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Mixers and integrators.
L f l d
No signal reconstruction. Parallel
di it l i Lower frequency sample and
hold requirements.
digital processing.
Optimal bit allocation minimizes
quantization error. Some
samples may not be quantized at all.
Texas A&M University 20 Spring, 2011
p y q
S. Hoyos and B. M. Sadler, Ultra-wideband analog to digital conversion via signal expansion, IEEE
Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Sept. 2006.
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Roadmap for high Roadmap for high--resolution Receivers resolution Receivers p g p g
How much RF processing should be done before the ADC?
The front end must be scalable and configurable to fit multiple standards
Texas A&M University 21 Spring, 2011
The front-end must be scalable and configurable to fit multiple standards
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
The single The single--chip Transceiver Paradigm chip Transceiver Paradigm
22
gg p g p g
Modern technologies: Modern technologies:
Digital intensive System Digital intensive System on on Digital intensive System Digital intensive System--on on--
Chip (SOC) environment Chip (SOC) environment
Scaling of transistor dimensions in digital
CMOS t h l i CMOS technologies
Increased intra-die variability from device
scaling
D f t d iti i i Defect densities increase in newer
technologies
Yields decrease as SOC chip sizes increase
Yi ld i t l ifi ti l d Yield impact on analog specifications leads
to process corner-based overdesign
to allow for analog parameter variations
Increased test cost
Texas A&M University 22 Spring, 2011
Critical Analog components must be minimized Critical Analog components must be minimized
Increased test cost
M. Onabajo, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Fast CMOS ADCs: State of the art Fast CMOS ADCs: State of the art
p
e
c
t
u
r
m
Trends:
Extensive use of parallelism
Freq (GHz)
S
5.4 2.4 2 1.9 1.0 0.05 0.8
Resolution
Time interleaved
Reduced supply voltages make
analog more challenging
16
14
Pipeline
Resolution
Headroom for amplifiers
Little room for cascoding
Poor devices if V
DS
is
Immediate Goal
12
10
8
Pipeline Interleaved
DS
further reduced
Use techniques that take
advantage of digital trends
6
4
10 MS/s 100MS/s 1GS/s 10GS/s 100GS/s
Flash
g g
Digital circuitry is cheap and fast
Tendency is Digitally Assisted
Analog Circuits
Texas A&M University 23 Spring, 2011
Sampling rate
g
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Introduction to Analog Introduction to Analog--to to--Digital Converters Digital Converters gg gg
Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADC) are necessary to
convert real world signals (which are analog in nature) to convert real world signals (which are analog in nature) to
their digital equivalents for easy processing.
Common applications for ADCs are communication
systems, TV receivers, Digital Oscilloscopes, Audio
applications..
Analog
Texas A&M University 24 Spring, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Software radio transceiver: Design Issues Software radio transceiver: Design Issues gg
Makes it sense to have a multi standard solution based on this Makes it sense to have a multi-standard solution based on this
architecture?
Bandwidth required?
D i i d? Dynamic range required?
DTV SNRsignal=25 dB; Blockers > 45 dB; Crest factor > 20 dB
LNA+VGA+ADC Dynamic Range over 90 dB (practical ?)
Texas A&M University 25 Spring, 2011
y g (p )
Can you use tracking filters? (back to the past)
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Software radio transceiver: Ultimate goal Software radio transceiver: Ultimate goal gg
Concept introduced in 1991
Modulation/demodulation waveforms in software
Texas A&M University 26 Spring, 2011
Flexible multi-standard software architecture
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Data Converters: The main issue Data Converters: The main issue
The quantized signal
presents a finite number presents a finite number
of output values that are
associated with digital
codes
Texas A&M University 27 Spring, 2011
codes
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Texas A&M University 28 Spring, 2011
R. Walden, 1999
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Where we were in 99? Where we are?
WiMAX
Texas A&M University 29 Spring, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Texas A&M University 30 Spring, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
A Little bit of History A Little bit of History A Little bit of History A Little bit of History
Texas A&M University 31 Spring, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
A Little bit of History A Little bit of History A Little bit of History A Little bit of History
Texas A&M University 32 Spring, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Jitter and noise limitations on ENOB Jitter and noise limitations on ENOB Jitter and noise limitations on ENOB Jitter and noise limitations on ENOB
Texas A&M University 33 Spring, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Classic Classic FoM FoM to compare ADCs to compare ADCs Classic Classic FoM FoM to compare ADCs to compare ADCs
Recent Recent EA EA modulators modulators Recent Recent EA EA modulators modulators
Texas A&M University 34 Spring, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Bandwidth (Nyquist in pipeline) vs. SNDR ( y )
1 E+10
1.E+11
ISSCC 1997-2009
VLSI 1997-2009
1.E+08
1.E+09
1.E+10
H
z
]
VLSI 1997 2009
ISSCC 2009
J itter=1psrms
J itter=100fsrms
1.E+06
1.E+07
B
W
[
H
1 E+03
1.E+04
1.E+05
1.E+03
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
SNDR [dB]
Texas A&M University 35 Spring, 2011
B. Murmann, " ADC Performance Survey 1997-2010, http://www.stanford.edu/~murmann/adcsurvey.html.
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Energy per conversion at Nyquist rate gy p yq
1 E+06
1.E+07
1.E+04
1.E+05
1.E+06
[
p
J
]
1.E+02
1.E+03
P
/
f
s
[
ISSCC 2010
1.E+00
1.E+01
ISSCC 2010
ISSCC 1997-2009
VLSI 1997-2009
FOM=100fJ /conv-step
FOM=10fJ /conv-step
1.E-01
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
SNDR [dB]
p
Texas A&M University 36 Spring, 2011
B. Murmann, " ADC Performance Survey 1997-2010, http://www.stanford.edu/~murmann/adcsurvey.html.
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
What the problem is? p
Texas A&M University 37 Spring, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Issues: Sampling, Holding and conversion Issues: Sampling, Holding and conversion p g, g p g, g
The quantized signal
presents a finite number presents a finite number
of output values that are
associated with digital
codes
Texas A&M University 38 Spring, 2011
codes
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Properties of the Fourier Series Properties of the Fourier Series
Texas A&M University 39 Spring, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Properties of the Fourier Series Properties of the Fourier Series pp
Modulation properties Modulation properties Modulation properties Modulation properties
Texas A&M University 40 Spring, 2011
Convolution in time Convolution in time
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Relevant properties of the Fourier Series Relevant properties of the Fourier Series p p p p
Texas A&M University 41 Spring, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Relevant properties of the Fourier Series Relevant properties of the Fourier Series p p p p
Texas A&M University 42 Spring, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Additional properties of the Fourier Series Additional properties of the Fourier Series p p p p
Texas A&M University 43 Spring, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Define the problem: Sampling Operation p p g p
Texas A&M University 44 Spring, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Signal Sampling Theorem Signal Sampling Theorem g p g g p g
Time Time
domain domain
sampling sampling
Frequency Frequency
Spectrum Spectrum
Texas A&M University 45 Spring, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Signal Sampling employing a train of Signal Sampling employing a train of g p g p y g g p g p y g
pulses pulses Time domain sampling with Time domain sampling with
pulses pulses
Spectrum Spectrum
Texas A&M University 46 Spring, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Sampling Operation: Sampling Operation: Nyquist Nyquist Rate Rate p g p p g p yq yq
According to the sampling theorem: If no g p g
alias issues, then
Ideal sampling does not Ideal sampling does not
dd di t ti b t dd di t ti b t add distortion but add distortion but
replicas of the original replicas of the original
tt
Texas A&M University 47 Spring, 2011
spectrum spectrum
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Alias issue if Alias issue if undersampling undersampling p g p g
Texas A&M University 48 Spring, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Texas A&M University 49 Spring, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Under-sampling of a broadband signal p g g
Texas A&M University 50 Spring, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
S/H and Quantization errors S/H and Quantization errors
The sampling and Held operations generate alias
frequency components and (sinc) signal distortion,
respectively
QQ
respectively
Error is an odd function (no even harmonic distortions,
why?)
Quantization generates harmonic distortion components
when sinusoidal input signals are used
( ) ( ) ( ) t Err or t S t S
q i n
+ =
Texas A&M University 51 Spring, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Distortion due to quantization errors Distortion due to quantization errors qq
Texas A&M University 52 Spring, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
ADC ADC metrics: Quantization error metrics: Quantization error
Signal is sampled at given instants
Signal is encoded to a limited number of codes resulting in
quantization noise (random signals) and distortion (periodic signals)
Texas A&M University 53 Spring, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Texas A&M University 54 Spring, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
What the fundamental problem is? What the fundamental problem is? What the fundamental problem is? What the fundamental problem is?
Mapping an Mapping an
infinite infinite
resolution resolution
analog signal analog signal
into a digital into a digital
but finite but finite but finite but finite
resolution resolution
representation representation
Texas A&M University 55 Spring, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Quantization noise for Random (Ramp) input signal Quantization noise for Random (Ramp) input signal
Texas A&M University 56 Spring, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Texas A&M University 57 Spring, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
ADC ADC metrics: SQNR metrics: SQNR
The maximum Signal-to-Quantization Noise
ratio (SQNR) for an N bit ADC:
QQ
( )
dB . N .
/ / A
P
SQNR
N
signal
ideal
76 1 02 6
2 2 2
2
2
2
+ =
A
= = =
ratio (SQNR) for an N-bit ADC:
/ P P
Q
noise noise
ideal
12
2
A
For anADC ith a meas red SNDR the effecti e For an ADC with a measured SNDR, the effective
number of bits is defined as:
02 . 6
76 . 1 ) dB ( SNDR
ENOB
=
Texas A&M University 58 Spring, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Quantization noise density Quantization noise density
The dynamic range of a system is equal to the signal to noise ratio measured The dynamic range of a system is equal to the signal to noise ratio measured
over a bandwidth equal to half of the sampling ( over a bandwidth equal to half of the sampling (Nyquist Nyquist) frequency ) frequency
Then, Then,
2
2
12
q
= o
Is the total while the quantization noise density Is the total while the quantization noise density
(quantization noise measured in a bandwidth of 1 Hz) (quantization noise measured in a bandwidth of 1 Hz)
2 2
s
2
s
2
f 6
q
f
2
densit y Noi se = =
o
Texas A&M University 59 Spring, 2011
fs/2 -fs/2
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Texas A&M University 60 Spring, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Texas A&M University 61 Spring, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Texas A&M University 62 Spring, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Texas A&M University 63 Spring, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Practical Limitations Practical Limitations Practical Limitations Practical Limitations
Texas A&M University 64 Spring, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Digital to Analog Converters Digital to Analog Converters g g g g
Texas A&M University 65 Spring, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Practical Definitions Practical Definitions
Texas A&M University 66 Spring, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Practical Limitations Practical Limitations Practical Limitations Practical Limitations
Texas A&M University 67 Spring, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Practical Limitations Practical Limitations Practical Limitations Practical Limitations
Quite critical issue! Usually not a major issue Quite critical issue! Usually not a major issue
Texas A&M University 68 Spring, 2011
Quite critical issue! Usually not a major issue Quite critical issue! Usually not a major issue
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Practical Limitations: Offset error Practical Limitations: Offset error Practical Limitations: Offset error Practical Limitations: Offset error
Texas A&M University 69 Spring, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Practical Limitations Practical Limitations
j i Q i i i i ! j i Q i i i i !
Texas A&M University 70 Spring, 2011
Usually not a major issue Quite critical issue! Usually not a major issue Quite critical issue!
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Practical Limitations: Gain error Practical Limitations: Gain error Practical Limitations: Gain error Practical Limitations: Gain error
Texas A&M University 71 Spring, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Practical Limitations: Differential Error Practical Limitations: Differential Error Practical Limitations: Differential Error Practical Limitations: Differential Error
Texas A&M University 72 Spring, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Practical Limitations Practical Limitations Practical Limitations Practical Limitations
Texas A&M University 73 Spring, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Practical Limitations: Integral error Practical Limitations: Integral error Practical Limitations: Integral error Practical Limitations: Integral error
Texas A&M University 74 Spring, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Practical Limitations Practical Limitations
Texas A&M University 75 Spring, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Practical Limitations: Absolute Accuracy Practical Limitations: Absolute Accuracy yy
Texas A&M University 76 Spring, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Analog to Digital Converters Analog to Digital Converters g g g g
Usually the effects Usually the effects
of the systematic of the systematic of the systematic of the systematic
offsets can be offsets can be
minimized through minimized through
calibration or calibration or
accounted in accounted in
digital domain digital domain
Texas A&M University 77 Spring, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Digital to Analog Converters Digital to Analog Converters g g g g
Texas A&M University 78 Spring, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Practical Limitations Practical Limitations Practical Limitations Practical Limitations
Texas A&M University 79 Spring, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Practical Limitations Practical Limitations
Texas A&M University 80 Spring, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Practical Limitations Practical Limitations
DNL b ll l 1 LSB DNL b ll l 1 LSB
Texas A&M University 81 Spring, 2011
DNL must be smaller or equal to 1 LSB DNL must be smaller or equal to 1 LSB
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Practical Limitations Practical Limitations
Texas A&M University 82 Spring, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Offset Voltages Offset Voltages gg
Texas A&M University 83 Spring, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Practical Limitations Practical Limitations Practical Limitations Practical Limitations
Texas A&M University 84 Spring, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Texas A&M University 85 Spring, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Texas A&M University 86 Spring, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Texas A&M University 87 Spring, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Texas A&M University 88 Spring, 2011
Fundamentals on ADCs: Part I J ose Silva-Martinez
Texas A&M University 89 Spring, 2011