Graphical Representation of Data

Chapter 3

(Paste Examples of any graphs, diagrams and maps showing different types of data. For
example, relief map, climatic map, distribution of soils maps, population map) REPRESENTATION OF DATA Besides the tabular form, the data may also be presented in some graphic or diagrammatic form. The transformation of data through visual methods like graphs, diagrams, maps and charts is called representation of data. The need of representing data graphically: Graphics, such as maps, graphs and diagrams, are used to represent large volume of data. They are necessary: If the information is presented in tabular form or in a descriptive record, it becomes difficult to dra results. Graphical form makes it possible to easily dra visual impressions of data. The graphic method of the representation of data enhances our understanding. It makes the comparisons easy. Besides, such methods create an imprint on mind for a longer time. It is a time consuming task to dra inferences about hatever is being presented in non!graphical form. It presents characteristics in a simplified ay. These makes it easy to understand the patterns of population gro th, distribution and the density, se" ratio, age!se" composition, occupational structure, etc. General R les for Dra!ing Graphs" Diagra#s and $aps #. $election of a $uitable Graphical %ethod &ach characteristic of the data can only be suitably represented by an appropriate graphical method. 'or e"ample, To sho the data related to the temperature or gro th of population bet een different periods in time line graph are used. $imilarly, bar diagrams are used for sho ing rainfall or the production of commodities. The population distribution, both human and livestock, or the distribution of the crop producing areas are sho n by dot maps. The population density can be sho n by choropleth maps. Thus, it is necessary and important to select suitable graphical method to represent data. (. $election of $uitable $cale &ach diagram or map is dra n to a scale hich is used to measure the data. The scale must cover the entire data that is to be represented. The scale should neither be too large nor too small.

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). *esign The diagram or map should have follo ing design: Title: The title of the diagram+map must be clear and include , o The name of the area, o -eference year of the data used and o The caption of the diagram.

Chapter 3

These are ritten ith different font si.es and thickness. The title, subtitle and the corresponding year is sho n in the centre at the top of the map+diagram. /egend or Inde": The inde" must clearly e"plain the colours, shades, symbols and signs used in the map and diagram. 0 legend is sho n either at the lo er left or lo er right side of the map sheet. *irection The maps should sho the direction 1orth and properly placed on the top.

Types of Diagra#s The diagrams and the maps is of follo ing types: (i) 2ne,dimensional diagrams such as line graph, poly graph, bar diagram, histogram, age, se", pyramid, etc.3 (ii) T o,dimensional diagram such as pie diagram and rectangular diagram3 (iii) Three,dimensional diagrams such as cube and spherical diagrams. The most commonly dra n diagrams and maps are: 4 /ine graphs 4 Bar diagrams 4 5ie diagram 4 6ind rose and star diagram 4 'lo 7harts %& 'ine Graph The line graphs are usually dra n to represent the time series data related to the temperature, rainfall, population gro th, birth rates and the death rates. 7onstruction of a /ine Graph #st step: -ound the data to be sho n upto the # digit of even numbers. (nd step: *ra 8 and 9,a"is. %ark the time series variables :years+months; on the 8 a"is and the data <uantity+value to be plotted on 9 a"is. )rd step: 7hoose an appropriate scale to sho data and label it on 9,a"is. If the data involves a negative figure then the selected scale should also sho it. =th step: 5lot the data to depict year+month, ise values according to the selected scale on 9, a"is, mark the location of the plotted values by a dot and >oin these dots by a free hand dra n line. E(a#ple %: )onstr ct a line graph to represent the data

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Graphical Representation of Data

Chapter 3

*& Polygraph 5olygraph is a line graph in hich t o or more than t o variables are sho n on a same diagram by different lines. It helps in comparing the data. &"amples hich can be sho n as polygraph are: The gro th rate of different crops like rice, heat, pulses in one diagram. The birth rates, death rates and life e"pectancy in one diagram. $e" ratio in different states or countries in one diagram. 7onstruction of a 5olygraph 0ll steps of construction of polygraph are similar to that of line graph. But different lines are dra n to indicate different variables. E(a#ple *: )onstr ct a polygraph to co#pare the +aria,les&

-& .ar Diagra# It is also called a columnar diagram. The bar diagrams are dra n through columns of e<ual idth. 'ollo ing rules ere observed hile constructing a bar diagram: :a; The idth of all the bars or columns is similar. :b; 0ll the bars should are placed on e<ual intervals+distance. :c; Bars are shaded ith colours or patterns to make them distinct and attractive. Three types of bar diagrams are used to represent different data sets: The simple bar diagram 7ompound bar diagram

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Graphical Representation of Data

5olybar diagram.

Chapter 3

$imple Bar *iagram 0 simple bar diagram is constructed for an immediate comparison. It is advisable to arrange the given data set in an ascending or descending order and plot the data variables accordingly. ?o ever, time series data are represented according to the se<uencing of the time period. E(a#ple -: )onstr ct a si#ple ,ar diagra#&

7onstruction $teps: *ra 8 and 9,a"es on a graph paper. Take an interval and mark it on 9,a"is to plot data. *ivide 8,a"is into e<ual parts to dra bars. The actual values ill be plotted according to the selected scale. /& 'ine and .ar Graph The line and bar graphs as dra n separately may also be combined to depict the data related to some of the closely associated characteristics such as the climatic data of mean monthly temperatures and rainfall. E(a#ple /: )onstr ct a 'ine and ,ar Graph&

7onstruction: :a; *ra 8 and 9,a"es of a suitable length and divide 8,a"is into parts to sho months in a year. :b; $elect a suitable scale ith e<ual intervals on the 9,a"is and label it at its right side. :c; $imilarly, select a suitable scale ith e<ual intervals on the 9,a"is and label at its left side. :d; 5lot data using line graph and columnar diagram.

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Graphical Representation of Data

0& $ ltiple .ar Diagra#

Chapter 3

%ultiple bar diagrams are constructed to represent t o or more than t o variables for the purpose of comparison. 'or e"ample, a multiple bar diagram may be constructed to sho proportion of males and females in the total, rural and urban population or the share of canal, tube ell and ell irrigation in the total irrigated area in different states.

7onstruction :a; %ark time series data on 8,a"is and variable data on 9,a"is as per the selected scale. :b; 5lot the data in closed columns. E(a#ple 0: )onstr ct a $ ltiple ,ar Diagra#& 1& )o#po nd .ar Diagra# 6hen different components are grouped in one set of variable or different variables of one component are put together, their representation is made by a compound bar diagram. In this method, different variables are sho n in a single bar ith different rectangles.

7onstruction :a; 0rrange the data in ascending or descending order. :b; 0 single bar ill depict the set of variables by dividing the total length of the bar as per percentage. E(a#ple 1: )onstr ct a )o#po nd .ar Diagra#&

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Graphical Representation of Data

2& Pie Diagra#

Chapter 3

5ie diagram is another graphical method of the representation of data. It is dra n to depict the total value of the given attribute using a circle. *ividing the circle into corresponding degrees of angle then represent the sub! sets of the data. ?ence, it is also called as *ivided 7ircle *iagram. The angle of each variable is calculated using the follo ing formulae.

If data is given in percentage form, the angles are calculated using the given formulae.

7alculation of 0ngles :a; 0rrange the data on percentages in an ascending order. :b; 7alculate the degrees of angles for sho ing the given values :b; It could be done by multiplying percentage ith a constant of ).@ as derived by dividing the total number of degrees in a circle by #AA, i. e. )@A+#AA. :c; 5lot the data by dividing the circle into the re<uired number of divisions to sho the share different regions+countries 7onstruction :a; $elect a suitable radius for the circle to be dra n. 0 radius of ), = or B cm may be chosen for the given data set. :b; *ra a line from the centre of the circle to the arc as a radius. :c; %easure the angles from the arc of the circle for each category of vehicles in an ascending order clock, ise, starting ith smaller angle. :d; 7omplete the diagram by adding the title, sub ! title, and the legend. The legend mark be chosen for each variable+category and highlighted by distinct shades+colours. 5recautions :a; The circle should neither be too big to fit in the space nor too small to be illegible. :b; $tarting ith bigger angle ill lead to accumulation of error leading to the plot of the smaller angle difficult. E(a#ple 2: )onstr ct a Pie Diagra#&

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Graphical Representation of Data

3& Flo! $aps4)hart

Chapter 3

'lo chart is a combination of graph and map. It is dra n to sho the flo of commodities or people bet een the places of origin and destination. It is also called as *ynamic %ap. Transport map, hich sho s number of passengers, vehicles, etc., is the best e"ample of a flo chart. These charts are dra n using lines of proportional idth. %any government agencies prepare flo maps to sho density of the means of transportation on different routes. The flo maps+ charts are generally dra n to represent t o the types of data as given belo : #. The number and fre<uency of the vehicles as per the direction of their movement (. The number of the passengers and+or the <uantity of goods transported. -e<uirements for the 5reparation of a 'lo %ap: :a; 0 route map depicting the desired transport routes along ith the connecting stations. :b; The data pertaining 1o. of trains of selected routes of to the flo of goods, *elhi and ad>oining areas services, number of vehicles, etc., along ith the point of origin and destination of the movements. :c; The selection of a scale through hich the data related to the <uantity of passengers and goods or the number of vehicles is to be represented.

7onstruction :a; Take an outline map of *elhi and ad>oining areas in hich rail ay line and the nodal stations are depicted. :b; $elect a scale to represent the number of trains. ?ere, the ma"imum number is BA and the minimum is @. If e select a scale of #cm C BA trains, the ma"imum and minimum numbers ill be represented by a strip of #A mm and #.( mm thick lines respectively on the map. :c; 5lot the thickness of each strip of route bet een the given rail route. :d; *ra a terraced scale as legend and choose distinct sign or symbol to sho the nodal points :stations; ithin the strip. E(a#ple 3: )onstr ct a Flo! $ap of Train #o+e#ents in and aro nd Delhi&

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Graphical Representation of Data

The#atic $aps

Chapter 3

Darieties of maps are dra n to understand the patterns of the regional distributions or the characteristics of variations over space these maps are kno n as the distribution maps or thematic maps. -e<uirements for %aking a Thematic %ap :a; $tate+*istrict level data about the selected theme. :b; 2utline map of the study area along ith administrative boundaries. :c; 5hysical map of the region. 'or e"ample, physiographic map for population distribution and relief and drainage map for constructing transportation map. -ules for %aking Thematic %aps :i; The dra ing of the thematic maps must be carefully planned. The final map should properly reflect the follo ing components: a. 1ame of the area b. Title of the sub>ect,matter c. $ource of the data and year d. Indication of symbols, signs, colours, shades, etc. e. $cale :ii; The selection of a suitable method to be used for thematic mapping. 7lassification of Thematic %aps based on %ethod of 7onstruction The thematic maps are generally, classified into <uantitative and non,<uantitative maps. The <uantitative maps are dra n to sho the variations ithin the data. 'or e"ample, maps depicting areas receiving more than (AA cm, #AA to (AA cm, BA to #AA cm and less than BA cm of rainfall are referred as <uantitative maps. These maps are also called as statistical maps. The non,<uantitative maps, on the other hand, depict the non!measurable characteristics in the distribution of given information such as a map sho ing high and lo rainfall,receiving areas. These maps are also called as <ualitative maps. The construction of <uantitative maps: There are three types of <uantitative maps , :a; *ot maps :b; 7horopleth maps :c; Isopleth maps 5& Dot $aps The dot maps are dra n to sho the distribution of phenomena such as population, cattle, types of crops, etc. The dots of same si.e as per the chosen scale are marked over the given administrative units to highlight the patterns of distributions. -e<uirement :a; 0n administrative map of the given area sho ing state+district+block boundaries. :b; $tatistical data on selected theme for the chosen administrative units, i.e., total population, cattle etc. :c; $election of a scale to determine the value of a dot. :d; 5hysiographic map of the region especially relief and drainage maps.

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Graphical Representation of Data

Chapter 3

5recaution :a; The lines demarcating the boundaries of various administrative units should not be very thick and bold. :b; 0ll dots should be of same si.e.

7onstruction :a; $elect the si.e and value of a dot. :b; *etermine the number of dots in each state using the given scale. 'or e"ample, number of dots in %aharashtra ill be E,@F,B(,(=F+#AA,AAA C E@F.B(. It may be rounded to E@G, as the fraction is more than A.B. :c; 5lace the dots in each state as per the determined number in all states.

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Graphical Representation of Data

Chapter 3

:d; 7onsult the physiographic+relief map of India to identify mountainous, desert, and+or sno covered areas and mark lesser number of dots in such areas. E(a#ple 5: )onstr ct a Dot $ap& %6&)horopleth $ap The choropleth maps are also dra n to depict the data characteristics as they are related to the administrative units. These maps are used to represent the density of population, literacy+gro th rates, se",ratio, etc. -e<uirement for dra ing 7horopleth %ap :a; 0 map of the area depicting different administrative units. :b; 0ppropriate statistical data according to administrative units. $teps to be follo ed :a; 0rrange the data in ascending or descending order. :b; Group the data into B categories to represent very high, high, medium, lo and very lo concentrations. :c; The interval bet een the categories may be identified on the follo ing formulae i.e. -ange+B and -ange C ma"imum value ! minimum value. :d; 5atterns, shades or colour to be used to depict the chosen categories should be marked in an increasing or decreasing order.

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Graphical Representation of Data

Chapter 3

7onstruction :a; 0rrange the data in ascending order as sho n above. :b; Identify the range ithin the data. In the present case, the states recording the lo est and highest literacy rates are Bihar :=FH; and the Ierala :EA.EH; respectively. ?ence, the range ould be E#.A ! =F.A C ==.A :c; *ivide the range by B to get categories from very lo to very high. :==.A+ B C G.GA;. 6e can convert this value to a round number E.A. :d; *etermine the number of the categories along ith range of each category. 0dd E.A to the lo est value of =F.A as so on. 6e ill finally get follo ing categories: =F ! B@ Dery lo :Bihar, Jharkhand, 0runachal 5radesh, Jammu and Iashmir; B@ ! @B /o :Kttar 5radesh, -a>asthan, 0ndhra 5radesh, %eghalaya, 2rissa, 0ssam, %adhya 5radesh, 7hhattisgarh; @B ! F= %edium :1agaland, Iarnataka, ?aryana, 6est Bengal, $ikkim, Gu>arat, 5un>ab, %anipur, Kttaranchal, Tripura, Tamil 1adu; F= ! G) ?igh :?imachal 5radesh, %aharashtra, *elhi, Goa; G) ! E( Dery ?igh :%i.oram, Ierala; :e; 0ssign shades+pattern to each category ranging from lo er to higher hues. :f; 5repare the map as sho n in 'ig. :g; 7omplete the map ith respect to the attributes of map design. E(a#ple %6: )onstr ct a )horopleth $ap& %%&Isopleth $ap Dariations in the degrees of slope, temperature, occurrence of rainfall, may be represented by dra ing the lines of e<ual values on a map. 0ll such maps are termed as Isopleth %ap. The ord Isopleth is derived from Iso meaning e<ual and pleth means lines. Thus, an imaginary line, hich >oins the places of e<ual values, is referred as Isopleth. The more fre<uently dra n isopleths include Isotherm :e<ual temperature;, Isobar :e<ual pressure;, Isohyets :e<ual rainfall;, Isonephs :e<ual cloudiness;, Isohels :e<ual sunshine;, contours :e<ual heights;, Isobaths :e<ual depths;, Isohaline :e<ual salinity;, etc. -e<uirement :a; Base line map depicting point location of different places. :b; 0ppropriate data of temperature, pressure, rainfall, etc. over a definite period of time. :c; *ra ing instrument specially 'rench 7urve, etc. -ules to be observed :a; 0n e<ual interval of values be selected. :b; Interval of B, #A, or (A is supposed to be ideal. :c; The value of Isopleth should be ritten along the line on either side or in the middle by breaking the line. Interpolation Interpolation is used to find the intermediate values bet een the observed values of at t o stations+locations. Generally, dra ing of isopleths >oining the places of same value is also termed as interpolation. %ethod of Interpolation: 'or interpolation, follo the follo ing steps: :a; 'irstly, determine the minimum and ma"imum values given on the map. :b; 7alculate the range of value i.e. -ange C ma"imum value ! minimum value. :c; Based on range, determine the interval in a hole number like B, #A, #B, etc.

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Graphical Representation of Data

Chapter 3

The e"act point of dra ing an Isopleth is determined by using the follo ing formulae.

The interval is the difference bet een the actual value on the map and interpolated value. 'or e"ample, in an Isotherm map of t o places sho (GL 7 and ))L 7 and you ant to dra )AL 7 isotherm, measure the distance bet een the t o points. $uppose the distance is #cm or #A mm and the difference bet een (G and )) is B, thus, e"act point of )A ill be plotted =mm a ay from (GL7 or @mm ahead of ))L7.

E(a#ple %%: )onstr ct an Isopleth $ap&

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