Flow and heat transfer of a nanouid over a nonlinearly stretching sheet:

A numerical study
P. Rana

, R. Bhargava
Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee 247667, India
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 2 November 2010
Received in revised form 6 May 2011
Accepted 7 May 2011
Available online 19 May 2011
Keywords:
Nanouid
Boundary layer
Stretching sheet
Brownian motion
Thermophoresis
FDM
FEM
a b s t r a c t
Steady, laminar boundary uid ow which results from the non-linear stretching of a at
surface in a nanouid has been investigated numerically. The model used for the nanouid
incorporates the effects of Brownian motion and thermophoresis. The resulting non-linear
governing equations with associated boundary conditions are solved using variational
nite element method (FEM) with a local non-similar transformation. The inuence of
Brownian motion number (Nb), thermophoresis number (Nt), stretching parameter (n)
and Lewis number (Le) on the temperature and nanoparticle concentration proles are
shown graphically. The impact of physical parameters on rate of heat transfer (h
0
(0))
and mass transfer (/
0
(0)) is shown in tabulated form. Some of results have also been com-
pared with explicit nite difference method (FDM). Excellent validation of the present
numerical results has been achieved with the earlier nonlinearly stretching sheet problem
of Cortell [16] for local Nusselt number without taking the effect of Brownian motion and
thermophoresis.
2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Boundary layer behaviour over a stretching surface is important as it occurs in several engineering process, for example,
materials manufactured by extrusion, glass-ber and paper production. In industry, polymer sheets and laments are man-
ufactured by continuous extrusion of the polymer from a die to a windup roller, which is located at a nite distance away. In
these cases, the nal product of desired characteristics depends on the rate of cooling in the process and the process of
stretching. After, Sakiadis [1] introduced the study of boundary layer ow over a continuous solid surface moving with con-
stant velocity, the boundary layer ow caused by a stretching surface has drawn the attention of many researchers. The
dynamics of the boundary layer ow over a stretching surface originated from the pioneering work of Crane [2]. He exam-
ined the steady incompressible boundary layer ow of a Newtonian uid caused by stretching of at sheet which moves in
its own plane with linear velocity due to the application of a uniform stress. This problem is particularly interesting since an
exact solution of the two-dimensional NavierStokes equations has been obtained by Crane [2]. Later on, various aspects of
the problem have been investigated by Dutta et al. [3], Chen and Char [4], etc. Kelson and Desseaux [5] studied the effect of
surface conditions on the micropolar ow driven by a porous stretching sheet. Mohammadein and Gorla [6] examined the
ow of micropolar uids bounded by a stretching sheet with prescribed wall heat ux, viscous dissipation and internal heat
generation. Bhargava et al. [7] investigated the ow of a mixed convection micropolar uid driven by a porous stretching
sheet with uniform suction using FEM. Desseaux and Kelson [8] studied the ow of a micropolar uid bounded by a linearly
stretching sheet while Bhargava et al. [9] studied the same ow of a micropolar ow over a non-linear stretching sheet.
1007-5704/$ - see front matter 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.cnsns.2011.05.009

Corresponding author. Mobile: +91 9634435354.

E-mail address: puneetranaiitr@gmail.com (P. Rana).
Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 17 (2012) 212226
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Nadeem et al. [10] investigated HAM solutions for boundary layer ow in the region of the stagnation point towards a
stretching sheet.
Magyari and Keller [11] studied the stretching problem of an incompressible uid over a permeable wall. On the other
hand, Cornell [12] has studied heat transfer in an incompressible second order uid caused by a linearly stretching sheet
and has also analyzed the ow of a uid of grade three past an innite porous at plate subject to suction at the plate
[13]. However, Gupta and Gupta [14] further underlined that the stretching of the sheet may not necessarily be linear. In
view of this, Vajravelu [15] studied ow and heat transfer in a viscous uid over a nonlinear stretching sheet without viscous
dissipation, then Cortell [16] examined ow and heat transfer on a nonlinear stretching sheet for two different types of ther-
mal boundary conditions on the sheet, constant surface temperature (CST case) and prescribed surface temperature (PST
case). Nadeem et al. [17] studied the effects of heat transfer on the stagnation ow of a third-order uid over a shrinking
sheet. Recently, Prasad et al. [18] studied the mixed convection heat transfer over a non-linear stretching surface with var-
iable uid properties.
Nomenclature
Roman
a
m
thermal diffusivity
a constant
n stretching parameter
C nanoparticle volume fraction
C
w
nanoparticle volume fraction
C
1
ambient nanoparticle volume fraction
Nt thermophoresis parameter
(x, y) Cartesian coordinates
T
w
temperature at the plate
T
1
ambient temperature attained
T Temperature on the plate
Pr Prandtl number
q
m
wall mass ux
q
w
wall heat ux
D
B
Brownian diffusion condent
D
T
thermophoretic diffusion coefcient
u
w
velocity of stretching sheet
f(g) dimensionless stream function
g(g) gravitational acceleration
Nb Brownian motion parameter
Le Lewis number
Nu
x
Nusselt number
Sh
x
Sherwood number
u, v velocity components along xy axes
Greek symbols
w stream function
t kinematic viscosity of the uid
s parameter dened by e(qc)
p
/(qc)
f
(qc)
f
heat capacity of the uid
/(g) rescaled nanoparticle volume fraction
g similarity variable
h(g) dimensionless temperature
(qc)
p
effective heat capacity of the nanoparticle material
q
f
uid density
b volumetric expansion coefcient of the uid
q
p
nanoparticle mass density
Subscripts
w condition on the sheet
1 condition far away from the plate
P. Rana, R. Bhargava / Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 17 (2012) 212226 213
Fluid heating and cooling are important in many industries such as power, manufacturing and transportation. Effective
cooling techniques are greatly needed for cooling any sort of high energy device. Common heat transfer uids such as water,
ethylene glycol, and engine oil have limited heat transfer capabilities due to their low heat transfer properties. In contrast,
metals have thermal conductivities up to three times higher than these uids, so it is naturally desirable to combine the two
substances to produce a heat transfer medium that behaves like a uid, but has the thermal of a metal. Recently, the term
nanouid was rst proposed by Choi [19] to indicate engineered colloids composed of nanoparticles dispersed in a base
uid. The characteristic feature of nanouids is thermal conductivity enhancement, a phenomenon observed by Masuda
et al. [20].
Nanouid is a uid containing nanometer-sized particles, called nanoparticles. These uids are engineered colloidal
suspensions of nanoparticles in a base uid. The nanoparticles used in nanouids are typically made of metals (Al, Cu), oxides
(Al
2
O
3
), carbides (SiC), nitrides (AlN, SiN) or nonmetals (Graphite, carbon nanotubes) and the base uid is usually a conduc-
tive uid, such as water or ethylene glycol. Other base uids are Oil and other lubricants, Bio-uids and Polymer solutions.
Nanoparticles range in diameter between 1 and 100 nm. Nanouids commonly contain up to a 5% volume fraction of nano-
particles to ensure effective heat transfer enhancements.
A comprehensive survey of convective transport in nanouids was made by Buongiorno [21] based at MIT, who consid-
ered seven slip mechanisms that can produce a relative velocity between the nanoparticles and the base uid. Of all of these
mechanisms, only Brownian diffusion and thermophoresis were found to be important. An excellent assessment of nanouid
physics and developments has been provided by Das et al. [22] and Eastman et al. [23]. Buongiorno and Hu [24] observed
that although convective heat transfer enhancement has been suggested to be due to the dispersion of the suspended nano-
particles, this effect however is too small to explain the observed enhancement. They further assert that turbulence is not
affected by the presence of the nanoparticles so this cannot explain the observed enhancement.
Kuznetsov and Nield [25] studied the inuence of nanoparticles on natural convection boundary layer ow past a vertical
plate by taking Brownian motion and thermophoresis into account. Nield and Kuznetsov [26] extended the Cheng and
Minkowycz [27] problem to consider nanouids, by incorporating Brownian motion and thermophoresis. Tzou [28,29] pre-
sented the thermal instability of nanouids in natural convection. Bachok et al. [30] studied boundary layer ow of nanouid
over a moving surface in a owing uid. Very recently, Khan and Pop [31] reported boundary layer ow of a nanouid past a
stretching sheet.
To the authors knowledge no studies have thus far been communicated with regard to boundary layer ow and heat
transfer of a nanouid past a non-linearly stretching sheet. The objective of the present paper is therefore to extend the work
of Khan and Pop [31] by taking steady boundary-layer ow with nonlinearly stretching sheet. In this article we employ an
extensively validated, highly efcient, variational nite element code to study this problem. Finite element method is used to
solve the normalized boundary layer equations and the effects of Lewis number (Le), Prandtl number (Pr), Brownian motion
number (Nb), thermophoresis number (Nt), stretching parameter (n) on the relevant ow variables are described in detail.
Furthermore, effects of Le, Pr, Nb, Nt and n on the rates of heat transfers (h
0
(0)) and mass transfers (/
0
(0)) are presented
in tabular form. The present study is of immediate interest to all those processes which are highly affected with heat
enhancement concept e.g. cooling of metallic sheets or electronic chips etc.
2. Mathematical analysis
Consider steady, incompressible, laminar, two-dimensional boundary layer ow of a nanouid past a at sheet coinciding
with the plane y = 0 and the ow being conned to y > 0. The ow is generated, due to non-linear stretching of the sheet,
caused by the simultaneous application of two equal and opposite forces along the x-axis. Keeping the origin xed, the sheet
is then stretched with a velocity u
w
= ax
n
where a is a constant, n is a nonlinear stretching parameter and x is the coordinate
measured along the stretching surface, varying nonlinearly with the distance from the slit. A schematic representation of the
physical model and coordinates system is depicted in Fig. 1. The pressure gradient and external forces are neglected. The
Slit
y
x
Nanofluid sheet
Stretching forces
u
v
Fig. 1. Physical model and co-ordinate system.
214 P. Rana, R. Bhargava / Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 17 (2012) 212226
stretching surface is maintained at constant temperature and concentration, T
w
and C
w
, respectively, and these values are
assumed to be greater than the ambient temperature and concentration, T
1
and C
1
, respectively.
The basic steady conservation of mass, momentum, thermal energy and nanoparticles equations for nanouids can be
written in Cartesian coordinates x and y as, see Buongiorno [21], Kuznetsov and Nield [25], Nield and Kuznetsov [26], Bachok
et al. [30] and Khan and Pop [31],
@u
@x

@v
@y
0 1
u
@u
@x
v
@u
@y
t
@
2
u
@y
2
2
u
@T
@x
v
@T
@y
a
m
r
2
T s D
B
@C
@y
:
@T
@y
D
T
=T
1

@T
@y
_ _
2
_ _
3
u
@C
@x
v
@C
@y
D
B
@
2
C
@y
2
D
T
=T
1

@
2
T
@y
2
4
where
a
m

k
m
qc
f
; s
qc
p
qc
f
5
subject to the boundary conditions
v 0; u
w
ax
n
; T T
w
; C C
w
at y 0 6a
u v 0; T T
1
; C C
1
as y ! 1 6b
Here u and v are the velocity components along the axes x and y, respectively, q
f
is the density of the base uid, a
m
is the
thermal diffusivity, t is the kinematic viscosity, a is a positive constant, D
B
is the Brownian diffusion coefcient, D
T
is the
thermophoretic diffusion coefcient and s = (qc)
p
/(qc)
f
is the ratio between the effective heat capacity of the nanoparticle
material and heat capacity of the uid, c is the volumetric volume expansion coefcient and q
p
is the density of the particles.
We look for a similarity solution of Eqs. (1)(4) with the boundary conditions (6) of the following form:
g y

an 1
2t
_
x
n1
2
; u ax
n
f
0
g; v

atn 1
2
_
x
n1
2
f
n 1
n 1
_ _
gf
0
_ _
hg
T T
1
T
w
T
1
; /g
C C
1
C
w
C
1
7
The governing equations (1)(4) then reduce to
f
000
ff
00

2n
n 1
_ _
f
02
0 8
1
Pr
h
00
f h
0
Nbh
0
/
0
Nth
0

2
0 9
/
00

1
2
Lef /
0

Nt
Nb
h
00
0 10
The transformed boundary conditions are
g 0; f 0; f
0
1; h 1; / 1 11a
g ! 1; f
0
0; h 0; / 0 11b
where ()
0
denotes differentiation with respect to g and the key thermophysical parameters are dened by:
Pr
t
a
; Le
t
D
B
; Nb
qc
p
D
B
C
w
C
1

qc
f
t
; Nt
qc
p
D
T
T
w
T
1

qc
f
tT
1
12
Here Pr, Le, Nb and Nt denote the Prandtl number, the Lewis number, the Brownian motion parameter and the thermopho-
resis parameter respectively. It is important to note that this boundary value problem reduces to the classical problem of
ow and heat and mass transfer due to a stretching surface in a viscous uid when n = 1 and Nb, Nt are zero in Eqs. (9)
and (10) (The boundary value problem reduces to the classical problem for / the becomes ill-posed and is of no physical
signicance).
P. Rana, R. Bhargava / Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 17 (2012) 212226 215
It is worth mentioning that Eq. (8) with the boundary conditions Eqs. (11a), (11b) withn = 0, are the classical Blasius
at-plate ow problem and a detailed numerical study of that problem has been carried out by the author of this work.
For the linearly stretching boundary problem (i.e., n = 1) the exact solution for f is f(g) = 1 e
g
, rst obtained by Crane [2]
and this exact solution is unique, while for the nonlinearly stretching boundary problem (i.e., n 1) there is no exact solu-
tion. The quantities of practical interest, in this study, are the Nusselt number and the Sherwood number which are de-
ned as
Nu
x

xq
w
kT
w
T
1

; Sh
x

xq
m
D
B
C
w
C
1

13
where q
w
and q
m
are heat ux and mass ux at the surface (plate), respectively are given by following expressions:
q
w
kT
w
T
1
x
n1
2

an 1
2t
_
h
0
0 14
q
m
D
B
C
w
C
1
x
n1
2

an 1
2t
_
/
0
0 15
The set of partial differential equations given (8)(10) are highly non-linear, therefore, cannot be solved analytically. The var-
iational nite element method [7,9,3234] has been implemented.
3. Method of solution
3.1. The nite element method
The nite element method is a powerful technique for solving differential or partial differential equations as well as inte-
gral equations. The basic concept is that the whole domain is divided into smaller elements of nite dimensions called Fi-
nite Elements. It is the most versatile numerical technique in modern engineering analysis and has been employed to study
diverse problems in heat transfer [3,32,34], uid mechanics [9], chemical processing [35], rigid body dynamics [36], solid
mechanics [37], electrical systems [38,39], acoustics [40,41] and many other elds. The steps involved in the nite element
analysis are as follows:
3.1.1. Finite-element discretization
The whole domain is divided into a nite number of sub-domains, which is called the discretization of the domain. Each
sub domain is called an element. The collection of elements is called the nite-element mesh.
3.1.2. Generation of the element equations
(a) From the mesh, a typical element is isolated and the variational formulation of the given problem over the typical ele-
ment is constructed.
(b) An approximate solution of the variational problem is assumed and the element equations are made by substituting
this solution in the above system.
(c) The element matrix, which is called stiffness matrix, is constructed by using the element interpolation functions.
3.1.3. Assembly of element equations
The algebraic equations so obtained are assembled by imposing the interelement continuity conditions. This yields a large
number of algebraic equations known as the global nite element model, which governs the whole domain.
3.1.4. Imposition of boundary conditions
The essential and natural boundary conditions are imposed on the assembled equations.
3.1.5. Solution of assembled equations
The assembled equations so obtained can be solved by any of the numerical technique viz. Gauss elimination method, LU
Decomposition method, etc.
For the solution of system of simultaneous partial differential equations as given in (8)(10), with the boundary condi-
tions (11), we rst assume
@f
@g
h 16
216 P. Rana, R. Bhargava / Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 17 (2012) 212226
The system of Eqs. (8)(10) then reduces to
@
2
h
@g
2
f
@h
@g

2n
n 1
_ _
h
2
0 17
1
Pr
@
2
h
@g
2
f
@h
@g
Nb
@h
@g
@/
@g
Nt
@h
@g
_ _
2
0 18
@
2
/
@g
2

1
2
Lef
@/
@g

Nt
Nb
@
2
h
@g
2
0 19
and the corresponding boundary conditions now become;
g 0; f 0; f
0
1; h 1; / 1 20a
g ! 1; f
0
0; h 0; / 0 20b
3.2. Variational formulation
The variational form associated with Eqs. (16)(19) over a typical linear element (g
e
, g
e+1
), is given by
_
g
e1
g
e
w
1
@f
@g
h
_ _
dg 0 21
_
g
e1
g
e
w
2
@
2
h
@g
2
f
@h
@g

2n
n 1
_ _
h
2
0
_ _
dg 0 22
_
g
e1
g
e
w
3
1
Pr
@
2
h
@g
2
f
@h
@g
Nb
@h
@g
@/
@g
Nt
@h
@g
_ _
2
0
_ _
dg 0 23
_
g
e1
g
e
w
4
@
2
/
@g
2

1
2
Lef
@/
@g

Nt
Nb
@
2
h
@g
2
0
_ _
dg 0 24
where w
1
, w
2
, w
3
and w
4
are arbitrary test functions and may be viewed as the variation in f, h, g and h, respectively.
3.3. Finite element formulation
The nite element model may be obtained from above equations by substituting nite element approximations of the
form;
f

2
j1
f
j
w
j
; h

2
j1
h
j
w
j
; h

2
j1
h
j
w
j
; /

2
j1
/
j
w
j
25
with
w
1
w
2
w
3
w
4
w
i
; i 1; 2
In our computations, the shape functions for a typical element (g
e
, g
e+1
) are taken as: linear element
w
e
1

g
e1
g
g
e1
g
e

; w
e
2

g g
e

g
e1
g
e

; g
e
6 g 6 g
e1
26
Quadratic element
w
e
1

g
e1
g
e
2gg
e1
g
g
e1
g
e

2
; w
e
2

4gg
e
g
e1
g
g
e1
g
e

2
;
w
e
3

g
e1
g
e
2ggg
e

g
e1
g
e

2
; g
e
6 g 6 g
e1
27
The nite element model of the equations thus formed is given by;
K
11
K
12
K
13
K
14

K
21
K
22
K
23
K
24

K
31
K
32
K
33
K
34

K
41
K
42
K
43
K
44

_
_

_
ff g
fhg
fhg
f/g
_

_
_

_

fb
1
g
fb
2
g
fb
3
g
fb
4
g
_

_
_

_
P. Rana, R. Bhargava / Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 17 (2012) 212226 217
where [K
mn
] and [b
m
](m, n = 1, 2, 3, 4) are dened as:
K
11
ij

_
g
e1
g
e
w
i
@w
j
@g
dg; K
12
ij

_
g
e1
g
e
w
i
w
j
dg; K
13
ij
K
14
ij
0;
K
21
ij

_
g
e1
g
e
w
i
h
0
@w
j
@g
dg; K
22
ij

_
g
e1
g
e
@w
i
@g
@w
j
@g
dg
2n
n 1
_ __
g
e1
g
e
w
i

hw
j
dg; K
23
ij
0
K
31
ij

1
2
_
g
e1
g
e
w
i
h
0
w
j
dndg; K
33
ij

_
g
e1
g
e
@w
i
@g
@w
j
@g
dndg Nt
_
g
e1
g
e
w
i
h
0
@w
j
@g
dndg;
K
34
ij
Nb
_
g
e1
g
e
w
i
h
0
@w
j
@g
dndg; K
32
ij
K
42
ij
0; K
41
ij

1
2
LeNb
_
g
e1
g
e
w
i
/
0
@w
j
@g
dndg;
K
42
ij
Nt
_
g
e1
g
e
@w
i
@g
@w
j
@g
dndg; K
43
ij
Nb
_
g
e1
g
e
@w
i
@g
@w
j
@g
dndg;
b
1
i
0; b
2
i
w
i
df
dg
_ _
g
e1
g
e
; b
3
i
w
i
dh
dg
_ _
g
e1
g
e
; b
4
i
w
i
dh
dg

d/
dg
_ _ _ _
g
e1
g
e
28
where

2
i1
h
i
w
i
; h
0

2
i1
h
i
@w
i
@g
; h
0

2
i1

h
i
@w
i
@g
; /
0

2
i1

/
i
@w
i
@g
Each element matrix is of the order 8 8. The entire ow domain is divided into a set of 1200 line elements and following
the assembly of all the elements equations, a matrix of order 4804 4804 is generated. The resulting system of equations is
strongly non-linear and recourse must be made to a robust iterative scheme to solve it. The system is linearized by incor-
porating the functions

f ;

h;

h and

/, which are assumed to be known. After applying the given boundary conditions only
a system of 4797 equations remains for the solution which is performed using a robust Gauss elimination method while
maintaining an accuracy of 0.00001. A convergence criterion based on the relative difference between the current and pre-
vious iterations is employed. When these differences reach to desired accuracy, the solution is assumed to have converged
and iterative process is terminated. The Gaussian quadrature is implemented for solving the integrations. The computer pro-
gram of the algorithm has been executed in MATLAB running on a PC. Moreover, for one-dimensional and two-dimensional
problems, the shape functions can be linear/quadratic and higher order. However the suitability of the shape functions varies
from problem to problem. Due to the simple and efcient use in computations, linear as well quadratic shape functions are
used in the present problem. However it is observed that the results do not vary considerably indicating that both elements
provide approximately the same accuracy. The comparison for both types of shape functions is given in the Table 2.
3.4. Finite difference method
The nite difference method is also one of the techniques for solving ordinary as well as partial differential equations gov-
erning boundary value problem as well as initial value problem. In this problem, we have applied the explicit nite differ-
ence method to solve the differential equations. It has applications in heat transfer problems [7,32], uid mechanics [9,42],
solid mechanics [43] and many other elds.
For comparison purposes, the same system of Eqs. (16)(19), subject to boundary conditions (20a), (20b) are solved
numerically using the explicit nite difference method. By using the central difference formulae, the set of Eqs. (16)(19),
can be written as:
f
2
f
1
h
e
h
1
; f
i1
f
i1
2h
e
h
i
; i P2 29
h
i1
2h
i
h
i1
h
2
e
f
i
h
i1
h
i1
2h
e
_ _

2n
n 1
h
i1
h
i1
2h
e
_ _
2
0 30
h
i1
2h
i
h
i1
h
2
e

1
2
f
i
h
i1
h
i1
2h
e
_ _
Nb
h
i1
h
i1
2h
e
_ _
/
i1
/
i1
2h
e
_ _
Nt
h
i1
h
i1
2h
e
_ _
2
0 31
/
i1
2/
i
/
i1
h
2
e

1
2
f
i
/
i1
/
i1
2h
e
_ _

Nt
Nb
h
i1
2h
i
h
i1
h
2
e
_ _
0 32
where h
e
is the step length. Since the above equations are non-linear and coupled hence they cannot be solved exactly.
Therefore an iterative scheme is required to be used. Writing down the equations in the form:
x
i
Fl
1
; l
2
. . . l
n
33
where each l
i
is the function of the variable f
i
, h
i
, h
i
, /
i
and x
i
is any of the variable f
i
, h
i
, h
i
, /
i
. Similarly equations are formu-
lated for each variable of Eqs. (29)(32). Commencing with the initial guess values, new iterate values are obtained. This pro-
cess continues until the absolute error jx
i
x
i1
j is less than the accuracy required. The condition of convergence of the
218 P. Rana, R. Bhargava / Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 17 (2012) 212226
scheme has been already checked before implementing the iterative scheme. Following equation (33), Eqs. (29)(32) can be
written as follows:
f
2
f
1
h
e
h
1
; f
i1
f
i1
2h
e
h
i
; i P2 34
h
i

h
i1
h
i1
2h
2
e
f
i
h
i1
h
i1
4h
e
_ _

n
n 1
h
i1
h
i1
2h
e
_ _
2
35
h
i

h
i1
h
i1
2

1
2
f
i
h
e
h
i1
h
i1
4
_ _
Nb
h
i1
h
i1
4
_ _
/
i1
/
i1
2
_ _

Nt
2
h
i1
h
i1
2
_ _
2
36
/
i

/
i1
/
i1
2

h
e
2
f
i
Le
/
i1
/
i1
4
_ _

Nt
Nb
h
i1
2h
i
h
i1
2
_ _
37
The boundary conditions are presented as:
f
1
0; h
1
1; h
1
1; /
1
1 38a
h
101
1; h
101
0; /
101
0 38b
The system of Eqs. (34)(37) with the boundary conditions (38a), (38b) has been solved iteratively and the results obtained
are compared with those obtained by FEM.
4. Results and discussion
To provide a physical insight into the ow problem, comprehensive numerical computations are conducted for various
values of the parameters that describe the ow characteristics and the results are illustrated graphically.
For solving above boundary value problem and to give a better approximation for the solution, the suitable guess value of
g
1
(length of the domain) is chosen satisfying all boundary conditions. We take the series of values for jf
0
(0)j, jh
0
(0)j and
j/
0
(0)j with different values of g
1
(such as = 4, 6, 8) and step sizes h (from 0.2 to 0.0001) is chosen so that the numerical
results obtained are independent of g
1
(see Table 1). For computational purposes, the region of integration g is considered as
0 to g
1
= 6, where g
1
corresponds to g ?1 which lies very well outside the momentum and thermal boundary layers.
Moreover, in Table 1, we investigate the sensitivity of the solutions to mesh density, it has been observed that in the same
domain the accuracy is not affected even if the number of elements is increased or the size of the elements is decreased. This
serves only to increase compilation times and does not enhance in any way the accuracy of the solutions. Thus, for compu-
tational purpose 1200 elements (h = 0.005) are taken for presentation of the results. Excellent convergence was achieved in
the present study.
Comparison between the nite element and nite difference solutions is illustrated in Table 2, where for: Le = 2, Nr = 0.5,
Nb = 0.5, Nt = 0.5, Pr = 2, n = 2, we have compared proles of f
0
, h and / with g coordinate. Excellent correlation is
Table 1
Calculation of skin friction coefcient, Nusselt number and Sherwood number when Nb = 0.5, Nt = 0.5, Pr = 2, Le = 2, n = 2.
Step size (h) jf
00
(0)j jh
0
(0)j j/
0
(0)j
g
1
= 4 g
1
= 6 g
1
= 8 g
1
= 4 g
1
= 6 g
1
= 8 g
1
= 4 g
1
= 6 g
1
= 8
0.2 0.9847 0.9816 0.9812 0.4160 0.4197 0.4199 0.7136 0.6971 0.6969
0.1 1.0414 1.0383 1.0379 0.3970 0.4008 0.4010 0.7403 0.7235 0.7233
0.04 1.0785 1.0753 1.0750 0.3847 0.3886 0.3888 0.7550 0.7381 0.7379
0.02 1.0914 1.0882 1.0879 0.3805 0.3844 0.3845 0.7596 0.7426 0.7424
0.01 1.0979 1.0948 1.0944 0.3784 0.3822 0.3824 0.7618 0.7448 0.7447
0.005 1.1012 1.0981 1.0977 0.3773 0.3812 0.3814 0.7629 0.7459 0.7457
0.0001 1.1019 1.0977 1.0974 0.3768 0.3808 0.3810 0.7634 0.7464 0.7463
Table 2
Comparison of results with linear as well as quadratic elements keeping Nb = 0.5, Nt = 0.5, Pr = 2, Le = 2, n = 2, g
1
= 6.
g f
0
h /
FEM FDM FEM FDM FEM FDM
Linear Quadratic Linear Quadratic Linear Quadratic
0.0 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0 0.3479 0.3479 0.3459 0.5016 0.5016 0.4916 0.5017 0.5017 0.4911
2.0 0.1270 0.1270 0.1210 0.1417 0.1417 0.1410 0.2400 0.2400 0.2210
3.0 0.0464 0.0464 0.0460 0.0271 0.0271 0.0270 0.0797 0.0797 0.0707
4.0 0.0161 0.0161 0.0160 0.0043 0.0043 0.0041 0.0193 0.0193 0.0191
5.0 0.0045 0.0045 0.0043 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0034 0.0034 0.0032
6.0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
P. Rana, R. Bhargava / Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 17 (2012) 212226 219
Table 3
Comparision of results for reduced Nusselt number jh
0
(0)j.
Pr n Cortell [16] Present results for different step size (h) with Nb = Nt = 0
h = 0.1 h = 0.01 h = 0.005
1.0 0.2 0.610262 0.6101 0.6113 0.6113
0.5 0.595277 0.5955 0.5967 0.5967
1.5 0.574537 0.5756 0.5768 0.5768
3.0 0.564472 0.5660 0.5672 0.5672
10.0 0.554960 0.5566 0.5578 0.5578
5.0 0.2 1.607175 1.5683 1.5902 1.5910
0.5 1.586744 1.5512 1.5734 1.5839
1.5 1.557463 1.5269 1.5395 1.5496
3.0 1.542337 1.5144 1.5367 1.5372
10.0 1.528573 1.5020 1.5144 1.5260
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1

f
(

)
,

)
,

)
f()
()
()
Fig. 2. Proles of stream function, temperature function and nanoparticle concentration function for Nt = 0.5, Nb = 0.5, Pr = 2.0, Le = 2.0, g
1
= 6, n = 2.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1

)
Nb=0.5
Nb=1.0
Nb=2.5
Fig. 3. Effect of Brownian motion parameter (Nb) on temperature distribution for Nt = 0.5, Pr = 2.0, Le = 2.0, g
1
= 6, n = 2.
220 P. Rana, R. Bhargava / Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 17 (2012) 212226
demonstrated between the two numerical methods. We observe that f
0
(dimensionless velocity), h (dimensionless temper-
ature) and / (dimensionless concentration) decrease continuously from a peak value of unity at g = 0 to a minimum value at
g = 1. In addition, we have computed these proles using both linear and quadratic elements with the nite element pro-
gram, again for arbitrary values of the thermophysical parameters and observe very little difference in the computations.
Table 3 shows that the excellent correlation has been achieved with the earlier results of Cortell [16] for local Nusselt num-
ber (h
0
(0)) by neglecting Nb and Nt for Pr = 1 and 5. We nd that, as we reduce the mesh size, value of Nusselt number
(h
0
(0)) will converge to the results obtained by Cortell [16]. In our case, the step size is taken to be xed as h = 0.005.
Selected computations are presented in Figs. 211. In all cases, default values of the governing parameters are: Le = 2,
Nr = 0.5, Nb = 0.5, Nt = 0.5, Pr = 2, n = 2, unless otherwise stated. Fig. 2 shows the proles of stream function (f), temperature
(h) and nanoparticle concentration (/) for selected parameters.
The effect of Brownian motion parameter, Nb on temperature (h) and concentration (/) are shown in Figs. 3 and 4. As
expected, the boundary layer proles for the temperature are of the same form as in the case of regular heat transfer uids.
The temperature in the boundary layer increases with the increase in the Brownian motion parameter (Nb). But, the nano-
particle volume fraction prole, / decreases with the increase in the Brownian motion parameter Nb. Brownian motion
serves to warm the boundary layer and simultaneously exacerbates particle deposition away from the uid regime (onto
the surface), thereby accounting for the reduced concentration magnitudes in Fig. 4. The Brownian motion of nanoparticles
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1

)
Nb=0.5
Nb=1.0
Nb=2.5
Fig. 4. Effect of Brownian motion parameter (Nb) on concentration distribution for Nt = 0.5, Pr = 2.0, Le = 2.0, g
1
= 6, n = 2.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1

)
Nt=0.5
Nt=1.0
Nt=1.5
Nt=2.0
Fig. 5. Effect of thermophoresis parameter (Nt) on temperature distribution for Nb = 0.5, Pr = 2.0, Le = 2.0, g
1
= 6, n = 2.
P. Rana, R. Bhargava / Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 17 (2012) 212226 221
can enhance thermal conduction via one of two mechanisms either a direct effect owing to nanoparticles that transport
heat or alternatively via an indirect contribution due to micro-convection of uid surrounding individual nanoparticles.
For small particles, Brownian motion is strong and the parameter Nb will have high values; the converse is the case for large
particles and clearly Brownian motion does exert a signicant enhancing inuence on both temperature and concentration
proles.
Figs. 5 and 6 present typical proles for temperature (h) and concentration (/) for various values of thermophoretic
parameter (Nt). It is observed that an increase in the thermophoretic parameter (Nt) leads to increase in both uid temper-
ature and nanoparticle concentration. Thermophoresis serves to warm the boundary layer for low values of Prandtl number
(Pr) and Lewis number (Le). So, we can interpret that the rate of heat transfer and mass transfer decrease with increase in Nt.
Figs. 79 illustrate the effect of stretching parameter (n) on velocity (f
0
), temperature (h) and concentration (/) through
the boundary layer regime. It is observed that the velocity decreases with increase in non-linear stretching parameter (n)
leads to increase in skin friction coefcient. On the other hand, an increase in non-linear stretching parameter (n) leads
to increase both in temperature and concentration of uid i.e. rate of heat transfer and mass transfer decreases with increas-
ing stretching sheet (n). It is obvious that the temperature in the boundary layer region is low for n = 0 (moving plate with
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1

)
Nt=0.1
Nt=0.3
Nt=0.5
Fig. 6. Effect of thermophoresis parameter (Nt) on concentration distribution for Nb = 0.5, Pr = 2.0, Le = 2.0,g
1
= 6, n = 2.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1

f

'
(

)
n=0.0
n=0.75
n=3.0
n=10.0
Fig. 7. Effect of stretching parameter (n) on velocity distribution for Nb = 0.5, Pr = 2.0, Le = 2.0,g
1
= 6, n = 2.
222 P. Rana, R. Bhargava / Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 17 (2012) 212226
constant velocity a) as compared to higher value of stretching parameter (n) while the velocity prole follows the opposite
trend.
Figs. 10 and 11 depict the variation of temperature and concentration with coordinategfor various Lewis numbers (Le).
Lewis number denes the ratio of thermal diffusivity to mass diffusivity. It is used to characterize uid ows where there
is simultaneous heat and mass transfer by convection. Effectively, it is also the ratio of Schmidt number and the Prandtl num-
ber. However, the thickness of the boundary layer concentration function /(g) is found to be smaller than the thermal
boundary layer thickness for Le greater than one. Both temperature and concentration decrease with an increase in Lewis
number. But the concentration prole is affected more even for small value of Lewis number Le = 210 as compared to tem-
perature prole. Also, the concentration and thermal layers will be reduced in thickness compared with the velocity bound-
ary layer.
The variation of the dimensionless heat transfer rates (h
0
(0)) and mass transfer rates (/
0
(0)) with thermophoretic
parameter (Nt) and Brownian motion parameter (Nb) are shown in Table 4. It indicates the effects of the Brownian motion
parameter Nb on the dimensionless heat transfer rates for different values of stretching parameters for n = 0.2, 3.0 and 10.0. It
is clear that the dimensionless heat transfer rates decrease with the increase in thermophoresis parameter (Nt), and also
decrease with a rise in the Brownian motion parameter (Nb). But, the dimensionless mass transfer rates increase with the
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1

)
n=0.0
n=0.75
n=3.0
n=10.0
Fig. 8. Effect of stretching parameter (n) on temperature distribution for Nb = 0.5, Nt = 0.5, Pr = 2.0, Le = 10, g
1
= 6.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1

)
n=0.0
n=0.75
n=3.0
n=10.0
Fig. 9. Effect of stretching parameter (n) on concentration distribution for Nb = 0.5, Nt = 0.5, Pr = 2.0, Le = 10, g
1
= 6.
P. Rana, R. Bhargava / Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 17 (2012) 212226 223
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1

)
Le=5.0
Le=10.0
Le=50.0
Le=100.0
Fig. 10. Effect of Lewis number (Le) on temperature distribution for Nb = 0.5, Nt = 0.5, Pr = 2.0, g
1
= 6, n = 2.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1

)
Le=2.0
Le=4.0
Le=6.0
Le=10.0
Fig. 11. Effect of Lewis number (Le) on concentration distribution for Nb = 0.5, Nt = 0.5, Pr = 2.0,g
1
= 6, n = 2.
Table 4
Calculation of Nusselt number and Sherwood number when Le = 2, Pr = 2, g
1
= 6, h = 0.005.
n Nt jh
0
(0)j j/
0
(0)j
Nb = 0.5 1.0 2.5 0.5 1.0 2.5
0.2 0.1 0.5160 0.2775 0.0303 0.9012 0.9413 0.9493
0.3 0.4533 0.2427 0.0265 0.8395 0.9394 0.9571
0.5 0.3999 0.2135 0.0234 0.8048 0.9429 0.9642
3.0 0.1 0.4864 0.4282 0.3786 0.8445 0.7785 0.7379
0.3 0.4282 0.2293 0.0251 0.7785 0.8792 0.8997
0.5 0.3786 0.2020 0.0221 0.7379 0.8793 0.9056
10.0 0.1 0.4799 0.2581 0.0283 0.8323 0.8722 0.8812
0.3 0.4227 0.2263 0.0247 0.7654 0.8662 0.8873
0.5 0.3739 0.1996 0.0214 0.7238 0.8656 0.8930
224 P. Rana, R. Bhargava / Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 17 (2012) 212226
increase in thermophoresis parameter (Nt) and also increase with the increase in the Brownian motion parameter (Nb). It is
also noted that heat and mass transfer rates both decrease with increase in stretching parameter (n).
Table 5 shows the effect of dimensionless heat transfer and mass transfer rates with stretching sheet (n) and Lewis num-
ber (Le) for Pr = 0.7, 2.0 and 7.0. It is evident that the dimensionless heat transfer rates decreases with the increase in stretch-
ing sheet (n) for Pr = 0.7 and 2.0 for all the value of Lewis number. But, heat transfer rates increase for higher value of Prandtl
number (Pr = 7.0) and lower value of Lewis number (Le = 2.0).It is also found that the dimensionless heat transfer rates de-
creases with the increase in Lewis number (Le). On the other hand, mass transfer rates increase with increase in stretching
parameter (n) for Lower value of both Prandtl number (Pr = 0.7) and Lewis number (Le = 2.0). For all other cases the values of
mass transfer follow the opposite trend with increase in stretching parameter (n). Moreover, mass transfer rates increase
with increase in Lewis number (Le).
5. Conclusions
In the present paper, we have examined the boundary layer ow which results from the non-linear stretching of a at
surface in a nanouid with Brownian motion and thermophoresis effects incorporated. The governing partial differential
equations for mass, momentum, energy and nanoparticles conservation are transformed into ordinary differential equations
by using a similarity transformation. These equations are solved numerically using Finite element method. Some of results
are also compared with Finite difference method. Effects of various parameters on temperature and concentration proles
are shown graphically. Numerical results for the local Nusselt number (wall heat transfer rate) and local Sherwood number
(wall mass transfer rate) are presented in tabular form. The results in summary have shown that:
1. A rise in Brownian motion parameter (Nb) and thermophoresis parameter (Nt) enhance temperature in the boundary
layer region. Also, increasing thermophoresis parameter (Nt) increases concentration whereas increasing Brownian
motion parameter (Nb) decreases concentration.
2. Increasing Brownian motion parameter (Nb) and thermophoresis parameter (Nt) reduces the local heat transfer rate (local
Nusselt number). We can say that the different types of nanoparticles i.e. Al, Cu, Al
2
O
3
and CuO, have different values for
these parameter and have different heat transfer rate. Thus, they can be used effectively for controlling/simulating the
heat transfer rates in such type of stretching sheet problems.
3. The dimensionless mass transfer rates increases with the increase in the Brownian motion parameter (Nb) and thermo-
phoresis parameter (Nt).
4. The inuence of the stretching parameter (n) is to increase the mass transfer rate with its increase except for Lower value
of both Prandtl number (Pr = 0.7) and Lewis number (Le = 2.0) whereas it is to decrease the heat transfer rate except for
higher value of Prandtl number (Pr = 7.0) and Lower value of Lewis number (Le = 2.0).
5. Increasing the Lewis number (Le) decreases both temperature and concentration proles.
Acknowledgment
One of authors (P. Rana) would like to thank Council of Scientic and Industrial Research, Government of India, for its
nancial support through the award of a research grant.
Table 5
Calculation of skin friction coefcient, Nusselt number and Sherwood number when Nb = 0.5, Nt = 0.5, g
1
= 6, h = 0.005.
Pr n jh
0
(0)j j/
0
(0)j
Le = 2 Le = 10 Le = 25 Le = 2 Le = 10 Le = 25
0.7 0.2 0.3299 0.3042 0.2982 0.8132 2.3198 3.8262
0.5 0.3216 0.2965 0.2906 0.7965 2.2959 3.8005
3.0 0.3053 0.2812 0.2757 0.7630 2.2464 3.7471
10.0 0.3002 0.2765 0.2711 0.7524 2.2303 3.7296
20.0 0.2825 0.2753 0.2699 1.4548 2.2261 3.7250
2.0 0.2 0.3999 0.2835 0.2569 0.8048 2.4207 3.9547
0.5 0.3930 0.2778 0.2517 0.7826 0.2778 3.9245
3.0 0.3786 0.2661 0.2410 0.7379 2.3324 3.8616
10.0 0.3739 0.2624 0.2375 0.7238 2.3130 3.8410
20.0 0.3726 0.2614 0.2366 0.7201 2.3080 3.8357
7.0 0.2 0.2248 0.0547 0.0345 1.0114 2.6202 4.1223
0.5 0.2261 0.0546 0.0328 0.9808 2.5871 4.0909
3.0 0.2288 0.0537 0.0319 0.9185 2.5194 4.0224
10.0 0.2297 0.0534 0.0317 0.8985 2.4973 3.9999
20.0 0.2299 0.0534 0.0316 0.8933 2.4916 3.9941
P. Rana, R. Bhargava / Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 17 (2012) 212226 225
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