Center for Dark Energy Biosphere Investigations STC Annual Report 2011

I. GENERAL INFORMATION 1. Center general information 2. Context statement II. RESEARCH 1. Overall research goals and/or objectives 2. Research activities III. EDUCATION 1. Overall education goals and/or objectives 2. Educational activities IV. KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER 1. Overall knowledge transfer goals and/or objectives 2. Knowledge transfer activities V. EXTERNAL PARTNERSHIPS 1. Overall goals and/or objectives for developing external partnerships 2. External partnership activities VI. DIVERSITY 1. Overall goals and/or objectives related to increasing diversity 2. Diversity activities VII. MANAGEMENT 1. Organizational strategy 2. Management and communications systems 3. Internal and external advisors VIII. CENTER-WIDE OUTPUTS AND ISSUES 1. Center publications and presentations 2. Awards and other honors 3. Undergraduate, M.S. and Ph.D. graduates 4. Outputs of knowledge transfer activities 5. Participants 6. Institutional partners 7. Summary table on participants, affiliates, and partners 8. Media publicity 3

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IX. INDIRECT/OTHER IMPACTS 1. International activities 2. Other outputs, impacts, or influences

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APPENDIX A New Faculty Members APPENDIX B Theme Team Workshop Report: Extent of Life APPENDIX C Theme Team Workshop Report: Evolution and Survival of Life APPENDIX D Theme Team Workshop Report: Limits to Life APPENDIX E Public Awareness APPENDIX F Participants and Affiliates APPENDIX G GEM Course Evaluation APPENDIX H Management Organizational Structure APPENDIX I Advisory Committee Summary APPENDIX J Institutional Partners APPENDIX K Distributable Media

I. GENERAL INFORMATION
1a. Center general information Date submitted Reporting period Center Center Director Lead University Co-PI Participating Institution Co-PI Participating Institution Co-PI Participating Institution Co-PI Participating Institution 1/1/2012 1/1/2011 - 12/31/2011 Center for Dark Energy Biosphere Investigations Katrina J. Edwards University of Southern California Andrew T. Fisher University of California Santa Cruz Steven L. DHondt University of Rhode Island C. Geoffrey Wheat University of Alaska Fairbanks James Cowen University of Hawaii at Manoa

1b. Brief biographical information, in one page or less, for each new faculty member by institution. See Appendix A. 1c. Primary person to contact with any questions regarding this report Name of Individual Center role Address Phone Number Fax Number Katrina Edwards Director 3616 Trousdale Pkwy, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0371 213-821-4390 213-740-8123

Email Address 2. Context statement

kje@usc.edu

C-DEBI bundles and coordinates US-lead deep subseafloor biosphere projects and coordinates them with international partners to accomplish an integrated, global scientific mission to solve questions regarding the nature, diversity, extent, and activity of the marine deep biosphere. This center is multi-institutional with international partnerships, with additional science and engineering liaisons and partnerships from a host of for- and not-for-profit agencies and a national laboratory. C-DEBI integrates scientific projects across two deep subseafloor biosphere environments (igneous ocean crust and sediments) that have historically been studied independently, and among locations that span the globe. Marine sediments can accumulate in kilometer-thick sequences in coastal areas, margin terrain, and abyssal plains of the ocean. These sediments are mineralogical and geochemical reservoirs of information about the environment in which each layer was deposited. Chemical processes in sediments are often dictated by diffusion and reaction kinetics, which operate very slowly over long length scales. As such, sediments record Earths history, containing information about, for example, past glaciations and deglaciations and climactic and geochemical events. However, since the discovery of extant, metabolically active microbial life harbored within deeply buried sediments to at least 1.6 km depth below the seabed, it is now known that they represent a complex reservoir of past and present life processes and biogeochemical activity, as well as localized time-capsules of microbial evolution. The igneous ocean crust is composed of porous and permeable volcanic rock, principally basalt, but also ultramafic rocks at some settings. These rocks outcrop at midocean ridges (MORs) where frequent eruptions build new crust, and also at seamounts (a global population of 107-108), fracture zones, and large igneous provinces. Young ocean crust typically remains uncovered by sediments for thousands to millions of years on the flanks of the MORs, but is eventually covered by sediment in the abyssal plains of the ocean, and eventually subducted at trenches. The extrusive part of the igneous crust (generally 300-1000 m thick) is fractured and permeable to fluid, and comprises the largest aquifer on Earth. Most of the oceanic crust is hydrologically active and the fluid flux through the ocean crust rivals global riverine input to the oceans. This flow is sufficient to recycle the entire volume of the global ocean through the seafloor every 105 - 106 years, and to recycle the volume of crustal pore fluids every 103 - 104 years. Solutes and colloidsmicrobes included in this fractioncirculate actively through the ocean crustal aquifer, but the degree to which microbes take seed, colonize, alter, and evolve in subsurface rock is not known. C-DEBI links and leverages research in the deep biosphere from the crust and sediment marine realms, through scientific integration of independently-developed USlead deep subseafloor biosphere projects supported by the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program System (IODP), in order to conduct an integrated global mission: to resolve the

extent, function, dynamics and implications of the subseafloor biosphere. The three USlead programs that formed the initial core of mission field projects were developed by the PI group: Edwards (USC) and Wheat (UAF) (North Pond, mid-Atlantic); Fisher (UCSC) and Cowen (UH) (Juan de Fuca, Pacific NW); DHondt (URI) and Edwards (USC) (South Pacific Gyre). C-DEBI serves as: (1) a coordination and cyber infrastructural hub for an international community of researchers; and (2) a scientific incubator that will revolutionize efforts to develop additional field, laboratory, and modeling experiments. CDEBI integrates and collaborates with German, Japanese, Danish, Japanese, Taiwanese and Chinese researchers, and bring deep subseafloor marine biosphere projects developed in those countries into the C-DEBI framework. C-DEBI serves as a bridge between the scientific community of subseafloor biosphere researchers and drilling partners (Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, Ocean Leadership, industry). CDEBIs goals are to serve as an international model for project coordination and integration, establishing the intellectual, educational, technological, cyber-infrastructural, and collaborative framework needed for transformative experimental and exploratory research on the subseafloor biosphere. C-DEBI is also creating distinctive educational programs at the K-12, undergraduate, graduate, and postdoctoral levels in order to train and foster the next generation of deep subseafloor biosphere researchers. This is critical to ensure the robust continued development of this new field, and will arm the field with the brightest and most creative young minds that can take what has been built over the past decade, to expand it in this decade via C-DEBI. C-DEBI also focuses on translating knowledge of the deep subseafloor biosphere and ocean sciences to the broader public. We are accomplishing this in part through core education programs that interact with public policy, administration, and other education fields, and also by diverse lecture programs and other outreach mechanisms that promote broad dissemination of information and increased awareness of the existence and potential importance of the subseafloor biosphere. C-DEBI is supporting undergraduate, graduate, postdoctoral studies and research. C-DEBI is working closely with the COSEE-West framewor in order to integrate C-DEBI faculty, postdoctoral, and graduate students into science education. As part of C-DEBI, faculty are working with COSEE-West staff and teachers to create new curriculum elements and lesson plans that explore the topics of C-DEBI research and link it directly to the California State Science Standards. Efforts are also underway to directly connect C-DEBI research to traditionally underserved youth in the Pacific. Lesson plans and units incorporating Hawaii State Science Standards are being developed and piloted in classrooms with diverse ethnic populations. C-DEBI researchers and educators are partnering with the common goal of inspiring youth from a variety of ethnic backgrounds, specifically Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders, to pursue a career in the sciences. Notable Accomplishments thus far include: 1. Successful execution of IODP Expedition 327, Juan de Fuca; 2. Successful execution of IODP Expedition 329, South Pacific Gyre;

3. Successful execution of IODP Expedition 336, North Pond; 4. Successful execution of Atlantis cruise AT18-07, Juan de Fuca; 5. New partnerships with industry and scientists for technology and knowledge transfer; 6. Establishment of a comprehensive web-site; 7. Establishment of our small grants programs (research, education and outreach, postdoctorals, and student fellowship) and successful funding of a number of new projects & researchers, including many that are new to deep biosphere research; 8. Establishment of many of our education programs including the implementation of our undergraduate summer course GEM; 9. Successfully secured new funding for C-DEBI for science and technology; 10. Establishment of our External Advisory Board; 11. Completion of our first all-hands meeting (May 14-15 2011); 12. Completion of three theme team workshops; 13. Planning complete for our 2012 Bremen DEBI-RCN training workshop; 14. Completion of our first networked speaker series internet event; 15. Establishment of video conferencing facilities; 16. Proposed and successfully funded a C-DEBI field program to conduct surveys and sampling of a new field site, near Dorado outcrop, which (if successful) is to become one of the next Major Field Programs for the STC; 17. Establishment of ethics oversight committee and implementation of an on-line ethics training module.

II. RESEARCH
1a. Centers overall research goals and/or objectives Goal Statement: Produce transformative, synergistic research through an inclusive collaborative culture that crosses disciplinary and institutional boundaries and is embedded throughout the Centers activities. Description: C-DEBI brings together diverse deep subseafloor biosphere projects and coordinates them with international partners to accomplish an integrated, global scientific mission to solve questions regarding the nature, diversity, extent, and activity of the marine deep biosphere. Deep subseafloor biosphere studies seek to answer questions that range from the exploratory and census-level to some of the most complex in the Earth and life sciences. Deep subseafloor habitats are vast in scale up to one third of Earth's biomass may be harbored in the deep marine subseafloor and are physically and chemically diverse. What these deep subseafloor biosphere habitats have in common is that they exist in the dark, one or more steps removed from the photosynthetic activity that fuels the surface biosphere. Energy and carbon cycling in the deep subseafloor biosphere have profound implications for resolving global redox and carbon budgets, and thus may have considerable societal impact. However, quantification of the nature, extent, and implications of this dark biosphere is challenging, and little is known about how these systems operate, evolve, and survive. Fundamental questions about the dark biosphere that have far reaching consequences for life on Earth and beyond include: What is the nature and extent of life on Earth? What are the physico-chemical limits of life on Earth? How metabolically active is the deep subseafloor biosphere, and what are the most important redox processes? Are there exotic metabolic processes occurring? How are microbes dispersed in the deep subseafloor biosphere? How does life evolve in deeply buried geological deposits beneath the ocean floor? These questions are diverse and demand interdisciplinary research approaches in microbiology, molecular biology, geology, geochemistry, engineering, hydrology and other disciplines. C-DEBI research is important to studies of energy creation, climate change, and the nature of evolution of life on Earth. To address these challenges, C-DEBI focuses and integrates across four broad C-DEBI Research Themes (see below). Questions are addressed within these themes by linking deep subseafloor biosphere projects with specific C-DEBI themes and goals. The linked C-DEBI projects embrace a strategy of "contrast, compare, and integrate" between deep subseafloor biosphere sites where specific environmental controls, processes, and dynamics relating to C-DEBI research themes can be resolved. The C-DEBI cross-site research agenda is addressed through integrative center infrastructure, which will fundamentally change the nature of how deep

subseafloor biosphere research is conducted, resulting in transformative advances in the field. 1b. Performance and management indicators/metrics 1. Manage the three major IODP field programs (two with associated multi year non-IODP cruises associated) and develop momentum in new areas that transform the understanding of life, particularly subsurface life; 2. Develop the four research theme areas in order to grow and cross fertilize between major field projects; 3. Develop and implement cross disciplinary and cross-institutional training through small grants programs: research grants, student and postdoctoral fellowships, research exchanges. 1c. Problems encountered and addressed C-DEBI has embraced technically challenging projects, and there have been setbacks on effort to establish and maintain long-term borehole observatories (CORKs). Nevertheless, experience shows that determination, creativity, and flexibility can help to solve challenging technical problems. For example, an old CORK system that was supposed to be recovered and replaced during IODP Expedition 327 in Summer 2010 could not be removed from the seafloor. In response, project researchers worked with engineering personnel to develop a system of tools that could be designed, constructed, and deployed in just five months, allowing personnel to "retrofit" the existing CORK. Similarly, challenging subseafloor conditions and a lack of time and materials prevented emplacement of a third CORK system during IODP Expedition 327 in Summer 2010, but researchers and engineering staff are working on developing a new CORK system that can be deployed with a remotely-operated vehicle in 2012. Similar operational challenges related to CORK deployments were encountered during expedition 336 in the fall of 2011. During deployment of one CORK at Hole 395A, the well head severed and broke loose within the deployment tool, which will preclude well-head operations at that hole over the next few years. However, the downhole instruments and experiments are believed to be sealed and in fine shape, and will be recovered in four years. During initial drilling of another hole, Hole 1383B, a drill bit broke and was lodged in the hole, necessitating the initiation of another new hole at the same site, Hole 1383C, which was successful. Hole 1383B, however, remains a viable hole, and through working with engineers and scientists, we have developed plans for installation of a new CORK there in spring 2011 using the ROV Jason when we return to North Pond. This will essentially give us a new observatory hole. Through these and related efforts, C-DEBI personnel are completing mission-critical operations that will make it possible to achieve ambitious scientific goals, as described below.

2a. Research thrust areas at the Center C-DEBI research thrusts are integrated in two primary ways: i) focus study sites and ii) broad research themes. The primary focus study sites are the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge (led by C-DEBI co-Investigators Andrew Fisher and James Cowen), the South Pacific Gyre (Steven DHondt), and North Pond on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Katrina Edwards and Geoff Wheat). Research themes include the activity in the deep subseafloor biosphere (led by Wiebke Ziebis); the extent of life, including biogeography and dispersal (Andreas Teske); the limits of life (Tom McCollom); and evolution and survival (William Nelson). Focus Study Sites Eastern Flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge: The focus at this study site is on the hydrogeologic architecture of basaltic ocean crust, including the compartmentalization, anisotropy, microbiology, and crustal-scale properties in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. IODP Expedition 327, led by co-chief scientists A. T. Fisher and T. Tsuji, was part of a series of long-term multidisciplinary experiments that built from technical and scientific achievements and lessons learned in the same area during ODP Leg 168 and IODP Expedition 301. The main goals of these experiments are to evaluate formation-scale hydrogeologic properties (transmission and storage) within oceanic crust; determine how fluid pathways are distributed within an active hydrothermal system; establish links between fluid circulation, alteration, and geomicrobial processes; and determine relations between seismic and hydrologic anisotropy. Key goals of Expedition 327 included: drilling new holes into basement to collect core and initiate or complete hydrogeologic experiments; installing CORKs in two new holes in oceanic crust; replacing an observatory in an existing hole (ODP Hole 1027C) after deepening that hole, to facilitate long term monitoring; and recovering and replacing an instrument string deployed in one of the Expedition 301 subseafloor borehole observatories in Hole 1301B. Secondary objectives included sediment coring at a series of sites adjacent to basement outcrops and buried basement highs to assess the nature of fluid, heat, and solute transport in the igneous crust. Instruments developed for the new CORK systems deployed on Expedition 327 included temperature and pressure loggers to monitor multiple depths, long-term fluid samplers, and microbiological incubation substrate. Following Expedition 327, a series of non-drilling expeditions are using a remotely operated vehicle to service the CORKs, collect samples, and complete large-scale, cross-hole experiments. IODP Expedition 327 successfully completed the highest priority objectives of drilling and coring two new basement holes at Site U1362, located between Sites 1301 and 1026, and installing new long-term borehole observatories. Hole U1362A was cored and drilled to 528 meters below seafloor (mbsf) (292 meters sub-basement [msb]), subjected to geophysical logging and hydrologic testing, and instrumented with a multilevel CORK observatory. Hole U1362B was drilled to 359 mbsf (117 msb), subjected to a 24 h pumping and multi-tracer injection experiment, and instrumented

with a single-level CORK observatory. New CORK observatories include monitoring of pressure and temperature and downhole fluid and microbiology sampling. In addition, part of an instrument string deployed in Hole U1301B during Expedition 301 was recovered, and a replacement string of thermal sensors was installed. Finally, a program of shallow sediment coring was completed adjacent to Grizzly Bare outcrop, a suspected site of regional hydrothermal recharge. Thermal measurements and analyses of pore fluid and microbiological samples from a series of holes aligned radially from the outcrop edge will elucidate rates of fluid transport and evolution during the initial stages of ridgeflank hydrothermal circulation. Unfortunately, the old CORK installed in Hole 1027C could not be recovered, so a new CORK could not be installed in this location during Expedition 327. Planning began during the expedition for development of tools to make the existing CORK system usable for planned experiments. This was to require: removing an old data logger (corroded into the top of the wellhead), emplacement of an insert and manifold that would permit pressure monitoring, and connection of a new pressure gauge and monitoring system, all to be accomplished using an ROV. The insert and manifold were also designed to accommodate future sampling and monitoring instrumentation. Work on custom tools and system components began in early 2011 so that parts would be delivered in time for the June 2011 expedition Expedition AT18-07 in Summer 2011 was a tremendous success, with all primary objectives achieved. These included retrofitting of the Hole 1027C CORK, as described above, downloading pressure from all CORK systems in the area, swapping out longterm fluid and microbial sampling systems, collection of large volume, high-quality borehole fluid samples, and deployment of a long-term flowmeter system to monitor discharge of hydrothermal fluids during a one-year, cross-hole flow experiment. This experiment was begun in July 2011 and will continue until researchers return to the site in Summer 2012, during the next CORK servicing expedition. South Pacific Gyre: The focus at this study site is on life beneath the seafloor of the South Pacific Gyre. IODP Expedition 329, led by Co-chief scientists Steven DHondt and Fumio Inagaki, cored and logged deep-sea sediment and basaltic basement at seven sites in the South Pacific Gyre. The seven sites were selected to test effects of oceanographic conditions (productivity, distance from shore, water depth, etc.) and basement conditions [basement age (6 Ma to 84-124.6 Ma), basement structure, aquifer recharge rate, etc.] on microbial communities in the subseafloor sediment and underlying basalt, respectively. The primary purposes of this project are to (a) document the nature of microbial communities and test the energetic limit to life in the most food-poor deep-sea sediment, and (b) test the influence of basement age and sediment thickness on basement habitability, microbial communities, and the hydrologic evolution of crustal basalt. This project is addressing fundamental questions about subseafloor life, including the following: Are the communities in mid-gyre subseafloor sediments uniquely structured (i.e., as this is the first mid-gyre microbiology expedition, how do these communities compare to those previously studied nearer to the continents)? Do they contain

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previously unknown kinds of organisms? Is their primary electron donor organic matter from the surface world or hydrogen from in situ radioactive splitting of water? Do their activities and composition vary with properties of the surface world, such as sea surface chlorophyll concentrations or organic flux to the seafloor? Is microbial activity sustainable in subseafloor basalt by mineral oxidation (e.g., oxidation of iron in the basaltic minerals) or other processes for tens of Myrs after basalt formation? Are microbial communities recognizably present in subseafloor basalts older than 13 Ma? The entire sediment column, from seafloor to sediment/basalt interface, was recovered at all sites; it ranged from site to site in thickness from 10.5 to 122.5 meters. Fragments of basaltic basement were recovered at all seven sites, and the basement was cored at three of the sites to between 35.5 and 103.3 meters below the sediment/basalt interface. The subseafloor habitat and life are fundamentally different in the South Pacific Gyre (SPG) than in the deep anoxic sediment previously drilled in other parts of the ocean. Dissolved O2 and dissolved major nutrients (C, N, P) are present throughout the entire sediment sequence and the upper basaltic basement of the SPG. Although heterotrophic O2 reduction (aerobic respiration) persists for millions of years in SPG sediment (which accumulates very slowly), it falls below minimum detection just a few meters to tens of meters beneath the SPG seafloor. Cell concentrations approach minimum detection at similar depths, but are intermittently detectable throughout the entire sediment sequence. In situ radiolysis of water may be a significant source of energy for the microbes that inhabit the deepest (oldest) sediment. North Pond Mid-Atlantic Ridge: The focus at this study site is on the microbiology of a sediment pond and the underlying young, cold, hydrologically-active ridge flank. IODP Expedition 336, led by Co-chief scientists Katrina Edwards and Wolfgang Bach, sampled and initiated experiments at North Pond, a shallow sediment pond on the western flank of the mid-Atlantic ridge. Prior expeditions to North Pond have set the stage: young oceanic crust (7-8 m.y.) with active, low temperature, oxygenated fluids that vigorously advect through basaltic basement. Such a thermal and hydrologic setting is characteristic of large portions of the global ridge flank system, where a significant fraction of lithospheric heat is lost via hydrothermal processes, and the associated fluidmicrobe-rock reactions significantly alter the composition of the oceans and crust. The role that microbes play in altering the physical and chemical characteristics of the crust in ridge flank settings may be substantial, and quantifying this alteration is a fundamental goal of IODP in general. Evidence for microbial alteration exists, yet scientists lack robust molecular, biochemical, or physiological data so needed to understand the very nature of microbial processes in the oceanic lithosphere. To address this lack of knowledge related to this fundamental crustal process, the work associated with the North Pond Expedition strives to answer three fundamental questions: (a) What is the nature of microbial communities harbored in young ridge flanks and what is their role in ocean crust alteration? (b) Are these communities unique, particularly in comparison with seafloor and sedimentary communities? (c) Where do deep-seated microbial communities come from (sediment, rock, seawater,

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other)? To address these questions the expedition had two major thrusts. The first was to recover materials (sediment and basalt) for extensive chemical, microbial, and physical testing. Samples were collected during the drilling expedition, but most of the analysis will occur ashore. The second thrust of the expedition was to deploy borehole observatories, allowing researchers to place experiments within the borehole and also at the seafloor where plumbing systems pump fluids from within the basaltic crust to experiments on the seafloor. Several experiments and sampling protocols were developed and applied during Expedition 336, providing a foundation of information, but a variety of additional experiments and samplers will be accommodated during the first submersible cruise, which will occur in early 2012, four months after completion of drilling operations. In summary, the overall goals for Expedition 336 were to: 1. Re-instrument 395A with CORK-II ! Three packed off observatory intervals - upper, middle, deep 2. Establish 2 new CORKed observatories in basement ! One shorty 100 m into basement for upper oceanic observations and experiments - one packed off observatory just below sediment/basement interface ! One deep 500 m observatory with 2 packed off observatory intervals at depth (200-300 m and 400 m) 3. Basement coring 4. Sediment coring Accomplishments during Expedition 336 include: 1. Re-instrument 395A with CORK-II ! Three packed off observatory intervals - upper, middle, deep ! BUT well-head was broken off during un-Jing. 2. Establish 2 new CORKed observatories in basement ! One shorty 100 m into basement for upper oceanic observations and experiments - one packed off observatory just below sediment/basement interface ! One deep 300 m observatory with 3 packed off observatory intervals at depth 3. Established an additional new hole with casing & re-entry system that will be instumented in spring 2012 during the Merian cruise 4. Basement coring 5. Sediment coring Overall, the research expedition was a great success, with many experiments initiated and many samples collected, both of which will be the focus of intensive study for the next ten years.

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Research Themes C-DEBI research is integrated across four broad themes. Here, we summarize the fundamental ideas behind each theme. The subsequent section of this report provides an overview of thematic accomplishments. Activity in the deep subseafloor biosphere: This research theme targets function and rates of global biogeochemical processes. How and to what extent these processes exert fundamental influence on the biogeochemistry of the ocean and atmosphere are fundamental questions. Conventional oceanographic, submersible/ROV, and drilling expeditions are advancing our understanding on the nature of the subsurface habitats and on the activities of sedimentary microbial communities. The investigations shed light on how deep microorganisms persist in even the most oligotrophic areas of the world ocean, like the South Pacific Gyre, and target questions on how the communities are sustained (energy, carbon sources). The highly successful site survey cruises to the South Pacific and the Mid-Atlantic have demonstrated that oxygen persists meters into the seafloor. In contrast to near-shelf sediments, oxygen appears to be the most dominant electron acceptor for microbial respiration. Drilling and coring through the entire sediment column allows assessment of oxygen penetration into the underlying crust. We need to know the respiration rates within different ocean areas and sediment depths to estimate the global respiration rates. Oxidation of organic carbon leads to a major source of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) to the ocean. Because the geographic and depth distribution of organic carbon degradation is poorly quantified, the global effect is not well known. Some important questions include: Does an entirely aerobic community persist throughout the sediment column, or is it replaced by an anerobic community at depth? What are the potential electron donors supporting microbial communities especially at greater depth? Does a heterotrophic or autotrophic metabolism dominate? We know that there is fluid flow in the basalt, especially in young ocean crust. It remains an open question, however, to what crustal age fluid flow continues. We need to know the effects of oxidants being transported in crustal aquifers and diffusing upward into the overlying sediment on microbial activity and the nature of the microbial communities. Water-rock weathering reactions in the ocean crust impose significant negative feedback on atmospheric CO2, accounting for ~30% of the silicate-drawdown globally. Microbes are known to promote these reactions in the laboratory and at the seafloor, but the degree to which they influence these processes in situ in the subseafloor remains unknown. Through targeted support of research aiming to quantify geographic distributions of subseafloor sedimentary respiration, rates and magnitude of microbial crustal alteration, energy sources and carbon flow, C-DEBI enables robust analyses linking subseafloor processes to global scales and biogeochemical cycles. Extent of life: This research theme targets subseafloor biomes and the degree of connectivity (biogeography and dispersal). It is widely accepted that there is a deep subseafloor biosphereintraterrestrial microbes that appear to represent a significant

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biosphere in sediments and rock below the bottom of the ocean. How microbes are transported and dispersed in the deep subseafloor biospherethe biogeography of microbesis an open and intriguing problem. Questions concerning biogeography speak to the most fundamental problems in microbiologythe extent and diversity of microbial life across the full spectrum of microbial habitats on Earthand date at least back to the Baas-Becking hypothesis that 'everything is everywhere, but, the environment selects'. The variety of dispersal mechanisms for microbes to deep subseafloor habitats, and the vast spatial- and time-scales we consider, presents opportunities to address fundamental questions in this field. As discussed above, it is well documented that tremendous volumes of seawater infiltrate the crust and hence, seawater is likely a source of inoculum "seeding" subseafloor biomes. The transport time for fluid to travel through different crustal aquifers varies enormously, as do the physical and chemical conditions of these fluids and any microbiology they carry. Deep sea sediments remain in exchange with seawater at their top and bottom layers via the overlying water column and deep crustal aquifers. What microbes take seed and why? What are the most significant physical and chemical controls of these colonization processes? How similar or different are the resulting crustal and sedimentary ecosystems from deep subseafloor ecosystems and from each other? We expect that geochemical and physical site parameters will shape the patterns of archaeal and bacterial community compositions. Questions relating to biogeography are a cornerstone component of C-DEBI, because it is only through inter-project comparisons that true headway in comparing these ecosystems may be made. Each site and project is an island in and of itself, but when compared with this disparate set of habitats, will coalesce as a global model for biogeography of microbes below the ocean floor. Limits of life: This research theme targets the extremes and norms of carbon, energy, nutrient, temperature, pressure, and pH, with the objective of understanding how these factors influence the distribution and diversity of life within seafloor sediments and ocean crust. One particular focus is to define the boundaries between habitable and uninhabitable environments. While high temperatures are likely to be encountered at depth and will probably be a critical limitation in many areas, this is likely to be convolved with other factors. Low availability of electron donors, limited fluid circulation, and accumulation of metabolic waste products are some other factors that may limit the distribution of life in the subseafloor. It is also anticipated that the very different environments within marine sediments and the igneous ocean crust will lead to substantial differences in the relative importance of critical factors in limiting subsurface life. Simply put, common microbial processes may be more thermotolerant than previously known. For example, an ongoing survey of near-surface hydrothermal Guaymas Basin sediments is extending the upper temperature limit of anaerobic methane oxidation, a process previously found only in cold marine sediments. The ongoing field studies at Juan de Fuca, North Pond, and the South Pacific Gyre are providing raw data and new insights into the factors that limit subsurface life. So far, 16S rRNA sequencing has identified microbial communities in surficial sediments

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of the South Pacific Gyre. Also, sequences from deeper sediment layers were obtained only at the margins of the South Pacific Gyre, but indicated strong redox stratification of bacterial and archaeal communities. Evolution and survival of life: This research theme targets microbial adaptation, enrichment, and repair. The question of persistence of life from the perspective of metabolic processes and growth can be distilled to the concept of survival at the edge of bioenergetics and redox processes. The metabolic rates proposed for subsurface microbes are up to six orders of magnitude below respiration rates observed in microbial cultures and in environmental microbes in surface sediments and challenge our current understanding of the functioning of life (i.e., having enough energy to maintain charge potential across a cell membrane). Observations of living cells with intact polar membrane lipids lead to the inference that subseafloor sedimentary microbes must persist at extremely low rates of activity per cell. Additionally, studies have shown that the subseafloor hosts extremely unique microbial communities that are distinct from surface habitats. For example, the archaeal communities of oxic and nitrate-reducing South Pacific Gyre sediments form sediment-associated phylogenetic clusters branching off from previously known water column lineages; in deeper sediment layers, entirely different archaeal lineages predominate. Why are these microbial groups so prevalent in the subsurface? Are there distinct adaptations that are common to the subseafloor biosphere? Since most subsurface microbes are recalcitrant to cultivation, answers to questions about their adaptation, evolution and survival need to be answered through genetic analysis. Genetic-based studies of deep subseafloor biosphere to date have used targeted polymerase-chain reaction (PCR) based approaches to examine phylogenetic genes and on occasion, ribosomal sequencing and analysis has been performed. More rarely, PCR based approaches for looking at functional genes encoding for important biogeochemical processes (methane, iron, etc.) have been targeted. However, research concerning questions about survival and evolution in the subseafloor has not yet emerged among the core foci in subseafloor biosphere studies, nor have research approaches that take a broader-scale view of the genetic content of microbes buried beneath the seafloor. We envision that studies will embrace a compare-andcontrast approach across our C-DEBI field projects examining the total gene content of the deep subseafloor biosphere using metagenomics-based approaches. The term "metagenomics" includes a variety of whole-genome approaches such as shot-gun sequencing, vector-based library tools, whole-genome amplifications, and other specialized methods. Our first-glimpse at the use of metagenomics in the deep subseafloor biosphere illustrates its potential power for evolutionary questions. As part of the initial "census" of life in subseafloor sediments, it has emerged that globally, cell abundances decrease logarithmically with depth. A consequence of this decrease is that with depth, microbes become increasingly isolated from each other, owing to the fact that chemical exchange in sediments is dictated by diffusion, which operates slowly over long length scales. Hence, we may hypothesize that an evolutionary consequence of this increasing

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isolation may be the loss of genes for functions such as chemotaxis and quorum sensing, which may not be needed as cells become isolated. Indeed, metagenomic surveys of sediments from the Peru Margin show that genes for chemotaxis decrease with depth, suggesting that further metagenomics surveys and cross-comparisons may yield exciting new insights on microbial evolution on Earth. Through project integration with C-DEBI, we will be able to integrate and compare these finding with metagenomics surveys at other sites and in distinct biomes. 2b. Performance with respect to the indicators/metrics 1. Manage the three major field programs and develop momentum in new areas that transform the understanding of life, particularly subsurface life. a. Support Major Field Projects i. Years 1-3: Active Major Field Projects 1. Supporting Major Field Project IODP Expedition 327, RidgeFlank Hydrogeologic Properties and Processes & AT18-07, CORK servicing Research as part of all three major field programs was active during the reporting period. The Juan de Fuca Flank program included a CORK maintenance and experimental expedition, AT18-07, which sought to achieve the following goals: (1) recover wellhead OsmoSampling systems deployed on pre-Expedition 327 CORKs in Summer 2010, and deploy new OsmoSampling systems on the new CORKs (for geochemical sampling and microbial growth experiments); (2) download long-term pressure data; (3) assess the condition and potentially retrofit the old CORK in Hole 1027C for pressure monitoring; (4) recover and deploy a long-term GeoMICROBE instrument and sampling sled used for autonomous, large-volume fluid sampling and electrochemistry; (5) collect large volumes of pristine crustal fluids for biogeochemical and microbiological studies from basaltic crustal depths below the CORKs using a variety of pumping, sampling and filtering systems; and (6) deploy an autonomous flowmeter on one of the Site U1362 CORKs, then open a ball valve to initiate a longterm, cross-hole flow experiment. All of these goals were accomplished. Work on this project generated four new publications, as reported below, and additional work continues based on samples and data recovered in Summer 2011. 2. Supporting Major Field Project IODP Expedition 329 South Pacific Gyre Shipboard studies of Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 329 (1) documented many fundamental aspects of subseafloor sedimentary habitats, metabolic activities, and biomass in the very low-activity sedimentary ecosystem of the South Pacific Gyre; (2) significantly improved understanding of how oceanographic factors control variation in subseafloor sedimentary habitats, activities, and biomass from gyre center to gyre margin; (3) quantified the availability of dissolved hydrogen throughout the

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sediment column; and (4) documented first-order patterns of basement habitability and potential microbial activities. A broad range of post-expedition studies will complete the expedition objectives. Expedition 329 sites are located along two transects, hinged in the center of the South Pacific Gyre. The first transect progresses from the western edge of the gyre (Site U1365) to the gyre center (Site U1368). The second transect goes from the gyre center (Site U1368) through the southern gyre edge (Site U1370) to the northern edge of the upwelling region south of the gyre (Site U1371). The dominant sedimentary lithology is zeolitic metalliferous clay at the deeper water sites on older basement (58 to "120 Ma) within the gyre (Sites U1365, U1366, U1369, and U1370). Manganese nodules occur at the seafloor and intermittently within the upper sediment column at these sites. Chert and porcellanite layers are pronounced in the lower half of the sediment column at Sites U1365 and U1366. The dominant lithology is carbonate ooze at Site U1368, the site on youngest basement (13.5 Ma) and, consequently, in the shallowest water. At Site U1371, which lies on relatively old basaltic basement (71.573 Ma) just south of the gyre, the dominant lithology is siliceous ooze, with metalliferous zeolitic clay at the base of the sediment column. Throughout the South Pacific Gyre (Sites U1365U1370), dissolved oxygen and dissolved nitrate are present throughout the entire sediment column. Concentration profiles of oxygen and nitrate demonstrate subseafloor O2 loss and NO3 production and indicate that the subseafloor rate of microbial respiration is generally extremely low. In contrast, at Site U1371 in the upwelling zone just south of the gyre, detectable dissolved oxygen and dissolved nitrate are limited to just below the sediment/water interface and just above the sediment/basalt interface. Manganese reduction is a prominent electronaccepting process throughout most of this sediment column. Geographic variation in subseafloor profiles of dissolved oxygen, dissolved nitrate, dissolved phosphate, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), solid-phase total organic carbon (TOC), and solid-phase total nitrogen (TN) are consistent with the magnitude of organic-fueled subseafloor respiration declining from outside the gyre to the gyre center. At all sites located within the gyre, microbial cell counts are a few orders of magnitude lower than at the same sediment depths at all sites previously cored by scientific ocean drilling. Microbial cell counts are generally higher at the site outside the gyre (Site U1371) than at the sites within the gyre but are lower than at all other sites previously drilled. Countable cells disappear within the upper sediment column at every site in the gyre (Sites U1365U1370). Dissolved oxygen content, dissolved nitrate concentration, TOC, and TN also decrease with depth and then stabilize as countable cells disappear. The downhole disappearance of countable cells and measurable organic oxidation appears to result from the disappearance of organic electron donors. Dissolved electron acceptors (oxygen at Sites U1365U1370 and sulfate at Site U1371), dissolved nitrate, dissolved phosphate, and DIC are present throughout the entire sediment column at all sites in the gyre, indicating that microbial life is not limited by availability of electron acceptors or major nutrients (carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus) in these sedimentary environments.

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Dissolved hydrogen concentration is below detection in the upper sediment column of all sites within the gyre. At most sites, it rises above detection with increasing depth. Because dissolved H2 is continually produced by in situ water radiolysis, the presence of dissolved H2 in many samples suggests that hydrogen-utilizing microbial activity is impaired or absent at sample depths where H2 concentration is detectable and oxygen is present. At Site U1371, which is anoxic throughout most of the sediment column, dissolved hydrogen concentration is low but above detection through much of the column, with slightly higher values at the base of the column. At the sites with oldest basement, alteration of the basement basalt continues on the timescale of formation fluid replacement. At all sites, the presence of dissolved oxygen in the lowermost sediment at below-deepwater concentrations suggests that either (1) basement oxidation has occurred since seawater migrated into the formation or (2) oxygen has been lost to the overlying sediment along the flow path. At the sites with deepest sediment (Sites U1365, U1370, and U1371), dissolved potassium profiles indicate that (1) dissolved potassium fluxes into the underlying basalt and (2) basalt alteration continues despite the great age of basement at all three sites (84120, 74 79.5, and 71.573 Ma, respectively). Profiles of dissolved oxygen, DIC, dissolved nitrate, and dissolved phosphate in the lowermost sediment at each site indicate that if microbial life is present in the uppermost basalt, it is not limited by access to electron acceptors (oxygen and nitrate) or major nutrients (carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus). 3. Supporting Major Field Project IODP Expedition 336 North Pond Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 336 successfully initiated subseafloor observatory science at a young mid-ocean-ridge flank setting. All of the drilled sites are located in the North Pond region of the Atlantic Ocean (2245#N, 4605#W) in 44144483 m water depth. This area is known from previous ocean drilling and site survey investigations as a site of particularly vigorous circulation of seawater in permeable 8 Ma basaltic basement underlying a <300 m thick sedimentary pile. Understanding how this seawater circulation affects microbial and geochemical processes in the uppermost basement was the primary science objective of Expedition 336. Basement was cored and wireline-logged in Holes U1382A and U1383C. Upper oceanic crust in Hole U1382A, which is only 50 m west of Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Hole 395A, was cored between 110 and 210 meters below seafloor (mbsf). Core recovery in basement was 31%, yielding a number of volcanic flow units with distinct geochemical and petrographic characteristics. A unit of sedimentary breccia containing clasts of basalt, gabbroic rocks, and mantle peridotite was found intercalated between two volcanic flow units and was interpreted as a rock slide deposit. From Hole U1383C we recovered 50.3 m of core between 69.5 and 331.5 mbsf. The basalts are aphyric to highly plagioclase-olivine-phyric tholeiites that fall on a liquid line of descent controlled by olivine fractionation. They are fresh to moderately altered, with clay minerals (saponite, nontronite, and celadonite), Fe oxyhydroxide, carbonate, and zeolite

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as secondary phases replacing glass and olivine to variable extents. In addition to traditional downhole logs, we also used a new logging tool for detecting in situ microbial life in ocean floor boreholesthe Deep Exploration Biosphere Investigative tool (DEBI-t). Sediment thickness was ~90 m at Sites U1382 and U1384 and varied between 38 and 52 m at Site U1383. The sediments are predominantly nannofossil ooze with layers of coarse foraminiferal sand and occasional pebble-size clasts of basalt, serpentinite, gabbroic rocks, and bivalve debris. The bottommost meters of sections cored with the advanced piston corer feature brown clay. Extended core barrel coring at the sediment/basement interface recovered <1 m of brecciated basalt with micritic limestone. Sediments were intensely sampled for geochemical pore water analyses and microbiological work. Shipboard determination of dissolved oxygen concentrations in the pore waters indicate pronounced C-shaped profiles, indicating diffusion of oxygen into the sedimentary pile from both interfaces and oxygen consumption by aerobic microbial activity within the sediments. Major strides in ridge-flank studies have been made with subseafloor borehole observatories (CORKs) because they facilitate combined hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological studies and controlled experimentation in the subseafloor. During Expedition 336, two fully functional observatories were installed in two newly drilled holes (U1382A and U1383C) and an instrument and sampling string were placed in an existing hole (395A). Although the CORK wellhead in Hole 395A broke off and Hole U1383B was abandoned after a bit failure, these holes and installations will be convenient for future observatory science targets. The CORK observatory in Hole U1382A has a packer seal in the bottom of the casing and monitors/samples a single zone in uppermost oceanic crust extending from 90 to 210 mbsf. Hole U1383C was equipped with a three-level CORK observatory that spans a zone of thin basalt flows with intercalated limestone (~70146 mbsf), a zone of glassy, thin basaltic flows and hyaloclastites (146200 mbsf), and a lowermost zone (~200 331.5 mbsf) of more massive pillow flows with occasional hyaloclastites in the upper part. ii. Years 1-5: Propose Additional Field Projects 1. One MFP per year

Researchers submitted a proposal to NSF to develop a new C-DEBI field area associated with Dorado outcrop, a seamount on 23 m.y. old seafloor on the eastern flank of the East Pacific Rise. This outcrop is geometrically similar to Baby Bare outcrop on the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, but sits on much older seafloor, yet is hypothesized to discharge one hundred to one thousand times as much cool hydrothermal fluid to the overlying ocean. If this is correct, Dorado outcrop could be a window into subseafloor fluid, chemical, thermal, and microbiological processes, contrasting with the similarly structured Baby Bare area, and the similarly cool North Pond area. This NSF proposal was funded, and fieldwork is planned for 2013. The Dorado outcrop area is a good candidate to be developed into a new C-DEBI MFP in 2014 and beyond. One additional proposal for Dorado for the microbiological work is still pending. In addition, US researchers worked with colleagues from University of Bremen

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to prepare a German proposal to fund seismic surveys in support of the Dorado project, and included funding in the US proposal budget for cross-participation on the US and German expeditions. 2. Five additional proposals per year A proposal was submitted 2010 to develop a C-DEBI field program on 106 M.y. old crust of the Madeira Abyssal Plain, one of the oldest locations known where there appears to be active hydrothermal circulation. This proposal was not approved, but researchers are working on a revised version. A proposal was submitted in Germany, by University of Bremen colleagues, for support of seismic surveys for the Dorado project. b. Number of publications/citations i. Year 2: 5 total publications per Major Field Project Our MFP publication targets for our first C-DEBI expedition to the Juan de Fuca (IODP 327) have been met (see citations below). The publications for the latter expeditions (South Pacific Gyre and North Pond) are in preparation, submitted, or under review. 1. Fisher, A. T., C. G. Wheat, K. Becker, J. Cowen, B. Orcutt, S. Hulme, K. Inderbitzen, A. Turner, T. Pettigrew, E. E. Davis, H. Jannasch, K. Grigar, R. Adudell, R. Meldrum, R. Macdonald, and K. Edwards. 2011. Design, deployment, and status of borehole observatory systems used for single-hole and cross-hole experiments, IODP Expedition 327, eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. In Proceedings of the IODP, Expedition 327, edited by A. T. Fisher, T. Tsuji and K. Petronotis, Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX. C-DEBI Contribution 101. 2. Fisher, A. T., J. Cowen, C. G. Wheat, and J. F. Clark. 2011. Preparation and injection of fluid tracers during IODP Expedition 327, eastern flank of Juan de Fuca Ridge. In Proceedings of the IODP, Expedition 327, edited by A. T. Fisher, T. Tsuji and K. Petronotis, Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX. C-DEBI Contribution 102. 3. Wheat, C. G., H. W. Jannasch, M. Kastner, S. Hulme, J. Cowen, K. J. Edwards, B. N. Orcutt, and B. Glazer. 2011. Fluid sampling from oceanic borehole observatories: Design and methods for CORK activities (1990-2010). In Proceedings of the IODP, Expedition 327, edited by A. T. Fisher, T. Tsuji, and K. Petronotis, Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX. C-DEBI Contribution 103. 4. Orcutt, B. N., D. Bowman, K. Inderbitzen, A. Haddad, A. T. Fisher, and L. Peart. 2011. The 'Adopt-A-Microbe' Project: Web-based interactive microbiology education connected with scientific ocean drilling. Current: The Journal of Marine Education 27, 3. C-DEBI Contribution 107.

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5. Cowen, J. P., D. Copson, J. Jolly, C.-C. Hsieh, H.-T. Lin, B. T. Glazer, and C. G. Wheat. 2011. Advanced instrument system for real-time and time-series microbial geochemical sampling of the deep (basaltic) crustal biosphere. Deep Sea Research I 61, 43-56. C-DEBI Contribution 113. 6. Smith, A., R. Popa, M. Fisk, M. Nielsen, C. G. Wheat, H. W. Jannasch, A. T. Fisher, K. Becker, S. M. Sievert, and G. Flores. 2011. In situ enrichment of ocean crust microbes on igneous minerals and glasses using an osmotic flow-through device. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 12. C-DEBI Contribution 114. ii. Year 5: 20 total publications per Major Field Project c. Number of new techniques and tools developed and/or applied i. Years 1-5: 6 total method/instrument paper 1. New techniques and tools in development Researchers working on the Juan de Fuca Flank program, on Expedition AT1807, developed and deployed a new autonomous, electromagnetic flow meter on the wellhead in Hole U1362B. This flowmeter is now being used for a long-term cross-hole discharge test and permitting collection of high quality fluid and microbial samples from the wellhead. Researchers have developed advanced seafloor sled instrumented with a suite of geochemical and physical sensors and time-series fluid collection and in situ filtration. System is designed for long-term autonomous deployments coupled to CORK observatory fluid delivery lines. One GeoMICROBE sled is currently deployed at Hole U1362A on the flanks of the Juan de Fuca Ridge and two new sleds will be deployed at North Pond in spring, 2012. Researchers also developed a Mobile Pumping (and sensing) System, a derivative of the GeoMICROBE, carried by and operated directly by ROV, to collect large volumes of pristine fluids for diverse biogeochemical and microbial studies. The MPS is connected to the CORK fluid lines and used in real time. Researchers also developed and deployed a new tool for in-situ "mapping" of microbial density within crustal boreholes during IODP Expedition 336. The tool, DEBI-t, was used successfully during the expedition (see above). Researchers are developing a heat flow probe insertion frame to improve the quality of thermal measurements made in support of C-DEBI research. Target date for initial deployment is Dorado projecet in 2013, but a prototype may be tested during Spring or Summer 2012 on other C-DEBI expeditions, if it can be constructed in time. 2. Develop the four research theme areas in order to grow and cross fertilize between major field projects and facilitate the development of new projects that would not have been realized without the mechanism of the STC a. Number of new research proposals developed i. Years 3-5: Research themes produce at least 1 MFP per year

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The four theme teams were highly active over the past year, holding a series of community meeting and theme-focused workshops to address fundamental scientific and technical issues. A meeting on Deep Biosphere Sediment Microbiology was held at the University of North Carolina in March 2011, co-chaired by A. Teske, J. Biddle, and M. Schrenk. The workshop consisted of a series of keynote talks the first two mornings, short presentations by participants on the first afternoon, a poster session on the second (Monday) evening, four breakout discussion sessions arranged in pairs on two afternoons, and three rotating hands on training/demonstration sessions that took up the third day. Keynote speakers covered aspects of deep subsurface microbial diversity, activity, energy requirements, microbial survival tolerances, and new results from deep subsurface microbiology expeditions and laboratory experiments. Participants were also provided time and encouraged to make short single slide presentations in the afternoon of the first days plenary session to draw attention to key issues, new ideas or recent results related to studies of the subseafloor sediment microbiology. Participants presented 25 posters highlighting work completed or in progress involving subseafloor observatories and/or the deep biosphere, or conceptual proposals describing how to move the science forward through novel application of observatory technology for passive (monitoring) or active experiments. The intent of the workshop was to mix lecture and poster/discussion formats so as to encourage engagement and development of collaborative opportunities between individuals and groups that have not previously worked together or have had difficulty understanding each other's science. The environment was congenial for spontaneous, lively discussion; generous oxygen and coffee breaks allowed the attendees to remain attentive and focused for the duration of the workshop. On the basis of observations, comments and workshop evaluations, the workshop was successful in achieving these major objectives. See Appendix B for the full report. The inaugural convening of the Evolution and Survival Theme Team Meeting in April 2011 was led by Bill Nelson with the purpose of establishing a baseline for our understanding of the deep sub-seafloor communities and their environments, determining what questions pertaining to evolution are of most immediate concern, and determining whether and how such questions can be addressed within the current and expected future structure of the IODP and C-DEBI programs . The goal of the meeting was to develop specific research avenues that C-DEBI should be invested in exploring such as several aspects of the deep biosphere that lend themselves to evolutionary study that were identified: the concept of isolation, dispersal and slow growth and nutrient limitation on evolutionary rate, as well as evolution of novel metabolic pathways, and potential model organisms from the deep biosphere. See Appendix C for the full report. The objectives of the first Limits to Life Theme Team Meeting in May 2011 cochaired by Tom McCollom, Jan Amend and Matt Schrenk were to assess the current state of knowledge of the factors that might limit the distribution and activity of life in subsurface environments, and to identify critical areas where focused research is needed to improve our knowledge of limitations to life. Discussions during this energetic workshop encompassed a wide range of topics related to the limits to life in general and

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to the specific applicability of these limitations to life in deep subsurface environments, including temperature as a limiting factor, the energy supply in sediments, life in the slow lane, metabolic status, the cultural imperative, relieving the stress, modeling metabolic requirements, the importance of flux, pressure as a limiting factor, radiation as a limiting factor, detection of upper temperature limit to life, uninhabited habitable niches in the deep subsurface, biological evolution limit to life, and emerging technologies. Several topics arose repeatedly during the discussions that clearly represent key issues that need greater attention in order to understand limits to life in the deep subsurface. First, there is a clear need to better define the minimal metabolic requirements for slowly metabolizing cells to maintain themselves in subsurface environments. Second, more extensive culturing efforts are likely to yield valuable new insights that will be useful in investigation of the limits to life in the subsurface. Also, more information is needed concerning the availability of organic substrates in deep sedimentary environments and the metabolic pathways organisms employ to utilize these substrates. These results will be used as a basis to help formulate future calls for proposals for funding of students, postdocs, and scientific research under the auspices of C-DEBI as well as to help guide future research efforts and the development of new scientific investigations, both within C-DEBI and beyond, and to identify areas where scientists who have not currently been involved in study of deep subsurface life might contribute additional expertise. See Appendix D for the full report. The theme team leaders and participants also helped to develop an online discussion forum focused around the primary scientific themes (http://darkenergybiosphere.org/forum/). This forum has not been used extensively to date, but will be increasingly important in the coming year as new projects are developed and results from MFP research becomes available. 3. Develop and implement cross disciplinary and cross-institutional training through small grants programs: research grants, student and postdoctoral fellowships, research exchanges and education and outreach grants. a. Creation of RFPs for small research and travel grants as well as education and outreach grants i. Years 1-5: Bi-yearly requests for proposals posted to web site 1. Proposals received Fall 2010 and Spring 2011 for funding opportunities; 22 proposals received. Research call was developed and written by the theme team leaders with oversight from ExCom; grants reviewed by Steering Committee and other community researchers. Education call was newly developed to further support our education and outreach goals; grants reviewed by Steering Committee and other community education and outreach professionals. a. Funded 8 Research Grants b. Funded 1 Research Exchange Grant c. Funded 4 Travel Exchange Grants d. Funded 1 Education and Outreach Grant

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2. Proposals received Fall 2011 for funding opportunities; 20 proposals received a. Pending review 9 Research Grant proposals b. Pending review 3 Research Exchange Grant proposals c. Funded 1 Travel Exchange Grant proposal d. Pending review 7 Education and Outreach Grant proposals b. Creation of RFPs for fellowships for graduate and postdoctoral fellows i. Years 1-5: Bi-yearly requests for proposal posted to web site 1. Proposals received Fall 2010 and Spring 2011 for funding opportunities; 21 solicitations received a. Funded 3 Graduate Student Fellowship b. Funded 6 Postdoctoral Scholars 2. Proposals received Fall 2011 for funding opportunities; 9 solicitations received a. Pending review 5 Graduate Student Fellowships b. Pending review 4 Postdoctoral Scholars Research Support Program We have invited proposals for up to $50,000 for projects that are relevant to deep biosphere research and in particular complement the scientific program of recent or scheduled field expeditions. Proposals were and are being considered for pre- and postcruise research, as well as for ship-board work and shore-based analyses. Special attention is to be paid to the specific challenges that accompany microbiological investigations and the study of biogeochemical processes in the deep subsurface, which may require, for example, timely analyses of perishable samples, or experiments with live samples. Projects may also focus on refining or adapting challenging techniques, or applying well-established methods to the analysis of substantial sample sets. Eight proposals were funded in 2011: 1. Brian Glazer, University of Hawaii. Chemical sensor development for microbiallyrelevant scales of concentration gradients. ($49,999). The work proposed is to attempt new methods of solid-state voltammetric microelectrode fabrication to enable new sensor configurations and environmentally-relevant experiments. 2. Heath Mills and Brandi Reese, Texas A&M University. Expedition 329: Expanding metabolic potential by characterizing anaerobic lineages in aerobic sediments. ($49,970). The overall objective of this work is to use culture independent and dependent techniques to provide the most complete assessment of the SPG subsurface microbial ecology. 3. Victoria Orphan, Joshua Steele, Anne Dekas, California Institute of Technology. Microbe-mineral interactions in oligotrophic subseafloor habitats. ($49,974). They propose to conduct shipboard sediment incubations using carbon-13 and nitrogen-15 tracers, combined with a recently developed magnetic and densitybased separation protocol for enriching specific mineral fractions from sediments.

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4. Adina Paytan, University of California, Santa Cruz. Phosphorous sources and cycling in the deep biosphere - fueling life in the dark. ($50,000). They propose to use a stable isotope tracing method to track P cycling and transformations in sediments and within the deep biosphere the oxygen isotopes of phosphate ($18Op) associated with various P pools in the sediment. 5. Radu Popa, Amy Smith, Gilberto Flores, Portland State University, and Martin Fisk, Oregon State University. Genetic diversity and distribution of microbes colonizing igneous minerals and glasses incubated in IODP Hole 1301A on the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. ($49,418). They hypothesize that neutrophilic iron oxidizers are key players on olivine surfaces and thus in basalts of JFR. 6. Michael Rapp and Sean Jungbluth, University of Hawaii. Metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, and single-cell genomics of microbial communities inhabiting Juan de Fuca Ridge flank borehole fluids. ($49,204). We are investigating the deep biosphere of the subseafloor basaltic crust on the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge by accessing pristine crustal fluids via Circulation Obviation Retrofit Kit (CORK) sampling and instrumentation platforms to study the microbial ecology and biogeochemistry of fluids circulating in the sediment-covered oceanic basement. 7. Alberto Robador, University of Hawaii. Temperature and pressure as microbial physiological variables in low-energy deep subseafloor habitats. ($49,239). The proposed work intends to specifically characterize the temperature and pressure as microbial physiological variables and explore quantitatively and qualitatively, the metabolic capacities of single microbial cells in deeply buried habitats. 8. Matt Schrenk, East Carolina University, and D'Arcy Meyer-Dombard, University of Illinois-Chicago. Development of a stable isotope probing-metagenomics approach to elucidate physiological traits associated with thermophilic chemolithoautotrophy. ($24,997; developmental funding rate). They propose that studying microbial carbon fixation in anaerobic, thermophilic microcosm experiments by tracing 13-C labeled DIC into DNA and subsequently sequencing its meta-genome, will elucidate both who is fixing carbon at high temperatures and how it is being fixed. We received nine requests for funding in our Fall 2011 call for proposals which are currently under review. Research Exchange Program C-DEBI facilitates scientific coordination and collaborations by supporting student, postdoctoral, and faculty exchanges to build, educate and train the deep subseafloor biosphere community. Exchanges establish direct linkages among groups within individual institutions, which are intended to result in a well-connected community and the development of future deep subseafloor biosphere researchers and leaders. Exchanges allow a C-DEBI researcher (student/postdoctoral/faculty) to spend 1-6

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months at a participating C-DEBI community host laboratory to carry out experiments, use analytical equipment, learn a new tool, and/or join a research cruise. Exchanges may operate between any willing C-DEBI collaborating laboratories. Financial support for exchanges through C-DEBI will be ~50% of the total cost. Matching funds would be required, for example, a travel award from any program that supports student awards in this way (e.g., Geological Society of America, NASA Lewis and Clark fellowships), or by other means, such as matching support from the researcher's institution or from a postdoctoral supervisor. One proposal was funded in 2011: 1. Brandon Briggs, Oregon State University (Rick Colwell). The effect of methane on microbial community distributions in the Ulleung Basin. DEBI-RCN Student Exchange: Learned and adopted a new microarray technology (PhyloChip) for subseafloor microbial ecology investigations in Eoin Brodie's lab at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. ($4,185) We received three requests for funding in our Fall 2011 call for proposals which are currently under review. Travel Exchange Program We are awarding small research and travel grants (up to $5K) for graduate students affiliated with the Center. These grants may be used to support research, travel for presenting C-DEBI research at meetings, or travel exchanges to other partner institutions or institutions that have new tools and techniques that can be applied to CDEBI research. Five proposals were funded in 2011: 1. Brian Glazer, University of Hawaii. Participation on AT18-07 Juan de Fuca Ridge expedition. ($589) 2. Beth Orcutt, Aarhus University, Denmark, USC. Travel support costs for Expedition 336 (North Pond) in 2011. ($1,858) 3. Mark Friedman, Animo Leadership Charter High School. Attendance at 2011 National Association of Biology Teachers (NABT) conference. ($300) 4. Jen Biddle, University of Delaware. Attendance at 2011 American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting as C-DEBI Postdoctoral Program Advisor. ($1,520) 5. Beth Orcutt, Aarhus University, Denmark, USC. Travel support costs for 2012 North Pond Expedition. ($1,030) Education and Outreach Support Program We have invited proposals up to $50,000 for research or education/outreach projects on any area of marine deep biosphere topics to advance our education and outreach goals to create distinctive, targeted education programs and promote increased public awareness about life below the seafloor. The C-DEBI Education and Outreach Grants Program will fund the development of educational opportunities and materials

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that are pertinent to deep biosphere research in the sedimentary or igneous ocean basement. One proposal was funded in 2011: 1. Sharon Cooper and Leslie Peart, Ocean Leadership. Linking transformational science, education, outreach, and communication as part of a C-DEBI "core" project on the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. ($49,000). This project aimed to provide cross-cutting and robust education, outreach and communication support to the already-funded hydrogeologic experiments on the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. We received seven requests for funding in our Fall 2011 call for proposals which are currently under review. Postdoctoral Scholar Program The C-DEBI Postdoctoral Scholar Program supports postdoctoral research in CDEBI-afilliated laboratories. Candidate fellows are encouraged to examine the IODP Expedition Schedule prior to developing their research proposal as all fellowship research is expected to align with the objectives of an IODP Expedition that involves research into the deep biosphere. Six proposals were funded in 2011: 1. Katherine Inderbitzen, University of Alaska (Advisor: C. Geoffrey Wheat). Evaluating fluid circulation and geochemical constraints in a sedimented rift: Integrated data analysis. ($62,500). This process-based project integrates geochemical and geophysical data that will allow them to constrain ideal microbial niches within the crust by comprehending the roles of circulation and elemental exchanges at multiple scales. 2. Anne-Kristin Kaster, Stanford University (Advisor: Alfred Spormann). Studying genomic and population biology of dehalogenating Chloroflexi in deep sea sediments by single cell sorting and single cell genome amplification. ($62,500). To understand the natural habitat of this unique and important microbial species it is important to analyse non-contaminated deep sea sediment samples by molecular and single cell genomic approaches in order to provide fundamental insights into life style, genomic population structure and evolution of dehalogenating Chloroflexi, such as Dehalococcoides (Dhc). 3. John Kirkpatrick, University of Rhode Island (Advisor: Steve D'Hondt). Investigating a mysterious ammonium flux and its relation to the microbial community. ($62,500). Using genetic and isotopic tools, they hope to figure out what organisms may be unique to zones which exhibit ammonium loss in the absence of typical oxidants and investigate the feasibility, previously proposed, of ammonium oxidation coupled to sulfate reduction. 4. Julie Meyer, Marine Biological Laboratory (Advisor: Julie Huber). Functional gene diversity and expression in ocean crust microbial communities. ($62,500). The

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objective of this project is to determine the diversity, phylogeny, and expression of functional genes involved in carbon, hydrogen, and sulfur cycling in North Pond crustal fluids. 5. William Orsi, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Advisors: Virginia Edgcomb; Jennifer Biddle, UDel). World-wide exploration of microbial eukaryote diversity and activity in the marine subsurface. ($62,500). Objectives of this study are to further investigate whether Fungi are consistently the dominant group of microbial eukaryotes (mEuks) in the marine subsurface by examining mEuk diversity in a broad range of subsurface samples from ODP expeditions spanning the worlds oceans and to create a eukaryotic metatranscriptome from ODP site 1229 which will provide insights into the functional role of mEuks in the marine subsurface and perhaps new insights into microbial evolution. 6. Jason Sylvan, University of Southern California (Advisor: Katrina Edwards). Metagenomic insight from hydrothermally influenced rocks at East Lau Spreading Center and Valu Fa Ridge using 454-pyrosequencing and ion torrent sequencing. ($62,500). This proposal aims to increase our understanding of how microbial communities residing on hydrothermally influenced seafloor rocks vary between rock type and between hydrothermal vent fields located on different host rock compostion. We received four requests for funding in our Fall 2011 call for proposals which are currently under review. Graduate Fellow Program The C-DEBI Graduate Fellow Program supports graduate student research in CDEBI community laboratories. Candidate fellows are encouraged to examine the IODP Expedition Schedule prior to developing their research proposal as all fellowship research is expected to align with the objectives of an IODP Expedition that involves research into the deep biosphere. C-DEBI encourages underrepresented groups to apply. This funding is only available to graduate students sponsored in US institutions. Three proposals were funded in 2011: 1. Roman Barco, University of Southern California (Advisor: Katrina Edwards). Proteomic profiling of neutrophilic, iron-oxidizing Mariprofundus ferrooxydans, strain PV-1, grown under different iron sources. ($33,000). The aim of this proposal is to gain a better understanding of what subsets of proteins are actually being expressed during neutrophilic, microbial iron (Fe)-oxidation. 2. Esther Singer, University of Southern California (Advisor: Katrina Edwards). Metagenomic signatures in seafloor rocks and subsurface sediments. ($33,000). In order to assess microbial diversity, metabolic activity, adaptation strategies and biogeographical signatures in the deep subseafloor biosphere, metagenomics by pyrosequencing will be used to complement previous research efforts with the most in-depth and precise data that is available to date.

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3. Benjamin Tully, University of Southern California (Advisor: John Heidelberg). Deep phylogenetic and metagenomic analysis of microbial diversity associated with ferromanganese nodules collected from the South Pacific Gyre. ($33,000). They propose using fingerprinting and sequencing methods to examine the microbial community diversity of organism associated with ferromanganese nodule collected from the South Pacific Gyre. We received five requests for funding in our Fall 2011 call for proposals which are currently under review. Summary of Awards Small Grants Programs (Fall 2010, Spring 2011) Research Grants Research Exchange Grants Travel Exchange Grants Education and Outreach Grants Graduate Student Fellowship Postdoctoral Scholar Program Number of Applicants Awards Granted in 2011

15 1 4 3 4 17

8 ($372,801) 1 ($4,185) 4 ($4,267) 1 ($49,999) 3 ($101,000) 6 ($354,911)

Small Grants Programs (Fall 2011) Research Grants Research Exchange Grants Travel Exchange Grants Education and Outreach Grants Graduate Student Fellowship Postdoctoral Scholar Program

Number of Applicants 9 3 1 7 5 4

Granted 1 ($1030) -

In Review 9 3 7 5 4

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2c. Research plans for the next reporting period Samples and data collected as part of IODP Expeditions 327, 329, and 336 and AT18-07 were processed and shared as proposed and investigations are underway. It is envisioned that research activity around the four broad research themes discussed above will increase demonstrably during the next reporting period. Follow up expeditions are scheduled in 2012 for Juan de Fuca and North Pond research projects, and planning has just begun for the 2013 Dorado outcrop expedition, with specific expedition dates and plans to be determined. Discussions are also underway on new MFP proposals for work at additional field sites of interest to the C-DEBI community. Changes in direction or level of activity are not foreseen.

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III. EDUCATION
1a. Center's overall education goals and/or objectives Our highest priority is to create distinctive, targeted education programs at the K12, undergraduate, graduate and postdoctoral levels in order to foster and train the next generation of deep subseafloor biosphere researchers. While our focus is gently shifting to undergraduate, graduate and postdoctoral education, we will continue to make use of our unique partnerships with K-12 education to ensure we will continue to have interested undergraduates to educate! Our education goals are first and foremost to ensure the robust continued development of this new field, and to arm the field with the brightest and most creative young minds that can take what has been built over the past decade and greatly expand it in this decade via C-DEBI. This reporting period focused on creating specific educational opportunities that target distinct sections of the C-DEBI community, K-12 education, community colleges and general audience members. Center staff and researchers identified strategic partners that could support specific objectives of outreach in each of these targeted communities. Support ranged from exhibiting at key conferences and providing researchers to speak as guest lecturer to the integration of subsurface biosphere research knowledge into course work and launching of a networked speaker series to cultivate communication between graduate level through senior researchers. In each of these endeavors our priority remains to engage the community we are seeking to impact with the discoveries and importance of deep subsurface biosphere research. 1b. Performance and management indicators 1. Increase public awareness of an excitement in the deep biosphere 2. Increase the total number of C-DEBI Associated individuals 3. Introduce C-DEBI content into K-12-junior college-undergraduate-graduate and informal science centers. 4. Engage scientists in K-12-junior college via teacher training. 1c. Problems encountered as well as any problems anticipated in the next period As a new center with expanding education programs across partnering universities, updating staff and the website with new information is a priority but is sometimes a logistical challenge. The execution of the a database-driven, administrative website will help alleviate some of this difficulty as well as increased awareness and communication between program facilitators. In addition, defining programs that support integration across the distributed center and subsequent communication of these opportunities to the network of C-DEBI participants requires innovation and diligence.

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2a. Internal educational activities Activity Name Led by Undergraduate and Graduate Level Courses Dr. Jim Cowen, Dr. Steve DHondt, Ann Close, Managing Director, Dr. Radu Popa Graduate students and postdoctoral fellows 116

Intended Audience Approx Number of Attendees (if appl.)

A collaboration between C-DEBI and the University of Hawaii branch of the NASA Astrobiology Institute hosted a winter school on the theme of water and the evolution of life in the cosmos, from Monday January 3 to Monday January 17, 2011. The winter school was a mix of lectures, discussion groups, tours and hands-on activities. In addition, all students were invited to participate in a poster session at no charge. DeepBiosphere science represented about 25-33% of the lecture topics. This school provided approximately 40 post-graduate participants with a broad but high-level introduction into astrobiology, emphasizing the origin and role of water in the emergence of life on our planet, and in the search for life elsewhere. At the University of Rhode Island, a course was offered specifically focusing on subseafloor research. The course. taken by 10 graduate students, centered on the thermodynamics and kinetics of natural systems including the subseafloor ecosystems thus integrating current findings with Ph.D. candidate education. The International GeoBiology course offered through the University of Southern California in conjunction with the Agouron Institute in Pasadena, California, the National Science Foundation, NASA, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, and the Colorado School of Mines focuses on the interactions of microbes and minerals. Several C-DEBI faculty participate in the course, and C-DEBI has initiated a scholarship program to cover the costs of one student per year. A day-long symposium was held covering the topics of deep subsurface biosphere with 50 students and faculty in attendance, followed by a social gathering at one of the C-DEBI faculty members home to facilitate interactions between the students, speakers and faculty. The course encourages first to second year graduate students to participate maximizing the impact of the crossdisciplinary curriculum, approach and content of in the early years of their research training. Additionally, the Agouron Foundation generously hosts a mixer at the American Geophysical Union meeting in San Francisco every year. This social gathering brings together students and faculty from all past years of the course (now nine years), and now includes the C-DEBI community as well. Many postdoctoral opportunities have come out of this social event in the past! Based largely on the successful International GeoBiology course in many ways, we initiated a field-based, very hands-on four week program for early undergraduates. The course, Global Environmental Microbiology (GEM), was directed by C-DEBI faculty

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John Heidelberg and Eric Webb. Sixteen students participated in the inaugural course, many from community colleges across the country. The course is further discussed in the diversity section of this report as it was targeted at underrepresented students. In addition, C-DEBI participant and researcher, Dr. Radu Popa (Portland State University) has integrated subseafloor findings and research into general classes covering microbiology and microbial diversity. Special emphasis is put on the physiological and phylogenetic diversity of microbial communities being studied in the subseafloor. This exposure at the undergraduate level increases awareness of the findings being made as well as exposing students to a field research that was perhaps unknown.

Activity Name Led by Intended Audience

Networked Speaker Series Dr. Andrew Fisher, Dr. Rosalynn Sylvan Graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, and junior & senior researchers 50; 120 views of the archived recording available online

Approx Number of Attendees (if appl.)

The Center for Dark Energy Biosphere Investigations is a networked Science and Technology Center, gathering expertise, ideas, and participation from institutions across the US and around the world. C-DEBI is particularly interested in opening and developing communication between participants separated by thousands of miles. CDEBI participants gather in person at meetings periodically, but we may also link STC members using modern web tools. C-DEBI has launched the Networked Speaker Series as one means to enhance communication and the exchange of ideas so as to professionalize graduate students and postdoctoral fellows while also providing a platform of exchange for junior and senior researchers. The first of the ongoing quarterly series was held on November 10, 2011 at the University of Southern California. Dr. Brandi Reese, a postdoctoral research associate at the University of Southern California, Department of Biological Sciences, spoke. Her research interests include sulfur biogeochemical cycling and sediment diagenesis with emphasis on the interaction of microbiology and geochemistry. Adobe Connect and Skype were used to connect the on-line audience of 20 from 10 other Universities to the speaker and audience at USC. The crowd at USC was primarily composed of graduate students and postdoctoral fellows with three faculty members in attendance. On line, a mixed audience of graduate students to senior researchers participated. Questions were received from both the on-line audience and listening audience. The archived presentation was viewed online 120 times by participants unable to attend the live stream and other interested viewers.

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Nominations for 2012 spring and summer semester speakers are currently under review. 2b. Participation of Center students in professional development activities Each of the co-PIs in the Center have made educating and mentoring the next group of next generation of deep subseafloor biosphere researchers a high priority. From postdoctoral fellows mentoring graduate students and undergraduates working in labs receiving mentoring by both postdocs and graduate students to formal programs where high school students are paired with researchers, mentoring is an active objective of Centers research laboratories. In all, 7 postdoctoral fellows, 14 graduate students, 9 undergraduates and 5 high school students are actively working in Center laboratories and engaging in the research of the deep subsurface biosphere. The mentoring program for high school students is formalized with support offered to mentor and mentee from the Centers Education Director. In addition to research laboratory exposure, students receive instruction on writing and presentation skills. C-DEBI is committed to the professionalization of graduate students and postdoctoral fellows as scientists, presenters, and communicators. One of the vehicles of this professional development is run in partnership with Dr. Joe Conner, Associate Professor at Pasadena City College in Pasadena, CA and also a member of the Centers Advisory Board. This program gives graduate students and postdocs an opportunity to present to a community college classroom what pathway led them into science, what specific field is of interest to them and why. Presenters have coaching available prior to their presentation to help them take complex scientific research components and make them accessible to an undergraduate audience. In addition to the general audience presentation, C-DEBI participants join in an interview with Dr. Conner on a program called, The Conner Bubble, describing their research, history and the importance of STEM fields. From a professional vantage point, this gives young researchers experience in interviewing as well as communicating science in an accessible way. There are 4 opportunities for this during the fall and 4 more during the spring. So far 4 individuals have participated in the program and 2 more are scheduled into spring. As the interview can take place over the phone, this opportunity is being made available to all C-DEBI participants. In addition, we have developed a comprehensive ethics policy for C-DEBI participants based on existing models starting with NSF and integrating with specific IODP and other institution policies. This sets forth a community standard to minimize and resolve conflicts effectively. The online ethics training is mandatory for all C-DEBI participants and completion by deadline is being tracked. To further support ethical compliance, an ethics panel has been established to resolve any complaints within a sixth month time frame.

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2c. External educational activities Activity Name Led by Intended Audience Approx Number of Attendees (if appl.) General Outreach Activities Various C-DEBI participants (noted below) General Audiences 2,865 (itemized below)

As scientists, researchers and educators many opportunities come to share our knowledge with schools, organizations and the general public. In this directed effort, the Center seeks out various opportunities to spread the work of research and the excitement of discovery. We also welcome the unexpected invitation recognizing it as an opportunity for advancement of knowledge. Last year, C-DEBI participants had seven opportunities to share deep ocean research at national and local conferences. C-DEBI was represented at National Science Teachers Association (500 contacts), California Science Teachers Association (100 contacts), National Association of Biology Teachers (100), and Society for the Advancement of Chicano and Native Americans in Science (250 contacts), and education-specific presentations and poster at the American Geophysical Union (100 contacts). Amanda Turner, one of C-DEBIs graduate students, shared educational activities during 3 sessions at NSTA for a total of 250 attendees and Dr. Andrew Fisher, et al., presented a poster linking subseafloor research with educational objectives. Five thousand people were in attendance at the AGU Annual meeting. C-DEBI also tabled at the LA County Book Fair, which was attended by over 150,000 people, directly reaching 100 with handouts. Cynthia Joseph had the opportunity to table during Environmental week at Loyola High School interacting with 70 students using hands-on activities to teach about ocean drilling. Another key component of our Outreach Activities is to supply special speakers to classrooms, events, and workshops. This year we have had 7 engagements in the schools, workshops or the community for a total of 450 listeners. Dr. Anand Patel, CDEBI funded postdoctoral researcher, was a guest speaker at North Hollywood Zoo Magnet during an Environmental Summit Symposium. The audience included Kay Benitez, science teacher for the school. After the talk, she sought out Dr. Patel intrigued by the connection of biology to the study of space. Dr. Patel invited her to a University lecture by our lead scientist, Dr. Edwards, on astrobiology. Kay became so interested in the connection between microbiology and astrobiology that she attended the Alii Teacher Workshop over the summer. This is a new collaboration between C-DEBI and University of Hawaii NASA Astrobiology Institute, funded in part through co-PI Dr. Jim Cowen, designed to immerse school teachers in the connections between Earth, its microbial organisms, and the Universe. Kay came back full of new ideas for her students designing a course that begins at the earth and ends in space. She eagerly took advantage of the education programs running during Expedition 336 by Skyping to

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the JOIDES Resolution and participating in the Adopt-a-Microbe program all because of a yes by a researcher when asked to conduct outreach. The Centers Education and Outreach activities extend beyond the greater LA area but rather are Center-wide. C-DEBI co-PI, Dr. Cowen, at the University of Hawaii presented public lectures on The Deep Subseafloor Biosphere as part of the Consortium of Ocean Leadership Distinguished Lecture Series at: the University of Missouri; University of Texas, Dallas; Michigan State University, Ann Arbor; Old Dominion University; University of Pittsburgh; Tufts University and Virginia Museum of Natural History. Audiences ranged from over 30 to over 200. Cowen met with groups of graduate and undergraduate students at each of the university sites, as well as many faculty. He also participated in a teacher workshop and a workshop for high school students at the Virginia Museum of Natural History. At the University of Rhode Island, C-DEBI co-PI Dr. Steve DHondt was also actively involved in outreach events. Presenting four separate lectures to a total of 170 people on Subseafloor Life, Dr. DHondt reached audiences at the University of Minnesota in Duluth, Amerherst College, University of Massachusetts Amherst and Harvard. Dr. Victoria Orphan, C-DEBI participant and Professor of Geobiology at California Institute of Technology lectured for a group of 45 retired and semi-retired technical professionals whose specific purpose is to remain abreast of new scientific and technological advancements. Dr. Geoffrey Wheat of the University of Alaska Fairbanks took remotely operated vehicles to area schools exposing 100 students to the possibilities and necessities of technology in the deep ocean. He also spoke at two public lecturesfirst at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and second at the University of Southern Californiato a combined total of 125 people. Dr. Andrew Fisher spoke at the US Geological Survey (USGS) Western Region Colloquium reaching 100 members of the public and USGS employees.

Activity Name Led by Intended Audience

Educator & Curriculum Focused Outreach Cynthia Joseph, Director of Education K-12 Educators, Informal Educators and Undergraduate Instructors 6,933

Approx Number of Attendees (if appl.)

Our strategy for reaching educators is two-fold: Professional development opportunities for educators who wish to learn at depth about deep biosphere research and accessible activities and lesson plans for educators looking for ways to integrate the process of research and cutting-edge discoveries into their classrooms, museums, aquariums, or other setting. Utilizing the expertise of the Deep Earth Academy, University of Hawaii-NASA Astrobiology Institute (UH-NAI), COSEE-West, and educators, C-DEBI has been able to create the multiple programs outlined below.

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Alii Teacher Workshop The Alii Teacher Workshop is a new collaboration between C-DEBI and UH-NAI is a workshop designed to immerse teachers in science through astrobiology. Teachers must demonstrate their commitment to the workshop objectives by contributing a fraction to the cost while the majority of their expenses are covered through the program. This year 15 teachers from across the USA to Hawaii participated in the program. Topics covered, through lectures, hands-on labs and tours of facilities and study sites, include astronomy, heliophysics, cosmochemistry to marine geochemistry and biological evolution. The intention is to increasingly biofy the curriculum by incorporating sections on the microbiology and ecology of the deep subseafloor biosphere that naturally extend existing sections on marine geochemistry and evolution. In addition, these topics relate to conditions on Early Earth that may have influenced emerging life. Starting this year Mary Kadooka, the Alii Workshop director, will be partially funded by C-DEBI, via co-PI Cowens C-DEBI funds. Integrating C-DEBI concepts of deep-subseafloor biosphere science into Alii will be one of the primary tasks of the Kadooka-Cowen partnership. COSEE Network The primary role of COSEE Network is to create catalytic, multi-faceted collaborations to integrate ongoing research in the ocean sciences with K-12 education and outreach. In 2011, C-DEBI partnered with COSEE-West to hold 2 public lectures and 2 educator workshops. The first workshop was held at the Aquarium of the Pacific, an informal education partner and focused on ways to introduce teachers to deep-sea research, research drilling, microbes and tools to study them. For the lecture on March 23, 2011, 35 guests heard Dr. Jason Sylvan present an overview of C-DEBI's objectives taking listeners on a journey to the deep sea on board the JOIDES Resolution. Teachers stayed behind to ask questions and talk directly with the scientist. They also received a packet of information containing activities and lesson plans for classroom use. The following Saturday, Dr. Anand Patel focused on looking for bacteria and viruses under the deep seafloor to find out WHO they are and HOW they make their living. Twenty-three teachers participated in the hands on activities ranging in topic from the carbon cycle to drilling expeditions. On November 30 and December 1, 2011 COSEE-West again facilitated a CDEBI workshop this time focusing on the light and dark worlds on earth. Guest lecturer, Dr. Jan Amend presented Some Like it Hot and Toxic at Cabrillo Aquarium in San Pedro, CA to a crowd of 30 including the general public and educators. Twenty-eight workshop attendees got to hear from Dr. Katrina Edwards, just returned from Expedition 336, speak about the Intraterrestrials of our Deep Biosphere. Teachers received training in ocean zones, life, habitat, size and scale, the history and compelling ideas of subsurface biosphere research, applications to evolution, ocean gradients of temperature, and microbial life. They were also able to Skype to the JOIDES Resolution on site in the Mediterranean meeting scientists and touring the deck and labs. The survey given at the end of the workshop indicated that teachers received brand new

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information that they planned to use in their classrooms, engaged in the activities, and found the Skyping experience exciting and useful. For each of these workshops unique curriculum was created focused on the deep subsurface biosphere. Teachers were introduced to the Centers research themes: the activity of the deep biosphere, the connection between environment and microbial diversity, the limits of life and principles of evolution and adaptation. Classroom activities extended understanding and spring boarded the group into process and application discussions. These activities and lectures are available from the COSEEWest website as well as on the Centers site. Also, Dr. Anand Patel presented center research on Biogeochemical Cycles to 50 teachers from the Los Angeles Charter School Science Partnership. QuickSCience Challenge Six local high school students used the Adopt-a-Microbe program as the basis for a student-led education and outreach project. The project was submitted to a program sponsored by QuikSilver Foundation and the University of Southern California call QuikSCience Challenge. The six-student team developed lesson plans in Chemistry, Physics and Biology and presented them to their peers. As part of the project students were required to complete a community service project. The projects were turned in for judging February 22, 2011 and the team won 3rd place in the competition. Dr. Anand Patel was the science mentor for the team. The total outreach of the students project was 6,615 individuals. Deep Earth Academy Teacher at Sea programs coordinated through the Deep Earth Academy took teachers on both expeditions with Center scientists this year. Educators are required to create, trial and publish through DEA curriculum, art, movies or a product in line with their expertise. This will produce tested, experience-based lesson plans, activities or videos that integrate the research science of C-DEBI with the classroom standards of K12 education. Deep Earth Academy is working with members of the Center and scientist Beth Orcutt on a Process of Science classroom poster featuring Beths work. This poster will be completed in early Winter 2012. It will also include a companion curriculum piece that will be completed in Spring 2012. Both pieces will be provided to teachers at national and regional conferences and made available on-line and through the order form on the Deep Earth Academy website. Copies will also be made available through the C-DEBI website and associated educational programs. ROV Building Because ROVs (remotely operated vehicles) are so essential to the exploration of the deep ocean biosphere, Center co-PI, Geoff Wheat, has a program bringing engineering and ROV activities to local students. A group of twenty-five 6th through 8th graders at the International School of Monterey received ten training sessions in circuits, Ohms Law, capacitors and radios, basic stamps and boe-bots. At the same school a

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group of 50 4th grade students visited Monterey Harbor to practice with model ROVs and returned to make underwater movies. Seventy-five high school juniors from Mission San Jose High School also explored using the model ROVs as did the 16 students from the Global Environmental Microbiology course. GEM students created sampling devises to gather sediment from the ocean floor off the dock at the Wrigley Marine Science Center on Santa Catalina Island and then conducted DNA extraction on the sediment and other water samples taken in the same area to characterize the microbial communities found in each environment. Finally, 30 students from California State University Monterey Bay explored the harbor with ROVs loaded with cameras. This program not only exposes and engages students in the technology needed to explore underwater but also is producing curriculum for extended classroom engagement. Currently, a week-long, grade specific, hands-on technology unit for 4th grades students is almost complete and ready for evaluation. Associative activities for third and fifth grade are near completion as well. 2d. Center integration of research and education Activity Name Led by AT 18-07 Education & Outreach Activities Dr. Andy Fisher, Dr. Jim Cowen, Dr. Keir Becker, Sharon Cooper, Education Director from Deep Earth Academy Various 16,541 (itemized below)

Intended Audience Approx Number of Attendees (if appl.)

Center researchers have a unique opportunity to communicate the excitement of science to the general public through multiple cruises. This year C-DEBI researchers led 2 expeditions. In summer 2011, Drs. Andrew Fisher, Jim Cowen and Keir Becker led the UNOLS Expedition of the Juan de Fuca Ridge Flank on the R/V Atlantis (Expedition AT18-07) servicing the CORKs deployed in Summer 2010 and on earlier expeditions, and running multidisciplinary experiments. Education and outreach activities were an interactive part of the mission of these scientists, their shipmates and the Centers education partner, Deep Earth Academy. On the Atlantis a team of 6 educators, funded by the Centers Small Grants program, included 2 high school teachers, 1 middle school teacher (funded by Jim Cowen), 1 museum educator, 1 videographer and a lead educator from the Deep Earth Academy. Collectively, the team focused on the nature and process of science how researchers ask questions, test ideas, gather data, problem-solve, circle back to new questions and collaborate with both the local, on-board community of participants and the broader science community at large all in the service of a transformative research agenda. Outcomes from this EOC team continue to be rolled out including lesson plans, web applications, public lectures, school visits, and a Teacher-Scientist Program.

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During this cruise 13 live video web conferences with museums, schools, and science camps in the US and Taiwan, including the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History and the C-DEBI Global Environmental Microbiology summer course (see table below). In addition, the activities of the cruise were widely communicated through the joidesresolution.org site indicating 3,028 visits and 9,281 page views from 77 countries over the duration of the expedition. Facebook and Twitter were used daily reaching approximately 3,000 additional users. Size of Audience

Date

Venue St. Josephs Elementary Summer School North Museum Hui-Wen High School

Location

Audience

6/29/11

Alameda, CA

K-8 students

50

6/30/11 7/1/11

Lancaster, PA Taichung, Taiwan

Museum public 9th grade Middle school science club Museum public Museum public Middle school boy scouts High school students Ages 7-11

20 15

7/5/2011

NASSA

Ava, New York

15

7/6/2011

North Museum

Lancaster, PA

20

7/6/2011

Seymour Center

Santa Cruz, PA

20

7/7/2011

Pennington Marine Science Center Smokey Hill High School Science Explorers Club Pacific Science Center

Avalon, CA

30

7/8/2011

Denver, CO

15

7/11/11

Lancaster, PA

20

7/11/2011

Seattle, WA University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA

4-6th graders

25

Global Environmental 7/12/2011 Microbiology Summer Course

College freshmen

20

40

National Museum of 7/13/2011 Natural History, Smithsonian 7/13/2011 Pacific Science Center

Washington, DC

Museum public

25

Seattle, WA

6-8th graders

25

During Expedition AT-18-07, Deep Earth Academy coordinated with the science PIs to run a variety of education, outreach, and communication (EOC) activities to complement the science program and bring this exciting science to shore-based students, educators and the public. The specifics of other activities are outlined in the discussion of the cruise. The EOC members of AT-18-07 received training in interviewing and video production, and a variety of video products were created during the expedition (with additional videos still in production). These included extended interviews and interview clips addressing common questions, overview presentations on expedition goals, videos about deep sea observatories and the C-DEBI STC, and a video from the R/V Atlantis to the Space Shuttle Atlantis during the latter's last mission and posted on YouTube the videos reference below: # of Views 12/26/11 527

Title and Link

Subject of Video

Mission to Juan de Fuca 2011 http://youtu.be/LxFt44sKFXE

The overall mission of the expedition a little piece from R/V Atlantis to the Space Shuttle Atlantis on its final mission, which took place during AT18-07 The nature of science observatories

R/V Atlantis to Shuttle Atlantis http://youtu.be/mXcSBE9g8eE

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Science Observatories http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YfPCH 9g8kUc&feature=related AT 18 07 CORK flowmeter description and calibration test deployment http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Xx2WoJE0g&feature=related Black Tape, Duct Tape and Glitter http://youtu.be/FVH_fZCf2Zk

56

On the new flowmeter installed on one of the CORKS

52

On creative problem-solving

44

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Getting onboard Atlantisthe right way http://youtu.be/N2XgKd9Vr2k Jason 2 http://youtu.be/rAEdGJsrhYA

On getting aboard the Atlantis All about the Jason ROV A series of interviews with scientists on how they became scientists and what they like about it

84 66

What is it like to be a scientist? http://youtu.be/QS_d55k-m5I

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JOIDES Resolution exibit, North Museum, Briefly shows the layout of the Lancaster PA exhibit which will be here http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O66f1O through January 2012 45AjI

42

Another exciting outcome of AT-18-07 is a temporary exhibit curated by J. Ringlein at the about the JOIDES Resolution that opened at the North Museum of Natural History and Science, Lancaster, PA Museum on October 15, 2011. It builds upon an exhibit generated by Expedition 327 participant Dinah Bowman that ran up until October at the Texas Maritime Museum. This edition, expanded upon by Mr. Ringlein with his shipboard experience, will run until mid-January, 2012 and will also include a number of public events at which Mr. Ringlein will talk about his experiences during AT18-07 and how they relate to the work of the JR. Activity Name Led by IODP Expedition 336 Dr. Katrina Edwards, Dr. Beth Orcutt, Amanda Turner, Ph.D. Candidate, Jennifer Magnusson, On Board Education Officer Various 29,382

Intended Audience Approx Number of Attendees (if appl.)

During the fall of 2011, Co-Chief scientists Drs. Katrina Edwards and Wolfgang Bach sailed on IODP Expedition 336 to North Pond on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge to install three subseafloor observatories (CORKs) into the ocean crust. As Center researchers again went to sea, there were more opportunities to share deep biosphere research and the excitement of the research process with the general public, educators, and classrooms. Education and outreach activities were an interactive part of the mission of these scientists and their shipmates. Dr. Edwards, Dr. Beth Orcutt and Ph.D. candidate Amanda Haddad were active bloggers on the cruise as well as Jennifer Magnusson,

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Education Officer from the Deep Earth Academy and Dr. Heath Mills, Assistant Professor of Oceanography from Texas A&M University. More than 43 blog posts in English, Spanish, and French were added to joidesresolution.org (USIO website oriented toward a nonscientific audience) by seven authors, including the onboard education officer, scientists, engineers and technical staff. Subjects included shipboard life, operations and deep-sea drilling, engineering and CORK observatories, microbiology, and math. Blog posts were viewed an average of 288 times each. In all, 115 blogs were posted to sites on Scientific Amercan, C-DEBI, JOIDES Resolution and Texas A&M University with over 20,000 combined views. In addition, Dr. Orcutt and Ms. Haddad each ran education programs Adopt-aMicrobe and Classroom Connections respectfully. Dr. Orcutts curriculum engages students in an 8-week program introduces not only recently described microbes from extreme environments but also deep-sea research. Thirty-five school groups, afterschool programs, and families from around the USA and Spain officially registered to participate in the 10-week-long project. Participants received a free kit of materials for using in the weekly projectsincluding samples of sand, clay, basalt, pyrite, calcite and materials for growing microbeswhich was supplied from the Deep Earth Academy. The participants spanned a range of ages, with high school marine science and biology classes making up a large proportion. Several participating teachers developed their own class projects using the Adopt-A-Microbe weekly activities as a base, and these are now available for sharing with other programs. For the first time, a Spanish-language section was also incorporated into the project website, translated by scientist Tania Lado Insua, to engage with elementary school students in Spain. In addition, this program has been outlined in The Journal of Marine Education, vol 27, no. 3, 2011. Ms. Haddads program, Classroom Connections, was created specifically for special education classrooms for a total of ten weeks (nine weeks at sea plus one introductory week before the expedition). Each week followed a different theme (e.g., Life on the JR, Coring/Drilling, Logistics, Data Collection, etc.) and each day of the week involved a different type of interaction hands-on activities posted on Mondays, answers to student questions on Tuesdays, SciMath Career series interview on Wednesdays, blog on Thursdays and WebDay Friday activity on Fridaysall revolving around the theme of the week. In the pilot run of this program four special education classrooms in the Phoenix, Arizona metro area interacted with shipboard scientists and three continued throughout the expedition via weekly activities, blogs, question-and-answer sessions and Skype calls revolving around ocean exploration. One classroom had to withdraw due to changes in students schedules. All of the three classrooms able to participate over the duration had a pre and post-cruise visit by a scientist and a JOIDES Resolution crew member. As indicated by the classroom teachers, students benefited in skill assessment as a result of involvement in this program. Several students also expressed a desire to pursue shipboard or science-based careers. Once again, Skyping to a Scientist proved a sought after activity for ship-to-shore learning. During this cruise 47 live ship-to-shore video interactions reaching more than 1800 participants ranging form 3rd grade through university (See table below). The majority of these interactions were 30-45 minute conferences with individual or

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combined elementary, middle and high school classes ranging in size from 5 to 300 students. Schools were located across the US in 13 states, as well as France, Spain, England, Australia and the Virgin Islands. Thirteen of the broadcasts were arranged once onboard with groups that had a direct connection to scientists onboard. Four live seminars were broadcast from the ship to scientists home universities and conferences in France, England, and the USA (Texas and Florida). A total of 20 scientists, engineers, and technical staff members participated in the live broadcasts, both as hosts and as guests during the question and answer portion of the videoconferences. Social media sites Facebook and Twitter were used to communicate from the JR. Increased traffic on both sites indicated a following of the expedition. In the month prior to the expedition, the JOIDES Resolution Facebook page the average 28-day reach for the expedition time period in the EO report was 3346 unique users. During the first seven weeks of Expedition 336, there were an average daily reach of 835 unique users, including an average of 62 users engaging daily. More that 135 posts were made to the Facebook page, with an average viewership of 641 unique users. Photos were consistently the posts that engaged the most users, while posts tagged with other organizations pages had the most reach. In addition to the education programs running from aboard ship, IODP Expedition 336 also produced the following array of YouTube videos. By bringing the JOIDES Resolution to life and specifically highlighting the study of the deep biosphere, C-DEBI can educate viewers on not only the nature of scientific investigation but also the value and importance of the IODP program to the study of such a remote yet vitally important place on earth. Views 12/25/11 1,235

Link http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=st qhtI-N7eg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K bZTVIeRX2A

Title CORK Animation (final cut) Expedition 327: Borehole Observatories in the Deep Ocean

723

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fH Expedition 336: Getting Ready! tjcVWPchg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C C4EAaxDkSw http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q S_d55k-m5I&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F 92C34TR60Y&feature=related Expedition 336: Livin on the JR

210

176

What is it like to be a scientist? Expedition 336: Web Episode 1 Ups and downs

130

442

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dk Expedition 336: Safety and UcQVLwXrU&feature=related Survival Suits http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6 Hv_JF7_ECQ&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3 wPY6bZ5MT8&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R achmC02pWA&feature=related Expedition 336: Web Episode 2 Hard Rock Coring Expedition 336: Core Flow

138

746

141

Expedition 336: Tripping Pipe

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The Center has in production a full-length documentary film of IODP Expedition 336 intended for the general audiences. When completed, this film will be the first-ever documentary film of an ocean drilling expedition. Completion is expected in late 2012/early 2013. An added feature of this film will be to highlight the scientific merits of the expedition in a global-cultural context by combining interviews of multinational shipboard participants with archived footage of some of the most significant seafloor discoveries ever recorded. A primary goal of the film is to show the general public that research is connected to their life experiences. Ad Santell, who has extensive experience in the film industry, and who is mentoring students in documentary film techniques throughout the production process, will do primary direction of this film. 2e. Performance with respect to the indicators/metrics 1. Increase public awareness of the deep biosphere a. At least five non-scientific publications i. Nine non-scientific publications (See Appendix E) ii. Four radio interviews (See Appendix E) iii. 115 blogs posted iv. Facebook & Twitter reach--over 6,000 unique users joined during 2 cruises v. 18 videos posted YouTube vi. Original and first-ever documentary film of an ocean drilling expedition shot and in production b. At least 5 Informal science events i. Exhibited at seven conferences specifically aimed at Education ii. Conference presentations related to education: Five presentations at conferences and one posters iii. 30 public presentations & school visits 2. Increase the total number of C-DEBI Associated individuals a. Increase in contacts, members and participants and individuals and institutions receive funding from C-DEBI i. Total number of individuals reached: 55,872

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Increase of C-DEBI participants (greater than 160 hrs) 1. 77 individuals (Participant List) 3. Introduce C-DEBI content into K-12 junior college-undergraduate-graduate and informal science centers a. Conferences where content presented i. National Science Teachers Association ii. California Science Teachers Association iii. National Association of Biology Teachers iv. American Geophysical Union v. Society for the Advancement of Chicano and Native Americans in Science b. High School and Middle School Lesson plans i. COSEE workshop Spring 2011 & Fall 2011 ii. QuikSCience Challenge student created lessons iii. Deep Earth Academy Process of Science collaboration iv. Edison Teacher Workshop c. Education programs i. Adopt a microbe ii. Classroom Connections iii. ROVs in the classroom 4. Engage scientists in K-12-junior college via teacher training a. Professional Development Programs i. High School students in the lab ii. The Conner Bubble interview opportunities iii. Teacher-Scientist Partnership b. Cruises education components i. 7 education & outreach personnel on the cruises ii. 60 live web conferences on the cruises to museums, schools and universities, and science camps in the US, Taiwan, France, Spain, England, Australia and the Virgin Islands iii. 3 education programs, one of which was for special needs students, run during the cruises c. C-DEBI coursework creation i. University of Hawaii NASA Astrobiology Institute additional curriculum--Graduate and Postdoctoral students ii. University of Rhode Island subseafloor specific course--graduate level course iii. Agouron Instititutes GeoBiology curriculum & faculty--graduate level course iv. Researchers incorporate subseafloor findings and research into undergraduate curriculum v. Alii Teacher Workshop incorporated deep subsurface research-professional development course for K-12 and informal educators

ii.

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vi.

COSEE West all-day workshops partnered with 2 Aquarium of the Pacific and California Cabrillo Marine Aquarium--professional development for K-12 and informal educators

2f. Plans for internal and external educational activities for the next reporting period with attention to any major changes in direction or level of activity. Also, plans for developing new educational partnerships. C-DEBI is committed to the continued development of broad-based, targeted education programs that train and foster the next generation of deep subseafloor biosphere researchers. Our objectives are: 1. Expand attendance and interaction from the Networked Speaker Series 2. Presentation of a three week online workshop through COSEE-West. 3. Ongoing High School Outreach program that includes standards-based lesson plans and activities downloadable for to teachers as well as outreach opportunities for graduate students and postdoctorals, campus visits, and student development opportunities. 4. Expanding partnerships with community colleges. 5. Develop outreach to Professors at Community Colleges and four-year institutions by providing research content that can extend the impact of general science classes and inform undergraduate students of deep subsurface biosphere research and opportunities. 6. Augmenting the existing partnerships with the Consortium for Ocean Leaderships Deep Earth Academy by evolving new ways to enhance existing curriculum to coordinate with upcoming IODP expeditions. 7. Using networking, existing organizations, social networking tools and local contacts to track current users, expand reach, and build on established participation.

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IV. KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER

1a. Center's overall knowledge transfer goals and/or objectives Our core C-DEBI goals for knowledge transfer are to implement effective mechanisms and pathways to facilitate intellectual exchange between institutions and partners of various types that will support the sharing of knowledge, information, and application of new technology. Knowledge transfer is critical to the growth of the Center and the impact of the science conducted by the Center. While strong partnerships among various organizations are the basis of C-DEBI, additional institutions and partners need to continually be identified to reach the full potential for technological development and innovation. Establishment of open access to all details of C-DEBI technologies is also required to sustain knowledge transfer within and beyond C-DEBI. 1b. Performance and management indicators developed to assess progress in meeting its knowledge transfer goals/objectives 1. Import/export/share innovations and develop partnerships with other fields, research institutions, industry and government. 2. Communicate new innovation in the field through creation and maintenance of web tools and data. 1c. Problems encountered as well as any problems anticipated in the next period C-DEBI is a distributed Center with co-PIs residing literally in all corners of the US, requiring a comprehensive investigator-input reporting system. This system has been developed and implemented this year in an attempt to capture Center activities and serve as a repository of information uploaded from major field projects. We realize that this system will evolve in response to NSF reporting functions and quality of data captured. We do not anticipate other issues in meeting the goals outlined in the SIP document during the next period. 2a. Organizations with which knowledge transfer occurs and the frequency and type of interactions. Knowledge transfer activities and how they enable the Center to meet its knowledge transfer goals/objectives listed above. Knowledge transfer activities during the first two years of C-DEBI range from research collaboration to tool/sensor development, continuing education, and publications. As Section II: Research, Section III: Education, and Section VIII: Centerwide Outputs and Issues have outlined their activities, this section focuses on a variety of tool/sensors in the developmental phase. Each item has potential industry applications and uses.

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Knowledge Transfer Activity Name Led by Organizations Involved 1. University of Alaska Fairbanks

DEBI-DOT G. Wheat, B. Kirkwood

3295 College Rd Fairbanks, AK 99709 7700 Sandholdt Rd. Moss Landing, CA 95039

2. Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute

DEBI-DOT has been developed by G. Wheat (University of Alaska Fairbanks) and B. Kirkwood (Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute). It is now an off-the-shelf item that can be purchased from a commercial vendor (RDR, a company that has been providing data loggers and capabilities to the oceanic community for decades). This tool is a downhole instrument that measures and records dissolved oxygen and temperature for periods up to six years. This instrument has applications for moorings and other deployments where recovery maybe yearly or longer.

Knowledge Transfer Activity Name Led by Organizations Involved 1. University of Southern California

DEBI-t K. Edwards

3551 Trousdale Parkway Los Angeles, CA 90089 4800 Oak Grove Drive Pasadena, CA 91109 1512 Industrial Park St. Covina, CA 91722-3417

2. Jet Propulsion Laboratory

3. Photon Systems

DEBI-t was developed (K. Edwards, University of Southern California) in partnership with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and Photon Systems and deployed successfully three times on IODP Exp 336 in oceanic boreholes. This tool detects microbial cells in situ. A new more capable version is in the process of being developed. There are a host of potential uses for this technology. Look for some version of this instrument being a commercial item.

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Knowledge Transfer Activity Name Led by Organizations Involved 1. University of Southern California

DEBI-pt K. Edwards

3551 Trousdale Parkway Los Angeles, CA 90089 4800 Oak Grove Drive Pasadena, CA 91109 1512 Industrial Park St. Covina, CA 91722-3417

2. Jet Propulsion Laboratory

3. Photon Systems

DEBI-pt was developed as an offshoot of the DEBI-t technology. The system was fabricated and tested on IODP Exp 336. The bench-top system tested rock samples and located hotspots of microbial congregations. These hotspots were then targeted for further microbial and mineralogical analysis.

Knowledge Transfer Activity Name Led by Organizations Involved 1. University of Hawaii

Downhole E-Chem B. Glazer

1000 Pope Road Honolulu, HI 96822

Downhole E-Chem (B. Glazer, University of Hawaii) is an adaptation of a benchtop electrochemical method for borehole and wireline use. Additional applications include deployment on moorings and cabled observatories. The modification of this tool began in 2011. Additional fund are being sought to finish this development.

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Knowledge Transfer Activity Name

ROV/Submersible Underwater Connector H. Jannasch

Led by Organizations Involved 1. Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute

7700 Sandholdt Rd. Moss Landing, CA 95039

The ROV/submersible underwater connector developed by H. Jannasch (Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute) allows one to easily make a hydraulic coupling subsea with a two o-ring seal. This coupling was developed after failed attempts with commercial products. The initial deployment occurred on subseafloor observatories in 2010 and additional systems were deployed on IODP Exp 336. Outputs include machine drawings of the coupler that are available in an IODP publication and will be promoted on the C-DEBI website and within the ocean and oil industries.

Knowledge Transfer Activity Name Led by Organizations Involved 1. University of Hawaii

BioSled J. Cowen

1000 Pope Road Honolulu, HI 96822

The GeoMICROBE Sled, developed by J. Cowen (University of Hawaii) for longterm autonomous time-series fluid sampling, has undergone extensive advancements through 2011, based on results from the initial deployments in 2009 and 2010 and anticipated future challenges. The sled is coupled to clean hydraulic lines on a CORK wellhead and pumps fluid from the buried basaltic crust acquifer past Sled physical and chemical sensors, in situ filtration-preservation sytems and into fluid sample containers. A complete technical description of the Sled system and its early field deployment resulsts has been published in 2011, including over 80 on-line technical drawings. Advanced versions will be deployed in April 2012. This tool has applications for many seafloor science studies, as well as for oil and gas companies.

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Knowledge Transfer Activity Name Led by Organizations involved 1. University of Hawaii

Mobile Pumping System J. Cowen

1000 Pope Road Honolulu, HI 96822

The University of Hawaii developed and repeatedly deployed the Mobile Pumping System. The MPS is carried on ROV or HOV and connects to CORK observatory fluid delivery lines, allowing real-time pumping of very large volumes of pristine basaltic crustal fluids to the seafloor for processing or collection for diverse geochemical and microbiological studies. The MPS system is described in a recent technical publication and in several other science papers currently in revision or submitted.

Knowledge Transfer Activity Name Led by Organizations involved 1. University of Hawaii 2. McLane Research Laboratories

Medium Volume Bag Sampler J. Cowen

1000 Pope Road Honolulu, HI 96822 121 Bernard Saint Jean Falmouth, MA 02540

The University of Hawaii developed the versatile Medium Volume Bag Sampler (MVBS) system for efficient and rapid collecting and/or filtering of multiple large volume samples of upper basaltic crustal fluids. The MVBS system couples to the MPS and combines off-the-shelf McLane 24-port mainfold, pump and controller, with custom sterile bag samplers and in situ filtration system. The MVBS have many potential application in environmental sampling and monitoring. The MVBS is described in recent a recent 2011 publication.

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Knowledge Transfer Activity Name Led by Organizations Involved 1. Stress Engineering

New Seafloor Observatory System T. Pettigrew

13800 Westfair East Drive Houston, TX 77041

T. Pettigrew (Stress Engineering) developed and deployed a new seafloor CORK observatory system for microbiological, geochemical and hydrogeology investigations on IODP Exp. 336. These novel designs incorporate oil-field tools and adapted them to meet scientific goals. Such advanced observatories provide a framework for future oilfield applications.

Knowledge Transfer Activity Name Led by Organizations Involved 1. Stress Engineering

New wellhead for legacy boreholes T. Pettigrew

13800 Westfair East Drive Houston, TX 77041

T. Pettigrew (Stress Engineering) is developing a novel wellhead that is deployed by an ROV for scientific applications and is applicable to any legacy borehole. This wellhead will be able to be deployed at any pre-drilled hole that has a reentry cone and casing. The first deployment is expected in April 2012.

Knowledge Transfer Activity Name Led by Organizations Involved 1. University of Alaska Fairbanks

Capping Hole 1200C G. Wheat

3295 College Rd Fairbanks, AK 99709

IODP Hole 1200C on South Chammorro Seamount is venting formation fluids freely. An insert within the borehole was broken during routine operations. A new tool is

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being developed to remove the insert, then a new insert can be deployed to seal the borehole while providing the means to conduct research and monitoring physical, chemical, and microbial processes within the borehole.

Knowledge Transfer Activity Name Led by Organizations Involved 1. Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute

Safe and reliable OS connectors H. Jannasch

7700 Sandholdt Road Moss Landing, CA 95039

One of the precarious aspects during deployment and recovery of downhole instrument packages is the link between the packages. H. Jannasch developed a new flexible link that is strong in the vertical direction, yet provides for flexibility while the instrument is on the deck. This new coupler also includes a slot for safely securing the instruments without the worry of potential loss. This easy to use link could be used for a variety of industry applications.

Knowledge Transfer Activity Name Led by Organizations Involved 1. TLR, Inc.

Wellhead flowmeter B. Kirkwood

7700 Sandholdt Road Moss Landing, CA 95039

A deep-sea flow meter suited for a wellhead with the applicable flow rates for a ridge flank hydrothermal system were developed by B. Kirkwood and deployed on one of the Juan de Fuca wellheads in 2011. It will be recovered in July 2012 and replaced with a modified version that allows for direct communication between the ROV and the instrument while underwater. We have approached several oil industry consultants to see if they were interested in the flow meter, which can be adapted to any 2-10 inch diameter pipe. 2b. Other outcomes or impacts of knowledge transfer activities not listed above. In particular, applications of Center research in industry, Federal Laboratories or elsewhere not discussed above.

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The center maintains an active partnership with the Advanced Light Source (ALS), which is a synchrotron facility that is part of the Lawerence Berkeley National Laboratory. Four active proposals are being sponsored by the ALS (Edwards and Klein, Edwards and Turner (2), Edwards and Bennett). Eight researchers were introduced to Synchrotron based X-ray adsorption spectroscopy, including four postdoctorals (Klein, Hulme, Orcutt, and Bennett) and four students (Hoffman, Barco, Gross, and Turner). 2c. Performance with respect to the indicators/metrics 1. Import/export/share innovations and develop partnerships with other fields, research institutions, industry and government. Two of the new innovative C-DEBI developed instruments are being developed for the broader community. First, the DEBI-DOT is a commercial product available from RBR. RBR is now in the process of adding additional memory and battery life for deployments on oceanic moorings. RBR currently has an order for 20 of these units for academic and government scientists. We have been talking with RBR and TLR, Inc. to add a precision pH sensor and other sensors to the package. RBR in collaboration with TLR have finished the engineering aspects of this development, which will not only serve the CDEBI community but also those interested in oceanic monitoring of the water column. The second development is the modification of the DEBI-t and the DEBI-pt. Photon systems in collaboration with USC partners are re-designing both systems for optimal use. Both initial versions work, producing publishable data that will spark the community. This suite of tools is very promising and has the potential for applications in industry and government. a. Year 1: Research collaboration i.Networking at interdisciplinary meetings ii.Multiple talks, posters, and information booths at conferences Both measures for year one were accomplished. In addition to the recent publication, CDEBI instruments were prominently displayed at a poster session on Twenty years of CORK deployments and at several oral sessions at the Fall Meeting of the American Geophysical Union. Additional information about these tools have been described at several C-DEBI meetings and the RCN. b. Years 2-5: Tool/Sensor Development Many of the measures of success and SMART targets outlined for C-DEBI have been completed with several others (listed above) in the recently finished or are in the process of being developed. For example, the Debi-DOT, DEBI-t, ROV/Submersible Underwater Connector, GeoMICROBE Sled, the MPS, the MVBS systems, New Seafloor Observatory System, and New Dual Pack System for Borehole Applications have been

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fabricated, tested, deployed and are considered mature, even though additional refinements are being made. Additional systems also fall in this category of being complete with new starts that should finish in 2012 and other instruments to be developed. 2. Communicate new innovation in the field through creation and maintenance of web tools and data. We are in the process of developing a knowledge transfer web interface that will include selected publications as well as information about instrument usage and mechanical, electrical and software diagrams. To this end, mechanical drawings for many of the downhole and seafloor instrument packages used for borehole geochemical and microbiological studies have recently been published. One publication provides drawings from all of the deep sea connectors that have been used to date to collect fluids from deep sea wellheads as well as the osmotic pumps, sample coils and packaging. In addition, a separate recent publication includes over 80 pages of mechanical, electrical, and software design pages for the GeoMICROBE sled, complete with the research and development of the novel underwater pump that is the foundation of this system. Similarly, additional mechanical drawings are being synthesized to be included in an IODP publication that will focus on the Expedition 336 North Pond borehole observatory deployments. Each of these publications will be linked in the new on-line web tools that C-DEBI is producing. a. Number of web-based interactions related to tools, projects, data and related projects based on Google analytics Our toolbox web page containing design schematics for sampling systems has been viewed over 600 times this past year. 2d. Plans for knowledge transfer activities for the next reporting period with attention to any major changes in direction or level of activity and plans for new knowledge transfer partnerships, if any C-DEBI is planning long-range knowledge transfer activities for the next reporting period and throughout the remaining funding period that include: 1. Further partnerships with other fields, research institutions, industry and government. Partnerships have been developed with other organizations such as the Deep Carbon Observatory, which also is interested in the development of new tools and sensors appropriate for use in the subsurface. Partnerships are being developed with NASAs Astrobiology Program that likewise are interested in microbial processes both here on Earth and on other planetary bodies. Additional partnerships are being sought with the

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continental-base subsurface microbiological community. 2. Outcomes of Knowledge Transfer Activities (actual application of Center products in industry, federal laboratories, or elsewhere.) Our work to date already has affected start-up and mature companies based on needs and applications that have emerged from Center research. These include RBR that now has a new off-the-shelf product based on development for use in a borehole and Photon Systems that is a new company that is developing the next generation of C-DEBI-t instruments.

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V. EXTERNAL PARTNERSHIPS
1a. Center's overall goals and/or objectives As a distributed Center, C-DEBI recognizes the strength of its reach and transformative discoveries is linked to the quality of its partnerships. As such, the STC is committed to collaboration across disciplines, institutions, industry and government. 1b. Performance and management indicators 1. Strong cross-disciplinary goals. 2. Strong cross-institutional program. 3. Develop partners with other fields, research institutions, industry and government. 1c. Problems encountered in making progress toward the Centers partnership goals/objectives as well as any problems anticipated in the next period As the center is newly funded our greatest challenge is putting into place the mechanisms for facilitating cross communication. A comprehensive website has been designed and an information depository is being developed to support these broad ranging goals. 2a. Activities that are conducted as part of partnerships, which are not listed in another section of this report. How the Centers partnership activities enable the Center to meet its partnership goals/objectives listed above. Activities as a result of partnerships are listed in the Knowledge Transfer section (above), where new partnerships for technology are described, and the Education and Diversity section (below) for new partnerships for E&O. See Appendix F for a complete list of participants and affiliates and Appendix J for a complete listing of our partner organizations. 2b. Any other outcomes or impacts of partnership activities not listed elsewhere None to report at this time. 2c. Performance with respect to the indicators/metrics 1. Strong cross-disciplinary goals. a. Number of cross-disciplinary papers i. Years 1-5: 5 total cross-disciplinary papers per MFP

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1. Fisher, A. T., C. G. Wheat, K. Becker, J. Cowen, B. Orcutt, S. Hulme, K. Inderbitzen, A. Turner, T. Pettigrew, E. E. Davis, H. Jannasch, K. Grigar, R. Adudell, R. Meldrum, R. Macdonald, and K. Edwards, 2011. Design, deployment, and status of borehole observatory systems used for single-hole and crosshole experiments, IODP Expedition 327, eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, In A.T. Fisher, T. Tsuji, and K. Petronotis, Proc. IODP, Expedition 327, College Station, TX (Integrated Ocean Drilling Program). 2. Fisher, A. T., J. Cowen, C. G. Wheat, J. Clark, 2011. Preparation and injection of fluid tracers during IODP Expedition 327, eastern flank of Juan de Fuca Ridge, In A.T. Fisher, T. Tsuji, and K. Petronotis, Proc. IODP, Expedition 327, College Station, TX (Integrated Ocean Drilling Program). 3. Smith, A., R. Popa, M. Fisk, M. Nielsen, C. G. Wheat, H. Jannasch, A. T. Fisher, K. Becker, S. Sievert, and G. Flores, 2011. In situ enrichment of ocean crust microbes on igneous minerals and glasses using an osmotic flow-through device, Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems (G3), 12(6): Q06007, doi:10.1029/2010GC003424. 4. Orcutt, B. N., Bowman, D., Inderbitzen, K., Haddad, A., Fisher, A. T., and Peart, L., 2011. The Adopt-A-Microbe Project: webbased interactive microbiology education connected with scientific ocean drilling, Current, J. Marine. Education, 27(3): 40-44. 5. Cowen, J. P., D. Copson, J. Jolly, C.-C. Hsieh, H.-T. Lin, B. T. Glazer, and C. G. Wheat. 2011. Advanced instrument system for real-time and time-series microbial geochemical sampling of the deep (basaltic) crustal biosphere. Deep Sea Research I 61, 43-56. C-DEBI Contribution 113. b. Number of cross-disciplinary proposals i. Years 1-5: 1 cross-disciplinary proposal per year 1. Wheat, C. G., Hulme, S., Fisher, A. T., Collaborative Research: Discovery, sampling, and quantification of flows from cool yet massive ridge-flank hydrothermal springs on Dorado Outcrop, eastern Pacific Ocean, 10/11-9/13, Proposed to NSF-OCE, funding approved in Summer 2011 (with participation by University of Bremen colleagues). 2. Edwards, K.J., Orcutt, B.O., Collaborative Research: Microbial Ecology & Biogeochemistry of the Low-Temperature Ridge Flank Environment: Dorado Outcrop, eastern Pacific Ocean, 2/12-1/13, pending. 3. Edwards, K.J., Sylvan, J., Diversity and genomics of culturable microbes from subsurface igneous basement along the

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Louisville Seamount Trail (IODP Expedition 330), 2/12-1/13, pending. 4. Edwards, K.J., Beegle, L. The Mojave Subsurface Biogeochemistry Explorer (MOSBE), 2/12-1/14, pending. c. Number of students, postdocs and scientists who learn techniques and tools of another discipline i. Years 1-5: 10 C-DEBI graduate students and postdocs that receive training outside their primary discipline 1. Participants in DEBI RCN Sediment Microbiology hands-on training workshop: 23 graduate students and 7 postdocs (see Appendix B for workshop details) 2. Participants in IODP research cruises: 6 graduate students (Amanda Haddad, Joseph Russell, Katherine Inderbitzen, Dustin Winslow, Michelle Harris, Jill Lynch) and 2 postdocs (Samuel Hulme, Beth Orcutt) 2. Strong cross-institutional program. b. Number of cross-institutionally co-authored papers i. Years 2-5: 3 per year 1. See 18 C-DEBI contributions listed in VIII. Center-wide outputs and issues VIII.1a. publications. c. Number of cross-institutionally co-authored proposals i. Years 2-5: 3 per year co-PI proposals 1. Wheat, C. G., Hulme, S., Fisher, A. T., Collaborative Research: Discovery, sampling, and quantification of flows from cool yet massive ridge-flank hydrothermal springs on Dorado Outcrop, eastern Pacific Ocean, 10/11-9/13, Proposed to NSF-OCE, funding approved in Summer 2011 (with participation by University of Bremen colleagues). 2. Edwards, K.J., Orcutt, B.O., Collaborative Reserach: Microbial Ecology & Biogeochemistry of the Low-Temperature Ridge Flank Environment: Dorado Outcrop, eastern Pacific Ocean, 2/11-1/12, pending. 3. Edwards, K.J., Beegle, L. The Mojave Subsurface Biogeochemistry Explorer (MOSBE), 2/12-1/14, pending. d. Number of institutions per expedition i. Years 2-5: 5 institutions per expedition 1. 19 institutions on IODP Expedition 327 (Aarhus University, College Jean Vilar, Consortium for Ocean Leadership, Dinah Bowman Studio and Gallery, cole Normale Suprieure, Kyoto University, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Lyce Alain Chartier, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, St. Ursula Academy, Texas A&M University, Tongji University, University of Alaska Fairbanks, University of

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California Santa Cruz, University of Hawaii at Manoa, University of Miami, University of Southampton, University of Southern California, Virginia State University) 2. 29 institutions on IODP Expedition 329 (Aarhus University, Boston University, Chiba University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalhousie University, Dublin City University, Geological Survey of Japan, Hanyang University, Institute Francais de Recherche pour l'Expoitation de la Mer, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Kyushu University, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Max-PlanckInstitute of Marine Microbiology, Minnesota State University Mankato, Ocean University of China, Oregon State University, Redlands East Valley High School, Shizuoka University, Texas A&M University, Universitt Oldenburg, University of Bergen, University of Melbourne, University of Potsdam, University of Rhode Island, University of Southampton, University of Southern California, University of Tokyo, University of Tsukuba, Yonsei University) 3. 25 institutions on IODP Expedition 336 (Aarhus University, California Institute of Technology, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Geological Survey of Japan, Institut Franais de Recherche pour lExploitation de la Mer, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Korea Institute of Geoscience & Mineral Resources, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Osaka University, Pettigrew Engineering, Schlumberger Offshore Services, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Texas A&M University, Universit des Sciences et Technologies de Lille 1, Universitetet i Bergen, University of Alaska Fairbanks, University of Bremen, University of Cambridge, University of Delaware, University of Leicester, University of Miami, University of Rhode Island, University of Southern California, U.S. Geological Survey) e. Number of students, postdocs and scientists who travel to another institution for sharing of techniques and tools i. Years 4-5: 10 exchanges between institutions per year 1. 2 Graduate Student Research Exchanges: Brandi Reese (Texas A&M University) worked with Dr. Fumio Inagaki and other members of his lab group at the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology to learn his techniques of cell enumeration and flow cytometry; Brandon Briggs (Oregon State University) learned and adopted a new microarray technology (PhyloChip) for subseafloor microbial

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ecology investigations in Eoin Brodie's lab at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 3. Develop partners with other fields, research institutions, industry and government. b. Number of partnerships i. Years 3-5: 10 partnerships per year 1. See Appendix J for list of research, industry and government institutional partners. 2d. Plans for partnership activities for the next reporting period with attention to any major changes in direction or level of activity We are planning to leverage newly created partnerships for the development of new partnerships in the next reporting period. We also will continue our web-based and email forms of communications to the existing and future C-DEBI partners for dissemination of information and opportunities.

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VI. DIVERSITY
1a. Center's overall goals and/or objectives The primary focus of C-DEBIs diversity objectives is to train and educate a new, diverse generation of undergraduate, graduate students and postdoctoral deep subseafloor biosphere researchers within an integrated and collaborative multidisciplinary community. We are committed to improving the educational pipeline (particularly for students from under-represented groups),and helping to form a community of young scholars making sure that future scientists are representative of the full diversity of our society. The Center has implemented three primary strategies to support these diversity goals. First, we are advertising funding opportunities, training and graduate and postdoctoral fellow positions to organizations that support under-represented groups seeking to increase the diversity of participants in all levels of C-DEBI. Second, we have implemented programs that specifically target under-represented groups and engage them in learning STEM content. And finally, we have actively sought to partner with external organizations and groups to widen our reach. 1b. Performance and management indicators 1. Increase the diversity of participants in all levels of C-DEBI from undergraduate, graduate and postdoctorals through to participating researchers and staff. 2. Develop and implement programs that target under-represented students and engage them in STEM fields of study. 3. Initiate partnerships with other organizations, institutions, programs, or informal science centers that target under-represented students and engage them in STEM fields of study. 1c. Problems encountered as well as any problems anticipated in the next period and plans for addressing these problems As a new center we are focusing on utilizing resources that are immediately available to us and then branching out into new partnerships. As the Center is dispersed, this gives us opportunities to interact with many partners in multiple ways. It also presents challenges in coordination and communication. A new reporting system to track diversity strategies has been implemented to address this issue. 2a. Activities which contribute to the development of United States human resources in science and engineering at the postdoctoral, graduate, undergraduate, and pre-college levels with particular attention to those accomplishments and activities that aim to attract, increase, and retain the participation of US citizens, nationals or lawfully admitted permanent resident

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aliens of the United States, women, underrepresented groups, and persons with disabilities. 1. Increase the diversity of participants in all levels of C-DEBI from undergraduate, graduate and postdoctorals through to participating researchers and staff. Diversity recruitment goals are addressed in targeted ways. The Centers research funding and education opportunities are advertised on web sites designed to reach under-represented groups such as Pathways to Science, The American Indian Science and Engineering Society and the Institute for Broadening Participation. In addition to this, direct promotion of these opportunities has been promoted at the National Conference for the Society for the Advancement of Chicanos and Native Americans in Science. At this conference, C-DEBI was an exhibitor and was represented by the Education Director, Professor of the Global Environmental Microbiology Course and a postdoctoral researcher, funded by the Center. Not only did we engage over 250 students but also the course was promoted through networking with representatives from other institutions such as the University of Rochester and the University of Connecticut. The Centers co-PIs are committed to diversity initiatives as part of recruitment of graduate students and postdoctoral fellows. Partnering institution, University of Rhode Island was also present at National Conference of SACNAS promoting graduate school opportunities for labs including Dr. Steve DHondt. Dr. Jim Cowen at that University of Hawaii is promoting a graduate student opening through School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology and Kamehameha Schools to get the word out to former graduates of this opportunity to research the deep biosphere. In addition, undergraduate under-represented Pacific Islanders play key roles on his research team; Dr. Cowen has also recently recruited a African American postdoctoral fellow to work on C-DEBI deep biosphere studies. Dr. Andrew Fisher not only uses the formalized channels of recruitment but also seeks participation on research projects by under-represented students completing their Bachelors degree and places them as lab assistants in research labs. Dr. Katrina Edwards lab has successfully recruited two new graduate students, one Hispanic, and two postdoctoral fellows, one Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander adding to the diversity of the research team. Finally, the University of Southern California offers a unique graduate school program, Programs in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, that allows graduate students to rotate through three labs their first year and choose a field of research and lab that best fits their interests and needs. This program encompasses Biology, Medicine and Engineering and Dr. Katrina Edwards lab participates in this program. In addition, this program offers guidance through the first year making the transition to graduate school as smooth as possible. We also have strong representation of diversity among our External Advisory Board (see Management section VII.3. Advisors), which includes three African Americans, one Hispanic, and four women.

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2. Develop and implement programs that target under-represented students and engage them in STEM fields of study. In recognition of the importance of increasing the number of students from underrepresented groups interested in STEM careers, the Center has begun developing specific programs to expose and train undergraduates and pre-college students. One such program is the four-week summer intensive course Global Environmental Microbiology (GEM) taught by Drs. Eric Webb and John Heidelberg. Students from under-represented populations, women, first generation college students and nontraditional students are targeted for enrollment in this hands-on course. The course is advertised through contacts at other Universities and colleges, other STCs and the website. However, to increase the outreach to under-represented, first generation college and non-traditional populations we focus on contacting Community College partners. This past year we advertised the course through advisory board member, Dr. Joe Conner from Pasadena City College to the over 100 Community Colleges in California. The course was also promoted by Dr. Jim Cowen at the University of Hawaii, the web site and through all available channels by Education Director, professors, and C-DEBI administration. The following table outlines the demographics of this years participants. A total of 9 students out of 16 that attended the GEM course came from Community College.
Total # of Participants Female Male White Hispanic Latino Native Hawaiian Other First Generation College Low Income

16

62%

38%

47%

33%

7%

13%

25%

12%

These students participated in a hands-on course that combined classroom teaching with lab and field experiences. The focus of the course was to teach microbiology and basic research techniques and protocols. This exposure was designed to open the students to the potential that lies in microbiology for understanding environmental systems and to emphasize the fundamental role of microbes in those systems. Students were from the following Colleges and universities: Eckerd College, Hartnell Community College, Los Angeles Pierce College, Louisiana State University, Pasadena City College, Rio Hondo College, Santa Fe College, Santa Monica College, Univ of Calif, Santa Cruz, Univ of Hawaii, Manoa, University of Maine Farmington, and Santa Fe College. Three-quarters of the students had already declared an undergraduate major all declared majors were science-related, and most related to biology or environmental science. All participants plan to take more undergraduate science courses, and many are considering continuing their studies in graduate school (either Masters or Ph.D.) or medical school. Results for this course will be discussed in impacts (2b). In addition to the summer intensive course, C-DEBI participated in a High School mentoring program in the Summer of 2011 and one in the Fall of 2011. Young Researchers is a program run by graduate students at the University of Southern

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California and supported in two ways by research labs: monetary contributions and graudate student mentors. The Center contributed funds to this program and one of Dr. Edwards students participated in this program. The results are described in the impact section. The Center also launched a High School mentorship program, Rising Deep Scholars, that runs during the school year. Every other week students from Animo Leadership Charter School come to USC to work in research labs. The three high school students are paired with graduate students or postdoctoral fellows who direct and guide the activities of the younger students. Currently, all are working on DNA extractions and learning fundamental microbiological techniques and protocols. The mentors, Esther Singer, Ben Tully, and Dr. Jason Sylvan are all investigating questions related to the deep subsurface. The Director of Education offers support to the mentors and writing and presenting training to the high school students as well as coordination or personnel direction. All three students participating in this program are Hispanic and their high school, Animo Leadership, serves a population of 96% Hispanic and 20% of whom are English Language Learners. In another diversity effort, Teacher-Scientist Partnerships, through the University of Hawaii, Dr. Cowen has recruited middle school teacher, Randi Brennon, from the island and county of Hawaii, to participate in research cruise AT 18-07 as one of 6 education and outreach personnel. Ms. Brennons school, Hawaii Academy of Arts and Sciences in Pahoa, is a charter school that services a community with a significant population (20-30%) of Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islanders. By actually experiencing a research cruise, Ms. Brennon learned how ocean research is done. Ms. Brennon visited our research facilities at UH prior to the cruise; she participated fully in the cruise including both hands-on research and ship-to-shore educational outreach activities. The latter included a series of nearly daily video exchanges with shore-based classrooms and teacher/student workshops. PI Cowen and several of his students also participated in these video exchanges. Subsequent to the research cruise Ms. Brennon has organized several follow-up programs with other teachers that will utilize and extend her ship-board experience to benefit additional teachers and students. A table of those partnerships is provided below. EduPERCS Student Demographics 2011-2012 Teacher/Grades Terri Mountjoy/ High School in Ohio Scientist Tina Lin, UH-Manoa, Hawaii Student Description Rural area, few ethnic minorities, most students never exposed to area beyond their small town 17.3% African American, 80.7% Hispanic, 0.3% American Indian, 99% free/reduced lunch

Patience Blythe/ Middle School in Pennsylvania

Cynthia Cudaback, Ocean and You, California

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Stephen Coleman/ High School in Washington State Katrina Alegado/ Middle School in Washington State Michael Sanderson/ High School in Texas

Brian Glazer, UHManoa, Hawaii

84.2% Hispanic, 10% homeless, 88% free/reduced lunch

Alberto Robador, UHManoa, Hawaii NASA Astrobiology Institute Mike Tweiten, Center for Climatic Research, U of Wisconsin, Washington State Nakoa Goo, Mokupapapa Discovery Center, Hawaii Sean Jungbluth, UHManoa, Hawaii

3.4% Hispanic, >1% African American and/or Native American, 16% free/reduced lunch 93% Hispanic, 4.9% African American, 93% free/reduced lunch

David Winchester/ High School in Massachusetts Michelle Loeffler/ Middle School in Kansas Randi Brennon/ Middle and High School in Hawaii

13.3% African American, 37% Hispanic, 73% free/reduced lunch

62.9% African American, 18% Hispanic, 84% free/reduced lunch

James Cowen, UHManoa and several others

18.5% Pacific Islander/Hawaiian, 3.7% African American, 4.2% Hispanic, 4.4% American Indian, 46% free/reduced lunch

The partnerships outlined in this table are meant to facilitate meaningful, effective experiences for both teachers and scientists in exposing youth to science and math. The scientists will communicate with the teachers about their work and offer support and guidance to the teachers in understanding current concepts and innovations in science research and technology. Teachers will use this understanding to enrich the educational experience for their students. Teachers will track student interest in science to measure impact. Our final diversity program is created specifically for special needs students. Ph.D. candidate, Amanda Haddad created Classroom Connections to engage middle school level special needs students at Challenger Middle School, Glendale AZ and Atkinson Middle School, Phoenix AZ. Three classrooms were involved throughout the 8 week period. Challenger MS serves 75% Hispanic and 12% African American students with 82% of all students eligible for a free lunch. Atkinson MS serves a 91% Hispanic student body with 63% of all students eligible for a free lunch. Ms. Haddad, in partnership with classroom teachers, designed a program that highlighted parallel curriculum for the week before the JOIDES Resolution sailed and each of the 8 weeks that she was at sea . Each of the weeks in the expedition followed a different shipboard theme (i.e. Life on board the JR, Drilling/Coring, Oceanographic

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Data Collection) with a different type of activity each day of the week: Monday--Hands On activity, Tuesday--Questions & Answers, Wednesday--Science/Math Career Interview, Thursday--Blog, and Friday--Web research day. The goals of this project were four-fold: 1. To expose the students to scientific concepts otherwise omitted from their curricula 2. To address state- and federally-mandated curriculum standards in math, science, reading, writing and technology 3. To provide students with real-life applications of science and math 4. To expose the students to the realities of deep sea research Two of the classrooms followed this curriculum for the first 4 weeks and then Week 6 & 7 while one classroom participated consistently throughout the entire cruise. A fourth classroom began, but had to drop out due to a challenge in students schedules. All four classrooms participated in a pre- and post-cruise visit by a scientist and JOIDES Resolution crew member. Details on results are in the impacts section. 3. Initiate partnerships with other organizations, institutions, programs, or informal science centers that target under-represented students and engage them in STEM fields of study. As a Center, collaboration between partnering universities is important, but extending our reach beyond even those program connections to the greater body of institutions, organizations and individuals becomes a key strategy in leveraging our diversity impacts. As a result, C-DEBI has sought out partnerships that enable us to maximize our reach to diverse audiences. The list of partners includes: the Centers for Ocean Science Education Excellence West coast hub (COSEE-West), Deep Earth Academy, Edison Teacher Workshops, and local high schools. COSEE-West partners with research-oriented marine science faculty at UCLA & USC, the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, the Aquarium of the Pacific, the Cabrillo Marine Aquarium, the California Science Center, the Santa Monica Pier Aquarium, and many others are creating a network of oceanographic researchers, K-12 educators, informal education centers and the general public. The program is broadly disseminated throughout the greater Los Angeles area, including the Los Angeles Unified School District and other Los Angeles County schools, with exceptional impact on under-achieving and under-represented minorities. C-DEBI collaborated with COSEE-West to complete 2 public lectures and 2 teacher workshops. Deep Earth Academys stated goal is to facilitate and develop programs and materials based on scientific ocean drilling expeditions and Earth Systems Science to strengthen students science, mathematics, and analytical skills. As a partner in our efforts to integrate research and education, DEAs national profile and base of followers on social networking tools enable the Center to reach a larger group of people from many places across the US and the world.

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Edison Challenge Teacher Workshops was a program run through the Wrigley Institute for Environmental Studies at the University of Southern California sponsored by Southern California Edison whose goal was to reach both the under-represented educator and the under-represented students in teachers classrooms. While the content focus of the workshops was energy, the connection between the tools used to study the deep ocean and subsurface biosphere linked energy problems to ocean research. The Centers Education Director presented to a group of 23 educators from the schools listed below. 1. Santiago High School, Corona, Riverside (2 teachers) 2. Taper Avenue School, San Pedro, Los Angeles 3. Wilson High School, Long Beach, Los Angeles 4. Bunche Middle School, Compton, Los Angeles 5. Crozier Middle School, Inglewood, Los Angeles 6. Knight High School, Palmdale, Los Angeles 7. Culver City Middle School, Culver City, Los Angeles (2 teachers) 8. Marina del Rey Middle School, Los Angeles, Los Angeles 9. Hemet High School, Hemet, Riverside 10. Desert Hot Springs High School, Desert Hot Springs, Riverside 11. E.O Green Middle School, Oxnard, Ventura 12. Brea Junior HIgh School, Brea, Orange 13. St. Callistus School, Garden Grove, Orange 14. Lucerne Valley Senior High School, Lucerne Valley, San Bernardino 15. Davis Middle School, Compton, Los Angeles 16. East Whittier Middle School, Whittier, Los Angeles 17. Cabrillo High School, Long Beach, Los Angeles 18. Coronado High School, West Covina, Los Angeles 19. Mira Loma Middle School, Riverside, Riverside 20. Environmental Charter High School, Lawndale, Los Angeles 21. Oak Park High School, Oak Park, Ventura 22. Chino High School, Chino, San Bernardino 23. Silverado High School, Victorville, San Bernardino In addition to organizations, C-DEBI has two teachers active in the integration of deep subsurface biosphere research into their classrooms. Mark Friedman, head of the Science Department at Animo Leadership Charter High School, sponsors a very active Marine Biology Club of 65 students that participates in community activities, the Consortium for Ocean Leaderships National Ocean Sciences Bowl, and student led challenges. Three of his students are participating in the Rising Deep Scholars program. Mark has been a C-DEBI participant since our funding. New to the Center is Kay Benitez, who has been highlighted in the education section. She is designing a science course that takes students from Earths early history to the possibility of life on other planets. This December, a graduate student from USC, Amanda Liss, presented to her students not only about her research with microbes, but her experiences as a first

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generation college student. North Hollywood Zoo Magnet is 69% Hispanic and 5% African American with 74% of students eligible for free or reduced lunch. These partners enable us to impact students directly and give us feedback on activities and programs. Pasadena City College Professor Joe Conner has been an exceptional collaborator by inviting researchers into his college classrooms as guest lecturers, opening his interviewing program Conner Bubble to C-DEBI participants once a month with a program entitled, Oceans and You, and working tirelessly to engage students with research through a Marine Biology club and finally leveraging his reach through contacts with other Community Colleges in the state. According to the Expanding Underrepresented Minority Participation report published in 2010, Community collegeswhere the majority of underrepresented minority students begin postsecondary studyprovide educational opportunity for underrepresented minority students who seek to stay in their communities, save on educational expenses, or benefit from smaller class sizes or remedial work during their first two post-secondary years. Pursuing ways to expand and follow-up on students reached by partnerships with Community Colleges is a priority for the Center. Finally, because of the effectiveness of partnerships in reaching beyond the Centers scope, C-DEBI initiated its first call for Education and Outreach proposals in the fall of 2011. Seven proposals are currently under review 2b. Impact of these programs or activities on enhancing diversity at the Center Results from the Global Environmental Microbiology Course: External evaluator, Dr. Beth Rabin, completed an evaluation of the course based on a pre- and post-test survey (see Appendix G for the full report). A summary of the findings is below. % % Participation in the GEM program significantly increased students familiarity with the variety of science concepts targeted by the course. Students across the board really enjoyed their GEM experienceit exceeded their expectations in many ways. They appreciated all the effort that went into the planning and logistics of the program, and had fun on the field trips and social activities. The hands-on experiences in the course were students favorite way to learn the information. The teaching and administrative staff were approachable and accessible. Students broadened their knowledge of the importance of microbes and of extreme environments. Students came to the GEM program with positive attitudes toward science to begin with. The program did not change these already-positive attitudes. After the GEM course, students attitudes toward microbiology mirror their attitudes toward science in general. They are curious and want to continue to learn more about microbiology.

% % % % % %

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The GEM course influenced some students to change their major. Three students plan to change to microbiology, and one plans to change from agrisystems engineering to biological engineering. One-third of the participants say the GEM course has influenced their career goals; they now plan to have a more research-oriented career.

In addition to this survey, one student indicated by email that the course helped me make the really difficult decision of deciding between med school and grad school. As I have told you, I have decided on grad school. Another student indicated, I have already been asked/accepted to work with Nancy Prentiss, one of the professors up here [University of Maine Farmington]. She is studying the polychaetes found in the Virgin Islands and I will be doing classification for her and hopefully even doing my own project on one of the families of worms in the spring semester in addition. The thanks for this goes to you because we spend a good deal of time talking about what I did and learned out in California at your class and I had her interest more then the other older students because I had this experience. Results from the Young Researchers Lab Internship: This summer, Ph.D. candidate Roman Barco mentored a student from a local Hispanic high school for five weeks. After spending time researching the questions and procedures outlined by Roman, the student formulated a hypothesis that he wanted to pursue on his own. Motivated by his desire to keep learning and set up an experiment for his question, the student joined an LA city-wide program under the guidance of Roman and continues his work in the lab. In addition, Roman is serving as guide to the mentors working the students from Animo Leadership Charter High School this fall. Results from the Classroom Connections program: Results for the classroom that participated consistently in the curriculum are compelling. Overall, the teacher of the former reported that 89% of their students improved their writing skills (sentence structure, complete and relevant responses), 78% of their students improved their reading skills (reading fluency and independence) and 89% students improved their math skills (bar graphing, x-y plot graphing, arithmetic and measurement). Additionally, retention of information improved significantly as students were able to recall concepts from several weeks earlier. Finally, the students benefited greatly from the exposure to such oceanographic "hot topics" such as ocean pollution, hydrothermal vents and ocean drilling and coring. At the conclusion of the interaction, several students expressed a desire to pursue a ship-board and/or science-based career. The other two classrooms did show improvements, but are not listed as they did not complete the entire curriculum. 2c. Performance with respect to the indicators/metrics 1. Increase the diversity of participants in all levels of C-DEBI from undergraduate, graduate and postdoctorals through to participating researchers and staff.

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a. Advertise opportunities on: i.Pathways to Science ii.The American Indian Science and Engineering Society iii.Institute for Broadening Participation b. Actively recruit at SACNAS National Conference c. Recruited grad students and post docs i.14% Hispanic ii.14% Native Hawaiian iii.42% Women d. Develop and implement programs that target under-represented students and engage them in STEM fields of study. e. Developed 4 programs that targeted under-represented students i.Global Environmental Microbiology Course ii.Rising Deep Scholars iii.Classroom Connections iv.Teacher-Scientist Partnerships f. Programs with recorded impacts i.Global Environmental Microbiology Course ii.Classroom Connections iii.Young Researchers Internships 2. Initiate partnerships with other organizations, institutions, programs, or informal science centers that target under-represented students and engage them in STEM fields of study. a. Established partnerships i.COSEE-West ii.Deep Earth Academy iii.Mark Friedman b. New partnerships i.Kay Benitez, North Hollywood Zoo Magnet ii.Pasadena City College and Dr. Joe Conners Conner Bubble iii.Challenger Middle School, Glendale, AZ iv.Atkinson Middle School, Phoenix, AZ v.Edison Teacher Workshops vi.Teacher-Scientist Partners, Hawaii vii.Young Researchers Program viii.USC Program in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, graduate student promotion ix.E&O Proposals 2d. Plans for programs, activities, or partnerships to enhance diversity for the next reporting period 1. Working with newly funded partners in Education and Outreach to guide development of resources and manage effectiveness of deliverables.

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2. Identifying and leveraging support services and potential connections, organizations and institutional resources within partnering Universities to promote diversity. 3. Actively promote all opportunities throughout the Center to under-represented groups and recruit at all levels of Center activity. 4. Strengthening partnerships with local community colleges and finding ways to link research content and scientists to professors and students. 5. Actively promote and develop the undergraduate summer course to our current partners as well as Historically Black Colleges and Universities and other Minority Serving Institutions.

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VII. MANAGEMENT
1a. Centers organizational strategy and its underlying rationale, if changed since the last reporting period Our administration and management goals are to create a structure and system that ensures that C-DEBI is successful in attaining all of its research, education, outreach, and diversity goals. We are create assessment and reporting structures that assure accountability and transparency at all levels for constant improvement of C-DEBI function. See Appendix H. 1b. Performance and management indicators the Center has developed to assess its progress in organizational and management goals/objectives 1. The decision-making process needs to be defined, transparent and effective to lead to a high degree of confidence, ownership, and engagement by STC participants in the Center. 2. Effective communication patterns and components need to be in place to facilitate the exchange of science, education of students, and promote the sharing of other STC activities and opportunities. 3. Students and postdocs need to be engaged in cross-center training and 4. Develop strategies, tools, and resources for sustainability of C-DEBI activities. 1c. Performance with respect to the indicators/metrics 1. The decision-making process needs to be defined, transparent and effective to lead to a high degree of confidence, ownership, and engagement by STC participants in the Center. a. Weekly administration meetings as well as bi-weekly PI meetings enable clear and effective management of the Center i. Initiated by 6 months 1. Currently being held b. Survey to be developed to establish effectiveness of leadership teams, decision making, and Center engagement i. Year 1: 60% of respondents rate leadership as being clear/effective or very clear/effective ii. Years 2-5: 70% of respondents rate leadership as being clear/effective or very clear/effective 1. Our administrative performance was well-reviewed by 71 participants in the C-DEBI community in a survey launched November 2011 survey with 49% of respondents rating our

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overall performance as highly effective and 39% as effective. Other survey results indicate the modes of receiving communication as mostly from the effective and informative newsletter and the web site; the need for opening up the scope for funding opportunities (which we are planning to do after these initial calls to support our research infrastructure); the responses of the team as being prompt and helpful; and good inclusion of people new to the field, but a suggestion to include "small workshops on relevant topics, maybe at major conferences [e.g., how to get funded, how to get on a cruise, the newest hot data] - i think this is already done to some degree, but just pointing out that it's helpful here." 2. Effective communication patterns and components need to be in place to facilitate the exchange of science, education of students, and promote the sharing of other STC activities and opportunities. a. Developed a comprehensive website at www.darkenergybiosphere.org with research and education portals and resources i. Year 1: Web site under reconstruction 1. Web site constructed outlining research and education goals as well as resources and field projects ii. Years 2-5: Maintained b. Newsletter distributed regularly to C-DEBI participants and affiliates which highlights upcoming events, opportunities for funding, and education partners i. Years 1-5: Newsletter distributed to participants 1. Maintaining a mailing list 2. Actively recruits participants at meetings, town halls, and workshops, including 2011 SACNAS National Conference, GSA Annual Meeting, AGU Fall Meeting 3. Fourteen now biweekly newsletters have been distributed in 2011 4. Community is over 500 members from 29 countries c. Private login site under construction for downloads and community postings i. Year 1: Completed 1. Password protected section of website and community forum created. ii. Years 2-5: Maintained d. Surveys posted on C-DEBI web site to identify who users are and ask how we can help to meet their needs i. Year 1: Implement survey 1. An initial survey was launched August 2010 to identify how key constituencies first heard about C-DEBI and what C-DEBI could do for them as individuals and the community. A total of 52 participants from faculty/scientists, postdoctorals and

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graduate students to undergraduates, industry/biotechnology and other (including education) participants responded. In the first year, word of mouth and to a lesser extent, websites and social media, are how people found out about C-DEBI. Many individual and community benefits of the center were identified including opportunities for collaboration and networking, funding for research and staff, and C-DEBI as a source for expertise, tools and techniques. In the vision for the future, participants suggested collaborations, especially international, with a multidisciplinary focus, long-term research, and outreach to the general public, as well as improving our reach to government agencies and the biotechnology industry. 2. Another survey on our administrative performance was launched November 2011 which also reviewed the needs and wants of the community (details in this performance section 1.b.1 above). e. Develop video conferencing seminar series i. Year 1: Initiated seminar series 1. To enhance communication and the exchange of ideas among C-DEBI participants, we have launched the Networked Speaker Series for the 2011-2012 academic year. Speakers are nominated by the community to give a visually compelling presentation for a broad audience of online networked viewers. We are particularly enthusiastic about giving young researchers a chance to present work to the C-DEBI community. Our first speaker, Dr. Brandi Kiel Reese, a postdoctoral at the University of Southern California, gave the inaugural talk "Biogeography of geochemical characterizations and molecular commnities within shallow and deep subsurface sediments" on November 10, 2011. In addition to 30 in-room participants and 20 people participating live online, the recording was viewed over 100 times by those who could not "attend" the live web event. f. Established protocol/procedure for C-DEBI publications, issue contribution numbers and list in acknowledgement of papers i. Year 1: Created and distribute protocol 1. Distributed to all C-DEBI participants who received funding 2. Logo and branding information on web site 3. Students and postdocs need to be engaged in cross-center training and collaboration and participate in ethics training. g. Organize Center-wide opportunities for collaboration and training i. Years 1-5: Conduct a center-wide meeting

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1. All-Hands Meeting held May 16-17, 2011. Presentations and breakout discussions to engage all participants (80 plus 6 via videoconference) h. Adopt community standards that govern scientific ethics i. Year 1: On-line ethics training program for C-DEBI participants. 1. 100% compliance for C-DEBI participants within 6 months ii. Year 1: Establish Ethics Panel 1. Ethics Panel in place to collect, review, and adapt/adopt policies from model institutions 2. Timely resolution of complaints within 6 months 4. Develop strategies, tools, and resources for sustainability of C-DEBI activities. i. Amount and number of new funding sources i. Year 1: $100K in aggregate (beyond initial STC funding), and 1 new funding source ii. Year 2: $200K in aggregate (beyond initial STC funding) iii. Year 3: $500K in aggregate (beyond initial STC funding), and 2 new funding sources iv. Year 4: $1M in aggregate (beyond initial STC funding) v. Year 5: $2M in aggregate (beyond initial STC funding) 1. New funding sources gathered by C-DEBI participants listed in VIII. Center-Wide Outputs 2. Target for year 1 of $100,000 exceeded 3. Target for year 2 of $200,000 exceeded 1d. Problems (e.g., technical, personnel, communication) encountered in realizing the Centers organizational strategy or management goals/objectives as well as any problems anticipated in the next period C-DEBI strives for open communication and strategies of collaboration between partnering institutions. Our goals remain in focus and we are on track with the establishment of regular communication patterns to deal with any problems that arise. One challenge has involved personnel. We originally hired one education and diversity director for our center. It came to our attention at the directors meeting this year that we must have two separate positions, and therefore we were not in compliance. Unfortunately this was revealed as the center director was - literally - on her way to sea for two months, which slowed our ability to immediately react to this urgent need. We are now in the process of soliciting applications for this position and anticipate hiring in early 2012. 2. Management and communications systems being used to develop a fully integrated STC As C-DEBI is geographically disbursed, STC leadership is making full use of communication tools that are available. First, a bi-weekly phone conference maintains

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open communication between the PIs on the project. The weekly administrative meeting also utilizes phone conferencing when all members cannot be present. Our Networked Speaker Series videoconferencing seminars are being held 3 times a year allowing for scientific presentations from Theme Teams as well as graduate students and postdocs (for details see performance section 1.c.2.e above). An internet forum has been developed for online discussion focused around the primary scientific themes. To further enhance this culture of collaboration and cross-disciplinary thinking, we are continually developing cyber-infrastructure to enable data sharing among the C-DEBI research community. The architecture for our online communities for collaboration and learning for has two principal objectives: 1) to support the connection among scientists and others in the C-DEBI project research community and 2) to foster the connections between C-DEBI scientists and educators through the online learning workshop program. The field of deep subseafloor biosphere research is young; hence, in addition to phone and videoconferencing, direct interaction between our members is crucial for success. Three theme team meetings were held in 2011 each focusing on one of CDEBIs central research themes to discuss the state of the knowledge and future direction for C-DEBI research (for details see Research section II.2b.2 Development of the four research theme areas). The Center also hosted an All Hands meeting on May 16-17, 2011 in Los Angeles, CA which was comprised of leadership meetings with advisory boards as well as science presentations and interactions between scientists, students, postdocs and educators. 3. Internal and external advisors or advisory bodies and advisory summaries External Advisory Board Members 1. Estella Atekwana 2. John Baross 3. Antje Boetius 4. Luis Cifuentes 5. Joe Conner 6. Susan Humphris 7. Mary Ann Moran 8. Mitch Sogin 9. Henry Neal Williams Internal Advisors to the Director Oklahoma State University University of Washington University of Bremen Texas A&M University Pasadena City College Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution University of Georgia Marine Biological Laboratory Florida A&M University

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10. Tom Jordan 11. Tony Michaels 12. Dave Karl

University of Southern California University of Southern California University of Hawaii

See Appendix I for summary of the advisory committee meeting at the All Hands Meeting in May 2011.

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VIII. CENTER-WIDE OUTPUTS AND ISSUES

1a. Center publications distinguishing among the following publication types: peer reviewed publications books and book chapters other non-peer reviewed publications Peer-reviewed publications: 1. Fisher, A. T., C. G. Wheat, K. Becker, J. Cowen, B. Orcutt, S. Hulme, K. Inderbitzen, A. Turner, T. Pettigrew, E. E. Davis, H. Jannasch, K. Grigar, R. Adudell, R. Meldrum, R. Macdonald, and K. Edwards. 2011. Design, deployment, and status of borehole observatory systems used for single-hole and cross-hole experiments, IODP Expedition 327, eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. In Proceedings of the IODP, Expedition 327, edited by A. T. Fisher, T. Tsuji and K. Petronotis, Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX. C-DEBI Contribution 101. 2. Fisher, A. T., J. Cowen, C. G. Wheat, and J. F. Clark. 2011. Preparation and injection of fluid tracers during IODP Expedition 327, eastern flank of Juan de Fuca Ridge. In Proceedings of the IODP, Expedition 327, edited by A. T. Fisher, T. Tsuji and K. Petronotis, Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX. C-DEBI Contribution 102. 3. Wheat, C. G., H. W. Jannasch, M. Kastner, S. Hulme, J. Cowen, K. J. Edwards, B. N. Orcutt, and B. Glazer. 2011. Fluid sampling from oceanic borehole observatories: Design and methods for CORK activities (1990-2010). In Proceedings of the IODP, Expedition 327, edited by A. T. Fisher, T. Tsuji, and K. Petronotis, Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX. C-DEBI Contribution 103. 4. Humphris, S. E., deMenocal, P. B., Edwards, K. J., Fisher, A. T., and Saffer, D. 2011. Eos Forum: The need for scientific ocean drilling. Eos 92, 84. C-DEBI Contribution 104. 5. Orcutt, B. N., J. B. Sylvan, N. J. Knab, and K. J. Edwards. 2011. Microbial ecology of the dark ocean above, at, and below the seafloor. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 75, 361-422. C-DEBI Contribution 105. 6. Bennett, S. A., R. L. Hansman, A. L. Sessions, K. Nakamura, and K. J. Edwards. 2011. Tracing iron-fueled microbial carbon production within the hydrothermal plume at the Loihi seamount. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 75, 19. C-DEBI Contribution 106. 7. Orcutt, B. N., D. Bowman, K. Inderbitzen, A. Haddad, A. T. Fisher, and L. Peart. 2011. The 'Adopt-A-Microbe' Project: Web-based interactive microbiology education connected with scientific ocean drilling. Current: The Journal of Marine Education 27, 3. C-DEBI Contribution 107.

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8. Edwards, K. J., C. G. Wheat, and J. B. Sylvan. 2011. Under the sea: Microbial life in volcanic oceanic crust. Nature Reviews Microbiology 9. C-DEBI Contribution 108. 9. Orsi, W., et al. In preparation. C-DEBI Contribution 109. 10. Singer, E., D. E. Emerson, E. A. Webb, W. C. Nelson, J. F. Heidelberg, H. Kuenen, and K. J. Edwards. 2011. Mariprofundus ferrooxydans PV-1: The first genome of a marine Fe(II) oxidizing Zetaproteobacterium. PLoS ONE 6 (9) e25386. C-DEBI Contribution 110. 11. Fisher, A. T., T. Tsuki, K. Petronotis, C. G. Wheat, K. Becker, J. F. Clark, J. Cowen, K. Edwards, H. Jannasch, IODP Expedition 327 Scientific Party, and Atlantis Expedition AT18-07 Scientific Party (2011), Installing and servicing borehole crustal observatories to run three-dimensional cross-hole perturbation and monitoring experiments on the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge: IODP Expedition 327 and Atlantis Expedition AT18-07, Sci. Drilling, 13, in press. C-DEBI Contribution 111. 12. Biddle, J. F., et al. Submitted to Frontiers in Extreme Microbiology. C-DEBI Contribution 112. 13. Cowen, J. P., D. Copson, J. Jolly, C.-C. Hsieh, H.-T. Lin, B. T. Glazer, and C. G. Wheat. 2011. Advanced instrument system for real-time and time-series microbial geochemical sampling of the deep (basaltic) crustal biosphere. Deep Sea Research I 61, 43-56. C-DEBI Contribution 113. 14. Smith, A., R. Popa, M. Fisk, M. Nielsen, C. G. Wheat, H. W. Jannasch, A. T. Fisher, K. Becker, S. M. Sievert, and G. Flores. 2011. In situ enrichment of ocean crust microbes on igneous minerals and glasses using an osmotic flow-through device. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 12. C-DEBI Contribution 114. 15. Edwards, K. J., K. Becker, and F. Colwell. 2012. Deep, dark energy biosphere: Intraterrestrial life on Earth. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 40. C-DEBI Contribution 115. 16. Sylvan, J. B., B. M. Toner, and K. J. Edwards. Life and death of deep-sea vents: Bacterial diversity and ecosystem succession on inactive hydrothermal sulfides, mBio, in press. C-DEBI Contribution 116. 17. Edwards, K. J. 2011. Carbon cycle at depth. Nature Geosciences 4, 9-11. (Perspective). C-DEBI Contribution 117. 18. Sylvan, J. B., B. C. Pyenson, O. Rouxel, C. R. German, and K. J. Edwards. Time series analysis of two hydrothermal plumes at 9.50N East Pacific Rise reveals distinct, heterogeneous bacterial populations. Geobiology Journal, in press. CDEBI Contribution 118. 19. Charpentier, D., M. D. Buatier, E. Jacquot, A. Gaudin, and C. G. Wheat. 2011. Conditions and mechanism for the formation of iron-rich Montmorillonite in deep sea sediments (Costa Rica Margin): Coupling high resolution mineralogical characterization and geochemical modeling. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 75, 1397-1410. C-DEBI Contribution 119. 20. Mottl, M.J., J. S. Seewald, C. G. Wheat, M. K. Tivey, P. J. Michael, G. Proskurowski, T. M. McCollom, E. Reeves, J. Sharkey, C.-F. You, L.-H. Chan,

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and T. Pichler. 2011. Chemistry of hot springs along the Eastern Lau Spreading Center. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 75, 1013-1038. C-DEBI Contribution 120. 21. Singer, E., E. A. Webb, W. C. Nelson, J. F. Heidelberg, N. Ivanova, A. Pati, and K. J. Edwards. 2011. Genomic potential of Marinobacter aquaeolei, a biogeochemical "opportunitroph". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77(8), 2763-2771. C-DEBI Contribution 121. 22. Wehrmann, L. M., N. Risgaard-Petersen, H. N. Schrum, E. A. Walsh, Y. Huh, M. Ikehara, C. Pierre, S. D'Hondt, T. G. Ferdelman, A. C. Ravelo, K. Takahashi, C. Alvarez Zarikian, and the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 323 Scientific Party. Coupled organic and inorganic carbon cycling in the deep subseafloor sediment of the northeastern Bering Sea Slope (IODP Exp. 323). Chemical Geology 284, 251-261. C-DEBI Contribution 122. 23. Expedition 329 Scientists. 2011. South Pacific Gyre: Subseafloor life and habitability in the South Pacific Gyre. IODP Preliminary Report 329. doi:10.2204/iodp.pr.329.2011. C-DEBI Contribution 123. 24. D'Hondt, S., F. Inagaki, C. A. Alvarez Zarikian, and the Expedition 329 Scientists. 2011. Proceedings IODP 329, Tokyo (Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Management International, Inc.). doi:10.2204/ iodp.proc.329.2011. C-DEBI Contribution 124. Chief Specialty Editor of the internet journal "Frontiers in Extreme Microbiology", Andreas Teske is editing a special topic (the equivalent to a special issue in print journals) on Deep Subsurface Microbiology. The submission deadline was Sept 15, 2011. Approx. 25 manuscripts on diverse aspects of marine sedimentary and basalt microbiology are either published, in various stages of review or just submitted. 1b. Conference presentations 1. Amend, JP. Geobiological Exploration of the Deep Subseafloor. GSA Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN. Keynote presentation. 2. Adhikari, RR, Kallmeyer, J. Hydrogenase enzyme assay: a promising technique for the quantification of microbial activity inmsubsurface environments. DEBI RCN 2011 Sediment Microbiology Meeting, 3/6-3/9/2011, Chapel Hill, NC. Poster presentation. 3. Akerman, Butterfield, Huber. Microbially-Mediated Sulfur Oxidation in Diffuse Hydrothermal Vent Fluids at Axial Seamount, Juan de Fuca Ridge. AGU Fall Meeting 2011, 12/5/2011, San Francisco, CA. Poster Presentation. 4. Alain, K, Rabineau, M, Kuroda, J, Droxler, A, Aslanian, D, Gorini, C. The GOLD (Gulf Of Lion Drilling) project, an ultra-deep drilling in the Western Mediterranean Sea with the Chikyu vessel: a focus on deep biosphere communities. DEBI RCN 2011 Sediment Microbiology Meeting, 3/6-3/9/2011, Chapel Hill, NC. Poster presentation.

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5. Barco, RA, Edwards, KJ. In Search of Biomarkers for Iron-Oxidizing Bacteria (FeOB). American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, 12/9/2011, San Francisco, CA. 6. Becker, K, Davis, EE, Fisher, AT, Wheat, CG, Jannasch, HW, Pettigrew, T. Historical Overview of ODP/IODP CORK Hydrological Observatories. AGU Fall Meeting, 12/6/2011, San Francisco, CA. Poster Presentation. 7. Bennett, SA, Hoffman, CL, Moffett, JW, Edwards, KJ. Siderophore production by the ubiquitous Marinobacter species. Southern California Undergraduate Research Conference, 4/23/2011, Santa Barbara, CA. Poster presentation 8. Biddle, J, Twing, K, Teske, A. Bacterial and archaeal communities from North Pond. DEBI RCN 2011 Sediment Microbiology Meeting, 3/6-3/9/2011, Chapel Hill, NC. Poster presentation. 9. Biddle. A sequenced-based view of the marine subsurface: Synthesis of ODP Leg 201 and IODP Expeditions 308, 336 and 339. AGU Fall Meeting 2011, 12/6/2011, San Francisco, CA. Oral Presentation. 10. Blazejak, A, Schippers, A. Novel real-time PCR assays for the quantification of genes from Bacteria of the deep biosphere. DEBI RCN 2011 Sediment Microbiology Meeting, 3/6-3/9/2011, Chapel Hill, NC. Poster presentation. 11. Brazelton, Nelson, Schrenk. Investigating the potential for subsurface primary production fueled by serpentinization. AGU Fall Meeting 2011, 12/8/2011, San Francisco, CA. Oral Presentation. 12. Breuker, A, Schippers, A. Real-time PCR quantification of Bacteria and Archaea in subsurface marine sediments. DEBI RCN 2011 Sediment Microbiology Meeting, 3/6-3/9/2011, Chapel Hill, NC. Poster presentation. 13. Briggs, BR, Inagaki, F, Morono, Y, Futagami, T, Winters, W, Colwell, FS. Bacterial dominance in subseafloor sediments characterized by gas hydrates. DEBI RCN 2011 Sediment Microbiology Meeting, 3/6-3/9/2011, Chapel Hill, NC. Poster presentation. 14. Callac, N, Laigle, S, Rouxel, O, Lesongeur, F, Vigneron, A, Liorzou, C, Ponzeverza, E, Godfroy, A. Continuous enrichment culture in bioreactor: Access to iron-reduction by thermophilic microorganisms inhabiting deep-sea hydrothermal system of Guaymas Basin. DEBI RCN 2011 Sediment Microbiology Meeting, 3/6-3/9/2011, Chapel Hill, NC. Poster presentation. 15. Carmichael, MJ, Carmichael, S, Craig, T, Strom, A, Roble, LA, and Brauer, SL. Microbial communities associated with the biomineralization of Mn oxides in subterranean karst environments of the southern Appalachians. DEBI RCN 2011 Sediment Microbiology Meeting, 3/6-3/9/2011, Chapel Hill, NC. Poster presentation. 16. Chen, X, Mark, L, Jrgensen, BB. Community zonation of methane-cycling Archaea in subsurface sediments of Aarhus Bay, Denmark. DEBI RCN 2011 Sediment Microbiology Meeting, 3/6-3/9/2011, Chapel Hill, NC. Poster presentation. 17. Ciobanu, M-C, Ghiglione, J-F, Kallmeyer, J, Etoubleau, J, Pignet, P, Crassus, P, Jorry, S, Dennielou, B, Godfroy, A, Rabineau, M, Droz, L, Alain, K. Do the

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chemo-lithostratigraphic constraints and paleoenvironmental conditions of sedimentary deposits have an effect on the structure or the composition of microbial communities? The example of the Western Mediterranean Sea. DEBI RCN 2011 Sediment Microbiology Meeting, 3/6-3/9/2011, Chapel Hill, NC. Poster Presentation 18. Collins, Peart, Cooper, St. John, Leckie, Hovan, Firth. Assessing the impacts of the first five years of School of Rock on-board and on-shore professional development program for educators: Lessons for other teacher professional development programs. AGU Fall Meeting 2011, 12/7/2011, San Francisco, CA. Oral Presentation. 19. Cooper, SK, Brennon, R, Hamner, K, Kane, J, Ringlein, J, Strong, LR, Orcutt, BN, Fisher, AT, Edwards, KJ, Cowen, JP, Hulme, S, Wheat, CG. Telling the Story of Ridge Flank Research to all Ages and Audiences. AGU Fall Meeting, 12/8/2011, San Francisco, CA. Poster Presentation. 20. Cowen, JP, Lin, H, Jungbluth, S, Hsieh, C, Rappe, M, Glazer, BT, Matzinger, M, Becker, K, Fisher, AT, Amend, JP, Johnson, HP. 1997 to Present: Quality and Versatile Access to the Deep Biosphere with Coupled Advanced CORKs and Fluid Pumping Systems. AGU Fall Meeting, 12/6/2011, San Francisco, CA. Poster Presentation. 21. Cowen, JP, Lin, H-T, Jungbluth, S, Robador, A, Matzinger, M, Rappe, M, Glaxer, BT, Amend, JP, Boettger, J. 2011. Ocean Crustal Biosphere: Fluid Sampling from IODP CORK Observatories. Asia Oceania Geosciences Society Annual Meeting; Taipei, Taiwan; August 8-12, 2011. 22. D'Hondt, S. How slow can life go? Lessons from Subseafloor Life. Harvard University, 11/16/2011, Cambridge, MA. Oral Presentation. 23. D'Hondt, S. Biogeochemistry, thermodynamics and the nature of subsurface life, 2011. Ocean Leadership Distinguished Lecture. Amherst College, 11/3/2011, Amherst, MA. Oral Presentation. 24. D'Hondt, S. How slow can life go? Lessons from Subseafloor Life. Ocean Leadership Distinguished Lecture. University of Massachusetts, 11/4/2011, Amherst, MA. Oral Presentation. 25. D'Hondt, S. How slow can life go? Lessons from Subseafloor Life. Ocean Leadership Distinguished Lecture. University of Minnesota, 11/10/2011, Duluth, MN. Oral Presentation. 26. D'Hondt, S, Inagaki, F, Alvarez Zarikian, C, and the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 329 Shipboard Scientific Party, 2011. A deep oxic ecosystem in the subseafloor South Pacific Gyre. AGU Fall Meeting, 12/8/2011, San Francisco, CA. Oral Presentation. 27. Edwards, KJ, Bach, W. Klaus, A. The deep biosphere below North Pond: A midAtlantic microbial observatory. AGU Fall Meeting 2011, 12/8/2011, San Francisco, CA. Oral Presentation. 28. Fang, J, Zhang, L. High-pressure isotope biogeochemistry a new toolbox for studying the deep-sea piezosphere and the deep biosphere? DEBI RCN 2011

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Sediment Microbiology Meeting, 3/6-3/9/2011, Chapel Hill, NC. Poster presentation. 29. Fisher, AT, Tsuji, T, Petronotis, K, Becker, K, Bowman, D, Cowen, J, Gautier, JM, Harris, M, Hulme, S, Inderbitzen, K, Ji, F, Kane, J, Keske, S, Masui, R, Miyamoto, H, Morvan, S, Orcutt, B, Peart, L, Richardson, B, Rutter, J, Thirbege, B, Turner, A, Wheat, CG, Winslow, D. Linking Subseafloor Hydrogeology, Crustal Construction and Alteration, Fluid Geochemistry, and Deep Microbiology with Education, Outreach, and Communication (EOC) Objectives, National Science Teachers Association National Conference, 3/12/11, San Francisco, CA, Oral Presentation. 30. Fisher, AT. Large-scale hydrothermal circulation through most of the seafloor: insights from drilling, observatories, surveys and models. Bennett Lecture, University of Leicester, 3/21/11, Leicester, United Kingdom. Oral Presentation. 31. Fisher, AT. Massive flows of fluid, heat, and solutes through most of the ocean crust, U.S. Geological Survey, Western Region, 9/12/2011, Menlo Park, CA. Oral Presentation 32. Girguis, Nielsen. Nature and extent of electrogenic microbial communities recovered from Juan de Fuca hydrothermal sulfides. AGU Fall Meeting 2011, 12/5/2011, San Francisco, CA. Oral Presentation. 33. Glazer, Matzinger, Cowen. Chemical Speciation and Oxidation Kinetics of Iron and Sulfur in Subseafloor Basement Fluids on the Juan de Fuca Ridge Flanks. AGU Fall Meeting 2011, 12/9/2011, San Francisco, CA. Poster Presentation. 34. Haddad, Fakra, Orcutt, Toner, Edwards. Mineralogy and inorganic chemistry of naturally occurring biogenic iron oxyhydroxides: Spectroscopic evidence of thermal maturation. AGU Fall Meeting 2011, 12/9/2011, San Francisco, CA. Poster Presentation. 35. Hoffman, CL, Bennett, SA, Moffett, JW, Edwards, KJ. How marine bacteria make their nutrients more digestible. USC Undergraduate Research Symposium, 4/13/2011, Los Angeles, CA. Poster Presentation. 36. Jacobson ME, Sylvan J, K Edwards, 2011. Phosphatase and Aminopeptidase Activity in Basaltic Rocks sampled from the Loihi Sea Mount. DEBI RCN 2011 Sediment Microbiology Meeting, 3/6-3/9/2011, Chapel Hill, NC. Poster presentation. 37. Jungbluth, S, Grote, J, Lin, H-T, Cowen, J, Rapp, MS. Temporal variation in microbial community structure of sediment-buried basement fluids. DEBI RCN 2011 Sediment Microbiology Meeting, 3/6-3/9/2011, Chapel Hill, NC. Poster presentation. 38. Knab, NJ, Edwards KJ. Potential for microbial iron oxidation in the oceanic crust. Gordon Research Conference Geobiology, 1/31/2011, Ventura, CA. Oral Presentation. 39. Kweker, G, Blazejak, A, Schippers, A. Deep biosphere quantification in Chesapeake Bay impact structure sediments. DEBI RCN 2011 Sediment Microbiology Meeting, 3/6-3/9/2011, Chapel Hill, NC. Poster presentation.

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40. Lado-Insua, T, Spivack, AJ, D'Hondt, S, Graham, D, Moran, K, Expedition Knorr 195(III) shipboard scientific party and Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 329 shipboard scientific party, Reconstruction of Pacific bottom water salinity during the Last Glaciation Maximum. AGU Fall Meeting, 12/5/2011, San Francisco, CA. Poster Presentation. 41. LaRowe, DE. Degradation of natural organic matter and the limits of microbially catalyzed reaction rates: a thermodynamic analysis. DEBI RCN 2011 Sediment Microbiology Meeting, 3/6-3/9/2011, Chapel Hill, NC. Poster presentation. 42. Lin, H-T, Cowen, JP, Amend, JP, Albert, D, Glazer, B, Rappe, M, Jungbluth, S, Matzinger, M. Organic chemistry of fluids from sediment-buried young basement: discrete sampling from ODP borehole 1301A & 1025C. DEBI RCN 2011 Sediment Microbiology Meeting, 3/6-3/9/2011, Chapel Hill, NC. Poster presentation. 43. Lloyd, Biddle, Teske. Environmental distribution, abundance and activity of the Miscellaneous Crenarchaeotal Group. AGU Fall Meeting 2011, 12/9/2011, San Francisco, CA. Poster Presentation. 44. Loiacono, Meyer-Dombard. In situ Expression of Functional Genes Reveals Nitrogen Cycling at High Temperatures in Terrestrial Hydrothermal Systems. AGU Fall Meeting 2011, 12/9/2011, San Francisco, CA. Poster Presentation. 45. Luzan, T, Chistoserdov, AY. Identification and characterization of main autotrophic sulfide-oxidizers in the fluidized mud ecosystem off French Guiana. DEBI RCN 2011 Sediment Microbiology Meeting, 3/6-3/9/2011, Chapel Hill, NC. Poster presentation. 46. McCauley, RL, Jones, DS, Schaperdoth, I, Steinberg, L, Macalady,JL. Metabolic strategies in energy-limited microbial communities in the anoxic subsurface (Frasassi cave system, Italy). DEBI RCN 2011 Sediment Microbiology Meeting, 3/6-3/9/2011, Chapel Hill, NC. Poster presentation. 47. Meyer-Dombard, DR, Cardace, D, Uzunlar, N, Gleal, Y, Yargo&lu, E. Microbial community diversity in fault-associated and ophiolite-hosted springs. DEBI RCN 2011 Sediment Microbiology Meeting, 3/6-3/9/2011, Chapel Hill, NC. Poster presentation. 48. Meyer-Dombard, Gulecal, Loiacono, Cardace, Uzunlar, Temel. Nitrogen cycling in Ophiolite-hosted and Fault-associated Hydrothermal Systems; Spacial and Temporal Variations. AGU Fall Meeting 2011, 12/9/2011, San Francisco, CA. Poster Presentation. 49. Morono, Kallmeyer, Terada, Inagaki. An Improved Method for High-throughput Discrimination and Enumeration of Sedimentary Cells Using Flow Cytometry. AGU Fall Meeting 2011, 12/8/2011, San Francisco, CA. Oral Presentation. 50. Moser. Some New Windows into Terrestrial Deep Subsurface Microbial Ecosystems. AGU Fall Meeting 2011, 12/8/2011, San Francisco, CA. Oral Presentation. 51. Na, H, Lever, M, Kjeldsen, KU, Gribsholt, B, Jrgensen, BB. Enrichment of sediment microbes with submillimolar acetate concentrations. DEBI RCN 2011

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Sediment Microbiology Meeting, 3/6-3/9/2011, Chapel Hill, NC. Poster presentation. 52. Orcutt, BN, Bach, W, Becker, K, Edwards, KJ, Fisher, AT, Haddad, A, Hulme, S, Teske, A, Toner, B, Wheat, CG. Ridge-flank crustal microbiology investigated with long-term borehole observatories. AGU Fall Meeting, 12/8/2011, San Francisco, CA. Oral Presentation. 53. Orcutt, Edwards, Haddad, Wheat. An overview of CORK borehole observatory microbiology experimentation techniques. AGU Fall Meeting 2011, 12/5/2011, San Francisco, CA. Poster Presentation. 54. Orsi, W. Protistan microbial observatory in the Cariaco Basin. WHOI Biology departmental seminar series, 10/20/2011, Woods Hole, MA. Oral presentation. 55. Orsi, W. Protists in anoxic and extreme environments. WHOI Geology and Geophysics departmental seminar series, 8/5/2011, Woods Hole, MA. Oral presentation. 56. Reese, BK, St. Peter, C, Mills, HJ. Shifts in prokaryote ecology during sample storage as observed through molecular analysis using 454 pyrosequencing. DEBI RCN 2011 Sediment Microbiology Meeting, 3/6-3/9/2011, Chapel Hill, NC. Poster presentation. 57. Robador, A, Cowen JP. Microbial sulfate reduction in basaltic fluids on the flanks of Juan de Fuca Ridge. AGU Fall Meeting, 12/9/2011. Poster presentation. 58. Russell, Biddle, Pointing, Cardman, Brady, Slater, Lim. Microbial Communities of Pavilion Lake Microbialites. AGU Fall Meeting 2011, 12/9/2011, San Francisco, CA. Poster Presentation. 59. Salas, Bhartia, Reid, Hug, Nguyen, Oswal, Sullivan, Edwards. Probing in the Dark: Preliminary Results from the Dark Energy Biosphere Investigative Tool (DEBI-T), IODP 336. AGU Fall Meeting 2011, 12/8/2011, San Francisco, CA. Oral Presentation. 60. Sauer, P, Kallmeyer, J. HiPP High Partial Pressure. DEBI RCN 2011 Sediment Microbiology Meeting, 3/6-3/9/2011, Chapel Hill, NC. Poster presentation. 61. Sauvage, J, Spivack, AJ, D'Hondt, S. Use of pore-water composition to reconstruct past dissolved inorganic carbon concentration and alkalinity in Pacific bottom water. AGU Fall Meeting, 12/7/2011, San Francisco, CA. Poster Presentation. 62. Shimizu, M, Van Dover, CL. Subseafloor microbial habitat changed by ice shelf collapse in Antarctica. DEBI RCN 2011 Sediment Microbiology Meeting, 3/63/9/2011, Chapel Hill, NC. Poster presentation. 63. Sieverding, M, Engelen, B, Sass, H, Scholz-Bttcher, B, Cypionka, H, Rullktter, J. Estimation of endospore numbers in marine sediment samples by quantification of dipicolinic acid. DEBI RCN 2011 Sediment Microbiology Meeting, 3/6-3/9/2011, Chapel Hill, NC. Poster presentation. 64. Singer, Dhillon, Barco, Edwards. Metagenomic insights into Fe(II)-oxidizing Zetaproteobacteria from a biomat at Loihi, Hawaii. AGU Fall Meeting 2011, 12/9/2011, San Francisco, CA. Poster Presentation.

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65. Slovacek, AE, Fisher, AT, Kirkwood, W, Wheat, CG, Maughan, T, Gomes, K. Ridge-flank crustal microbiology investigated with long-term borehole observatories. AGU Fall Meeting, 12/6/2011, San Francisco, CA. Poster Presentation. 66. Slovacek, Fisher, Kirkwood, Wheat, Maughan, Gomes. Development, Calibration and Deployment of an Electromagnetic Flowmeter for Cross-Hole Hydrogeologic Experiments. AGU Fall Meeting 2011, 12/5/2011, San Francisco, CA. Poster Presentation. 67. Smith, AR, Popa, R, Fisk, MR, Nielsen, ME, Wheat, CG, Jannasch, HW, Fisher, AT, Becker, K, Sievert, SM, Flores, GE, Microbial phylogeny of igneous minerals and glasses in deep ocean crust. AGU Fall Meeting, 12/7/2011, San Francisco, CA. Poster Presentation. 68. Smith, Popa, Fisk, Nielsen, Wheat, Jannasch, Fisher, Becker, Sievert, Flores. Microbial phylogeny of igneous minerals and glasses in deep ocean crust. AGU Fall Meeting 2011, 12/8/2011, San Francisco, CA. Oral Presentation. 69. Staudigel, Anitori, Davis, Connell, Tebo. Dark Oligotrophic Volcanic Ecosystems (DOVEs) in Fumarolic Ice Caves of Mt. Erebus Volcano. AGU Fall Meeting 2011, 12/8/2011, San Francisco, CA. Oral Presentation. 70. Strong, Cooper, Brinkhuis, Kurtz, Peart. Video: The Power and Value for Education and Outreach. AGU Fall Meeting 2011, 12/9/2011, San Francisco, CA. Oral Presentation. 71. Sylvan, JB, Sia, TY, Haddad, A, Briscoe, LJ, Girguis, PR, Edwards, KJ. Microbiology of low temperature seafloor deposits along a geochemical gradient in Lau Basin. 2011 AGU General Meeting, 12/6/2011, San Francisco, CA. Oral Presentation. 72. Sylvan, JB. Dark Energy Biosphere Investigations: The Quest to Reveal the Marine Intraterrestrials. Aquarium of the Pacific, 3/23/2011, Long Beach, CA. Oral Presentation. 73. Teske, A. 2011. The deep sedimentary subsurface: from discoveries of microbial lineages to biogeochemical functionality of complex communities. 8th International Symposium of Subsurface Microbiology, 9/13/2011, GarmischPartenkirchen, Germany. Oral Presentation. 74. Walsh, EA, D'Hondt, S, Smith, DC, Sogin, ML. Assessing biogeographic patterns in bacterial community structures from sea-surface to sub-seafloor from three Pacific Ocean stations. AGU Fall Meeting, 12/9/2011, San Francisco, CA. Poster Presentation. 75. Wendt, K, Anantharaman, K, Breier, J, Dick, G, Edwards, KJ, Girguis, P, Sorensen, J, Sylvan, J, B Toner, B. Biogeochemical patterns and processes in buoyant, deep-sea hydrothermal plumes. Goldschmidt Meeting, 8/16/2011, Prague, Czechoslovakia. Poster presentation. 76. Wheat, CG, Hulme, S, Mottl, MJ, Fisher, AT, Davis, EE. Geochemical Constraints for Plate Scale Subseafloor Fluid Circulation: The Eastern Flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. AGU Fall Meeting, 12/6/2011, San Francisco, CA. Oral Presentation.

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77. Wheat, Jannasch, Kastner, Hulme, Cowen, Edwards, Orcutt, Glazer. Fluid Sampling from Oceanic Borehole Observatories: Design and Methods for CORK Activities (1990-2010). AGU Fall Meeting 2011, 12/5/2011, San Francisco, CA. Poster Presentation. 78. Winslow, DM, Fisher, AT, Becker, K. Application of a Markov Chain Monte Carlo Model for Determining Formation Permeability and Sensitivity to Formation Properties from Thermal Data in Flowing Subseafloor Boreholes, AGU Fall Meeting, 12/6/2011, San Francisco, CA. Poster Presentation. 1c. Other dissemination activities not included elsewhere in the report None to report at this time. 2. Awards and other honors with names of those honored and source classifying the award or honor as scientific, education-related, industry-related, a fellowship, or other Recipient Reason for Award Award Name and Sponsor AAAS-HONOR Bennett Lecture, University of Leicester Date Award Type

K. Edwards A. Fisher

Elected to Fellow

2011

Fellowship

Achievement/ presentation ability

March 2011

Scientific, educationrelated

3. Undergraduate, M.S. and Ph.D. students who graduated and postdoctoral associates who left the STC and their current placement Student Name Brandon Briggs Michael Matzinger Brandi Reese Ivan Wong Degree(s) Ph.D. M.S. Ph.D. B.S. Years to Degree 4 3 4 4 Placement Postdoctoral Associate Postdoctoral Associate Business

4a. General outputs of knowledge transfer activities None to report at this time.

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4b. Other outputs of knowledge transfer activities None to report at this time. 5. All participants in Center activities. Center affiliates are also included in this table, but distinguished from participants. See Appendix F. 6. Summary listing of all of the Centers research, education, knowledge transfer and other institutional partners (the total number of academic institutions and non-academic organizations, including industry, states, and other Federal agencies which work or share resources with the Center) See Appendix J. 7. For internal NSF reporting purposes, a summary table on participants, affiliates, and partners 1. Number of participating institutions (all academic institutions that participate in activities at the Center) 161

2. Number of institutional partners (total number of nonacademic participants, 67 including industry, states, and other federal agencies, at the Center) 3. Total leveraged support (sum of funding for the Center from all sources other than NSFSTC) 4. Number of participants excluding affiliates (total number of people who utilize center facilities; not just persons directly supported by NSF) $914,213 95

8. Media publicity the Center received in the reporting period and any appropriate media materials that can be used to disseminate This year, C-DEBI has been highlighted in LiveScience, Nature News Q&A, US News & World Report, Deep Sea News, Wired Magazine, Scientific American and ScienceNews among others. In addition to the outreach of print, C-DEBI scientists, staff and students have presented and exhibited at the 2011 SACNAS (Society for the Advancement of Chicanos and Native Americans in Science) National Conference, American Geophysical Union (AGU) Fall Meeting, and Geological Society of America (GSA) Annual Meeting.

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C-DEBI Research in the press Title Richard Branson DeepSea Adventures With The Virgin Oceanic Billionaire Richard Branson plots deep-sea adventure with solo submarine Virgin Oceanic plumbs the depths for science What Lies Beneath the Seafloor? Mystery Microbes Discovered Beneath Seafloor URL http://www.therichest.org/technology/richard -branson-deep-sea-adventures-with-thevirgin-oceanic/ Date

4/5/11

http://articles.latimes.com/2011/apr/05/local/ 4/7/11 la-mew-branson-submarine-mobile http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110408/f ull/news.2011.224.html http://www.rsmas.miami.edu/newsevents/press-releases/2011/what-liesbeneath-the-seafloor/ http://www.livescience.com/14045microbes-ocean-crust-observationsbacteria.html

4/8/11

5/2/11

5/5/11

Scientist In Residence: Beth Orcutt Introduces Herself

http://deepseanews.com/2011/06/scientistin-residence-beth-orcutt-introducesherself/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medi 6/8/11 um=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+deep_ sea_news+%28Deep+Sea+News%29&utm _content=Google+Reader http://deepseanews.com/2011/07/scientistin-residence-beth-orcutt-there-is-more-tothe-marine-subsurface-thansediments/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_ medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+d eep_sea_news+%28Deep+Sea+News%29 &utm_content=Google+Reader http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/expediti ons/2011/08/30/introducing-expedition-336at-north-pond/ http://www.usnews.com/science/articles/20 11/08/31/exploring-the-dark-depths-of-theoceans

Scientist in Residence: Beth Orcutt There is More to the Marine Subsurface than Sediments

7/19/11

Introducing Expedition 336 at North Pond

8/30/11

Exploring the Dark Depths of the Oceans

8/31/11

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A Search for Life at the Earths Extremes Under the sea: microbial life in volcanic oceanic crust

http://dornsife.usc.edu/news/stories/1015/asearch-for-life-at-the-earths-extremes/ http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v9/n 10/abs/nrmicro2647.html

9/16/11

10/11/11

Observatory Safely Studies http://www.wired.com/magazine/2011/11/st Deep-Sea Life _cork/ Deep-sea battery comes to light http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id /336846/title/Deepsea_battery_comes_to_light

11/29/11

12/31/11

C-DEBI Video products from the Juan de Fuca expeditions Title Mission to Juan de Fuca Lisa Strong Science Observatories Lisa Strong Looking for life below the seafloor Lisa Strong What is it like to be a scientist? Sharon Cooper R/V Atlantis to Shuttle Atlantis Lisa Strong Flowmeter calibration Jim Ringlien North Museum exhibit Jim Ringlien Adopt a Microbe project Beth Orcutt URL http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LxFt44sKFXE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YfPCH9g8kU c http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yOgZy9TfSFo &feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QS_d55km5I&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUj4boiizvs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Xx2WoJE0g&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O66f1O45AjI &feature=related http://www.darkenergybiosphere.org/adoptamicr obe/

See Appendix K for distributable media including the following: - C-DEBI general brochure - Research exchange brochure - Grants opportunities brochure - 2012 GEM undergraduate course brochure

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IX. INDIRECT/OTHER IMPACTS

1. International activities in which the Center has engaged. If they are described elsewhere in the report, highlight them here without going into great detail. (1) Two international cruises have taken place with the integrated ocean drilling program (Exp. AT18-07 - Fisher and Cowen, Exp. 336 - Edwards). (2) Two PIs (Edwards & Fisher) served on the Science Plan Writing Committee for the International Ocean Discovery Program, to be launched in 2013. (3) Co-PI Fisher served during the Current Award Year on the IODP Leadership Team developed media documents and powerpoint presentations for community use in supporting the new drilling program, prepared articles for EOS and Scientific Drilling (Edwards participated during the previous year). (4) Fisher co-convened a special session at AGU on Crustal and Lithospheric Processes that featured invited and volunteered presenters showing scientific, technical, and education/outreach results of C-DEBI projects. (5) Co-PI's D'Hondt, Edwards, and Fisher were invited to contribute chapters to a book to be published in 2014 by Elsevier titled, "Earth and Life Processes Discovered from Subseafloor Environment - A Decade of Science Achieved by the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP)," Stein, R., Blackman, D., Inagaki, F., and Larsen, H.-C. (Eds.). Several additional C-DEBI participants are also contributing to this volume. (6) Co-PIs Fisher and Wheat collaborated with colleagues at University of Bremen to prepare a German proposal for seismic surveys in support of the new Dorado outcrop research project. In addition, funds were budgeted on the US proposal for participation by German colleagues, and for US researchers to participate on the proposed German expedition. (7) Co-PI Cowen presented a keynote address on the Ocean Crustal Biosphere at the Asia Oceania Geosciences Society meeting in Taipei in August 2011. (8) Numerous talks and meetings have been attended. 2. Describe other outputs, impacts, or influences related to the Centers progress and achievement that may not have been captured in another section of the report Nothing to report at this time.

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