EE2402 -PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR SEVENTH SEMESTER TWO MARKS QUESTION &ANSWERS Unit I 1. Wh t !

" th" #$n%ti&n' &# (!&t"%ti)" !"* +', To detect the fault and initiate the operation of the circuit breaker to isolate the defective element from the rest of the system, thereby protecting the system from damages consequent to the fault. 2. What is back up protection? Is the second line of defence, which operates if the primary protection fails to activate within a definite time delay. . !ow does the over voltage surge affect the power system? The over voltage of the power system leads to insulation breakdown of the equipments. It causes the line insulation to flash over and may also damage the nearby transformer, generators and the other equipment connected to the line. ". What are symmetrical components? It is a mathematical tool to resolve unbalanced components into balanced components. #. $efine negative sequence component. It has vectors equal in magnitude and displaced from each other by an angle %2& degrees and has the phase sequence in opposite to its original phasors. '. (ive the consequences of short circuit. Whenever short)circuit occurs, the current flowing through the coil increases to an enormous value. If protective relays are present, a heavy current also flows through the relay coil, causing it to operate by closing its contacts. The trip circuit is then closed, the circuit breaker opens and the fault is isolated from the rest of the system. *lso, a low voltage may be created which may damage systems connected to the supply. +. What is the need of relay coordination? The operation of a relay should be fast and selective, ie, it should isolate the fault in the shortest possible time causing minimum disturbance to the system. *lso, if a relay fails to operate, there should be sufficiently quick backup protection so that the rest of the system is protected. ,y coordinating relays, faults can always be isolated quickly without serious disturbance to the rest of the system. -. .tate the various types of earthing. .olid earthing, resistance earthing, reactance earthing, voltage transformer earthing and /ig)/ag transformer earthing. 0. .tate the three sequence components. 1ositive sequence components, negative sequence components and /ero sequence components. %&. .tate the different types of faults. .ymmetrical faults and unsymmetrical faults and open conductor faults. %%. $efine protected /one. 1rotected /ones are those which are directly protected by a protective system such as relays, fuses or switchgears. If a fault occurring in a /one can be immediately detected and or isolated by a protection scheme dedicated to that particular /one. %2. What are the various faults that would affect an alternator?
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2a3 .tator faults %, 1hase to phase faults 2, 1hase to earth faults , Inter turn faults 2b3 %, 4arth faults 2, 5ault between turns , 6oss of e7citation due to fuel failure 2c3 %, 8ver speed 2, 6oss of drive , 9acuum failure resulting in condenser pressure rise, resulting in shattering of the turbine low pressure casing 2d3 %, 5ault on lines 2, 5ault on bus bars % . What are arcing grounds? The presence of inductive and capacitive currents in the isolated neutral system leads to formation of arcs called as arcing grounds. %". $efine positive sequence component. and /ero sequence component 1ositive .equence components have vectors equal in magnitude and displaced from each other by an angle %2& degrees and having the phase sequence as original vectors. :ero sequence components have vectors having equal magnitudes and displaced from each other by an angle /ero degrees. %#. .tate the various types of unsymmetrical faults. 6ine to ground, line to line and double line to ground faults %'. What are unit system and non unit system? * unit protective system is one in which only faults occurring within its protected /one are isolated. 5aults occurring elsewhere in the system have no influence on the operation of a unit system. * non unit system is a protective system which is activated even when the faults are e7ternal to its protected /one. %+. $efine single line diagram. ;epresentation of various power system components in a single line is defined as single line diagram. %-. What is arc suppression coil? * method of reactance grounding used to suppress the arc due to arcing grounds. %0. .tate the significance of double line fault. It has no /ero sequence component and the positive and negative sequence networks are connected in parallel. 2&. <ention the withstanding current in our human body. 0m* 2%. What is primary protection? 1rimary protection is the protection in which the fault occurring in a line will be cleared by its own relay and circuit breaker. It serves as the first line of defense. 22. What are the different types of earthing ? i3 resistive earthing ii3 reactance earthing iii3 resonant earthing 2 . .tate the significance of single line to ground fault.
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In single line to ground fault all the sequence networks are connected in series. *ll the sequence currents are equal and the fault current magnitude is three times its sequence currents. 2". $ifferentiate between a fuse and a circuit breaker. 5use is a low current interrupting device. It is a copper or an aluminum wire. =ircuit breaker is a high current interrupting device and it act as a switch under normal operating conditions. 2#. $efine per unit value. It is defined as the ratio of actual value to its base value. 2'. What is surge absorber? !ow do they differ from surge diverter? 2nov>dec 2&%%3 .urge absorber is a device designed to protect electrical equipment from transient high voltage to limit the duration and amplitude of the following current. .urge diverter discharge the impulse surge to the earth and dissipates energy in the form of heat. 2+. $efine the term ?insulation coordination@ 2nov>dec 2&%%3 (rading of withstand level of apparatus>equipment with the protective levels of surge arresters and co)ordination at entire voltage level and various other voltae levels Unit II %. Aame the different kinds of over current relays. Induction type non)directional over current relay, Induction type directional over current relay B current differential relay. 2. $efine energi/ing quantity. It refers to the current or voltage which is used to activate the relay into operation. . $efine operating time of a relay. It is defined as the time period e7tending from the occurrence of the fault through the relay detecting the fault to the operation of the relay. ". $efine resetting time of a relay. It is defined as the time taken by the relay from the instant of isolating the fault to the moment when the fault is removed and the relay can be reset. #. What are over and under current relays? 8ver current relays are those that operate when the current in a line e7ceeds a predetermined value. 2e.g.C Induction type non)directional>directional over current relay, differential over current relay3 whereas undercurrent relays are those which operate whenever the current in a circuit>line drops below a predetermined value.2e.g.C differential over)voltage relay3 '. <ention any two applications of differential relay. 1rotection of generator B generator transformer unitD protection of large motors and bus bars. +. What is biased differential beam relay? The biased beam relay is designed to respond to the differential current in terms of its fractional relation to the current flowing through the protected /one. It is essentially an over)current balanced beam relay type with an additional restraining coil. The restraining coil produces a bias force in the opposite direction to the operating force. -. What is the need of relay coordination? The operation of a relay should be fast and selective, i.e., it should isolate the fault in the shortest possible time causing minimum disturbance to the system. *lso, if a relay fails to
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operate, there should be sufficiently quick backup protection so that the rest of the system is protected. ,y coordinating relays, faults can always be isolated quickly without serious disturbance to the rest of the system. 0. (ive the limitations of <er/ 1rice protection. .ince neutral earthing resistances are often used to protect circuit from earth)fault currents, it becomes impossible to protect the whole of a star)connected alternator. If an earth)fault occurs near the neutral point, the voltage may be insufficient to operate the relay. *lso it is e7tremely difficult to find two identical =TEs. In addition to this, there always an inherent phase difference between the primary and the secondary quantities and a possibility of current through the relay even when there is no fault. %&. What is an under frequency relay? *n under frequency relay is one which operates when the frequency of the system 2usually an alternator or transformer3 falls below a certain value. %%. $efine the term pilot with reference to power line protection. 1ilot wires refer to the wires that connect the =TEs placed at the ends of a power transmission line as part of its protection scheme. The resistance of the pilot wires is usually less than #&& ohms. %2. <ention any two disadvantage of carrier current scheme for transmission line only. The program time 2ie, the time taken by the carrier to reach the other end)upto .%F mile3D the response time of band pass filterD capacitance phase)shift of the transmission line. % . What are the features of directional relay? !igh speed operationD high sensitivityD ability to operate at low voltagesD adequate short) time thermal ratioD burden must not be e7cessive. %". What are the main types of stator winding faults? 5ault between phase and groundD fault between phases and inter)turn fault involving turns of the same phase winding. %#. What is static relay? It is a relay in which measurement or comparison of electrical quantities is made in a static network which is designed to give an output signal when a threshold condition is passed which operates a tripping device. %'. What is a programmable relay? * static relay may have one or more programmable units such as microprocessors or microcomputers in its circuit. %+. What is =1<=? It is combined protection, monitoring and control system incorporated in the static system. %-. What are the advantages of static relay over electromagnetic relay? 2nov>dec 2&%%3 o 6ow power consumption as low as %mW o Ao moving contactsD hence associated problems of arcing, contact bounce, erosion, replacement of contacts o Ao gravity effect on operation of static relays. !ence can be used in vessels ie, ships, aircrafts etc. o * single relay can perform several functions like over current, under voltage, single phasing protection by incorporating respective functional blocks. This is not possible in electromagnetic relays o .tatic relay is compact
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o .uperior operating characteristics and accuracy o .tatic relay can think , programmable operation is possible with static relay o 4ffect of vibration is nil, hence can be used in earthquake)prone areas o .implified testing and servicing. =an convert even non)electrical quantities to electrical in conGunction with transducers. %0. What is pick up value? It is the minimum current in the relay coil at which the relay starts to operate. 2&. $efine target. It is the indicator used for showing the operation of the relay. 2%. $efine reach. It is the distance up to which the relay will cover for protection. 22. $efine blocking. It means preventing the relay from tripping due to its own characteristics or due to additional relays. 2 . What are the different types of over current relays Instantaneous over current relays, $efinite time over current relay, I$<T 2". What is the purpose of plug setting? 1lug setting is used to change the number of turns of the operating coil to get a particular pick up value. 2#. What is earth fault protection? The protective scheme used for the protection of an element of a power system against earth faults is called as earth fault protection 2'. * relay is connected to "&&># ratio current transformer with current setting of %#&F. =alculate the 1.< when the fault current is "&&&* 2nov>dec 2&%%3 "&&&>2+.#H-&3I'.''+ Unit III %. What are the various faults to which a turbo alternator is likely to be subGected? 5ailure of steam supplyD failure of speedD over currentD over voltageD unbalanced loadingD stator winding fault. 2. What are the causes of over speed and how alternators are protected from it? .udden loss of all or maGor part of the load causes over)speeding in alternators. <odern alternators are provided with mechanical centrifugal devices mounted on their driving shafts to trip the main valve of the prime mover when a dangerous over)speed occurs. . What are the main types of stator winding faults? 5ault between phase and groundD fault between phases and inter)turn fault involving turns of the same phase winding. ". What are the uses of ,uchhol/Es relay? ,uchol/ relay is used to give an alarm in case of incipient 2slow)developing3 faults in the transformer and to connect the transformer from the supply in the event of severe internal faults. It is usually used in oil immersion transformers with a rating over +#&J9*. #. What are the types of graded used in line of radial relay feeder? $efinite time relay and inverse)definite time relay. '. What are the various faults that would affect an alternator? 2a3 .tator faults %, 1hase to phase faults
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2, 1hase to earth faults , Inter turn faults 2b3 %, 4arth faults 2, 5ault between turns , 6oss of e7citation due to fuel failure 2c3 %, 8ver speed 2, 6oss of drive , 9acuum failure resulting in condenser pressure rise, resulting in ". .hattering of the turbine low pressure casing 2d3%, 5ault on lines 2, 5ault on bus)bars +. Why neutral resistor is added between neutral and earth of an alternator? In order to limit the flow of current through neutral and earth a resistor is introduced between them. -. What is the backup protection available for an alternator? 8ver)current and earth fault protection is the backup protections. 0. What are faults associated with a transformer? 2a3 47ternal fault or through fault 2b3 Internal fault %, .hort circuit in transformer winding and connection 2, Incipient or slow developing faults %&. What are the main safety devices available with transformer? 8il level gauge, sudden pressure delay, oil temperature indicator, winding temperature indicator. %%. What are the limitations of ,uchhol/ relay? 2a3 8nly fault below the oil level are detected. 2b3 <ercury switch setting should be very accurate, otherwise even for vibration, there can be a false operation. 2c3 The relay is of slow operating type, which is unsatisfactory. %2. What are the problems arising in differential protection in power transformer and how are they overcome? %. $ifference in lengths of pilot wires on either sides of the relay. This is overcome by connecting adGustable resistors to pilot wires to get equipotential points on the pilot wires. 2. $ifference in =T ratio error difference at high values of short circuit currents that makes the relay to operate even for e7ternal or through faults. This is overcome by introducing bias coil. . Tap changing alters the ratio of voltage and currents between !9 and 69 sides and the relay will sense this and act. ,ias coil will solve this. ". <agneti/ing inrush current appears wherever a transformer is energi/ed on its primary side producing harmonics. Ao current will be seen by the secondary. =TEs as there is no load in the circuit. This difference in current will actuate the differential relay. * harmonic restraining unit is added to the relay which will block it when the transformer is energi/ed. % . What is ;45 relay? It is restricted earth fault relay. When the fault occurs very near to the neutral point of the transformer, the voltage available to drive the earth circuit is very small, which may not
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be sufficient to activate the relay, unless the relay is set for a very low current. !ence the /one of protection in the winding of the transformer is restricted to cover only around -#F. !ence the relay is called ;45 relay. %". What is over flu7ing protection in transformer? If the turnEs ratio of the transformer is more than %C%, there will be higher core loss and the capability of the transformer to withstand this is limited to a few minutes only. This phenomenon is called over flu7ing. %#. Why bus)bar protection is needed? 2a3 5ault level at bus)bar is high 2b3 The stability of the system is affected by the faults in the bus /one. 2c3 * fault in the bus bar causes interruption of supply to a large portion of the system network. %'. What are the merits of carrier current protection? 5ast operation, auto re)closing possible, easy discrimination of simultaneous faults. %+. What are the errors in =T? 2a3 ;atio error 1ercentage ratio error I K2Aominal ratio L *ctual ratio3>*ctual ratioM 7 %&& The value of transformation ratio is not equal to the turns ratio. 2b3 1hase angle errorC 1hase angle N I%-&>NK2Im=os N)I%.in N3>nIsM %-. What is field suppression? When a fault occurs in an alternator winding even though the generator circuit breaker is tripped, the fault continues to fed because 4<5 is induced in the generator itself. !ence the field circuit breaker is opened and stored energy in the field winding is discharged through another resistor. This method is known as field suppression. %0. What are the causes of bus /one faults? N 5ailure of support insulator resulting in earth fault N 5lashover across support insulator during over voltage N !eavily polluted insulator causing flashover N 4arthquake, mechanical damage etc. 2&. What are the problems in bus /one differential protection? N 6arge number of circuits, different current levels for different circuits for e7ternal faults. N .aturation of =T cores due to dc component and ac component in short circuit currents. The saturation introduces ratio error. N .ectionali/ing of the bus makes circuit complicated. N .etting of relays need a change with large load changes. 2%. !ow does the over voltage surge affect the power system? The over voltage of the power system leads to insulation breakdown of the equipments. It causes the line insulation to flash over and may also damage the nearby transformer, generators and the other equipment connected to the line. 22. <ention any 2 applications of differential relays. 1rotection of generator and generator)transformer unitC protection of large motors and bus bars 2 . What is the general connection rule for =urrent transformers in differential protection?
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If the windings of the power transformer are delta connected then the current transformers are star connected and if the windings of the power transformer are star connected then the current transformers are delta connected. 2". Write the coordination equation for inverse over)current relay? T*IT,O=,,O8*O5 Where T* operating time of relay at station * T, operating time of relay at station , =,, operating time of circuit breaker at station , 8* over travel time of relay at station * 5 factor of safety 2#. What are the disadvantages of time graded protection? %. Time lag not desirable on short circuits 2. Aot suitable for ring mains . $ifficult to coordinate B needs changes with new connection ". Aot suitable for long distance relaying 2'. 47plain secondary of current transformer should not be open 2nov>dec 2&%%3 ;esults in e7cessive flu7 production and damage the insulation of the transformer 2+. What is meant by time graded system protection? To ensure selectivity of operation the operating time of the protection is increased from the far end of protected circuit towards the generating source. Unit IV %. What is resistance switching? It is the method of connecting a resistance in parallel with the contact space2arc3. The resistance reduces the restriking voltage frequency and it diverts part of the arc current. It assists the circuit breaker in interrupting the magneti/ing current and capacity current. 2. What do you mean by current chopping? When interrupting low inductive currents such as magneti/ing currents of the transformer, shunt reactor, the rapid deioni/ation of the contact space and blast effect may cause the current to be interrupted before the natural current /ero. This phenomenon of interruption of the current before its natural /ero is called current chopping. . What are the methods of capacitive switching? 8pening of single capacitor bank =losing of one capacitor bank against another ". What is an arc? *rc is a phenomenon occurring when the two contacts of a circuit breaker separate under heavy load or fault or short circuit condition. #. (ive the two methods of arc interruption? !igh resistance interruptionC)the arc resistance is increased by elongating, and splitting the arc so that the arc is fully e7tinguished =urrent /ero methodC)The arc is interrupted at current /ero position that occurs%&& times a second in case of #&!/ power system frequency in ac. '. What is restriking voltage? 2nov>dec 2&%%3 It is the transient voltage appearing across the breaker contacts at the instant of arc being e7tinguished. +. What is meant by recovery voltage? 2nov>dec 2&%%3
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The power frequency rms voltage appearing across the breaker contacts after the arc is e7tinguished and transient oscillations die out is called recovery voltage. -. What is ;;;9? It is the rate of rise of restriking voltage, e7pressed in volts per microsecond. It is closely associated with natural frequency of oscillation. 0. What is circuit breaker? It is a piece of equipment used to break a circuit automatically under fault conditions. It breaks a circuit either manually or by remote control under normal conditions and under fault conditions. %&. What is the main problem of the circuit breaker? When the contacts of the breaker are separated, an arc is struck between them. This arc delays the current interruption process and also generates enormous heat which may cause damage to the system or to the breaker itself. This is the main problem. %%. <ention the details circuit breaker rating ;ated voltage B rated current ;ated 5requency ;ated breaking capacity, symmetrical B asymmetrical ;ated making capacity ;ated short time current ;ated operating duty %2. What are the factors the *;= phenomenon depends upon? The nature and pressure of the medium The e7ternal ioni/ing and de)ioni/ing agent present 9oltage across the electrodes and its variation with time The nature shape B separation of electrodes The nature and shape of vessel and its position in relation to the electrodes % . What are the factors the arc resistance depends upon? $egree of ioni/ation 6ength of the arc =ross section area of the arc %". What is breaking current? The breaking current of a circuit breaker of a circuit breaker is the current in that pole at the instant of contact separation. %#. What is symmetrical breaking current? ;.<.. 9alue of the *.= component of the current in the pole at the instant of contact separation %'. What is asymmetrical breaking current? ;.<.. 9alue of the *.= B $.= component of the current in the pole at the instant of contact separation %+. What are breaking capacities? The symmetrical value of breaking capacity is the value of the symmetrical breaking current which the circuit breaker is capable of breaking at the stated recovery voltage and restriking voltage under prescribed condition %-. What are the factors the recovery voltage depends upon? 2nov>dec 2&%%3 1ower factor, *rmature reaction B =ircuit condition %0. What is rated making current?
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The making current a circuit breaker when closed on a short circuit is the ;<. value of the total current which is measured from the envelope of the current wave at the time of its first maGor peak. 2&. What is the basic requirement of $= circuit breaking? 6engthening of the arc is basic requirements of $.= circuit breaker. 6oss of energy increases with increasing length of arc and more power will be required to maintain the arc. 2%. What are the problems associated with $= circuit breakers? Aatural current /ero does not occur as in the case of *.= circuit breakers The amount of energy to be dissipated during the short interval of breaking is very high as compared to conventional *.= circuit breakers. 22. What is the purpose of protective spark gap? * protective spark gap can be used across the circuit breaker to reduce the si/e of commutation capacitor. The spark gap acts as an energy dissipating device for high frequency currents 2 . What is the purpose of arc chute? ,y breaking the arcs into number of smaller arcs and by increasing the space between two walls of arc chute the deioni/ation of the arc can be increased 2". What are the factors ;;;9 depends upon? *ctive recovery voltage B Aatural frequency of oscillation 2#. $ifferentiate between the static and dynamic characteristics of the arc? If the current changes rapidly with time the characteristics are known as dynamic characteristics. If the rate of change of current is small the characteristics are known as static characteristics. Unit V %. What is dielectric test of a circuit breaker? It consists of over voltage withstand test of power frequency lightning and impulse voltages. Tests are done for both internal and e7ternal insulation with switch in both open and closed conditions. 2. !ow direct tests are conducted in circuit breakers? Psing a short circuit generator as the source. Psing the power utility system or network as the source. . $efine composite testing of a circuit breaker. In this method the breaker is first tested for its rated breaking capacity at a reduced voltage and afterwards for rated voltage at a low current. This method does not give a proper estimate of the breaker performance. ". .tate the disadvantages of field tests. The circuit breaker can be tested at only a given rated voltage and network capacity. The necessity to interrupt the normal services and to test only at light load conditions. 47tra inconvenience and e7penses in installation of controlling and measuring equipment in the field. #. <ention the advantages of field tests. The circuit breaker is tested under actual conditions like those that occur in the network. .pecial occasions like breaking of charging currents of long lines ,very short line faults ,interruption of small inductive currents etcQ can be tested by direct testing only.
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'. <ention the various tests carried out in a circuit breaker at !9 labs. .hort circuit tests, .ynthetic testsB direct tests. +. What are the advantages of synthetic testing methods? RSThe breaker can be tested for desired transient recovery voltage and ;;;9. RS,oth test current and test voltage can be independently varied. This gives fle7ibility to the test RSThe method is simple RSWith this method a breaker capacity 2<9*3 of five time of that of the capacity of the test plant can be tested. -. What are the indirect methods of circuit breaker testing? o Pnit test o .ynthetic test o .ubstitution testing o =ompensation testing o =apacitance testing 0. Write the classifications of test conducted on circuit breakers. Type test ;outine test ;eliability test =ommissioning test %&. What are the characteristic of .5' gas? It has good dielectric strength and e7cellent arc quenching property. It is inert, non)to7ic, noninflammable and heavy. *t atmospheric pressure, its dielectric strength is 2.# times that of air. *t three times atmospheric pressure, its dielectric strength is equal to that of the transformer oil. %%. (ive the advantage of .5' circuit breaker over air blast circuit breaker 2nov>dec 2&%%3 !igh electro negativity, compactness, reduced switching over voltages, reduced insulation time, superior arc interruption and increased safety %2. What is meant by electro negativity of .5' gas? .5' has high affinity for electrons. When a free electron comes and collides with a neutral gas molecule, the electron is absorbed by the neutral gas molecule and negative ion is formed. This is called as electro negativity of .5' gas. % . What are the demerits of using oil as an arc quenching medium? RSThe air has relatively inferior arc quenching properties RSThe air blast circuit breakers are very sensitive to variations in the rate of rise of restriking voltage RS<aintenance is required for the compression plant which supplies the air blast %". What are the advantages of air blast circuit breaker over oil circuit breaker? The risk of fire is diminished The arcing time is very small due to rapid buildup of dielectric strength between contacts The arcing products are completely removed by the blast whereas oil deteriorates with successive operations %#. What are the types of air blast circuit breaker? *rial)blast type =ross blast
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;adial)blast %'. What are the disadvantages of <8=, over a bulk oil circuit breaker? The degree of carboni/ation is increased due to smaller quantity of oil There is difficulty of removing the gases from the contact space in time The dielectric strength of the oil deteriorates rapidly due to high degree of carboni/ation. %+. What are the advantages of <8=, over a bulk oil circuit breaker? RSIt requires lesser quantity of oil RSIt requires smaller space RSThere is a reduced risk of fire RS<aintenance problem are reduced %-. What are the ha/ards imposed by oil when it is used as an arc quenching medium? There is a risk of fire since it is inflammable. It may form an e7plosive mi7ture with arc. .o oil is preferred as an arc quenching medium %0. What are the advantages of oil as arc quenching medium? RSIt absorbs the arc energy to decompose the oil into gases, which have e7cellent cooling properties RSIt acts as an insulator and permits smaller clearance between line conductors and earthed components 2&. What are demerits of <8=,? .hort contact life 5requent maintenance 1ossibility of e7plosion 6arger arcing time for small currents 1rone to restricts 2%. Write the classification of circuit breakers based on the medium used for arc e7tinction? *ir break circuit breaker 8il circuit breaker <inimum oil circuit breaker *ir blast circuit breaker .5' circuit breaker 9acuum circuit breaker 22. What are the different types of oil circuit breakers? 1lain break oil circuit breakers *rc control circuit breakers <inimum oil circuit breakers 2 . What are different types of arc control pots? *7ial blast, cross blast and combination of both 2". What are the advantages of using vacuum as an arc interrupting medium? !igh insulation strength and interruption occurs in the first current /ero 2#. What are the ways in which electrons can be emitted in vacuum? Thermionic emission, 5ield emission, Thermionic B field emission, secondary emission by photons, pinch effect emission 2'. Write any two properties of contact material used in vacuum circuit breaker? (ood electrical conductivity to pass normal load currents without over heating. (ood thermal conductivity to dissipate rapidly the large heat generated during arcing
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2+. What are the basic requirements of circuit breaker? 2nov>dec 2&%%3 To make or break a circuit either manually or by remote control under normal conditions ,reak a circuit automatically under fault condition <ake a circuit automatically either manually or by remote control after the fault is cleared PART Unit 1 %. 47plain the essential qualities of protection * protection apparatus has three main functions>dutiesC %. .afeguard the entire system to maintain continuity of supply 2. <inimi/e damage and repair costs where it senses fault . 4nsure safety of personnel. These requirements are necessary, firstly for early detection and locali/ation of faults, and secondly for prompt removal of faulty equipment from service. In order to carry out the above duties, protection must have the following qualitiesC T SelectivityC To detect and isolate the faulty item only. T StabilityC To leave all healthy circuits intact to ensure continuity or supply. T SensitivityC To detect even the smallest fault, current or system abnormalities and operate correctly at its setting before the fault causes irreparable damage. T SpeedC To operate speedily when it is called upon to do so, thereby minimi/ing damage to the surroundings and ensuring safety to personnel. To meet all of the above requirements, protection must be reliable which means it must beC T DependableC It must trip when called upon to do so. T SecureC It must not trip when it is not supposed to. 2. a3 $ifferentiate between primary and backup protection 2'3 1rimary protection The graded overcurrent systems described earlier do not meet the protection requirements of a power system. The grading is not possible to be achieved in long and thin networks and also it can be noticed that grading of settings may lead to longer tripping times closer to the sources, which are not always desired. These problems have given way to the concept of Uunit protectionE where the circuits are divided into discrete sections without reference to the other sections. Ideally, to reali/e complete selectivity of protection, the power system is divided into discrete /ones. 4ach /one is provided with relays and circuit breakers to allow for the detection and isolation of its own internal faults. This ideal selective /oning is illustrated in following 5igure. The protection used in this manner L essentially for internal faults in a particular /one L is referred to as main or unit protection. ,ackup protection

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It is necessary to provide additional protection to ensure isolation of the fault when the main protection fails to function correctly. This additional protection is referred to as Uback)upE protection. 5or e7ample, referring to the above figure, assume that a fault has occurred on the feeder and that the breaker at * fails to open. To clear this fault, the circuits which are able to feed current to the fault through the stuck breaker * must be opened. The fault is outside the /ones of the main protection and can only be cleared by the separate back)up protection. ,ack)up protection must be time delayed to allow for the selective isolation of the fault by the main or unit protection. b3 47plain different types of back up protection 2%&3

,asic brief e7planation about different protections mentioned in the above figure. 2' marks for e7planation and for diagram " marks3 . *naly/e $ouble 6ine to ground fault with fault impedance using sequence network.

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". *naly/e 6ine to ground fault with and with out fault impedance using sequence network.

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#. *naly/e 6ine to 6ine fault with and with out fault impedance using sequence network.

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'. a3 47plain :ones of protection 2'3

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The system can be divided into the following protection /ones a. generators b. low)tension switchgear c. transformers d. high)tension switchgear e. Transmission lines. +. $raw and 47plain the sequence network for different components of power system ;efer answer in Pnit I 1art , question no + 2a3. -. $iscuss and compare various methods of neutral earthing? 2%'3 2nov>dec 2&%%3 S&*i. " !thin/

R"'i't n%" " !thin/

<ainly used below k9.

9alue is such as to limit an earth fault current to between % and 2 times full load rating of the transformer. *lternatively, to twice the normal rating of the largest feeder, whichever is greater.
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R" %t n%" " !thin/ * reactor is connected between the transformer neutral and earthC 9alues of reactance are appro7imately the same as used for resistance earthing. To achieve the same value as the resistor, the design of the reactor is smaller and thus cheaper.

0. $escribe the essential qualities of protective relaying 2-3 2nov>dec 2&%%3 ;efer answer in Pnit I 1art , question no %. %&. ,riefly e7plain the various methods of overvoltage protection of overhead transmission line 2-3 2nov>dec 2&%%3

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Unit II %. $escribe the construction and principle of operation of induction type directional over) current relay. 47plain I$<T characteristics and how they are obtained in an induction type relay.

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2. $raw and e7plain the constructional details of non)directional induction type relay.

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$iagram 2" marks3 construction, working advantages and disadvantages 2%2 marks3 . $raw and e7plain the schematic of an impedance relay and its operating characteristics on ;)V diagram. .ince this type of relay involves impedance)type units, let us first become acquainted with them. (enerally speaking, the term ?impedance@ can be applied to resistance alone, reactance alone, or a combination of the two. In protective)relaying terminology, however, an impedance relay has a characteristic that is different from that of a relay responding to any component of impedance. *nd hence, the term ?impedance relay@ is very specific. In an impedance relay, the torque produced by a current element is balanced against the torque of a voltage element. The current element produces positive 2pickup3 torque, whereas the voltage element produces negative 2reset3 torque. In other words, an impedance relay is a voltage)restrained overcurrent relay.

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". 47plain the construction, working principle and characteristics of reactance relay type distance relay.

#. 47plain the principle of current differential relay with diagrams.

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'. What is static relay? 6ist the advantages and disadvantages of static relays. .tatic relays are those in which the designed response is developed by electronic or magnetic means without mechanical motion. This means, that the designation Ustatic relayE covers the electronic relays of both the analog and digital designs. The analog relays refer to electronic circuits with discrete devices like transistors, diodes, etc., which were adopted in the initial stages. !owever, the digital designs incorporate integrated chips, microprocessors, etc., which had been developed subsequently. In recent years, very few relays of the analog type are being developed or introduced for the first time. <ost modern overcurrent relays are of the digital type. There are many reasons for this, the main ones being associated with cost, accuracy, fle7ibility, reliability, si/e, au7iliary power drain, etc. <any of these reasons will become evident during the course of this chapter, which will concentrate on relays of the digital type. <icroprocessor relays are of the digital type. The main obGective of using static relays is to improve the sensitivity, speed and reliability of a protection system by removing the delicate mechanical parts that can be subGect to wear due to vibration, dust and corrosion. $uring the early development of static relays, the use of static components were particularly attractive for the more complicated relays such as impedance relays, directional relays, voltage regulating relays, etc. 8n the other hand, the early static I$<T overcurrent relays were e7pensive because it was difficult to match the inverse time
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characteristic using analog protection circuits. The battery drain associated with these static I$<T relays was too high and this discouraged the use of this type of relay for medium)voltage applications. The general developments in the field of electronics and the introduction of digital circuits have overcome many of the above problems. Psing modern microprocessor relays, almost any characteristic is possible and economical, even for the simplest applications such as, overcurrent relays and motor protection relays. +. What are the complications of circulating current in a transformer? Write the remedial measures also.

-. 6ist various building blocks that constitute the static relay and give brief description about each of the blocks.
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0. ,riefly discuss about classification of relays. With neat diagrams e7plain the different types of attracted armature type relays B induction type relays.

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%&. $escribe the construction and operation of an inductive type directional over current relay with a neat diagram. *lso e7plain its operational characteristics 2%'3 ;efer answer in Pnit II question no %. %%. 47plain the principle of distance relays stating clearly the difference between impedance relay, reactance relay and mho relay. Indicate the difference on ;)V diagrams and show where each type is suitable.2%'3

;)V $iagram of Impedance relay

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;)V $iagram of ;eactance relay ) =haracteristics

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;)V $iagram of <!8 relay L =haracteristics

Unit III
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%. $escribe the <er/ price circulating current system of protection used for power transformer with neat diagrams.

2. Identify and e7plain the different protection schemes necessary for the protection of phase alternators with suitable circuit diagram.

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$ifferential protection of alternator

.tator interturn protection

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. 47plain the working of a3 ,uchol/ relay b3 Translay relay ,uchol/ relay

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Translay relay

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