MEM1M MEMS Design

Material Behaviour at Large stress and strain

Material failure
Permanent deformation (yielding), plasticity Fracture: creation of new surfaces, and ultimately separation of sample into two or more parts

 Ductile material:
a material that can undergo appreciable amount of permanent deformation before fracture aluminum and some of its alloys copper magnesium lead teflon

 Brittle material:
a material that can undergo only small amount of yielding before fracture silicon quartz concrete stone glass ceramic materials

Brittle and ductile materials

trength
!eneral state of stress: tandard tests:
tension test: torsion test:

1 2 3

1 = 2 = 3 = 0

1= 2=0 3 =

"riteria for yield or fracture in unia#ial tension or pure shear:

yp or yp

 $ension test Ductile material

shear fracture plastic stretching, necking then fracture

Brittle material
brittle fracture essentially no prior yielding

 $ension test

Silicon carbide tensile test specimens, Sharpe J. MEMS, 2005

 $ension test

Silicon carbide tensile test specimens, Jackson, J. MEMS, 200

 $ension test

Silicon carbide tensile test specimens, Jackson, J. MEMS, 200

Failure criteria
%n practice we need
for ductile material: criteria for onset of inelastic beha!iour, yielding, under combined stress for brittle material: critera for fracture under combined stress

&ielding
&ield criterium: Ma#imum shearing stress
Moti'ated by e#perimental obser'ation of slip or shear along crystalline plane &ield onset when ma# shearing stress in material e(uals ma# shearing stress in simple tension test:

imple to use )grees well with e#periment

1 1 1 3 = yp 2 2

&ielding
&ield criterium: Ma#imum distortion energy
Based on distortion energy, gi'en by

U 0d =U 0

m2

2K

1 m= x y z 3

&ield onset when distortion energy in material e(uals distortion energy at yielding in simple tension test: 2 2 2 1 2 2 3 3 1 = 2 2 yp

1 2 2 2 e= 1 2 2 3 3 1 2

ometimes written as a condition on the 'on Mises stress:

&ielding
&ield criterium: Ma#imum octahedral shearing stress
Based on octahedral shearing stress, gi'en by

1 oct= 3

2 2 1 2 2 3 3 1

&ield onset when octahedral shearing stress in structure e(uals that at yielding in simple tension test* %s e(ui'alent to the ma#imum distortion energy criterion

 &ielding criteria, e#perimental comparison

 &ielding criteria
Ma#imum distortion energy+octahedral shearing gi'e somewhat better agreement with e#periments Ma#imum shearing stress is simple and more conser'ati'e, therefore also popular*

Fracture
Fracture criterium: Ma#imum principal stress
Fracture when the magnitude of the largest principal stress e#ceeds the ultimate strength in a tension test ,ltimate strength is the largest stress before fracture in the tension test* Does not account for difference in compression and tension !ood e#perimental e'idence in cases with at least one tensile principle stress

Failure
Fracture criterium: Mohr-s theory

Coulomb "racture #hen critical shear stress on a plane is reached. CoulombMohr

= f