Primary Sources

1937. Four Killed in Rioting at Chicago Steel Mill. San Francisco Chronicle, May 31, 1937. Print Newspaper This primary source is a San Francisco newspaper dating back to May 31st 1937, just a day after the Memorial Day Massacre. The Chicago Massacre made the front page and was titled Four Killed in Rioting at Chicago Steel Mill. Although ten men died from the polices gunshots, four died as of that time. The rest of the ten were pronounced dead shortly after. This source deals with short term impacts because it displays how another city is involved. The Memorial Day Massacre was such a huge event that it made the front page of the San Francisco newspaper the next day. The newspaper acknowledges the fact that certain protesters were killed immediately and some were killed shortly after. Like Hidling Anderson for example, he was only 29 years old and died of blood poisoning from his wound. Small information like this makes the audience realize how brutal the Chicago Police were and showed everyone just how bad they interfered in the picketing. 1937 Violations of free speech and rights of labor : report, pursuant to S. Res. 266. Document . pages 45 5th Reference, Cz R .862 U58 1937, Harold Washington Library Reference . Center Chicago. This primary source consists of pages from a testimony of the participants of the Massacre. In one section of the testimony, Senator La Follette is questioning Mr. Ralph Beck, a daily news reporter who was present the day of May 30 1937. Mr. Beck recalls some information said by one of the protesters to Caption Kilroy, a head policeman. The document states, they said that We have our civil rights, we have our constitutional rights and Mayor Kelly said we could go through. We want to establish mass picketing there. There is no law against it, we are perfectly right and entitled to our picket lines and we want to go up and picket the plant. This is a first hand quote from a man who witnessed the strike. This information is valuable for supporting rights and responsibilities. The Chicago Police denied the steelworkers freedom over and over again. This report of the incident also states, But there is no evidence of physical threats or of the frenzied disorder which the police describe. This supports the fact that the police were giving false information to the courts. The workers wanted to protest freely and peacefully and the police accused the workers of threatening them. This info proves the fact that the police were very corupt. "All of a Sudden all Hell Broke Loose." Sun Times [Chicago] May 30 1979, 1-2. PrintNewspaper This archival newspaper is from the Chicago Sun Times and gives a clear representation of the motives of the massacre. For instance, in the article it says, We put some pickets out there. They only allowed us seven pickets-We wanted to put as many pickets as we wanted-that was the whole argument. Thats why the Memorial Day thing came about. This will be a guidance toward the telling the story and rights and responsibilities. The workers technically had

the right to have as many pickets as they wanted but the cops only allowed then seven. A strike was called on May 26, 1937 because Tom Girdler, the board chairman of Republic Steel did not want to sign a contract with the union. This shows the motives behind the plant because Girdler was very cheap and did not care about the working conditions of his employees. The article states that he would rather pick apples than sign a contract. A protester told the Sun Times that the police kept clobbering us. This supports the fact that the workers were denied freedom. "Asks Back Pay since 1937 for Steel Strikers." Chicago Daily Tribune (1923-1963): 29. May 28 1941. ProQuest. Web. 12 Dec. 2013 .http://search.proquest.com.covers.chipublib.org/hnpchicagotribune/docview/176639620/ 1424F84017B526A3FC6/1?accountid=135622 This primary source is a newspaper article published only a few years after the massacre. This article is about the steel strikers demanding pay back from 1937. The purpose is to introduce another short term impact that was created. This short term impact was that a labor board examiner introduced that 610 workers that were on strike would get back pay. This source is important because it identifies a man who made an impact on the workers who protested and the family members of the killed protesters. The article states, In addition, he recommended payment of back wages to the 38 members who died prior to the strike. This shows how people, after the strike made a difference in so many lives just by sending them pay. This document has limitations because it doesn't show pong term impacts. It didn't display the Steelworkers today and how they are still living. It could have showed the work conditions now due to the strike. Chaplin, Ralph. "Solidarity Forever." Rec. 17 Jan. 1915. Union Songs. Ralph Chaplin. 1915. . MP3. This primary source is a sound audio of the 1915 song Solidarity Forever by Ralph Chaplin. This source will be used as an audio in the website to emphasize the power of unions. In the song, right before the chorus, it states, For the Unions make us strong. This would support the fact that unions brought workers together and made labor forces stronger. Citizens Joint Commission of Inquiry on South Chicago Memorial Day Incident 1937. . Document pages 2014. Cz R .862 C53, Harold Washington Library Reference Center, . Chicago. This referenced document is a primary source from the Harold Washington Library Reference Center. These documents consist of reports on the tragic day and expert analysis. For instance, Report I states, It is necessary to be as clear as possible about the right of the workers to picket and strike in the situation in question, because the first bad feeling between the strikers and police appears to have developed out of interference with picketing by the police. Arrests made by police on the first day of the strike, May 26, and a clash between paraders and police on May 28 developed friction which contributed to the fatal shootings of May 30th. It is important

to understand the tension between the police and workers. This statement gives historical context on previous encounters with the police. The violence was somewhat expected but not to extent that the police would kill people. There were many reports of police arresting strikers for no good reason and this adds to the story. Page 12 of the conclusions says, No one familiar with the facts can suppose there was any good reason for shooting anyone. This statement explains that under no circumstances does it make it okay for the police to kill a protestor. This was an extreme case of a higher power violating citizens rights. The right to protest was violated by the police on so many different levels. From releasing tear gas to actually shooting them, the police had to no right to destroy the workers rights.
DANIEL J. LEAB Midcontinent American Studies Journal Vol. 8, No. 2 (FALL, 1967), pp. 3-17 Published by: . Mid-America American Studies Association Article Stable URL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/4064070

This is a primary source written by Daniel Leab in the fall of 1967. This written in journal format and is in a first person perspective. The purpose of this document is to familiarize the audience with what exactly happened on May 30, 1937 and how the police violated the protesters rights. Senator Josiah Daley said, I do not think that the policemen had the right to kill a man in the process of a riot. This strictly describes how someone in the high government had strong opinions toward the police actions. This journal is valuable because it displays important people with ethos and their thoughts. For example, it describes how Tom Girdler the head of the Republic Steel was bitter about the contract agreement a couple years previous to the massacre. This stirred debate and hinted that there was going to be controversy. It also mentions specific data recorded about the massacre like there was ten people shot, back toward the police, and over fifty were wounded and permanently injured. It also mentions the effects of the labor workers protests on other states like Philadelphia. This source is limited because it does not consistently mention why the massacre was started and why it got out of hand. The police took extreme measures and there is no reasoning behind that.

Ewing, Harrie. Tom Girdler. 1937. Photograph. Chicago History Museum Ready Prints . Collection Chicago. Web. 11 Feb 2014 <http://www.old-picture.com/american-. legacy/010/Girdler-Tom.htm>. This photo was taken in 1937 and it shows Tom Girdler alone standing up. This picture is important because throughout my website, I mention Tom Girdler several times and it is crucial that the audience has a clear understanding of who this person was and what role he played. "FUNERAL FOR SLAIN STEEL WORKER HELD." The Chicago Defender (National edition) (1921-1967): 6. Jul 03 1937. ProQuest.Web. 24 Jan. 2014 This primary source is a newspaper article discussing one of fallen strikers, Lee Tisdale. Lee was a devoted steelworker and was unfortunately one of the ten people killed on May 30, 1937 Memorial Day. Chicago journalists stated that he will go down as one who gave his life that all work era might be freed from industrial slavery. This statement is significant because it demonstrates how bad the working conditions were by saying slavery. By comparing Republic

Steel labor to industrial slavery, this just shows the impact today. The work force has come a long way since the 1930s. For example, the working class of Americans are guaranteed a minimum wage, vacation time, and certain seniority rights. This source is valuable toward my website because it can be placed in the Remember the Men that Died tab. Americans must acknowledge each man that died for labor rights that Memorial Day. 51 year old Tisdale believed that every single worker should be granted with great benefits, especially if they have been loyal to the company. Thousands of Americans today feel the same way and the labor force has gotten stronger over the years. If any problems occur within a company, the workers will be persistent and strike if they need to. The Memorial Day Massacre event made not only the steelworkers stronger, but every American working stronger because the event proved that if you fight hard enough, your rights will finally be granted. "Honor Labor This Memorial Day." Internet Archive: Digital Library of Free Books, Movies, . Music & Wayback Machine. Internet Archive San Francisco, n.d. Audio 14 Jan. 2014. https://archive.org/details/HonorLaborThisMemorialDay This primary source is a radio interview with Ed Sadlowski Senior and his son. El Sadlowski was a leader in the United Steel Workers Committee. He mentioned the purpose of the Memorial Day Massacre. Sadlowski stated, We were looking for a contract that would recognize the union. These Steel workers spent long hours in horrible conditions slaving around and did not receive benefits. Tom Girdler, the head man at Republic Steel was known to be a Labor Beater and they referred to his labor ethics as One for all and all for Tom Girdler. Sadlowski noted how Girdler treated the workers with no respect or recognition. This would be helpful toward telling the story. Sadlowski later says how the Steel workers Spilled blood for workers rights. This is very important because people today are going through the same experiences. The labor law of 1959 is being taken away from workers today and they want to fight that. Also, a report was found that some head bosses of corporations are insisting on drug testing their employees and that is a violation to their rights. This is related to the significance today because labor issues and rights is still going on. The Steel Workers at Republic Steel sometimes worked 10-15 hours plus extra hours for overtime and did not get paid for overtime. Sadlowski says that we now get paid for overtime because of the strike, which led to the Massacre. Also, the interview reported that we have a three day memorial day weekend because of this Massacre. Americans need to appreciate the labor workers that fought for labor rights and recognize the blood they shed. Jaco, C.D. "Republic Steel Strike 1937." Daily Reader[Chicago] 20 June 1975, n. pag. Print. This newspaper article is a primary source because it contains quotes and information from George Patterson, one of the organizers of the 1937 strike against Republic Steel co. George Patterson told the reporters, I watched my father being slowly poisoned by the gasses that came down. He finally died of it. I saw my brother drop dead on the mill floor from his heart giving out. Here are two detailed examples of two people that died while working at the Republic Steel Mills. This is important because it shows the harsh environmental conditions that

the steelworkers had to face. This is partly the reason why the called the Little Steel Strike. Patterson also recalls memories of the Chicago Police and their brutality. He said, We were getting burned up at way the police were treating us, so we marched again. This gives the intended audience a clear understanding of the dedication and hardwork that the steelworkers and leaders of SWOC put into the strike. Later he mentions how even though the police were clubbing and beating them, they did not stop fighting for their rights. This can fit into the category of rights and responsibilities. It is always helpful to have first hand accounts that provide information. Keys, Jonathan J. Republic Steel Strike 1937. 1937. Chicago (Massacre), Chicago. Memorial . Day Massacre. Web. 6 Dec. 2013 . .http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/810.html
This primary source was taken on the day of the Memorial Day Massacre May 30th, 2013 by Jonathan J Keys. This event took place in Chicagos Southeast side. This photo was posted on the encyclopedia of chicago history. The purpose of this primary source was to display the horrid event publically. This picture was to inform the audience what was happening and what measures the chicago police were taking. This was used as investigation evidence on the incident. This source is valuable because it is a primary source and it perfectly displays the strikers reactions to the police. This is important because it shows the short term effect of the Memorial Day Massacre which was many people being injured just by protesting. This is also significant because it distinctly differentiates the police from the protesters and how each of them were acting. To make this source more valuable, the author could have provided a better side summary of what was happening. For instance, it describes what the source was used for, but not how it impacted the entire Steel labor companies.

Labor Hist: Memorial Day Massacre 1937. Perf. Unidentified Speakers. Illinois Labor History . Society, n.d. Youtube Video. ILHS. Web. 5 Feb. 2014. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jId4f3SE4vc>. This primary source is a youtube video that talks about Republic Steel Co and rights/responsibilities. This video has actual footage of the Memorial Day Massacre and sights of the strike. This is an important source because I can visually represent the brutality of the police by simply showing a video. Luckily on May 30 1937 the local Chicago News Crew was there taking photos and videos.

Lawrence Jacques Republic Steel Strike Anniversary Rally. 1938. Photograph. Chicago History Museum Ready Prints Collection# G19800182 Chicago. Print. #DN C-8805 This photograph shows a rally of people holding signs to remember the Republic Steel Strike. Some say, Honor the Dead-Protect the Living. This is a short term impact and it shows the commitment of the steelworkers. They displayed what is known to be a true community.

Linde, Carl. Photo taken on May 30 1937. Chicago History Museum. Archive Image. 24 Jan . 2014 This archive image displays the brutality of the Chicago Police on May 30 1937. The protestors and the Chicago Police are easy to separate. The two Chicago Police in the top right hand corner have clubs in their hands and one of the cops has it in a striking motion. At least twenty protesters lie on the ground getting beat by the policemen. At least five of the protesters were women supporting their husbands. The caption states, Police using guns, clubs and tear gas wade into marching strikers outside Chicago's Republic Steel plant, May 30, 1937, during violent clashes in the early days of labor union organizations. The strikers were on the ground in agonizing pain and this image is far from an industrial democratic group of people. Though the violence was unexpected, the protesters were not allowed to voice their opinions publicly. Their voices were silenced due to the police interference. Their rights crumbled as soon as the police fired their weapons and it was truly unfortunate. This visual representation was captured the day of the massacre and it showed the real side of the Chicago Police. Though Chicago Police are supposed to protect their city and its people, they destroyed it. Local Reporter, Republic Steel Strike 1937. Photograph. Chicago History Museum Ready Prints . Collection# i-24992 This photograph is a primary source due to the fact that it was taken the day of the Little Steel Strike. In this photograph, it shows several men standing outside of the location of the strike. The building says, Sams Place Dine/Beer. The men standing in front of this building are either local steelworkers or higher leaders from SWOC or the CIO. This source is valuable because it can be used in the website under Little Steel Strike tab. Some men are actually smiling so this photograph was taken before the Massacre when the tension was not high. There is also an American flag. This symbolizes freedom and the right to protest. There is irony when looking upon the flag because it was placed on top of the initial location of the horrid Massacre. When looking at this picture, it reminds the nation that the massacre happened on Memorial Day, a day to remember the fallen soldiers. Now it can be associated with remembering the fallen steelworkers . Local Reporter, . Republic Steel Strike 1937 ICHi-24994. 1937. Photograph. Chicago History . Museum Ready Prints Collection , Chicago. Print. This photograph was taken during the Republic Steel Strike and clearly captures the mellow atmosphere. This picture shows a couple cars and people with their backs facing the camera. This picture is helpful because it can display a story for the audience. Local Reporter, Women Protesters Picketing After the Memorial Day Massacre. June 2, 1937 Photograph. Chicago History Museum Ready Prints. Collection# DN-C-8805 This photograph is a primary source displaying a minor short term impact of the Memorial Day Massacre. There is eleven women in the picture holding up signs relating to rights

and responsibilities. Some say You said we had rights-What about our dead and wounded? and Mayor Kelly Who gave the order shoot to kill? Obviously, these women are enraged that ten men died due to the polices gun shots. The women are blaming Mayor Kelly for the death of the ten men. He could have stepped in and took care of the problem before it got out of hand. Everyone knew that he didnt want to interfere due to his lack of power. A strong leader would have prevented the corrupted police from firing their weapons. It was a time where people had the right to protest but the police felt superior to the protesters. They destroyed the protesters rights and ultimately destroying their freedom as a citizen. "Mass meeting to investigate Memorial Day Massacre." Mass meeting to investigate Memorial . Day Massacre. Ben and Beatrice Goldstein Foundation Collections, n.d. Photograph. 16 . Jan. 2014. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/201064 This primary source was created in the month of June in the same year of the Memorial Day Massacre. This displays a man and a large group of women. One of them holds a piece of paper that says, Mass meeting to investigate the Memorial Day Massacre. This can be a short term impact because it shows how right after the massacre, meetings and investigations were taking place to discuss the horrid event. The terms and agreements had to be situated; therefore, anyone involved in the Little Steel Strike was present at meeting like this one. This just shows the commitment and dedication of the workers, because even after the stress of the strike and going through the massacre, they still attended meetings, organizations, and court dates. People also arrived at this event to discuss the victims killed that day. The ten people shot, mostly in the back, shocked labor associates everywhere. This is another short term impact. For rights and responsibilities, the workers were just displaying basic freedom of assembly rights by protesting. The policemen made the situation even more complicated by shooting into the crowd. The police disrupted their responsibility of protecting citizens and not interfering in picketing on the streets. "One Woman Recalls the Memorial Day Massacre."History Matters. United States Government Printing Office, 30 Jun 1937. Web. 16 Feb 2014. <http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/138/>. This primary source is a web based archive from exactly one month after the Memorial Day Massacre. This is a court report from Mrs. Marshall (a women present at the massacre) and Senator LaFollette. This source includes actual quotes from these two important people. This is an important primary source because it gave me a better understanding of the events that occurred that day. For example, this document states, Senator LA FOLLETTE. Were there any others seriously wounded in the wagon? Mrs. MARSHALL. They were all seriously wounded. Other quotes on the document displayed vivid imagery about the massacre.

Remember Memorial Day May 30th 1937. 1979. [Booklet]. HD5325.I5, Harold Washington . Library Special Collections, Chicago. This archive is full of valuable information such as rights and responsibilities, as well as the significance today. This primary source says, The benefits we all now take for granted did not come easy. The document later states, Pension, S.U.B, insurance, and incentives were unheard of. The Memorial Day Massacre pushed unions to create benefits like these. This source emphasizes the fact that the workers wanted a union while the presidents of Little Steel, one including Tom Girdler did not. Short term impacts are also present in this source because the document states, It wasnt until August 12, 1941 that local 1033 finally got the break it needed to rebuild the union. The National Labor Relations Board found Republic Steel guilty of unfair labor practices. The Massacre pushed the issue of horrible working conditions and it brought attention to NLRB. Also in 1942, the first contract between the United Steelworkers of America and Republic Steel was signed. This source deals with rights and responsibilities because it says, Less than a week earlier, the US Supreme Court upheld the right to peacefully picketing. This is important information because it was confirmed that the workers were allowed to strike and it is appalling that the police would interfere. To this day there is a plaque by the local 1033 and it says, Shot down May 30 1937 while parading for the right to organize a union, promote industrial democracy, and secure justice for working men and women everywhere. This event that happened over seventy years ago is still important today because it reflects the security of a stable labor union. There is a long term impact in which it states that various committees were formed that reflect local 1033 and help maintain a progressive union. The Civil Rights Committee, for example, was created after the massacre to assist workers to know their basic rights regardless to race and color. Sadlowski, Edward. Personal Phone Interview. 6 Feb 2014 In my phone interview with Ed Sadlowski, we discussed working conditions at Republic Steel and how the Memorial Day Massacre relates to today. I recall Mr. Sadlowski saying how the working conditions were horrible and sometimes the workers had to work 12 hour days with no benefits. This was an important resource because I received valuable information from a first hand account. Sadlowski Jr., Edward. Personal E-mail Interview. 2 Feb 2014 In my email interview with Ed Sadlowski Jr., he describes the rights and responsibilities relating to the Memorial Day Massacre. Ed Sadlowski Jr. is the son of Ed Sadlowski Senior, a labor activist, former district director of local 1033, and former member of Republic Steel. When I asked him: Who has responsibilities relating to labor rights, he responded by saying, In a free and democratic society, it is every citizens responsibility, and moral obligation, to protect the rights of all workers in the exercise of free speech and assembly, and the right to bargain collectively with their employer. He gives valuable information toward significance today by mentioning a 2011

uprising in wisconsin concerning labor rights. He also mentions the Chicago Teachers Union strike and how the right to protest was in their favor. Finally, he recalls a quote from Obama that said, reward hard work and responsibility. This is an important quote because it displays the hard work that the steelworkers showed; however, rewarding responsibilities is not relevant. All of the Republic leaders, Mayor Kelly, and the Chicago police failed because they did not carry out their responsibilities as authorities. Sawyers, J. 1987. Way We Were: Death Comes on a Memorial Day Afternoon. Chicago Tribune . May 24, p. Pg 1. This primary source is a newspaper article written in 1987 to remember the horrid Memorial Day Massacre. The article says, The strike was called because Republic Steel and other steel companies had refused to sign collective bargaining contracts with Lewis organization. Collective bargaining is the negotiation of wages and conditions by an organized body of employers. The conditions at Republic Steel were dangerous and the leaders of Republic Steel did not want to give their employees what they deserved. This is part of the background. Phillip Murray, head of CIOs SWOC accused police of cold blooded and deliberate murder-notoriously corrupt and in complete cooperation and alliance with Republic Steel Corp. This identifies the corruption at the steel companies back then. Murray is placing the police in the same category as Republic Steel by saying they were in on it together to destroy the labor workers with violence. This would go in telling the story. In December, six months after the strike was settled, charges of conspiracy to riot that had been brought against the strikers were dropped, but 61 of them pleaded guilty to charges of unlawful assembly and were ordered to pay small fines. This is a short term impact showing that the strikers were first accused of the violence but found innocent. Some later had to pay fines. Spivack, Larry. Personal E-mail Interview. 2 Feb 2014. In my email interview with Larry Spivack, he described long term impacts of the Memorial Day Massacre. Mr. Spivack is the president of the Illinois Labor History Society and he is an expert on labor history. He said, The United Steel Workers was founded and by 1955 over one out of every three workers in this country belonged to a union. This transformed the country for Americas working classes and we built the largest middle class the world would see. This information can be used in the long term impact slide. He describes the importance of unions and the United Steelworkers of America. Walmart is the best example. Workers dont make enough money that work there and dont get very good benefits, and therefore, the rest of us subsidize the billionaires who own the company by paying for food stamps, health insurance and other kinds of public aid. If companies paid their workers a living wage and paid their fair share of taxes we would all be better off. But Wal-Mart and corporations like them have the money to influence politicians to make bad decisions about things like raising the minimum wage or providing universal health care and even paying taxes. He gives a relevant example of a modern day business that is experiencing the same problems just as the steelworkers did.

Staff Photographer. Newspaper Photo of Picketers at Republic Steel 1937. 1937. Photograph. Chicago History Museum Ready Prints Collection This photograph was taken during the Little Steel Strike, somewhere around May 26May 30. This photograph shows four men picketing in a row holding signs. Some of the signs say, Republic Steel on Strike Dont be a scab and Republic Steel on Strike CIO. This photograph is important because it can be placed in the Little Steel Strike tab in the website. This perfectly displays the dedication that went into the strike. The caption on the picture says, No violence has yet marked the widespread steel strike. The CIO demands that the major independent companies recognize the union. This is valuable because it shows the purpose of the strike and the conditions of that particular day. The police were not in action, meaning that they were not arresting or beating the protesters yet. This is how the strike should have turned out. No violence, just peaceful striking for the common good of employees. "Victim of Chicago" Victim of Chicago steel strike riot.. 6/30/37. Version Photograph. USA.gov, 30 June 1937. n.d Visual 16 Jan. 2014 . <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/hec2009
This primary source is a visual that was taken on June 30th, 1937, exactly one month after the Memorial Day Massacre. It shows a man by the name of Harry Harper sitting at a hearing in Washington DC. Harry Harper was a Steel Strike activist and was present the day of the Massacre. This hearing was at the Senate Civil Liberties Committee. It shows him with his wife waiting for the hearing. This gives historical background on some of the people present that day and how they were affected by the massacre. Harry Harpers eye is covered with a large bandage and he is pleading as a victim of the shooting by the Chicago police. He was one of the many people that were injured that day. Luckily his injuries were not fatal. This information adds to the short term impact. This is additional proof that many innocent strikers were injured that day. This also displays rights and responsibilities because it is originally the policeman's responsibility to protect citizens of Chicago but instead, they were the ones violating the workers rights by shooting into an unarmed crowd.

Secondary Sources "Asks Back Pay since 1937 for Steel Strikers." Chicago Daily Tribune (1923-1963): 29. May 28 1941. ProQuest. Web. 12 Dec. 2013 .http://search.proquest.com.covers.chipublib.org/hnpchicagotribune/docview/176639620/ 1424F84017B526A3FC6/1?accountid=135622 This primary source is a newspaper article published only a few years after the massacre. This article is about the steel strikers demanding pay back from 1937. The purpose is to introduce another short term impact that was created. This short term impact was that a labor board examiner introduced that 610 workers that were on strike would get back pay. This source is important because it identifies a man who made an impact on the workers who protested and the family members of the killed protesters. The article states, In addition, he

recommended payment of back wages to the 38 members who died prior to the strike. This shows how people, after the strike made a difference in so many lives just by sending them pay. This document has limitations because it doesn't show pong term impacts. It didn't display the Steelworkers today and how they are still living. It could have showed the work conditions now due to the strike.
Aisha Washid. The Memorial Day Massacre of 1937 Ocober 24th 2002. www.illinois.gov This secondary source is a historical paper written by an educated woman named Aisha Washid. This source gives an amazing amount of detail dealing with events that occurred previous to the massacre. The purpose is to educate individuals interested in massacres how it got started and basically how it ended. For example the paper states, "The steelworkers Organization committee was founded on June 17th 1936. This shows basic background information. This source holds value because it mentions other events that occurred during that time that may have affected the spark of the memorial day massacre. For example the text says that the Great Depression occurred in the same time period and this caused many people to lose their jobs. Then it goes on to say how a labor union organization was formed that wanted to help these people out of work. This eventually leads to major conflict amongst steel companies and in the end the horrid massacre. This source is limited because it never stated any reasoning behind the police motives. The police could have handled the situation better and more professional but they chose not to. There is no clear detail explaining that aspect of the massacre.

Ballman, Donna . Why Walmart Won't Fire Striking Workers . 2012. Employment America.http://jobs.aol.com/articles/2012/10/15/walmart-striking-workers-non-. unionized/. Web. 11 Feb. 2014. This photograph shows a group of Walmart pricketers. Their faces are enraged and forceful. This picture shows significance and relevance today because labor rights are still important. To this day, employees continue to fight for their labor rights because legally they can. Bensman, David, and Roberta Lynch. Rusted Dreams: Hard Times in a Steel Community. 1987. Cohen, Lizabeth. Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 19191939. 1990. Kornblum, William. Blue Collar Community. 1974.http://encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/654.html This is a secondary source written by David Bensman and Roberta Lynch in 1987. This source came from the encyclopedia of Chicago. The purpose of this source is to give historical background on the 1937 Massacre itself. For example, the source states, Steel making in Chicago began in 1865. It also explains the significant growth of steel production in Chicago at the time. This source is important because it displays all of the events leading up to the Massacre. Later it states, The National Committee for Organizing Iron and Steel Workers, chaired by Chicago
Federation of Labor president John Fitzpatrick, began an organizing drive in Chicago during World War I. This push culminated in an unsuccessful nationwide steel strike in 1919. This clearly demonstrates

previous strikes that were boiling. Though it was unsuccessful, it sparked other viewpoints that led to multiple other strikes. This also identifies one of the labor organization presidents, which is very useful information. This source is somewhat limited because it lacks visual representations and statistics to display data that was researched.

Canedo, Eduardo F. "Little Steel Strike." Encyclopedia of the Great Depression. Ed. Robert S. McElvaine. Vol. 2. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2004. 584-585. U.S. . History in Context. Web. 12 Jan. 2014. In this secondary source, a passage from the Encyclopedia of the Great Depression discusses the Little Steel Strike. It successfully describes a short term impact. From all the hard work and dedication the companies finally came to an agreement. The passage says, By 1942 further organizing drives secured collective bargaining agreements at all four companies. At least the four companies can say they came upon an agreement. There was many interventions and union meetings at halls to discuss the situation and how it should be handled. President Franklin D. Roosevelt actually benefitted from this event. Another short term impact would be that he got re elected because of the strike. The article states, President Franklin Roosevelt's refusal to intervene beyond appointing a powerless Federal Steel Mediation Board marked a shift away from his tacit support of the CIO, whose participation in Labor's Non-Partisan League had greatly contributed to his re-election. Roosevelt did not interfere with the decision making and it helped him out in the long run. This is a minor political reference of a short term impact. Clark, Paul F., Peter Gottlieb, and Donald Kennedy. Forging a Union of Steel: Philip Murray, . SWOC, and the United Steel Workers. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, 1987 http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/suic/ReferenceDetailsPage/DocumentToolsPortletWindow?displayGr oupName=Reference&p=SUIC&action=2&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CCX3401802599&s ource=Bookmark&u=cps7770&jsid=b6ff4d0d5a4fae4bb9db1b382f888c6f
This secondary source was found on Gale Group, a great website that contains thousands of sources for a multitude of topics. This specific source was written by Timothy Messer Kruse in 2003 and it was published in New York. The purpose of this document is to inform individuals interested in the Memorial Day Massacre all the basic facts of the event. For example, the author wants to explain the rights of the working people and how their rights were violated. This source is important because it shows us how the Chicago police violated the rights of striking people. The strikers were protesting against the Steel companies that they worked for and that was their given right; however, the police violated it on so many different levels. The author goes in depth on who the perpetrators and victims were. Lastly, the author could have made this source more valuable if he had mentioned long term impacts of the massacre. He does mention how the companies collapsed; but, he could have gone deeper with the subject and stated how affects people today.

Denning, Michael. The Cultural Front: The Laboring of American Culture in the Twentieth . Century. London and New York: Verso, 1997. (Notes from Reference Book Page 613) This secondary source is a book in relation to labor history in America. To add to the historical content, the Little Steel Strike began on May 26th, 1937 to be exact. The reference book states, When SWOC members tried to form a peaceful picket in front of the plant entrance, the police, led by Captain James Mooney, divided the demonstrators and arrested 23 people who had refused to obey their orders. This is significant because it addresses who was one of the main leaders of the police force responsible for the event. Many reporters from the Chicago Tribune ultimately blame the police for the Massacre event; however, Republic Steel is responsible for the strike due to the receation conditions and deplorable treatment. Even political powers and figures were involved with the decisions. For instance, the text states, Meanwhile, Chicago mayor Edward J. Kelley announced in the Chicago Tribune that peaceful picketing would be permitted. The major at this time advised the police to leave the picketers to picket peacefully and without disturbance from the police; yet, the police still arrested and beat people. The SWOC and the CIO(Committee of Industrial Organization) came together to come up with a contract in 1937. It said, The two parties signed an agreement recognizing SWOC as the bargaining agent for its members and establishing a common labor wage of $5 a day, with an eight-hour working day and paying workers time and one-half for overtime work. Republic Steel was one of the plants that did not sign it and this marked one of the biggest reasons why they started striking. This helps support the historical content and the significance of why they struck in the first place. Dennis, Michael. The Memorial Day Massacre and the Movement for Industrial Democracy. . Martin Publishing. New York. 2010. Book This secondary source is a highly descriptive book containing all sorts of information pertaining to the Little Steel Strike and the Memorial Day Massacre of 1937. The struggles of the strike were not for higher wages and better pensions, but for industrial democracy and racial equality meaning the movement would eliminate ultimate powers that made industrial labor degrading(P6). The Republic Steel Company was a degrading place to work at, with horrible working conditions and no job security. This info helps the background when telling the purpose of the strike. The workers were living in a country with democratic freedom but worked under conditions of autocracy. Casey Klimkowski worked at Republic Steel in 1934 and said, Job Security, you had none, you could work there 15 and be laid off if the boss nephew came in for the job. This quote supports the SWOC purpose of striking. There was always tension arising from the surface to form a strike for many years. By 1932, the unemployment of the Chicago Steel Companies reached 50% (p33). This raised tax dues and lower wages for the workers. This, apart from the poor working conditions added to the purpose. The Steel Workers Organizing Committee kept growing and by the 1st of April, 1937, 95 companies signed with SWOC and over 200,000 workers belonged to them(p90). The police department did not carry out their responsibility to not interfere in picketing (ordered by The Corporation Council in March of 1937)(p113). One of the marchers said to them, We only ask

for our right to go through and picket peacefully. You should not have done this to us.(118). This would fall under rights and responsibilities. The police had an ordered responsibility to not intervene in any violence when the workers picket, but they did and violated their rights. A protester said, I would rather be shot by the Chicago police tomorrow than give up my rights as a free man(p170). The short term impact was that it challenged legal authorities. For instance, a year after the Massacre, leader Nick Fontecchio removed communist Jack Rusak from the union district 31 and placed Joe Weber in(p227). Joe Weber was for the SWOC and now he is one of the leaders of the union. Also, in late December 1937, Judge Graber ordered the union to pay decent living wages and hours of labor which would help enable them to have decent working conditions.(p225). In the book, Dennis even compared the 1937 working conditions to how Americans today work. Republic Steel was also bought of in 1984 due to bankruptcy.
Dominic A Pacyga 2009. Memorial day Massacre. The University of Chicago press. Page 272 This secondary source is a biography of Chicago by Dominic A. Pacyga published in 2009. This excerpt, chapter eight wants to inform the audience on the immediate short term impacts of the massacre and how the chicago labor union was handling the situation. It also wanted to inform about basic details because it states, 1000-2500 union workers came out in front of the gates of Chicagos Southeast Side. This source is valuable because as states before, it mentions the immediate short term impacts. For example, it says, SWOC reacted immediately on June 8th organizing a rally in the Civic Opera House and on June17th, a mass meeting was held in which the union discussed the actions of the police. They referred to the event as crazy hoodlum policemen. Another immediate short term effect was that the democratic leaders worried about new political powers in the workforce. The workers made a stand and let the union know they were determined and this threatened many union officials jobs. This source is also important because it describes how the Chicago Government took action. For example, it says, The Mayor Kelly needed to react fast to the conditions. Later, he made a policy that was favorable to the labor unions (SWOC and CIO). This source is limited because it does not mention the long term impacts of the Massacre. It did not state how the massacre affected the labor union workforce today. Donald S. McPherson The Little Steel Strike of 1937 Pennsylvania History Vol. 39, No. 2 (APRIL, 1972), pp. 219-238 Published by: Penn State University Press Article Stable URL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/27772016 This secondary source was published in 1972 by Donald S. McPherson. This is book is focused around the history of Philadelphia and how they were connected to the Little Steel companies. The purpose of these pages is to identify the motives ?behind the strike which eventually led to the massacre. This book is important because it clearly describes the motives and determination of the strikers. For example, in the article it states, On May 26, chairman Philip Murray announced a strike against three companies and four days later the Memorial Day Massacre at Republics South Chicago Plant demonstrated to the nation the unions determination as well as the depth of the Little Steels anti union. The Little Steel company did not agree with the contract . of the SWOC so they fought for their beliefs. It was their right to protest yet the Chicago police violated that right by opening fire and not allowing enough time for the protest to proceed. This is limited because it does not mention long term impacts that the massacre created. It emphasizes the direct determination the workers had.

Eley, Tom . "Seventy-five years since the Memorial Day Massacre." World Socialist Web Site, 29 May 2012. Web. 20 Jan 2014. <http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2012/05/pers-m29.html>. This is a useful secondary source created by Tom Eley discussing the effects that the Memorial Day Massacre had. As of 2012, it has been seventy five years and it is important to recognize this event in history. The web page states, The most critical lesson of this event is the paramount importance of politics, perspective and leadership in the struggle for the emancipation of the working class. This shows the significance today because the actions that the steelworkers took over 75 years ago still reflects the working class today. There are many companies and businesses today with unfair treatment to the employees. Some corporations today are even drug testing their workers and the employees have the right to protest that. That is a violation of their privacy and just like the Republic Steel Workers, they can voice their opinions publicly. In addition, this source is in the perspective of a labor activist; therefore, he is bias toward workers rights. He states, The ultimate lesson of the Memorial Day Massacre is that workers cannot put any confidence in the parties or politicians of the ruling class. They must build their own party to fight for the interests of the working class. This means a struggle to put an end to the capitalist system and reorganize economic life on the basis of social needs, not private profitthat is, on a socialist basis. This once again displays their rights but it also shows that now the workers have a responsibility to fight for their rights. It is up to them to change something that is unfair because no one else will step up to the plate but yourself. This applies to today because many citizens are dealing with labor right issues. Fast, Howard. Blue Heron Press. http://www.trussel.com/hf/memorial.htm
In a secondary document written by Howard Fast, the Memorial Day Massacre is broken down step by step. It states, Chairman Joe Weber who represented the Steel Workers Organizing Committee (SWOC). Joe Weber is a very important person when discussing the massacre because he was one of the main leaders in the strike. Also, the document says, Twenty-five thousand men were on strike; their purpose was to picket peacefully, to win a decent raise in wages so that they might exist like human beings. This shows the amount of people that were determined to fight for their rights. This connects to rights and responsibilities. This quote clearly states the purpose of why the workers were protesting and that was to receive a raise and reasonable benefits. The text acknowledges that it was their constitutional right to protest and the Chicago police disrupted that. There was already rumors of the police taking serious actions on the crowd. This is a great source for telling the story and explaining short term impacts as well as rights and responsibilities. Howard Fast also shares some picketing lines that were recited by the protesters and some were "REPUBLIC STEEL VIOLATES LABOR DISPUTES ACT." "REPUBLIC STEEL SHALL SIGN A UNION CONTRACT." This last demand shows how serious the strike actually was due to wanting a new contract. Fast goes on to tell the story and gives quotes directly from the policemen themselves. Redcoat leader had said, "Disperse, you rebel bastards!" to armed minutemen, now it was to unarmed men and women and children that a police captain said, "You dirty sons of *itche*, this is as far as you go! The 500 Chicago policemen were enraged at the workers striking on the republic plant. They started using

their clubs and weapons on the crowd. The protesters still stood their ground and responded by saying it is their legal right. The police violated their rights by verbally and physically abusing them. The police kept repeating You got no rights. This information advises the audience how cruel the policemen were. I believe this source is bias because many times throughout the document, Fast states how unfair the policemen were and how the protestors were striking in peace and with reason. He also refers to the police as pot-bellied. He received all of this information from first hand accounts.

Gallagher, Patrick, perf. Labor Fest Cleveland. Youtube, 2013. Web. 28 Jan 2014 <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O1n89G0_f_g. >. This video shows a man by the name of Patrick Gallagher giving his opinion on the Memorial Day Massacre. At a glance, his shirt said USOA which is the United Steelworkers of America. This is a current perspective on the event and this source can be placed in the website for further explanation of the event to the audience.

Grossman, Ron. "World ended up watching 1937 Republic Steel strike too." Chicago Tribune . News Chicago Tribune, 27 May 2012. Web. 23 Feb 2014. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-05-27/site/ct-per-flash-republicsteel-052720120527_1_gun-shots-police-officers-strikers>. This article comes from the Chicago Tribune and it includes a shocking video of the Memorial Day Massacre. The video shows the policemen shooting their guns and everyone screaming and yelling. Grossman hones in on the fact that strike were common during that time and the relationship to the Great Depression. He says, A day without picket lines and walkouts would have been something to talk about during the Great Depression. He lets us know that it was very common to see a strike during the time being; however, it was unlikely to experience a massacre. He also gives lots of first hand quotes that are descriptive of the gunshots. For instance, "Some of the police are shown swinging their clubs," noted a Tribune reporter after a screening of the footage. "Billows of gas are being wafted over the heads of the rioters. The motion picture is accompanied by sound effects, in which words are indistinguishable. Gun shots can be heard momentarily, perhaps a second or two. No shooting can be seen, and it is impossible to determine where the shots came from." This source is credible because it comes from a popular newspaper The Chicago Tribune. This is important because I know the information given is reliable and valuable. Gu, Paul. "Little Steel Strike 1937." Ohio History Central News. Ohio History Central, n.d. Web. .12 .Jan 2014. <http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Little_Steel_Strike_of_1937?rec=513>. This source comes from an Ohio Historical Center. Although it doesnt specify Chicago History, it relates to it. For example, the Little Steel Strike included many steel companies like Youngstown Sheet and Tube, Inland Steel, and Republic Steel. One of the main ones came from Ohio. This source provides multiple perspectives from neighboring steel companies.

Many of the same information was displayed on this website as the Republic Steel sources. It gives historical background, the effects, and the short term impact. It states, The Little Steel Strike illustrates the difficulties that unions and workers faced during the 1930s to attain better working conditions. Although the United States government formally legalized unions under the Wagner-Connery Act in 1935, many companies, including the Little Steel firms, refused to abide by the law. In 1937, Little Steel refused to recognize any of the strikers' demands. It was not until 1941 that the Little Steel companies finally recognized unions. The only difference from Ohio and Chicago was there was a Massacre in Chicago that left 10 people dead and over 100 injured. Herman, Arthur. Freedom's Forge 1st ed. New York City: Random House Inc., 2012. 108-109. This secondary source is a book by Arthur Herman. This book emphasizes on industrial production all over the United States. On page 108, Herman discusses a man named Henry Kaiser. This man was a young industrialist searching for business and his first stop was Steel. The text states, Kaiser turned to the President of Republic Steel and the King of the Little Steel Companies, sixty three year old Tom Girdler. This clearly identifies the role of Girdler and how important he was to the entire Republic Steel industry. The text later goes on to say, He had fought nonstop to grow his company in the teeth of the Depression. This shows a connection between other worldly conflicts. The Great Depression was taking place and although that might have plummeted most of the economy, Girdler still fought through it to maintain the Steel growth. This gives the audience background on Girdler. The novel clearly states, The president of Republic was an outspoken critic of labor and had told the press he would quit to grow potatoes and apples before he accepted collective bargaining(108). Collective bargaining is the process of negotiations between workforce employers aiming to reach agreements about hours, pay, overtime, etc. Obviously, Tom Girdler felt strong about the agreements and did not want to take part in it. This ultimately lead to the Memorial Day Massacre. Tom Girdler was indeed outspoken, just as the text said because he later blasted the CIO as irresponsible, violent, communist body. This tells the reader that CIO was an unfair company; however, Tom Girdler was an unfair man as well. This gives the audience a clear background of the conditions at the time and what caused the strike and the massacre. Holecek, Andrea. "Labor Commemorates Historic Massacre." Knight Ridder Tribune Business News:1. May 18 2006.ProQuest. Web. 10 Dec. 2013 . This secondary source was created in the year of 2006 by a woman named Andrea Holecek. This proquest database was found off of the Chicago Public Library website. The authors aim toward this source was to create a stable understanding of the background context. For example, this was the first source I gathered that identified the exact location of the massacre, which was at the Republic Steel Co. at Chicagos Southeast Side. This source holds value because it identifies victims and perpetrators. For example, the source states, The demonstration stemmed from the desire of workers at the "Little Steel" mills

in the area to be represented by the Steel Workers Organizing Committee rather than companyrun unions. Therefore, the workers at Little Steel didnt want to represent the company run unions so they wanted to protest. In addition, this source clearly states the president of the South Chicago Steelworkers Organization, which is Ed Saldowlski. This man claimed that the steelworkers had a right to fight for economic and social justice. Earlier in the article, it recognizes how the Little Steel workers made an impact on the world (short term) because in 1942, the little steel companies signed their first contract and came to an agreement. This source is somewhat limited because it never acknowledges long term impacts including how it could have impacted us today. Kruse, Messer "Memorial Day Massacre." Dictionary of American History. 2003 . Encyclopedia.com (December 14, 2013). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-. 3401802599.html This secondary article is from the encyclopedia and was published in 2003. The purpose of this article is to clearly identify the reasoning and motive behind the strike, which eventually led to the horrid massacre. This also showed some aftermath doings by an important man. This source holds value because it shows before events and prior events to the entire situation. For example, the article states, Just a few months earlier, on 1 March, the SWOC had signed a contract with the largest steel corporation in the world, U.S. Steel, and was confident that the smaller remaining companies, collectively known as "Little Steel, " could be brought to similar terms. This explains the situation before the strike was even discussed upon. Then it states, Later investigations by Robert La Follette Jr.'s Senate Civil Liberties Committee, dramatically punctuated with a graphic Paramount newsreel that authorities had suppressed, attributed little provocation to the marchers and found that police had wantonly attacked them. This investigation shows that the police deliberately attacked the strikers. This is somewhat limited because it never states the immediate impact of the strike to the owners of the companies. It also never stated the names of the steel owners. Lens, Sidney. Strikemakers and Strikebreakers. 1st ed.New York City : E.P Dutton, 1985. 1-. 8/145 This secondary source is a book by Sidney Lens. This novel is revolved around thousands of different strikes in the United States. Specifically, on the first page, Lens notes the Little Steel Strike: Many of the strikers vividly remembered the Little Steel strike of 1937, when seventy thousand workers hit the bricks because the companies refused to recognize their union. All the workers wanted was some recognition from the union because the big head companies treated their employees with terrible conditions. This led to the matter of, Its our right to strike. On pg 8, it says, Without unions and without the right to strike, the United States would be a totalitarian society. This basically means without strikes, the Steel companies would govern like a dictatorship. This quote is important because it displays rights and responsibilities. Under a totalitarian society, the lower ranked people are the steelworkers with barely any rights and the head of company, which is

Girdler and Lewis are implementing unfair limitations on the people. With the power of expressing their free will, the steelworkers have kept a somewhat democratic workplace. This novel also displays a short term impact. It says, Four years after the Little Steel Strike and the shooting of ten people on Memorial day 1937, the National Labor Relations Board ordered the four companies to reinstate all the employees they had fired in 1937. This was a positive short term impact of the strike because all of the workers at the strike were compensated. Libcom. Organization, n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2013. <http://libcom.org/history/memorial-day-. massacre> Retrieved February 5 2014
This secondary source is an online article discussing the conditions before and after the Memorial Day Massacre. It talks about Captain Mooney; for example, it says, Captain Mooney, fearing trouble,

had increased the force of police in the area. He had ordered the 4-to-12 shift to report at 3:00 p.m. and the day shift to remain on duty. Accordingly, 264 policemen were available to the captains that afternoon. This demonstrates the increasing amount of police in the area.

"Chicago in the 1930s ." The University of Chicago Library Archives. University of Chicago , . n.d. Web. 13 Feb 2014. <http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/collections/maps/chigov/>. This source comes from the University of Chicago Library Archives. This is an overview of what Chicago was like in the 1930s. This is important because it gives insight on neighboring issues in Chicago. This source does in fact mention the Great Depression and its impact on Chicago. It decreased the economy and also decreased wages for workers. This fact would contribute to the Republic Steel workers in Southeast Chicago. The Great Depression caused low pay, low pay caused the republic steelworkers to strike, and the republic steel strike caused the Memorial Day Massacre. As one can see, there was a chain reaction during this time period. Strikes were very common during the 1930s and the 1940s because the United States was experiencing reform. However, no one expected a massacre resulting in 10 deaths. Ludwing, Howard. "Republic Steel "Memorial Day Massacre" Highlighted in Lakeview." . DNAInfo [chicago] 13 Jan. 2014: Web. 12 Feb. 2014. This source provides a wide variety of information relating to the Memorial Day Massacre. It explains how in the beginning of the strike, the strikers were allowed at the gate but the police got rid of them whenever the crowd became enlarged. A historian on the topic said, "Many guys were offering no resistance. The cops just stood above them and beat them with clubs. It was disgraceful. This quote shows the extremity to the event and how brutal the chicago police were. This source also provided valuable photographs that display the strike. Some women are carrying signs and other pictures show strikers screaming and running away from the police.

This source also encourages the intended audience to always be on the look out for topics in history that havent been exposed enough to the world. Manzardo, Mario. "The Steel Strike Battle." Chicago Tribune[Chicago] 28 May 1972, n. pag. Print. This secondary source is a newspaper published about thirty five years after the Massacre. This source gives a clear understanding of how the protesters were being treated. It states, We were still about a quarter of a block from the front lines when a canister of tear gas fell a little ahead of us-then eyes burning, we began coughing as the gas wafted our way. This was stated by one of the protesters that day, although the name was not stated in the article. This source is important because it descriptively explains what happened on the days of May 26-May 30. This would fit into telling the story. This source also identifies long term impact and significance today. It says, Every Memorial Day, the 10 are eulogized by officials of the United Steelworkers of America. The United Steelworkers of America (USOA) was formed after the CIO and SWOC were not successful. The USOA is still a working corporation today and it is important to recognize the ten people that were killed the day of the Massacre. An event that occurred over seventy years ago is still being honored today due to the impact that it made. The newspaper also identifies an exhibit of photos and articles that are on display at local 1033. This is significant because history activists today can visit this area and reflect on the memories. "Memorial Day Massacre of 1937."Memorial Day Massacre of 1937.. Illinois Labor History . Society, n.d. Web. 8.Dec. 2013. http://www.illinoislaborhistory.org/memorial-day-. massacre.html>.
This is a secondary source created in 2010 on the Illinois Labor History Society website. There is no author; the ILHS created this page titled Memorial Day Massacre of 1937. The purpose of this source is to document the event of the Memorial Day Massacre and what companies protested against labor management. For example, in this source it mentions steelmakers like Big Steel signing contracts called SWOC of CIO. These were the contracts that made the steel companies strike and unfortunately kill ten people. This source is important because it documented what contracts the Big Steel and Little Steel companies disagreed upon and what caused them to strike. It also describes many sympathizers from SWOC that came to Sams place memorial and mourned the deaths of the ten protesters. This shows the aftermath of how the citizens reacted to the massacre. The author or ILHS should have incorporated what the motivation was behind the strike. He mentions what the contract was; however the author didnt emphasize on what the conditions were in the contract that made the workers want to strike.

Midtowng. "The Memorial Day Massacre." The Economic Populist. EP, 5 Mar 2009. Web. 20 . Feb 2014. <http://www.economicpopulist.org/content/memorial-day-massacre>. This source gives a clear and concise overview of the Massacre. Vivid photographs and quotes are displayed in this website. It also talked about neighboring companies like Inland Steel

and Youngstown Steel and how they went on strike alongside to Little Steel. It reported that after 15 seconds the gunshots stopped but the violence continued. Quirke, Carol. Eyes on labor. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. Print Page 168-169 This secondary source is devoted to labor rights. The book specifically addresses the Memorial Day Massacre and evaluates the polices actions. The text states, ..labor persisted in its claim that police attacked without provocation. This means that the police went through with the violence without any incentives. The text then goes on to say, Former Chicago Daily News reporter Meyer Levin questioned how the photographs were interpreted and said Study the newspaper photographs. They show again and again police charging with drawn guns after a fleeing crowd, police stumble over the bodies of fallen citizens. Levin had a great analysis of the photos and it is appalling that even after all of the damage the police created they still stumbled over the bodies of fallen citizens. They couldnt show one ounce of respect to even walk around the people they hurt. This just shows the careless mindset of the policemen. Law abiding citizens should not be treated that way, especially by police. This source is important because it shows rights and responsibilities. Usually, police have duties to protect citizens and they are held responsible for any neglect to the city. However, on the day of May 30 1937, they disregarded this responsibility wholeheartedly. They denied the protesters their rights as American citizens. Quirke analyzes the different strikes and protests in this era.

Solidarity June 30. 1937. Photograph. Wikipedia, Chicago. Web. 11 Feb 2014. <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_hand_that_will_rule_the_world.jpg >. This picture shows at least ten workers together with their hand together making one huge fist. They are all hard working people and they are representing a union and how it makes them closer. This photo implies that unions make the work force stronger. This will be used in the website to show the dedication and commitment the workers displayed. "United SteelWorkers 1033." Unions . Local Unions USW, n.d. Web. 24 Feb 2014. <http://www.unions.org/unions/united-steel-workers/local-1033/17736>. This source contains information about hundreds of Unions across the United States. On this website, I looked up union local 1033 and information about this union was displayed. A slogan on their front page stated, We're Steelworkers. We Slurry And Smelt Aluminum. We Mine For Iron Ore And Create Cement. We Make Glass And Metals Of Many Kinds. We Produce Paper And Paper Products. And We Craft Energy-saving Wind Turbines That Help Save Our Earth. This quote shows the views of modern steelworkers. Just like in 1937, local 1033 is still dedicated and committed to their work and fighting for what is right.

U.S. Senate. Committee on Education and Labor. Violations of Free Speech and Rights of Labor: The Chicago Memorial Day Incident. 75th Cong., 1st sess. Report no. 46 (2), 1937. This secondary source was pulled from a history text and specializes specifically on the labor rights of union workers. This is a significant source because it explains part of the aftermath of the Massacre and the Little Steel Strike. For instance, part of the short term impact is that, Later investigations by Robert La Follette Jr.'s Senate Civil Liberties Committee, dramatically punctuated with a graphic Paramount newsreel that authorities had suppressed, attributed little provocation to the marchers and found that police had wantonly attacked them. Nevertheless the police and corporate intimidation caused the strike to collapse. This is also part of responsibilities because the police were held responsible, according to this investigation. This source also identifies the four major Steel Plants which were Republic, Youngstown Sheet and Tube, and Inland Steel. This is relevant for telling the story because it is important to recognize the other key players that may have influenced the strike.