ElectricityandMagnetism

Instructor:Dr.M.S.Kaiser Lecture1

PROPERTIESOFELECTRICCHARGES
Anumberofsimpleexperimentsdemonstrate theexistenceofelectricforcesandcharges.
afterrunning gacombthrough g haironadry yday: y combattractsbitsofpaper. Theattractiveforce isoftenstrongenoughtosuspendthepaper. The Th sameeffect ff occurswhen h materials i l such has glassorrubberarerubbedwithsilkorfur. Whenmaterialsbehaveinthisway way,theyaresaid tobeelectried, ortohavebecomeelectrically charged.
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 Ifyourubaninated balloonagainstyourhair hair, thetwomaterialsattracteachother,asshown inFigure Figure.Istheamountofchargepresentin theballoonandyourhairafterrubbing (a)lessthan, than (b)thesameas,or (c)morethantheamountofcharge presentbeforerubbing?
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 Inaseriesofsimpleexperiments experiments,itisfound thattherearetwokindsofelectriccharges, whichweregiventhenamespositiveand negative byBenjaminFranklin.

hardrubberrodthat hasbeenrubbedwithfur

glassrodthathas beenrubbedwith silk

(a) Anegativelychargedrubberrodsuspendedbyathreadis attractedtoap positively ycharged g g glassrod. (b) Anegativelychargedrubberrodisrepelledbyanother negativelychargedrubberrod.

likechargesrepeloneanotherandunlikecharges attractoneanother.

 Attractiveelectricforcesareresponsiblefor thebehaviorofawidevarietyofcommercial products.

theplasticinmanycontactlenses,etalcon,is madeupofmoleculesthatelectricallyattractthe protein t i molecules l l i inh humant tears.Th Theseprotein t i moleculesareabsorbedandheldbytheplasticso thatthelensendsup pbeing gp primarily ycomposed p of thewearerstears.Becauseofthis,thewearers eyedoesnottreatthelensasaforeignobject,an
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Chargeisconserved
Another ot e important po ta taspecto ofFranklins a smodel ode o of electricityistheimplicationthatelectriccharge isalwaysconserved. That is, when one object is rubbed against another, charge is not created in the process. The electri l t ied d state t t is i due d t a transfer to t f of f charge h from one object to the other. One object gains some amount of negative charge while the other gains an equal amount of positive charge. p g
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Chargeisquantized
In 1909, 909, Robert obe t Millikan a ( (18681953) 868 953) d discovered sco e ed that electric charge always occurs as some integral multiple of a fundamental amount of charge h e. In modern terms, the electric charge q is said to b quantized, be ti d where h q is i the th standard t d d symbol b l usedforcharge. That Th t is, i electric l t i charge h exists i t as discrete di t packets, and we can write q=Ne where N is some integer. integer
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Importantpropertiesofcharges
Two kinds of charges occur in nature, nature with the property that unlike charges attract one another and like charges repel one another. another Chargeisconserved. Charge Ch is i quantized. i d

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AtomicStructure
The interactions responsible p for the structure of the atoms and molecules are primarily electrical interactions between electrically charged particles. 3 kinds ki d of f charged h d particles: ti l
electron (ve), proton(+ve), neutron (no charge).

Charge of electron and proton : same magnitude. magnitude Protons and neutrons form a closely packed group called nucleus (diameter: 1014m). Outside of the nucleus, at relatively large distance, there are electrons. No of electrons=No of protons.
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 In a neutral atom, atom the algebraic sum of electron and protons is zero. If one or more electrons are removed from atom: positive ion. If one or more electrons l are gained: i d negative i ion. The process of losing or gaining electrons is called ionization.
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Boars Boar sModel

Atomicmodelp proposed p by yboarin1913. Analogoustosolarsystem.Gravitationalforces> electricalforces. Electronswerepicturedaswhirlingaboutthe nucleusinacircularorellipticalorbit. Thediametersofelectronchargedistributions determinetheoverallsizeoftheatom. Massesofprotonandneutron:same Massesofproton:1836timeshigher. Massofasinglehydrogenatom(gm)=
1.008 g 24 = 1.674 10 6.022 1023
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 OneHatomcontainsonee andonep p. HenceofthetotalmassoftheHatom,1/1837 partisthemassofelectron Massofelectron 9.111 1031 kg Massofproton 1.674 1024 kg

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RecommendedReading
Periodictable Atomicnumber:nuclearprotons

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InsulatorandConductor
Electrical conductors are materials (copper, ( pp , aluminum, and silver) in which electric charges move freely.
When such materials are charged in some small region, the charge readily distributes itself over the entire surface of the material.

El Electrical t i l insulators i l t are materials t i l (glass, ( l rubber, bb and wood) in which electric charges cannot move freely. y
When such materials are charged by rubbing, only the area rubbed becomes charged, and the charge is unable to move to other regions of the material. material
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Semiconductor
Semiconductors are a third class of materials, , and their electrical properties are somewhere between those of insulators and those of conductors. Silicon Sili and d germanium i are well llknown k examples l of f semiconductors commonly used in the fabrication of a y of electronic devices, such as transistors and variety lightemitting diodes. The electrical properties of semiconductors can be changed over many orders of magnitude by the addition of controlled amounts of certain atoms to the materials.
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 When a conductor is connected to the Earth by means of a conducting wire or pipe, it is said to be grounded. The Earth can then be considered an innite sink to which electric charges can easily sink migrate.

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Chargingametallicobjectbyinduction

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 ObjectAisattractedtoobjectB. B IfobjectBis knowntobepositivelycharged,whatcanwe sayaboutobjectA? (a)Itispositivelycharged. (b)I Iti isnegatively i l charged. h d (c)Itiselectricallyneutral. (d)Notenoughinformationtoanswer.

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COULOMBS COULOMB SLAW

Coulombs experiments showed that the electric force between two stationary t ti charged h d particles ti l is inversely proportional to the square of the separation r between the particles and directed along the line joining them; is proportional to the product of the charges q1 and q2 on the two particles; is attractive if the charges are of opposite sign and repulsive if the charges have the same sign. From these observations, we can express Coulombs law as an equation q giving g g the magnitude g of the electric force ( (sometimes called the Coulomb force) between two point charges:

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 Thesmallestunitofchargeknowninnatureis thechargeonanelectronorproton,1which hasanabsolutevalueof

e = 1.602 1019

Th Therefore, f 1Cof fcharge h is i approximately i l 6.24 1018 electronsor equaltothechargeof protons.

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 ObjectAhasachargeof+2C +2C,andobjectBhas achargeof+6uC.Whichstatementistrue?

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