. Related Questions
Do dome roof cost more to shingle?

Frequently Asked Questions Yes, because your labor cost is higher. You have to move ladders and scaffolding more often when shingling. You are constantly hauling shingles up ladders. However, it is cheaper to shingle than to apply siding and trim. Since the dome has so much roof area, the total cost to "cover" the exterior shell is comparable to a similar sized conventional home when counting the shingles and siding together. No.

Related Questions
Is the truss roof design hard to insulate?

Barn Plans [Frequently Asked Questions] No. It's actually a little easier because you can stand right up in the second floor to install insulation....and, depending on the size barn you're building, you can get up to R-90 between the trusses! Related Questions
Will it insulate my roof against the heat?

The Hurricane Roof System: Frequently Asked Questions - A Li... Unlike Asphalt, Cedar, Ribbed Steel and other "flat" roofing materials, Cembrit is corrugated which allows air to circulate under the panel. As the roof heats up in the day, the hot air rises and pumps out through the unique ridge venting system. The eaves are closed with an impregnated foam strip profiled to the tile. This allows the air to flow in; but keeps the birds and the bugs out. Related Questions
How can I insulate my roof?

D&M Mobile Home Repair, FAQs Excellent idea! On a 100 degree day, many mobile homes can be very uncomfortable without air conditioning. Turning on air conditioning at 9am is not unheard of. But how about in the evening? It is 78-80 degrees with a breeze. It feels so nice outside on the porch, but inside it is STILL hot! Our premium 3" insulated roof may be just the answer. Take a look here at "The best mobile home roof money can buy!" Related Questions
Do I insulate the floor of the attic or against the roof?

Sheep Wool Insulation The aim of insulating should be to follow the shape of you living space as closely as possible. If your attic is only used for storage, then you should insulate the floor because if you insulate the roof, you will heat your attic and your energy costs will be significantly higher. If you have an attic conversion, follow the shape of the plasterboard right around (crawlspace floor, walls, diagonal, small attic and back down) to ensure maximum performance. Related Questions
Do I have to necessarily insulate an exposed roof?

Packaged AC, Split AC India, Packaged Unit & Window AC India We would strongly recommend that you do. Insulating the Underdeck of an exposed roof with 50 mm Thermo Cole saves nearly 2 Tons of airconditioning. The cooling load with insulation is around 6 Tons. Without the insulation, it would be 8 Tons or 33% more. Not only do you have to pay more initially for larger equipment you will unnecessarily spend money continuously on power. Related Questions

If you have one dome on the roof, can you have two light sources from it?

Monodraught Ltd - FAQs Unfortunately, it is not possible to have two light sources from one dome. This is because the resulting light in each area would probably not be sufficient, as the light cannot be 'split in two' and so you would only get half the light! Back to FAQ BookletReturn to Top of page Related Questions
Is it better to insulate the attic floor, the roof, or both?

FAQ - Insulation and Weatherization Unless you are finishing the attic for living space, you should insulate the attic floor to contain the heat within the living space. Related Questions
What is the best way to insulate a new roof or re-roof project?

Aaron Roofing Supplies - Frequently Asked Quesions The ideal solution for a new build or re-roof project is to have insulation between and under the rafters. Ideally it needs a continuous surface for the breathable sarking membrane so that it can be installed in horizontal runs under counter battens with laps sealed. The next best solution is to have insulation between and under the rafters with no continuous surface for the breathable sarking membrane. Related Questions
Why Does Down Insulate So Well?

FAQ Down warms without weight. It takes 14 wool blankets to equal the temperature control of one down comforter. Each down cluster traps more air for its weight than any synthetic fiber. Every ounce of down has about two million fluffy filaments that interlock and form a protective layer filled with air that keeps warmth in and cold. Down is wonderfully resilient. You can flatten it and with a good shake it will bounce back to its original loft while providing you with natural warmth. Related Questions
How do you shingle a dome?

Frequently Asked Questions We use high grade 35-50 year warrented shingles. Each Triangle is shingled separately. The point down triangle bottom edges overlap the point up triangles by 6". We do not use any ridge cap shingles. We do not use any caulks or sealants which usually fail in 3-5 years. We use ice & water shield membranes at the top of the dome, in valleys and around skylights. We have hundreds of domes and they DO NOT leak, period. Related Questions
What is a dome?

About Pacific Domes

A structure consisting of a partial sphere (usually about half of a sphere) used to enclose space. Domes are commonly used for homes, greenhouses, or to enclose equipment. Related Questions Sheep Wool Insulation The two main benefits of insulating your home are reducing heat loss and saving money on your heating bills. Insulation will also provide a more comfortable climate for your home, by acting as a buffer between the cold damp weather on the exterior and the warm dry environment inside your home. Related Questions
HOW DO I CALULATE EMISSIONS FROM A FIXED ROOF TANK WITH A ROOF GEOMETRY OTHER THAN A CONE OR DOME?

TANKS Software Frequent Questions | Clearinghouse for Emissi... The model is programmed to handle cone and dome roofs which are the most common geometries. Other geometries must use one of these options to calculate the "Roof Outage" (the additional tank shell height in feet that would produce a volume of space equivalent to the space under the roof alone). The Roof Outage is one component of the Vapor Space Outage used in the breathing loss calculation. You must calculate the Roof Outage external to the program based on the geometry of the roof. Related Questions
How much does a dome cost?

Frequently Asked Questions Our domes can be contractor built for $85 to $100 per square foot. This would be a complete, ready to move into dome home. If you are an owner building a Natural Spaces Dome, the completed cost would be $50 to $75 per square foot. Related Questions
How is the dome ventilated?

About Pacific Domes Pacific Domes are designed with ventilation in mind. The roof, door, round windows, and portions of the sidewalls can be replaced with screens. If your environment doesnt allow for screens, due to excessive rain fall, we recommend using a solar fan to aid in ventilation. Related Questions
How should I heat my dome?

About Pacific Domes The most common method of heating is by wood stove, but any modern heating method will work in a dome. Radiant heat, solar, electric, and gas are all compatible with our domes. Related Questions
How should I cool my dome?

About Pacific Domes

The domes are designed with several window screens, base screens, and a roof screen. This ventilates the dome well, helping to keep it cool. For extremely warm and wet environments, we offer information on solar fans. Traditional Air Conditioning units may be installed as well. Related Questions
Can I customize my dome?

About Pacific Domes For an additional charge, we would be happy to customize your dome. Please be aware that customization may extend the time it takes for us to create your dome. Related Questions
Who should maintain my roof?

FAQ's It depends on the type and size of the greenroof. Most homeowners could check a flat or low pitch greenroof. A roofing professional should if it is too large or intensive you can include a maintenance agreement of at least twice per year with the greenroof contractor/greenroof company. Or you can work out an arrangement with the roof maintenance staff of your building. Related Questions
Can I install the roof myself?

Springhouse Shingles - Frequently Asked Questions Yes, although we do not recommend the application of our product by a novice do-it-yourselfer. By following our detailed installation instructions, an experienced do-it-yourselfer can install Springhouse Shingles with relative ease. Related Questions
Can it be put over an existing roof?

DaVinci Roofscapes...Frequently Asked Questions with most roofing products, the best installation comes from tearing off the existing roof. This is what we recommend for DaVinci products. However, it is not a requirement. DaVinci Slate and Shake can be laid over an existing roof if the situation meets generally accepted industry criteria and local building codes. Related Questions
Why should I insulate my home?

Thinksulation - FAQ Insulation increases the overall comfort of a home and adds to its resale value. It keeps a home cool in the summer and warm in the winter because it resists the flow of heat. Heat is a form of energy and always seeks a cooler area. It flows out of the home in the winter and into the home in the summer. By reducing heat flow, a properly insulated home uses less energy for heating and cooling. Related Questions

CAN I INSULATE MY SHED?

Sheds, garden sheds, shed FAQ All Summer sheds can be easily insulated. Inexpensive polystyrene or fibreglass insulation can be easily fitted between the framing members. The insulation is retained by cross battens which also support the lining boards. Wood effect veneered wallboard is a popular lining but plywood and tongued and grooved cladding are also suitable. Related Questions
CAN I INSULATE MY SUMMERHOUSE?

Summer houses, garden summerhouses, summerhouse FAQ All summer summerhouses can be easily insulated. Inexpensive polystyrene or fibreglass insulation can be easily fitted between the framing members. The insulation is retained by cross battens which also support the lining boards. Wood effect veneered wallboard is a popular lining but plywood and tongued and grooved cladding are also suitable. Related Questions
How well do SIP's insulate?

Structural Insulated Panels Building Systems Inc. A 6.5" SIP has 5 " of foam and provides an R Value of R-23 COMPARED TO a 2x6 dimensional framed wall assembly which provides a system value of R-14 due to thermal bridging at stud locations at 24" o.c. Related Questions
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