Blood Keyterms

Hypovolemic shock is an emergency condition in which severe blood and fluid loss make the heart unable to pump enough blood to the body. This type of shock can cause many organs to stop working. Mechanisms of hypovolemic shock : o Microvascular compensation reduction in end diastolic volume o Vessels vasoconstrict (skin cools) o Sympathetic stimulation trying to bring BP back to normal

Blood Blood is a connective tissue Functions o Transportation O2, CO2, nutrients, hormones, heat and waste products o Regulation pH through buffer systems body temperature heat absorbing / coolant properties of water in blood plasma variable rate of flow through skin water contents of cells influenced by blood osmotic pressure o Protection Blood loss : clotting Disease: phagocytotic white blood cells, antibodies etc. Components of blood o Plasma (liquid extracellular matrix) 55% of whole blood Contains water, proteins, glucose, hormones, ions, metabolites etc. Proteins : albumin, fibrogen, globulins, other (coagulation factors) Similar to interstitial fluid but it has more proteins o Leukocytes (WBC) and platelets (< 1% of whole blood) - also referred to as a buffy coat because of colour. o Erythrocytes (RBC) 45% of whole blood Blood tests o May order complete blood count (CBC) o Hemoglobin levels o Red Cell Count o Hematocrit (packed cell volume) o Morphology (shape of RBC ie. screening for sickle cell anemia) o White cell count o Diffrential (% of WBCs) o Platlets o Blood glucose o Blood Iron Obtaining blood sample o CBC

 Venipuncture Finger/ Heal stick (infants/small children/ diabetics) o Arterial stick oxygenated blood to test oxygen concentration Erythrocytes (RBC) o Properties of RBC : No nucleus Greatest surface area to volume ratio Strong, flexible ( bend and move through capillaries) Life span approx. 120 days Lack mitochondria ; generate ATP anaerobically Contain Hemoglobin o Hemoglobin: 4 chains 2 Alpha , 2 Beta Each chain contain an iron containing Heme group 2 alpha x 2 Beta = 4 Heme groups (4Fe2+) = 4O2/Hb Also can combine with 23% Carbon Dioxide Nitrooxide (vasodilator) O2 Saturation 97% at lungs and 75% at tissues Notice extra carrying capacity reserve ( in case you need it later) Factors that help release O2 from Hb : Increase temperature increase CO2, decrease pH Tissue Oxygen Buffer System o Helps maintain PO2 in tissues

Hemopoiesis: process by which formed elements of blood develop Production of RBC : o Called Erythropoesis

Recycling of the heme o Liver stores 10% of iron via Ferritin o Iron bound to Transferrin for transport in circulation o Heme from damaged RBCs returns to liver where Iron is scavanged & heme discarded as Bilirubin o Too much bilirubin = Jaundice

Role of Erythropoietin (regulation by feedback)

Leukocytes (WBC) ( **more on this in Immunity & Immunology section) o Nucleus o No hemoglobin o Most live a few hours - days

o Granular (Eosinophil, Basophil, Neutrophil) o Agranular (Monocyte, Lymphocyte)

Platelets o Disc-shaped o 2-4 micron cell fragment o No nucleus o Short life span (5-9 days) o Roles : Stop blood loss from damaged blood vessels Form a platelet plug Release chemicals that promote: blood clotting vascular spasms

Blood Groups Classification : ABO Classification system o Antigens protein on the outside of the blood cells o Antibodies - a substance foreign to the body that causes an immune response. An immune response occurs when antibodies, which are proteins in your immune system, are summoned to attack an antigen. Blood Type RBC Antigen Antibody A A Antigen B B Antigen AB A&B Antigens No Antibodies O No Antigens Both A& B Antibodies

Anti- B Antibody

Anti- A Antibody

Compatible Donor Blood Types o Note: you donate only your RBCs, not your plasma which contains Abs Compatible Donor A,O B,O A,B ,AB , O universal recipant O Universal Donor

Blood Type A B AB O

Rh Classification o Antigen discovered in Rhesus monkey o Rh antigen on RBC surface = Rh+ o Rh+ is more common than Rh 85% European-American population o Normally plasma does not contain anti-Rh antibodies o Antibodies develop only in Rh- blood type & only with exposure to the antigen Hemolytic Disease of Newborn o Occurs when mother is Rh- and baby is Rh+ -incompatibility between mother and fetus o At birth fetal blood crosses into maternal circulation producing anti Rh antibodies o When the women gets pregnant with a second child the fetus is Rh+ then the antibodies attack the fetus o Mother takes Rogan to bind up the fetal antibodies and she is fine to have another pregnancy dangerous if you dont know you have this condition and you get pregnant again.