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Introdu t!on A livelihood is a means of making a living. It encompasses peoples capabilities, assets, income and activities required to secure the necessities of life. A livelihood is sustainable when it enables people to cope with and recover from shocks and stresses (such as natural disasters and economic or
social upheavals) and enhance their well-being and that of future generations
without undermining the natural environment or resource base. ell being is best conceptuali!ed within a livelihoods framework. A livelihood is defined as "the activities, the assets and the access that #ointl$ determine the living gained b$ an individual or household (%llis, &''(). )undamental to the livelihood approach is the asset or resource status of living individuals and household. Assets provide capabilities for achieving satisfactor$ levels of living. *$picall$ this means that the household is the unit of anal$sis, whereb$ the household and its corresponding resource profile is located within the conte+t of the wider "vulnerabilit$ environment (e+ternal influences such as ha!ards and shocks will cause livelihood to be compromised and lead to adaptation strategies), the conte+t of social
process b$ which household construct an increasingl$ diverse portfolio of activities and assets in order to service and improves their standard of living or well-being. -uch of the current focus on livelihood pro#ects is due to the emergence of concepts such as social vulnerabilit$ and resilience, and to increasing awareness of these concepts within conservation organi!ations. .ivelihood pro#ects are suggested to have the potential to reduce vulnerabilit$ and increase the social resilienc$ of communities (/eel$, &''0). *he 1it$ of 1alamba is a first class urbani!ed cit$ of .aguna. It is one of the fastest-growing cities in the province, as evidenced with the large populace of migrants working in the cit$s industrial estates. 2owever, emplo$ment in these industries has increased in the last three $ears, and most of the workers are non-residents of the cit$. *his is mainl$ due to the lack of manpower possessing skills required b$ the industries located in the town. *here is a need therefore, for the programs to upgrade3 enhance the capabilities and skills of residents in the 1it$ of
manufacturing and electronics industries, most of them situated in the 1armelra$ Industrial 4art (1I45) in 1anlubang, .ight Industr$ 6cience 4ark & (.I64&) and 1armelra$ Industrial 4ark & (1I4&) in ,eal and .aguna 4remier Industrial 4ark (.4I4) in 7atino, laid-off thousands of emplo$ees in order to survive the recession. 1urrentl$, the cit$s livelihood programs are meat processing, fish processing, fruit and vegetables processing, perfume making, lotion making, essential oil making, candle making, silk screen making, soap making, fashion accessories making, fresh flower arrangements, handicrafts making, health and wellness products making. *he$ also conduct livelihood training
depends on the result of the credit and background investigation conducted b$ the officer of the 1it$ 1ooperative .ivelihood 8evelopment 9ffice on the beneficiaries. *he amount of loan is based on the t$pe of livelihood
program for the business approval and the income of the co-makers presented b$ the beneficiar$. *he researchers need to know the perception of beneficiaries in terms of support of the trainers, implementors, and cit$ government. *hrough this stud$, the three proponents could reflect on the results that the$ need to improve on and master, and enhance their strengths on it. *hese have perked up their interest: hence the$ want to further investigate the matter.
water met, our safet$ needs dominate our behavior. *hese needs have to do with our natural desire for a predictable, orderl$ world that is somehow within our control. 7ased on the above cited theoretical framework, the researchers have conceptuali!ed their research as shown in the figure given below<
6 9A*4A*
4,91%66
Administration of ?uestionnaires 4roposed an action plan that will improve the livelihood program.
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F!&ure 1.Parad!&# o' the Stud( As shown in figure 5, the input bo+ contains the perception of beneficiaries in terms of support of the trainers, implementers, cit$ government and the identified problems of e+isting livelihood programs of the cit$ of 1alamba, .aguna. *he process bo+ contains the administration of questionnaires, and anal$sis3 interpretation that the researchers utili!ed in the stud$. *he output bo+ contains the outcome of the stud$ which is the action plan that the researchers want to show.
H(pothe*!* o' the Stud( *he following h$pothesis was tested for its significance.
S ope and L!#!tat!on* o' the Stud( *his stud$ was limited onl$ to the assessment of the e+isting livelihood programs in 1alamba 1it$ from &'5' until &'5&. *he time frame was chosen because the recent livelihood programs were the target of the stud$. *he stud$ focused on the perception of the beneficiaries of the e+isting livelihood programs in terms of support of the trainers, implementers and the cit$ government. In addition, it also determined if there is a significant relationship among the perceptions of the beneficiaries relative to the aforecited variables. )urthermore, it also identified the
S!&n!'! an e o' the Stud( *he stud$ will be significant to various segments or sectors in the communit$ as follows<
*his chapter presents the book, studies and articles published which the researchers have browsed and have deemed related to their research.
Fore!&n L!terature According to ,avallion et al., (&''0), the works of the livelihoods and survival of rural people sectors strongl$ depend on agriculture and other rural sectors strongl$ reliant and natural resources. eather related shocks
and stresses and risks associated with seasonall$ are intrinsic to rural livelihoods tied intimatel$ to agricultural production as a result, rural livelihoods tend to be characteri!ed b$ risks, shocks and stresses, including economic shocks such as changing market prices and climate related risks which ma$ lead to drought or repeated flooding. *he poorest people are often the most vulnerable people to these shocks and stresses, thought coping and risk management strategies are widespread. 4oor people in rural areas also tend to suffer povert$ over long period of time, with more limited income generating opportunities compared to people in urban areas access to services and infrastructures is usuall$ limited.
Lo a" L!terature .ivelihood is commonl$ defined from an economic perspective as an occupation, work or other means b$ which one earns income to provide the necessities of life. /aldo!a (&''') cites a definition of livelihood b$ the 7runtland 1ommissions; Advisor$ 4anel on )ood, 6ecurit$, Agriculture,
povert$3marginal groups.G /aldo!a states further that in the 4hilippine conte+t, livelihood and povert$ are related concepts for livelihood is one of the safet$ nets not onl$ in alleviating povert$ but also in resolving the pressure problems of population, environment and development. )or our purpose, we used livelihood in the broader, social terms as defined b$ 6andra allman<
D.ivelihood is never #ust a matter of finding or making shelter, transacting mone$, and preparing food to put on the table or e+change in the market place. It is equall$ a matter of the ownership and circulation of information, the management of relationships, the affirmation of personal significance and group identit$, and the interrelation of each of those tasks to the other. All these productive tasks together constitute the work of livelihood.E
e -akeBE (&''&) posted that the livelihoods approaches work with people, supporting them to build upon their own strengths and reali!e their potential, while at the same time acknowledging the effects of policies and institutions, e+ternal shocks and trends. *he aim is to do awa$ with preconceptions about what e+actl$ rural people are seeking and how the$ are
Fore!&n Stud!e* 8)I8 (&''') showed that it could be considered that a more appropriate wa$ to orchestrate pro#ects would be to first gain an understanding of the natural and social resources of an area, then to work with the communit$ to broaden livelihood options and reduce the dependence upon natural resources. -oreover, -onto$a and 8rews (&''F) suggest that the success of a particular activit$ lies in the motivation and capacit$ of the individual involved and in the conte+t which he activit$ is developed. *he t$pe of activit$ is less important although it is suggested that an activit$ ma$ be more likel$ to succeed if the communit$ itself has identified it. )urthermore, 8rumm and -oore (&''&) found out that there is a need for a clear vision, goals and ob#ectives in a livelihood pro#ect. *his holds true whether the main goals of the pro#ect are focused on
measurable allows for progress of working towards agreement on a vision and goals for an area with communities helps generate the local commitment and Dbu$-inE to a pro#ect which is important to success. In addition, 1lear$s stud$ (&''() stated that livelihood aims to promote development that is sustainable not #ust ecologicall$, but also institutionall$, sociall$ and economicall$ and to produce genuinel$ positive livelihood outcomes. *his is to be achieved through a variet$ of approaches, sharing the following elements< (5) people-centered: (&) responsive and participator$: (() multi-level: (C) conducted in partnership: (I) sustainable, with the four ke$ dimensions of sustainabilit$ being economic, institutional, social and environmental: and (F) d$namic.
Lo a" Stud!e* A stud$ of production and reproduction activities revealed the following occupations as sources of income. -odel or to$ boat-making is the communit$;s ma#or source of income. 8espite its being a coastal area, most of the village residents are not active in capture fishing or aquaculture. *he main or secondar$ source of income for both men and women are derived from the production of model boats which is tied up with market e+change.
techniques. 6ome authors and researchers shared their knowledge and research findings. Be))!n&ton0 Kar"0 Ca#p Mana&e#ent Too"%!t0
Na"do1a concludes that the concept of livelihoods basicall$ looks at peoples means of gaining a living to improve and develop their livelihood. )urthermore, Ra,a""!on discussed the works of the livelihoods and survival of rural people sectors strongl$ depend on agriculture and other rural sectors strongl$ reliant and natural resources. Ire"and understands that livelihood pro#ects ma$ be at risk if the implementation was not carefull$ understood. )urthermore, Carne(0 A*e(0 and Guntoro recommend appropriate plans of action in addressing livelihood problems to develop an accurate and d$namic picture of livelihood beneficiaries in their environment. -oreover, Monto(a and Dre$*0 and Dru## and Moore suggest an alternative livelihood pro#ects that will motivate individual to be involved in an activit$ while, C"ear( point out five elements to promote development that is sustainable for livelihood.
*his chapter gives details about the method of research emplo$ed b$ the researchers which includes the research design, respondents of the stud$, research instrument, validation of the instrument, data-gathering procedure and the statistical treatment used for the collected data.
Re*ear h De*!&n *he researchers emplo$ed the descriptive method design. According to %cora (&''(), the descriptive method of research is adequate for gathering information about the current condition. ,evilla (&''&) as cited b$ 6havers pointed out that the main aim in emplo$ing this method is to describe the nature of the situation as it e+ists at the time of the stud$ and e+plore the possible sources of the phenomena. In this stud$, the researchers ob#ective was to gather the perception of the beneficiaries on the e+isting livelihood programs on selected baranga$s in 1alamba 1it$ relative to the trainers support, implementors support and the perception of the local government support. .ikewise, it verified if there are significant relationship on the perception of the
Re*pondent* o' the Stud( *he respondents of the stud$ were the beneficiaries of the e+isting livelihood programs from these baranga$s: 7anlic, .ingga, -a$apa, and 6ucol. *he total number of the beneficiaries in the livelihood programs from the aforementioned baranga$s is F'. 2owever, onl$ 0'M or C& of them were selected b$ the researchers through simple random sampling technique as their respondents. *he$ were asked to assess the trainers, implementors, and cit$ government who were implementing the livelihood programs in terms of support. *able A below shows the distribution of the respondents from each school.
In*tru#ent o' the Stud( *his stud$ utili!ed questionnaires, formulated with the guidance of their adviser, as the primar$ source in gathering information and data needed in the stud$. It was focused on the perception of the beneficiaries of the e+isting livelihood programs trainers, implementors and cit$
government support and the problems encountered b$ the beneficiaries in the implementation of the livelihood programs.
.a"!dat!on o' the In*tru#ent )or validation purposes, the research adviser and research facilitator checked the surve$ questionnaire used in the stud$. After going through
Data4Gather!n& Pro edure *his stud$ was conducted with the permission of the 7aranga$ 1hairmen of the different baranga$s. *he researchers distributed the questionnaire and e+plained thoroughl$ the procedure to the respondents. *hen, the researchers retrieved the accomplished questionnaire. All responses were tabulated, anal$!ed and interpreted carefull$. *hen, the researchers made conclusions based on the findings and recommendations to improve the livelihood programs that implemented in 1alamba 1it$.
Stat!*t! a" Treat#ent* o' Data *he following are the statistical treatments applied in the stud$<
29
1 x = i= n
xi
xi
i =1
N number of respondents. &. *o establish the significant relationship on the perception of the livelihood beneficiaries in terms of the support of the trainers, implementors, and cit$ government, the 6pearman ,ank 1orrelation test was used
here
Od& N sum of the square of difference between the ranks 1orrelation Interpretation >uide< P 5.'' P '.0F - P '.JJ P '.I5 - P '.0I P '.&F - P '.I' P '.'5 - P '.&I '.'' perfect positive3negative correlation ver$ high positive3negative correlation high positive3negative correlation moderatel$ small positive3negative correlation ver$ small positive3negative correlation no correlation
*he significance of the 6pearman ,ank 1orrelation test was established b$ the t-ratio formula and using the table of critical values of t for two-tailed or one-tailed test at '.'I or '.'5 level of significance with df N n H
t computed =
n-& 5- r&
RATING SCALE (.&I H C.'' 2ighl$ -anifested (2-) &.I' H (.&C -anifested (-)
31
*his chapter primaril$ discusses the research problems of the stud$. *he discussion is divided into four parts. *he first part tackles the manifestation of e+isting livelihood program in terms of the trainers, implementors, and cit$ government as perceived b$ the beneficiaries. *he second part involves the relationship between the perceived manifestation of e+isting livelihood program in terms of the support of trainers, implementors, cit$ government and the challenges encountered b$ the beneficiaries. *hen, the third section recounts the challenges encountered b$ the beneficiaries in the implementation of the livelihood programs. *he last part presents the proposed action plan.
1+ The Bene'! !ar!e*6 Per ept!on on the E7!*t!n& L!,e"!hood Pro&ra#* I#p"e#ented !n Se"e ted Baran&a( !n Ca"a#)a C!t(+ *he first ob#ective of the stud$ is to determine the perception of the beneficiaries of the e+isting livelihood programs in terms of< trainers, implementors, and cit$ government. ,esults of the conducted inquir$ on these matters are shown in the following table.
33
I/*%,4,%*A*I9/ -anifested -anifested 2ighl$ -anifested 2ighl$ -anifested 2ighl$ -anifested -anifested
.egend<
As shown in *able 5.5, trainers indicators numbers 5.5.5, DAses complete training materials for the livelihood programE, and 5.5.&, D8emonstrates moral support to participants, have mean of (.5&, and (.'J respectivel$ which are both interpreted as manifested b$ the beneficiaries. 9n the other hand, trainers indicators number 5.5.(, D-anifests competenc$ in the implementation of the programE, 5.5.C, D%ncourages sharing of ideas and opinions among the participantsE, and 5.5.I, DAssists in the implementation of the livelihood programE, have mean of (.(5, (.&F, and (.&J respectivel$ which interpreted as highly manifested b$ the
people, supporting them to build upon their own strengths and reali!e their potential, while at the same time acknowledging the effects of policies and institutions, e+ternal shocks and trends.
35
I/*%,4,%*A*I9/ 2ighl$ -anifested -anifested 2ighl$ -anifested -anifested 2ighl$ -anifested -anifested
.egend<
As shown in *able 5.&, implementor indicator numbers 5.&.5, D6upports the trainers and the beneficiaries in their training needsE, 5.&.(, D1onsider feedback as critical inputs to pro#ect involvement, and 5.&.I D2elps the beneficiaries in marketing their finished productsE, have of (.&J, (.(5, and (.&F respectivel$ which are all interpreted as highly manifested b$ the beneficiaries. 9n the other hand, implementor indicator numbers 5.&.&, D2elps the beneficiaries in the start-up of their livelihood pro#ectsE, and 5.&.C, D-ake sure that the livelihood programs are answer to financial needs of the beneficiariesE, have mean of (.&C, and (.'& respectivel$ which means that the$ are both assessed as manifested b$ the beneficiaries. *he
37
(.5J (.'(
-anifested -anifested
As shown in *able 5.(, implementor indicator numbers 5.(.5, D%nsures that each baranga$ has a functional livelihood programE, 5.(.&, D1onsider 6upports an organi!ed pool of consultant and e+pertise with various speciali!ed livelihood programs skills, 5.(.( D-aintains training centers with complete training facilitiesE, 5.(.C, D4rovides transportation services for the livelihood program staff in order for them to monitor programs progress especiall$ on upland baranga$ of the municipalit$E, and 5.(.I, D-otivates the beneficiaries through recognition and incentivesE, have means of (.5&, &.J', &.J(, (.'& and (.5J respectivel$ which mean that the$
*he second ob#ective of the stud$ is to determine the relationship of the beneficiaries in terms of the support of trainers, implementors, cit$ government and the challenges encountered b$ the beneficiaries. ,esults of anal$ses done are presented below.
39
'.5J'5F
5.&&I5
&.'&5
/ot significant
As shown in *able &, the anal$sis generated a computed r value of '.5J'5F which is interpreted as Dver$ small positiveE correlation between the perceived manifestation of e+isting livelihood program in terms of support and the challenges encountered b$ the beneficiaries. )urthermore, the said anal$sis generated a computed t value of 5.&&I5which is less than its critical value of &.'&5 in this case, the decision to accept the null h$pothesis. It can be concluded that there is no significant relationship between the perceived manifestation of e+isting livelihood program in terms of support and the challenges encountered b$ the beneficiaries In this case, the decision is to accept the null h$pothesis. It can be concluded that there is no significant relationship between the perceived manifestation of e+isting livelihood program in terms of the support of
40
(.'I (.5&
-anifested -anifested
*able C shows the challenges encountered b$ livelihood beneficiaries in terms of trainers, implementors, and cit$ government support. Indicator (.5, DAvailabilit$ of trained personnel to implement livelihood programE,
information driveE, (.(, D%+act budgetar$ allocation for livelihood programs activitiesE, (.C, DAvailabilit$ of support in marketing the residents 3 participants livelihood programs finished productsE, (.I D6ufficient logistics support such transportation services and materials to be needed for the implementersE, have means of (.5&, &.J', (.5C, and (.'I respectivel$ which mean that the challenges in the implementation of livelihood programs are manifested b$ the beneficiaries. *he challenges encountered b$ the beneficiaries in the implementation of the livelihood programs have an overall mean of (.5& which means it is manifested b$ the beneficiaries. *his was supported b$ 1lear$s stud$ (&''() which stated that ever$ livelihood program aims to promote development that is sustainable not #ust ecologicall$, but also institutionall$, sociall$ and economicall$ and to produce genuinel$ positive livelihood outcomes. 5+ The re*ear h purport* to re o##end an !#p"e#entat!on o' an enhan e#ent p"an #atr!7 'or the tra!ner*0 !#p"e#entor*0 and !t( &o,ern#ent *upport a#pa!&n to the "!,e"!hood )ene'! !ar!e*+ Genera" O)9e t!,e* *his %nhancement 4lan is intended for the benefit of the livelihood beneficiaries implemented in 1alamba 1it$. It is designed b$ the
Rat!ona"e *his is based mainl$ on the perceived manifestation of e+isting livelihood program in terms of the support of trainers, implementors, and cit$ government. *his is to ensure proper guidance for the trainers,
implementors, and cit$ government through a well-planned %nhancement 4lan for the livelihood beneficiaries.
Area o' Con ern E7pe ted Output
Pro)"e#
O)9e t!,e
Strate&!e*
*o strengthen the capacit$ of the cooperative in terms of its operation and management
-aintained and improved the implementatio n of livelihood program that increases the beneficiaries program.
*his chapter initiall$ discusses the research problem, respondents of the stud$, and the statistical treatments applied to the data gathered. *hen it focuses on the summar$ of findings, conclusions and recommendations.
Su##ar( o' F!nd!n&* *he main ob#ective of the stud$ was to determine the observance and effectiveness of the e+isting livelihood programs in 1alamba 1it$. 6pecificall$, it sought to determine the perception of the livelihood beneficiaries in terms of the support of the trainers, implementors, and the cit$ government. *he stud$ also sought to know to find out if there is a significant relationship on the perception of beneficiaries on the e+isting livelihood programs in terms of support of trainers, implementers and the cit$ government. *he respondents of the stud$ were the C& beneficiaries from the different baranga$s in 1alamba namel$< 7anlic, .ingga, -a$apa, and
6ucol. *he$ answered the set of questionnaires prepared b$ the researchers with the help of some concerned individuals. *he data were
*he following are the findings of the stud$< 5. *he perception of the beneficiaries of the e+isting livelihood programs in terms of the trainers, implementors, and cit$ government are as follows< 5.5 *he beneficiaries perceived that the trainers are capable of providing support to the beneficiaries of the e+isting livelihood programs. *he beneficiaries manifested to the entire indicators on the *rainers support, as indicated in the composite mean of (.&5. 5.& *he beneficiaries perceived that the trainers are somehow better
than the trainers in providing support to the beneficiaries of the e+isting livelihood programs. 9verall, the$ manifested to the entire indicators on the Implementors support, as indicated in the composite mean of (.&&.
Con "u*!on* 7ased on the above-mentioned findings of the stud$, the following conclusions are drawn< 5. *hat the beneficiaries perceive sufficient support of the trainers, implementors, and the cit$ government in the implementation of the e+isting livelihood programs.
Re o##endat!on* In the light of the findings and conclusions cited, the following recommendations are offered< 5. %nhancement of the s$stem for effective marketing of the livelihood programs finished product to ensure that marketing of the livelihood pro#ects will not be a problem as more beneficiaries #oin the livelihood programs. &. Improvement in the livelihood programs information drive in order to encourage more participants to #oin the program. Information
advertisement or notice must be available in all baranga$s through meetings to discuss the e+isting livelihood programs.
C+ Unpu)"!*hed The*e* 7arrameda, Archangel (&'55). DAssessing the Implemented .ivelihood 4rograms in the -unicipalit$ .evel in 1abu$ao, .aguna: A basis for Adaptation for 2ong @ong QillageE, -asteral *hesis, -7A, &'55 Asong, ,.2. (&''(). DAlternative .ivelihoods in a 1oastal QillageE, Aniversit$ of the 4hilippines in the Qisa$as, 4hilippines
APPENDICES
52
1onforme< UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU 8ate UUUUUUUUUUUUUUU Appro,ed> DR+ EDNA MANAIG DEAN0 SCHOOL OF EACHER EDUCATION
53
1onforme< UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU 8ate UUUUUUUUUUUUUUU Appro,ed> DR+ EDNA MANAIG DEAN0 SCHOOL OF EACHER EDUCATION
(. -anifests competenc$ in the implementation of the program. (-a$ sapat na kaalaman sa pagpapatupad ng programa.) C. %ncourages sharing of ideas and opinions among the participants. (4inapalakas ang loob ng mga kaslai na ibahagi ang kanilang kaalaman.) I. Assists in the implementation of the livelihood program. (*umutulong sa pagpapatupad ng programang pangkabuha$an.) F. 6upports the trainers and the beneficiaries in their training needs. (6inusuportahan ang mga tagapagturo at mga kaslai sa livelihood programs sa mga pangangailangan nila sa pagsasana$.) 0. 2elps the beneficiaries in the start-up of their livelihood pro#ects. (*inutulungan ang mga kasali sa livelihood programs sa pagpapasimula ng kanilang mga pro$ekto.) L. 1onsider feedback as critical inputs to pro#ect involvement. (@inukunsidera ang mga mahalagang opinion bilang importanteng bahagi sa pakikiisa sa pro$ekto.) J. -ake sure that the livelihood programs are answer to financial needs of the beneficiaries. (6inisiguradona ang programang pangkabuha$an a$ makasasagot sa pangangailangang pinas$al
II+ CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED IN IMPLEMENTATION OF LI.ELIHOOD PROGRAMS 4lease check the number of $our choice. 5 2 1 HM M MM NM 5F. Availabilit$ of trained personnel to implement livelihood program. (4agakakaroon ng mga sana$ na mga tauhan para magpatupad ng mga programang pangkabuha$an.) 50. 6ufficient livelihood programs information drive. (-a$ sapat na impormas$on tungkol sa mga pangkabuha$ang ng munsip$o.) 5L. %+act budgetar$ allocation for livelihood programs activities. (-a$ sapat na DbudgetE para sa mga gawain ng mga pangkabuha$ang programa.) 5J. Availabilit$ of support in marketing the residents 3 participants livelihood programs finished products. (4agkakaroon ng suporta sa pagbebenta ng mga produkto ng mga kasali sa pangkabuha$ang programa.) &'. 6ufficient logistics support such transportation services and materials to be needed for the implementers. (-a$ sapat ang mga suporta sa mga pangangailangan sa pangkabuha$ang programa tulad ng sasak$an at mga mater$al para sa mga nagpapatupad ng mga programa.)
I+ PERSONAL INFORMATION 6chool< 7irthda$< 7irth 4lace< 4arents< ,eligion< .A>A/A 19..%>% 9) 7A6I/%66 A/8 A,*6 RA/AA,T &I 1A7ATA9 1I*T, .A>A/A -,. A,*A,9 6. 8%.96 ,%T%6 -,6. RA/%* ,. 8%.96 ,%T%6 1A*29.I1
II+ EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND 1ollege 6chool< .A>A/A 19..%>% 9) 7A6I/%66 A/8 A,*6
7achelor of 6econdar$ %ducation, -a#or in 6ocial 6tudies &'55-present
2igh 6chool<
1A7ATA9 /A*I9/A. 2I>2 61299. 1abu$ao 1it$, .aguna -arch &''C 7A/.I1 %.%-%/*A,T 61299. 7anlic, 1alamba 1it$, .aguna -arch &'''
%lementar$<
%lementar$<
%lementar$<