4

Proto-Yeniseian Reconstructions, with Extra-Yeniseian Comparisons

Sergei A. Starostin and Merritt Ruhlen

The small Yeniseian family of central Siberianow reduced to a single extant language, Kethas traditionally been considered an isolate.* Though less famous than the well-known European isolate, Basque, its genetic anity has been considered no less mysterious. Even information on this family has not been easy to come by for those wishing to compare it with the worlds other language families. Starostin (1982), however, has fundamentally changed this state of aairs. In this pivotal paper he not only reconstructed Proto-Yeniseianand the sound laws that connect its several languages but also sought to show its genetic connections with the Sino-Tibetan and (North) Caucasian families, and even the genetic connections of this larger family with the Nostratic family. The external connections of the Yeniseian family were further elaborated in Starostin (1984), which posited a SinoCaucasian family (uniting Yeniseian, Sino-Tibetan, and (North) Caucasian), and Starostin (1989a) addressed the question of the relationship between Nostratic and Sino-Caucasian. Additional work by Bengtson (1991a,b), Chirikba * We would like to thank John Bengtson for numerous suggestions on an earlier version of this chapter. Many of his suggestions have been incorporated, with citation, in this chapter.

4. Proto-Yeniseian Reconstructions

71

(1985), and Nikolaev (1991) has led to the replacement of the name SinoCaucasian by Dene-Caucasian (see Chapter 1). It should be noted that the higher-level comparisons between Proto-Yeniseian, Proto-Sino-Tibetan, and Proto-(North) Caucasian are based on the rst authors reconstructions of all three families (Starostin 1989b, Nikolaev and Starostin 1992)with due acknowledgment of previous work. This chapter, an abridged version of Starostin (1982), gives the ProtoYeniseian reconstructions and their reexes in the various Yeniseian languages (again, of these, only Ket is extant). Also given are the extra-Yeniseian comparisons suggested by Starostin. My role, as second author, has been limited to translating Starostins work from the original Russian, with the hope of making it accessible to a larger audience, and to adding a few extra-Yeniseian comparisons with Basque, Burushaski, Nahali, and Na-Dene. Since the appearance of Starostins original article in 1982, additional proposed cognates have been suggested by John Bengtson, V aclav Bla zek, Sergei Nikolaev, and Starostin himself. Some of these are indicated at the ends of the etymologies thus supplemented. Each entry is arranged alphabetically according to the semantic gloss, which is followed by the Proto-Yeniseian reconstruction and its reexes in the six Yeniseian languages: Ket, Yug, Kott, Arin, Pumpokol, and Assan. This information is followed by extra-Yeniseian comparisons with Old Chinese, Proto-Andi, Proto-Abkhaz-Adyg, Proto-Abkhaz-Tapant, Proto-Dagestanian, Proto-Indo-European, Proto-Kartvelian, Proto-Lezghian, Proto-Nax, ProtoTsez, Proto-(North) Caucasian, Proto-Tibeto-Burman, and Proto-SinoTibetan, all taken from Starostins article. The comparisons with Basque, Burushaski, Nahali, and Na-Dene are mine. The Na-Dene forms come from Greenberg (1981; see Chapter 5 herein); Burushaski forms, from Lorimer (1938); and Nahali forms, from Kuiper (1962). For the most part the phonemic transcription follows that of Starostins article. Thus, for example, c represents t s, and I indicates pharyngealization of the preceding consonant. I have, however, used normal IPA symbols for the lateral fricatives and aricates, instead of the idiosyncratic Russian symbols; and the eect is that what appear as x , , k, g in the original article are here l l transcribed as , , t , and d . In addition, l and n are represented by and z n , respectively, and d is used in place of J . Furthermore, represents a lowermid unrounded central vowel in the Yeniseian languages and in Burushaski, but a vowel of indeterminate timbre in the reconstructions. The meanings of all forms are the same as those of the Proto-Yeniseian reconstruction, unless specied otherwise. Starostins reconstructions follow:

72 1 2 3 4 5 6

4. Proto-Yeniseian Reconstructions ADJECTIVE SUFFIX *-se, Ket - s, Yug -s, Kott - se. Cf. ProtoDagestanian *- s-, Proto-Andi *- s-, Proto-Tsez *- s(). ALIVE * e te, Ket e ate, Yug e at, Kott eti, Arin atie atie, Pumpokol atodu, Assan editu etutu. ANGRY (TO BE) * jb c, Yug xjbt , Kott haipi ca angry, cross. ARM *xi -re, Ket -(i), Arin karam-. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian * qwIel. ARMFUL *km-, Kott hamal. Cf. Proto-Dagestanian *km, Proto-Lezghian *kem. ARMPIT *qo -, Ket q -, Yug x l-. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian * qw(I) tli, Proto-Tibeto-Burman *k(a)li, Burushaski -qt, Nahali kat . hla. According to Kuiper (1962: 83), the Nahali form is borrowed from Kurku (Munda). AUTUMN *ogde, Ket q gdi, Yug x gdi, Kott h ori, Arin kute. AWL *du t, Ket du t, Yug du t, Kott t ut. Cf. Proto-Abkhazw d w , Proto-Abkhaz-Tapant *d zad z , Old Chinese *tuj Adyg *d (n.). BACK (n.) *b-, Ket q b- q v-, Kott hap-, Arin qop, Pumpokol kolpar. BACK (adv.) *suga, Ket suga, Yug sugej, Kott su ka, Pumpokol tuk. Cf. Burushaski -sqa on ones back. Bengtson (1991a: 92) compares these forms with Basque bi-zka-r, Abkhaz (Caucasian) a-zkwa, and Haida (Na-Dene) sku. BADGER *as, Kott h a s. Cf. Proto-Dagestanian *wIr c squirrel, marten, Proto-Nax *e st otter, Basque hartz bear, azkonar (< *harz-konH-) badger; for the second element of this latter form, see the Proto-Yeniseian word for WOLVERINE1 below. BALD/NAKED *t tpl-, Ket t tpu , Kott thapal o. BE *hs-, Ket u sa , Yug u s, Kott hi c oga. Cf. Basque i-za-n. BEAK *kup, Ket k up, Yug kup. Cf. Proto-Dagestanian *qwIep. BEAR (n.) * caja , Kott saja , Pumpokol xanki. Cf. Proto(North) Caucasian *chw a n, Proto-Tibeto-Burman *s-wam, Old Chinese *w m, Burushaski y a. BEARD *ku e(p), Ket k u e, Yug k u , Kott hulup, Arin korolep, Pumpokol xlep-uk, Assan xul up. BELT1 *hqt, Yug axta xta , Kott h t eg, Arin itt a. BELT2 *gu da, Ket ku t, Kott k ura cord, belt, Assan kura rope. BERRY *sulpe-, Kott sulpi, Arin sulp a. BIG *e , Ket q , Yug x , Pumpokol x a a-se, Kott h -. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian *-a(I)i.

7 8

9 10

11

12 13 14 15

16 17 18 19 20

4. Proto-Yeniseian Reconstructions 21

73

22 23 24 25

26 27 28

29 30 31 32 33

34

BILE/BITTER *qqr, Ket q bile, q oli - bitter, Yug xxul bile, xxi -a bitter, Kott ogar bile, ?Pumpokol le o-xoxar bladder (?< gall bladder). Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian *qeq *-eq- bitter, Proto-Tibeto-Burman *ka bitter, Old Chinese *q a , Burushaski aqy(um). Bengtson (1991a: 110) adds Basque kharratx bitter, sour and Werchikwar (a Burushaski dialect) qqaa-m bitter, sour. BIRCH BARK *i - w-, Ket qi - j, Yug xi - j, Kott h pal. BIRCH TREE *x usa, Ket u s , Yug u hs, Kott u ca, Arin kus, Pumpokol uta. BIRD *duma, Ket d um, Yug di -l-ti -m, Kott al-t uma. Cf. Proto(North) Caucasian *ti -mH. BLOOD *sur, Ket su , Yug sur, Kott sur, Arin sur. Cf. Nahali cort . o. Kuiper (1962: 67) suggests the Nahali form is borrowed from Dravidian. BOAT1 *t-, Ket t , Yug t , Arin taj, Pumpokol ti -g, Assan ult ej vessel. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian *taq vessel. BOAT2 *q a( )p, Yug xa( )p, Kott xep. Cf. Proto-(North) Cauw casian * q apa, Old Chinese *qh ap wooden cup, vessel. BOIL (v.) * qan, Ket n, Yug xan, Kott augana cook. Cf. NaDene: Haida kuntldaa burn, Tlingit Gan burn, Eyak d-qa burn, Kato kan burn. BONE * a d, Ket a t, Yug a t. Cf. Proto-Dagestanian *hI md, Proto-Lezghian > Tsax ad. Proto-Tsez *Hod, BOW (n.) *i - , Ket qi - t, Yug qi - t , Kott h , Arin qoj, Pumpokol kaj. BRAID (OF HAIR) *sug-, Kott sugai sukai. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian * sakhwa *khwa sa. BRANCH * qe, Ket R , Yug x, Kott oge, Pumpokol kedi jaxi bough (kedi = root). BREAST *t ga, Ket tga, Yug tga, Pumpokol tike. Cf. Proto(North) Caucasian *jerk wi *rek wi heart, Proto-Tibeto-Burman *ra , Old Chinese * (r) k, Burushaski tshur chest, Na-Dene: Haida teko-go heart, Tlingit tek heart, Kutchin tagu, Tahltan t od z-e, Hare toy, Mattole t soo . The Haida and Tlingit forms were added by Bengtson and Bla zek (1992). BREATH * ir1 - * i r-, Ket l, Yug r. Cf. Proto-Dagestanian *hl, Proto-Andi > Tindi h a exhalation, steam, Proto-Nax *i exhalation, steam, Proto-Lezghian *hel- exhalation, steam, respiration. Nikolaev (1991: 55) compares these forms with Eyak xah hot-house, bath-house.

74 35

4. Proto-Yeniseian Reconstructions BROTHER *bis, Ket bi s- p, Yug bis- p, Kott pop e s, pop e ca sishw ter, Pumpokol bi c. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian *w-i -c i, ?Proto-Tibeto-Burman *dzar mans sister, ?Old Chinese * c j older sister. Bengtson (1991b: 135) adds Basque a-hiz-pa sister and Burushaski -a c c . o -a . u brother, sister; and Nikolaev (1991: 49) adds Proto-Eyak-Athabaskan *wu older brother. BUD *bajbl, Ket bajbu , Yug baibi -l, Kott koipala. Cf. Basque pipil. BURN/FIRE *t, Yug x tn, Kott hat, Arin k ot qot. Cf. Nahali ot .t . i. CEDAR *p a j, Ket ha j, Yug fa j, Kott fei, Arin im- phaj, p haj-d a r tree, Pumpokol pi -, Assan pej. CHEEK *ol-, Ket q et, Yug x lat, Kott hol, Arin bi --qo o my cheek, Assan holan cheeks. Cf. Proto-Sino-Tibetan *q alH back, cheek, Na-Dene: Eyak l-quh . CHILD1 *pl- *p r- *pr1 -, Arin al-polat, Pumpokol phalla l boy, youngster, Old boy, son. Cf. Proto-Dagestanian *paHad Chinese *b ok servant, Burushaski plpli, Nahali palco son. Kuiper (1962: 96) suggests the Nahali word may be a borrowing from pre-Dravidian. CHILD2 *d zl, Ket d -, Yug di -l, Ket d al, d ale a girl, Arin bi-kal boy, son, bi-kala daughter, Pumpokol pi-kola children, daughter,

36 37 38 39

40

41

Assan jali children, boy. Cf. Nahali e er boy. CHILDREN *g t, Ket k t, kitej young, Yug k t, kitej young, Kott kat. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian *khwer ci youngster, Nahali git a younger brother, Na-Dene: Haida gy t child, g t son, . Tlingit gita child, git son, Eyak q e c child, q e son, Navajo ` e son. 43 CLAY *tu w-, Ket tu , Arin t uburun, Pumpokol tu-, Assan t u th u. Cf. Na-Dene: Haida tow-ge earth. 44 CLAY/DIRT *t q-, Ket tuit smear with clay, tagar clay, Yug t x clay, ti -x-kt smear with clay, Kott thagar dirt, As tagar h clay, t agan thakan sand, Arin tanen sand. Cf. Basque toska clay, Burushaski t k earth, Nahali t sikal earth, Na-Dene: Haida tlig earth, Tlingit tliak- u tlit-tik earth, Eyak tzatlkh earth, Navajo e earth. Kuiper (1962: 67) considers the Nahali word a borrowing from Kurku (Munda). 45 CLEAN (adj.) *tur- *tul-, Yug tul-en. Cf. Proto-(North) Cau znu, Proto-Tibeto-Burman *tsya , Old Chinese *che . casian *d Bengtson and Bla zek (1992) add Basque sanhu. 42

4. Proto-Yeniseian Reconstructions 46 47 48 49 50

75

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

61 62

63 64

CLEAN (v.) *-px-, Yug f g t, Kott o-paja . Cf. Burushaski p ak (adj.). CLEAR (about weather) *pu r, Ket hi - , Yug fi - r, Kott phur fur. CLOTHES * a d z, Ket qa t, Yug xa t, Kott hei fur coat, outer garment, Arin qaj, Assan heja . CLOUD *( as-)pr, Ket a s-pu , Yug as-fi -l, Kott a s-par, Arin ej spara es-pera . Cf. Burushaski b r un c . . COLD/FROST * r1 * l, Kott cal cold (n. & adj.), Arin solo- a frost. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian *re c u cold, Na-Dene: ?Beaver ts l snowdrift. COMB *tux- n, Ket tuu n, Yug tugi -n, Kott thun, Arin ten. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian *hi -ri - gw. COPPER *ti - n, Ket ti - n, Yug ti - n, Pumpokol a-tin. COPPER/ORE * cur-, Ket tu a, Assan sur. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian *cor *roc copper. COUGH *aqtm, Ket qaqt m, Yug xaxtem, Kott hatam. COW *tia, Kott thi a thig a, Arin t u ja, Assan ti -g ti -k. CRANE (bird) *xi -me, Assan imi, Arin kem. CRY (tears) *- (n)-, Yug d- d a, Kott d- a c ena , Arin a si na I cry, Pumpokol ciin-du I cry. CRY/SHOUT *(h)ux-, Ket d- u , Kott hujei. CUT *pak-, Ket haej, Yug fagej, Arin it-p akuju I cut. Cf. Basque ebaki ebagi. DAUGHTER/SON *pu -n daughter, *pu -b son, Ket hu n daughter, hi - p son, Yug fu n daughter, fi - p son, Kott fun daughter, fup son. Cf. Proto-Abkhaz-Tapant *pa son, Proto-Abkhaz-Adyg *p -w daughter. Bengtson (pers. comm.) compares these forms with Basque -pa -ba in forms such as alha-ba daughter, a-hiz-pa sister, ne-ba brother. DAY *xi( ) G, Ket i , Yug h, Kott g x, Arin ji, Pumpokol ha, Assan i i -. DAY(TIME) * o , Ket q , Yug x h, Kott h ona recently, Pumpokol xa -ga-cedin. Bengtson (1991a: 98) adds Basque e-gun, Proto-(North) Caucasian * Gwem-t, Burushaski g on dawn, and Proto-Athabaskan *dlwen. DEEP *p oqe, Ket h R(u), Yug f hx, Kott f oge ph oge. DEER *s er1 e, Ket s , Yug sr, Kott seli sele, Arin sin (< *sil()n), Pumpokol salat. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian *wnswir deer, aurochs, Na-Dene: Galice silii selii doe.

76 65

4. Proto-Yeniseian Reconstructions DIE/DEATH *q -, Ket q -de , Yug x -d , Kott xa kha death, Arin in-qo dead, Pumpokol ka-do du dead. Cf. Na-Dene: Haida kutahl koo-tulh die, dead, Eyak kous dies. DIRT *dr-, Kott taran. Cf. Proto-Dagestanian *th r, Burushaski thr dirty. DO *w-, Ket bri, Yug b ht , Kott ba-tta , Arin sa-pi-te I do. Cf. Na-Dene: Haida waa do so, wa do, Eyak wau-gung do. DOG * cip * cib, Ket t p, Yug cip, Kott al- sip, Arin il- cap. Cf. Proto-Dagestanian * chirp bitch, Proto-Andi * ciba. DOOR1 * e rk-, Ket ll , Yug rf x, Pumpokol elxan. DOOR2 * ajtol, Kott athol, Arin ejtol, Assan atol. DRY *qj-, Ket t -Rai- , Yug t -x i , Kott xuj-ga, Arin qoija, Pumpokol i c-koj- a, Assan xuj-ga. Cf. Na-Dene: Haida ka. DUCK1 (n.) *t q, Ket t R , Yug t hx golden-eye, Kott al-thax a kind of duck. DUCK2 (n.) * alg-, Ket a g , Kott aga a mallard. EAGLE *d G-, Ket di , Yug di , Kott tage. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian *leq wIa name of a large bird, Proto-Tibeto-Burman *la *lak falcon, hawk, Old Chinese *la tla hawk. Bengtson (pers. comm.) adds Na-Dene: Haida l Go heron and Tlingit lq heron, crane. EAR * qt * gde, Ket gde, qt n ear-rings, Yug xti -, gd ni - ear-rings, Arin utkeno , Pumpokol atkin. Cf. Proto-Andi *han-kita *han-tika, Na-Dene: Tlingit a hear. EARTH *ba , Ket ba , Yug ba , Kott pa , Arin pe , Pumpokol bi . EAT *si G-, Ket s , Yug s , Kott sig food, Arin sa-n, Pumpokol sogo. Starostin (1984: 23) compared the Proto-Yeniseian form with Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d zh aH and later (1989a: 64) added Proto(North) Caucasian *d zaHV drink. Bengtson and Bla zek (1992) compare these forms with Burushaski s . i-. EGG/FISH EGGS *je *j , Ket -di s sh eggs, e eggs, Yug -dis sh eggs, e egg, Kott d anan sh eggs, Arin ujnun sh eggs, a egg, Pumpokol ta na egg, Assan ana sh eggs. Bengtson and Bla zek (1992) compare the Proto-Yeniseian form with Proto-(North) Caucasian *dlingwV roe, Burushaski ti egg, and Proto-Sino-Tibetan *di egg. ELBOW/JOINT *gid, Ket u -git, Yug u -git, Assan kenar-xatken elbow, pul-gat-ken tibia. Cf. Proto-Dagestanian *q wInth elbow, knee, Basque ukondo elbow, Na-Dene: Eyak Guhd knee, Sarsi g ud knee, elbow, Kutchin -gwod knee, Coquille gwad knee, Hupa got knee, Navajo g` od knee.

66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74

75

76 77

78

79

4. Proto-Yeniseian Reconstructions 80 81 82 83

77

84

85

86 87 88 89

90 91 92

93 94 95 96

97

ELK * Gja, Ket q aj , Yug x ahj, Kott k oja, Arin o- qaj- si, Pumpokol xaju, Assan koja deer. EMPTY * Gu j, Ket q uj , Yug x uhj, Kott koi. ERMINE *kulp, Ket ku ep, Yug kulp, Kott hulup, Arin kulep. EVENING *bis, Ket b s, Yug bis, Kott p s, Arin pis, Pumpokol bi c-idin, Assan pi aga. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian *bs night, evening, Ingush bijsa night, Ubykh zwa-ps evening. Bengtson and Bla zek (1992) add Burushaski basa halting for the night; night or day (as a measure of time). EXCREMENT/DIRT *po q, Ket h q, Yug f q, Kott ph ok f ok excrement, phago fago dirt. Cf. Proto-Dagestanian *phi -Hi -lw diarrhea, feces. EYE *de-s, Ket d e s, Yug des, Kott t s, Assan te s, Arin tie , Pumw pokol dat. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian * ilhi, Na-Dene: Kutchin -nde, Hare e-d ja, Galice -daai, Chiricahua nd a` a. FACE *bat(t)-, Ket b at battat, Yug b at battat. Cf. ProtoDagestanian *m t. FACE/CHIN *bun c-, Kott pun ol pun col chin, Arin pin al chin, Assan pun cola cheek. FAT (n.) *gi - d, Ket ki - t, Yug ki - t, Kott k r, Arin ki. Cf. Basque gizen. FATHER * ob, Ket op, Yug op, Kott op, Arin i pa, Pumpokol ab. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian * op-, Proto-Tibeto-Burman *ba, Old Chinese *ba, Burushaski bba father (in royal circles), Nahali aba ba. Kuiper (1962: 58) regards the Nahali form as a borrowing from Kurku (Munda). FATHOM (2.13 meters) * an, Ket q an , Yug xan, Kott hen. FIELD *kb-, Ket -up, Kott h p- eg, Arin kaba q abi. FIR/SPRUCE *di -n e, Ket d -n , Yug di -n, Kott t ni, Arin tin, Pumpokol di -n e, Assan tin. Bengtson and Bla zek (1992) compare the Yeniseian forms with Burushaski th on coriander and Proto-SinoTibetan *ta pine. FIRE *bo k, Ket b k, Yug b k, Pumpokol bu c. Cf. Burushaski pfu, Nahali apo. FISH TRAP *d ob-, Ket d v d b . Cf. Proto-Lezghian *tap. FIST *k q-, Ket k R k q, Yug k uhx, Kott ha kan. Cf. Protow Dagestanian *ink i -. Bengtson (pers. comm.) adds Eyak gu k. FIVE *q aka, Ket q ak, Yug xak, Kott kh eg a, Arin qaga, Pumpokol xej-la . Bengtson (pers. comm.) compares these forms with Eyak q q st. FLEE * caq-, Ket t q-t t, Yug cattat, Kott caganthak.

78

4. Proto-Yeniseian Reconstructions

98 FLOUR1 *talkn, Ket talli -n, Assan talkan. 99 FLOUR2 *q( ) r *q( )j, Kott u-x ei. Cf. Proto-Dagestanian *w I r, Proto-Nax *Hor-. 100 FLY/GNAT *ti -t-, Ket t -t, Yug ti -t, Kott al-th tega ant. Cf. ProtoDagestanian *t mto, Proto-Nax *tot. wi 101 FOG *q -, Yug xoa . Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian *k -m(h) w *mi -k cloud, fog, Proto-Tibeto-Burman *m uk, Old Chinese *m ok drizzle. 102 FOOT1 *ki s, Ket ki s, Yug ki s. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian w *k ca foot, paw, Na-Dene: Tlingit kos qos, Eyak qa s ku s, Sarsi k` a , Carrier -ke, Galice -ki , Navajo -k` e` e , Kiowa Apache -k` ` . 103 FOOT2 *bul, Ket b u , Yug bul, Kott pul, Arin pil. Cf. Proto(North) Caucasian *m aH atlh (toe-)nail, hoof, Sino-Tibetan: Tibetan bol upper part of the leg, Old Chinese *b j (< *b l ) calf of the leg. 104 FOUR *sika, Ket s k, Yug sik, Kott s eg a, Arin saga, Pumpokol cia- . 105 FOX *k qn, Ket k n, Yug kxi -n, Kott agan. 106 FROG *xi - r-, Ket l, Yug l, Arin kere. Cf. Basque igel, Proto(North) Caucasian *q wrq, Burushaski g r-quts r-kun. 107 FULL * ute, Yug u t, Kott u ti. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian *-oca. 108 GIVE *q -, Ket qd m, Yug xd i -fi -t give back, Arin kojapel a I give. Cf. Na-Dene: Haida gijuu give away. 109 GLUE *pi t, Ket hi t, Yug t, Ket f t. Cf. Proto-Dagestanian *phin cw resin, tar, Proto-Nax > Chechen mutta sap. 110 GO *hej, Ket eje , Yug eji , Kott heja . Cf. Basque j-oan. Starostin (1984: 25) compares the Yeniseian forms with Proto-East Caucasian * w-n- and Proto-Sino-Tibetan * w a( ), Old Chinese *w(h) a . 111 GOOD *haq-, Ket aq-ta, Yug ax-ta, Kott hag- si, Arin bergar-i -ktu. 112 GOODS (furs) * r q-, Ket l q, Yug l x. 113 GOOSE * cem-, Ket t em, Yug cem, Kott same, Arin sam, Pumpokol xam, Assan same. 114 GRASS *gre, Kott keri. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian *ql *qIl, Nahali hara. According to Kuiper (1962: 81), the Nahali form is borrowed from Kurku (Munda). 115 GUEST * a- , Kott ca . Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian *c w(H). 116 GUTS *pi - i -, Ket h -, Yug f -, Arin p hor-ga belly. Cf. ProtoDagestanian *peHer tl, Proto-Nax *bara, Proto-Tibeto-Burman *pik entrails, guts. 117 HAIL *ba rbd, Ket ba bt, Kott kojpat, Arin polpie . Cf. Na-

4. Proto-Yeniseian Reconstructions

79

118

119 120

121 122

123

124

125 126 127 128

129 130 131

Dene: Mattole bad. HAIR *c e, Ket t , Yug c , Kott he ai, Arin q aga , Pumpokol xi -a. Cf. Proto-Dagestanian *cem(H) eyebrow, Proto-TibetoBurman *tsam, Old Chinese *sr am (< *r-s am). HALF1 *su-, Yug s u-, Kott su-, Pumpokol tu. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian *hamc u. HALF2 * a( )l, Ket a( ) , Yug a( )l, Kott al- x noon, midday. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian *-e tli, Proto-Tibeto-Burman *l ay center, middle. Bengtson and Bla zek (1992) add Basque erdi half, middle, Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tlay center, Burushaski alto two, and Eyak la d two. HAND *pg-, Ket hn, Arin p hiaga. Cf. Burushaski bu double armful, Nahali bok(k)o. HE *d, Ket da- di-, Yug da- di-. Cf. Proto-Dagestanian *th that, Tibeto-Burman: Burmese th w this, Old Chinese *t this, he, Nahali et . e(y) eta-re he, Na-Dene: Haida dei just that way, Tlingit de now, Slave ti this, Chiricahua d this thing. HE/SHE *w, Ket b u, Yug bu, Assan ba-ri he, Arin au he. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian *m this, that, Na-Dene: Haida w una-sa he, wa- that, Tlingit u he, we that, Chasta Costa y u that one. HEAD1 *ci - G-, Ket ti - , Yug ci - , Kott takai, Arin ke-dake. Cf. Proto-Abkhaz-Adyg *s qIa, Na-Dene: Tanaina tsi , Beaver tsii , Galice -sii , Navajo -t s` ` . a, Pumpokol kolka. HEAD2 *k rga-, Ket kjga, Arin kolk k skull, Lak k wark top, head. Cf. Proto-Lezghian *kur HEART *pu-, Ket h u, Yug fu, Kott phui fui insides, Pumpokol pfu. HEAVY *s G-, Ket s, Yug s s u, Kott s k- , Arin soga, Assan suoga. HEEL *sG(-d z), Ket st, Yug s t s ut, Kott sugai ci, Arin i- zege-n. Cf. Proto-Dagestanian * s ol qwI *qwIol s heel, foot. Bengtson (1991a: 92) adds Burushaski s . oq sole (of boot). HIGH *ti -gi -r-, Ket ti -(g) , Yug ti -gi -l, Pumpokol tokar-du. HOLE *u, Ket q uk, Yug xuk, Kott huk. Cf. Na-Dene: Haida kyu door, Tlingit k uqw. HORN * , Ket q , Yug x . Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian *qhw a(h), Proto-Tibeto-Burman *kruw, Old Chinese *qr o-k.

80 132 133

4. Proto-Yeniseian Reconstructions HORSE *ku s, Ket ku s cow, Yug ku s, Kott hu s, Arin kus, Pumw w pokol kut. Cf. Proto-Dagestanian *k ac mare. HOUSE/TENT *u s, Ket qu s, Yug xu s tent, Kott h u s tent, Arin kus, Pumpokol hu-kut. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian *q wIrc house, dwelling. HUNDRED *jus, Arin jus, Pumpokol uta-msa. HUNGER * GGant, Ket q t, Yug x xat, Kott kajante, Arin q ogat hungry. HUSBAND *c(n)t-, Ket t et, Yug cet, Kott hat-k t, Arin kintej, Pumpokol ils-et (< *ils-xet). I * ad z, Ket at, Yug at, Kott ai, Arin aj, Pumpokol ad. Cf. Proto(North) Caucasian *zo, Burushaski a, Nahali o u o . IDOL *gu us, Ket k us, Yug k us. Cf. Proto-Dagestanian *khwi - ch form, appearance, look, Proto-Nax *kust gure, appearance. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN ROOT *wir1 , Ket bi a how, bi s where, Yug bir how, birs where, Kott bi a what, bili where. Cf. Proto-Dagestanian *m and Proto-Nax *m. Bengtson and Bla zek (1992) add Burushaski men who, a-min which. INTESTINE (SMALL) *t u , Ket tu i, Yug t uh, Kott thutul, Arin sodoro . IRON * e, Ket e, Yug ej, Pumpokol ag. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian *ritlhw name of a metal. JAW *pi kad z, Ket hiat, Yug ga ci, Arin pi ai lip, Pumpokol pinet chin, cheek. KNEAD *lo -, Ket -d , Yug -d a . KNEE *bat-, Ket bat-pu , Yug bat-pi -l, Assan pul-patap metatarsus, Arin patas. Cf. Proto-Dagestanian *por ch thigh, paw, ProtoTibeto-Burman *put(s), Old Chinese *p t *pit knee-cap. KNIFE *do n, Ket d n, Yug d n Kott ton, Arin ton. Cf. Proto(North) Caucasian *ws un. LAKE *de G, Ket d , Yug d , Kott u r-t eg, Arin kur-t uk, Pumpokol danni . Cf. Na-Dene: Tlingit da to ood, Eyak ta into water. LAND/SOIL *su, Kott su. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian *Hwen s wi land, clay. LARCH *se s, Ket s s, Yug s s, Kott s et, Arin cit, Pumpokol tag. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian *cac thorn, burr. Bengtson (1991b: 133) adds Basque sasi bramble, thicket and Burushaski ch s . thornbush, thorns. LAUGH * a q-, Ket d aR , Yug d ahx, Kott cake, Arin soja-kea I laugh, Pumpokol jai- ci-du I laugh.

134 135 136 137 138 139

140 141 142 143 144

145 146

147 148

149

4. Proto-Yeniseian Reconstructions 150

81

151 152 153 154

155

156

157 158 159 160 161

162 163 164

LEAF *j pe, Ket , Yug p, Kott d ipi, Arin ipo , Pumpokol (xogon-)di -pun. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian *tlepi, Proto-TibetoBurman *lap, Old Chinese *lap. Bengtson (pers. comm.) adds Burushaski tap (< *ltap(V), preserved in du-ltap-as wither). LIGHT (adj. & n.) *g n-, Ket k n, Yug k n, Kott kana -i ciban hw lightning. Cf. Proto-Dagestanian *(HA)k en, Old Chinese *kw a . LIGHT/CHEAP *to r-, Ket t o -git cheap, Kott thui light, cheap, Arin t utel a light. LIP * r n, Ket on, Yug lon, Kott d an, Arin e-tan, Assan anag (< *ana ). LIVER *se , Ket s e , Yug se , Arin sin-trun entrails. Cf. Proto(North) Caucasian *cw am i bile, anger, Proto-Tibeto-Burman *msin, Old Chinese *sin bitter. Bengtson (1991b: 131) adds Basque be-ha-zun bile, gall, Burushaski chm-li bitter, poisonous, and suggests that possibly Eyak -saht and Proto-Athabaskan *-s d belong here as well. LOG *b ak, Ket b a , Yug b ak, Kott p eg. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian *p n G(I)u pole, stick, stake, post, Old Chinese *p ak pole, post, column. LONG * ux-, Ket ug-d , Yug ug-d , Kott ui, Arin u-ta. Cf. Proto(North) Caucasian *-uqh(I)a(-n) long, big, tall, Old Chinese *k aw tall, Tibeto-Burman: Burmese khau-h protrude. LOW *pitm-, Ket h tim, Yug tim, Pumpokol dam-du. LOW/BELOW *kan-, Kott h ana down, h anal below, low, Arin xamartu low. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian * otlonu bottom. LUNGS *sisa(l)-, Kott si c atn, Arin si sali. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian * c c kidney. MALE *i -(), Ket - male deer, Yug i - k male, male polecat, Kott ig little man, Arin au male. PumMAN1 *ke t, Ket k t, Yug k t, Kott het hit, Arin kit, w pokol kit, Assan hit. Cf. Proto-Andi *k inta man, husband, male, Proto-Nax *kanat boy, lad, Na-Dene: Tlingit qah kah man, Eyak qa kha husband. Bengtson (pers. comm.) suggests that perhaps Nahali kalt . o belongs here. MAN2 *pixe, Ket h , Yug f k, Kott f , Arin pa-nalikip. MEADOW * o G-, Ket u , Yug ou, Kott ox, Arin juju grass. Cf. Proto-Dagestanian * enqhwI meadow, plot of land. MEAT * ise, Ket s, Yug s, Kott ci, Arin is. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian *j mcho bull, ox.

82 165

4. Proto-Yeniseian Reconstructions MILK/NIPPLE *de( )n, Kott ten nipple, Arin te ul milk, Pumpokol den. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian * s inw milk, udder. Bengtson (pers. comm.) adds Basque esne milk. MITTEN *b q-, Ket b oq, Yug b x n, Kott pagan. MOON *()suj, Kott sui, Arin e suj, Pumpokol tuj. Cf. Proto(North) Caucasian *w m co moon, month, Old Chinese * wat moon. MORNING *pk-, Ket hi -gem, Pumpokol ci -l-paga. Cf. ProtoDagestanian *p k morning, dawn, dusk. Bengtson (pers. comm.) adds Basque bigar tomorrow. ma MOTHER * ama, Ket am, Yug am, Kott ama, Arin am a, b-a my mother, Pumpokol am, Assan ama. Cf. Basque ama, Burushaski m ama, Nahali m ay, Na-Dene: Eyak amma, Navajo m a. The Nahali form is considered by Kuiper (1962: 90) a borrowing from Kurku (Munda). MOUNTAIN1 * ri - , Ket i - t, Yug li - t , Kott d , Assan jii. MOUNTAIN2 (WOODED) *q a j, Ket qa j, Yug xa j wooded mountain, Kott x e-l ex mountain ridge, Arin (ena-)haj forest, Pumpokol ko-nno . Cf. Proto-Lezghian *wa mountain, ProtoNax *Haw e shady slope of a mountain, Old Chinese *khw hill. MOUSE *j uta, Ket u t, Yug u t, Kott d u ta, Pumpokol ute. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian *jchwe squirrel, badger, mouse, Old Chinese *lu-s (< *ju-s ) weasel, Tibetan jos hare. MOUTH *owe, Ket q o, Yug xo, Kott h opi, Assan xoboj. Starostin (1984: 24) compares the Yeniseian forms with Proto-Sino-Tibetan *Kh o(w)H and Proto-(North) Caucasian k w el -V. Bengtson and Bla zek (1992) add Basque a-ho. MUSHROOM *borba, Ket b ba, Yug b lba, Arin penbe-tu. MY *b- * ab-, Ket ap ab , ba- bo- (rst-person marker on verbs). Cf. Proto-Dagestanian *n I, Proto-Tibeto-Burman * a I, Old Chinese * a I. NAME * i G, Ket , Yug i, Kott ix, Pumpokol i. Cf. Burushaski - k. Bengtson and Bla zek (1992) add Chipewyan (Athabaskan) -ye -yi to be named. NAVEL *ti -r- *ti -l-, Ket t -, Yug ti -l. Cf. Proto-Dagestanian zonHu, Proto-Nax *can-ku, Old Chinese *d zj. *d NECK1 *pujm-, Kott fuimur phuimur, Arin pem a. Cf. Burushaski b ui shoulder-blade. NECK2 *k q nt-, Ket k qti -, Yug k xti -, Kott agantan collar, neck. Cf. Basque kokot.

166 167

168

169

170 171

172

173

174 175

176

177 178 179

4. Proto-Yeniseian Reconstructions 180 181 182 183

83

184 185

186 187 188

189

190 191 192 193

194

NEEDLE * i n, Ket i n, Yug i n, Kott in n, Arin in. Cf. ProtoDagestanian *ima awl. NET *p , Ket h, Yug f, Kott fu , Arin pen. NETTLE *kita, Ket k tn, Yug kitn nettle, hemp, Kott h ta hemp. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian * qhI u chu nettle, grass. NEW *tur- *tul, Yug tul-i -m. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian *c anh, Proto-Tibeto-Burman *si , Old Chinese *sin. Alternatively, the Proto-Yeniseian form might be compared with ProtoTibeto-Burman *sar new, fresh and Old Chinese *sar fresh. NIGHT *si G, Ket s , Yug si, Kott s g, Arin saj, Pumpokol te c. Cf. also Proto-Yeniseian *sm- sleep below. NIGHT (SPEND THE ) *sa Gar1 , Ket s al, Yug s ahr, Kott sagal spending the night, ha- c agal spend the night, Pumpokol t ol night. Cf. Basque gau night, Na-Dene: Haida Gal night, Eyak tl night, Carrier e night, Kato ka h night passes, Chipewyan xi darkness, Navajo di- -xi black. NINE * um-, Kott cum-n aga. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian *r cwm-. NIT *jog- *jok, Ket ( i -n-) k, Yug (eti -)k, Kott d oga. Cf. Proto-Dagestanian *q(I)j > Dargwa qi. NO/NOT1 *w -, Ket b -n, Yug b - n, Kott mo-n (< *bo-n), Arin bo-n, Pumpokol a-mu-t (< *a-wu-n-t). Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian *m, Proto-Tibeto-Burman *ma, Old Chinese *ma, ?Burushaski b, ?Nahali beko no, bet i not. The Nahali form is consid. e not, bi ered by Kuiper (1962: 62) a borrowing from Kurku (Munda). NO/NOT2 * at *ta-, Ket at not, t a no, Yug ata not, t a b s not at all. Cf. Proto-Dagestanian *t, Proto-Tibeto-Burman *ta (prohibitive particle), Nahali hot . (used with the past tense). Kuiper (1962: 77) suggests that the Nahali form is a Munda borrowing. NOSE1 * olk-, Ket li -n, Arin arquj. NOSE2 *xa , Kott a , Pumpokol ha . NUT *im, Ket m, Yug im, Kott m, Arin im. OLD/DECREPIT *sin, Ket sin, Yug sin. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian * su no year, Proto-Tibeto-Burman *sni year, Old Chinese *n n (< *(s)n ) year, Na-Dene: Tlingit s` an old person, Tlatskanai sen old man, Navajo s an old man. Bengtson (pers. comm.) adds Burushaski sini summer. ONE *u-sa, Ket q u s (inan.), Yug xus (inan.), Kott h u ca, Arin khuzej qusej kusa, Pumpokol xuta. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian *ch , Proto-Tibeto-Burman *it, *kat (< *qac ), Old Chinese * it (< * ic ).

84 195 196 197

4. Proto-Yeniseian Reconstructions ONION *guwurkn-, Kott kuburgena , Arin kuburgan, Assan kabi -rgina. OTTER *t ar, Ket t a , Yug t ar, Kott th eg ar. Cf. Proto-Dageslw *ten tanian *tend gw weasel, marten, Basque urtxakur. OUTSIDE *h r1 -, Ket a, Yug rej, Kott hili. Cf. Burushaski h olum, Nahali bahare. Kuiper (1962: 61) consideres the Nahali word a borrowing from Kurku (Munda). OWL/HAWK *kg-, Kott hikei- se owl, Arin kak hawk, Pumpokol xagam-kolka owl. PALM *batt p *patt p, Ket battop, Ko fatap phatap. PATH/ROAD *qo t, Ket q t, Yug x t path, Arin kat kut, Pumpokol koat road. Cf. Proto-Dagestanian * Gwat street, passage. Nikolaev (1991: 54) compares these forms with Proto-EyakAthabaskan *ged road, Hare -gi er-e road. PENIS/TESTICLES *gns-, Kott kan cal testicles, Pumpokol kutte penis. Cf. Proto-Dagestanian *k l c penis, vulva, Burushaski -u s vagina, Na-Dene: Eyak gu c , Sarsi dz . . PEOPLE * e - , Ket d , Yug d , Kott ce a . Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian * chiw(i -) person, man, Na-Dene: Haida e-tli nga man, l Tlingit t inkit people. PERCH (sh) *t G-, Ket t , Yug t , Pumpokol tou, Assan tuga. PIKE *u a, Ket q u ri, Yug x uht , Kott h uja, Arin quj, Pumpokol kod u, Assan huja. PINE TREE * ej-, Ket ej, Yug ej, Kott ei, Arin aja, Assan ej. PLURAL SUFFIX1 *- , Ket - , Yug - , Kott - . Cf. Proto-Dagestanian *-m. PLURAL SUFFIX2 *-n, Ket -n - n, Yug -n, Kott -n. Cf. ProtoDagestanian *-n, Proto-Tibeto-Burman *-n (collective plural). POINT *sa r1 , Ket sa , Yug sa r, Kott sal. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian * c wli - arrow, point, Burushaski i s ara t point out. POLE (of a tent) *h gne, Ket n, Yug n i , Kott hag ni. PRINCE *i -j(e), Ket q -j, Kott h ji, Arin bi-khej. Cf. ProtoAbkhaz-Adyg *(a) . RABBIT * a * ak, Yug ak jumping hare. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian *r gw squirrel, marten, weasel, mouse, Proto-TibetoBurman *rwak rat, Na-Dene: Eyak G , Slave gah, Tsetsaut qax, Navajo ga . RAIN *xur *xur-es, Ket u e s, Yug ures, Kott ur, Arin kur, Pumpokol ur-ait. Cf. Basque euri, Burushaski h r alt.

198 199 200

201

202

203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211

212

4. Proto-Yeniseian Reconstructions 213 214 215 216

85

217 218 219 220 221 222 223

224 225

226 227 228

229 230 231

REINS/BRIDLE *k und-, Ket k unda i -n reins, Arin qonda bridle. RELATIVE ADJECTIVE SUFFIX *-tu-, Ket -tu-, Yug -tu-. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian *-twi - (adjective sux). RIB * u ad z, Ket u et, Yug u at, Kott ulai. RIVER *ses, Ket s e s, Yug ses, Kott s et, Arin sat, Pumpokol tata , Assan set. Cf. Na-Dene: Haida s (s) ocean, Eyak s creek, stream, Galice sisk a a ocean. ROAD *i -, Ket q -k, Yug xi -k, Kott hek. ROOT1 * c -, Ket t ri, Yug t ht , Pumpokol kedi , Assan i- ci can. Cf. Burushaski tshir s .. ROOT2 *templ, Kott thempul, Arin t embirga tenbir. ROPE1 * a -, Ket a , Yug a , Kott ana small strap. Cf. Proto-Dagestanian *Hwm -. ROPE2 *ti , Ket ti . Cf. Proto-Dagestanian *rw, Burushaski t . k string (of choga), Na-Dene: Tlingit tix. SABLE *x e a, Ket ri d ht , Kott ija, Pumpokol hiju, Assan ija. SALIVA1 *duk duq, Kott tuk. Cf. Proto-Nax *tug *tuk, Proto-Tibeto-Burman *t uk saliva, spit (v.), Basque to egin spit (v.), Burushaski th u t spit (v.), Nahali t . huk spit (v.), Na-Dene: Tlingit tu spit (v.), Eyak tux, Sarsi z k ` , Kato sek, Navajo s e e . SALIVA2 *hu r, Ket u , uri -, Kott huju . Cf. Proto-Yeniseian WATER below. SALT * c , Ket t , Yug c , Kott si-. Cf. Proto-Abkhaz-Adyg *c * , Proto-Tibeto-Burman *(m)t si. Bengtson (1991b: 132) adds Basque itsaso sea and Burushaski s . au oversalted (of food). SAND *p n, Ket hn , Kott fena phena , Arin na phi na , Pumpokol pinni . SEVEN * o n, Ket n, Arin una i -n a, Pumpokol o na . SHAMAN *sen, Ket sn- , Yug sn , Kott s ena shamanism, s ena hit. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian *ni -wchwa prince, God; a metathesized form, according to Starostin. SHARP * ete, Ket eti, Yug et, Kott eti. Cf. Proto-Dagestanian *- c. SHOE/BOOT *c ese, Ket t si, Yug chs, Kott h e ci, Arin qisi - shoes. SHOULDER *ken-, Ket kn-t -bu shoulder joint, Kott h enar, Arin q na xina shoulder, arm. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian * GwIi -n *ni -GwI shoulder, arm, Old Chinese *q en, Nahali

86

4. Proto-Yeniseian Reconstructions khand ` n arm, Tanana gan arm, Tlatskanai . a, Na-Dene: Ingalik -g okane arm, Navajo gaan arm. According to Kuiper (1962: 85), the Nahali form is borrowed from Kurku (Munda). SIX * a, Ket a, Yug a, Arin ogga i -ga, Pumpokol aggia . Cf. Proto(North) Caucasian * ar an tlh(w)i -, Proto-Tibeto-Burman *(d)ruk, Old Chinese *ruk. (ANIMAL) SKIN *s as, Ket s a si, Yug s ahs, Kott s et. Bengtson (pers. comm.) adds the following Na-Dene forms: Tlingit d zas, Hupa sit s bark, skin, Galice -saas, Navajo s` s. SKY/GOD * es, Ket e s, Yug es, Kott e s, Arin es, Pumpokol e c. Cf. Proto-Dagestanian * -am s sky, cloud; dignity, conscience, ?NaDene: Haida qw es, Tlingit kuts, Eyak koas. SLAVE/SERVANT *har-, Kott haran-get slave, servant, Arin ar(a) self name of the Arin. Cf. ?Nahali halk servant. Kuiper (1962: 75) derives the Nahali form from Indo-Aryan *h alk. SLED *so ol, Ket su , Yug s ol soul, Kott fun- col little sled, Arin sal, Pumpokol cel. SLEEP1 (v.) *xus, Ket u sen, Yug usan, Kott u ca sleep (n.), u c ak sleep (v.), Arin kus, Pumpokol utu. Cf. Burushaski g chaiys to lie sleeping, g caiys put to sleep, Na-Dene: Chipewyan u `s snore, Coquille wo s, Navajo -` o s. SLEEP2 (n.) *sm-, Kott same. Cf. Proto-Dagestanian *Hic win w *Hinic night, sleep. According to Starostin, the Yeniseian form is in all likelihood related to Proto-Yeniseian *si G night, which Starostin derives from an earlier *sim- G. Starostin (1989a: 64) adds Proto-Sino-Tibetan *chen night, darkness. Bengtson and Bla zek (1992) compare these forms with Basque a-mets dream (with metathesis), Tlingit cun dream, and Eyak t s -d z dream. SLY/DECEIVE * aru-, Ket a -bet, Yug ar-bet deceive, Kott aru sly, aru-pi deceit. Cf. Basque ero stupid, fatuous. SMOKE (n.) *du -, Ket du , Yug du , Kott tu(g), Arin t u, Pumpokol dukar, Assan tu. Bengtson (pers. comm.) compares the Yeniseian forms with Burushaski tux steam, mist, Tibetan du-ba, Sarsi (Athabaskan) -tu , and Navajo -tooh smoke (v.). SNAKE/FISH *c k, Ket t ti snake, Yug c k snake, Kott t eg t ex sh, Arin il-ti sh, Pumpokol ci c meat. Cf. ProtoLezghian * cek- sh, lizard, ?Basque suge snake, ?Na-Dene: Haida si-guh si-ga snake. SNOW1 *ti, Ket t k, Yug tik, Kott th k, Arin t e, Pumpokol ti -g. w Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian *di I snow, precipitation, Na-Dene: Tlingit tiq tix tix snow, ice, hard, Eyak tit s snow, ice, Hupa tlit s hard, Navajo tl` z hard.

232

233

234

235

236 237

238

239 240

241

242

4. Proto-Yeniseian Reconstructions 243

87

244

245 246 247 248 249

250 251 252

253

254

255 256 257

258 259

SNOW2 *be c snow, Ket b t, Yug b t , Pumpokol be c. Bengtson (pers. comm.) compares these forms with Eyak wehs soft snow, tundra. SNOW CRUST * ca G cak, Kott s ak icy crust on the snow. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian * chow qhI drizzle, sleet, frost, granular snow. Bengtson (1991a: 102) adds Burushaski ch(- ur m) cold (adj.). SOFT *pu Gm-, Ket h m-i - , Yug f m-i -i , Kott phu gam f ugam, Arin puma. SOLE *kassad, Ket kassat, Kott ha car. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian *kwar c *k war ch heel, foot. SON-IN-LAW/BROTHER-IN-LAW * en e, Ket n ne, Yug hn , Kott ani a ne, Arin b- an my son-in-law. SOON * a c, Ket a t, Yug a t , Kott et-pa , Arin ati -. SOUP * u *xu k, Ket u k, Yug u k, Kott uk. Cf. Proto Dagestanian *herenqu (> Proto-Andi * oq, Proto-Tsez *j qu, Proto-Lezghian *riq ), ?Basque zuku. SPOON *kalp, Kott xalpen, Arin ki -l phan, Pumpokol hapi. Cf. Burushaski khp n. SPRING (season) *x - e, Ket -d - ri, Yug -ht , Kott ji, Arin kej. SPRING/WATERHOLE IN THE ICE *sin-, Ket sin , Yug sini -r, Kott sina . Cf. Proto-Dagestanian * -wi -n(i -) ch, Old Chinese *ce well. Bengtson (1991b: 133) adds Basque hosin well, pool. SQUIRREL *sa qa, Ket sa q, Yug sa x sa q, Kott saga, Arin sava, Pumpokol tak, Assan saga. Cf. Na-Dene: Haida ga t saakw, Tlingit t slk, Eyak t s tlk, Galice salas. STAR *q qa, Ket q R, Yug x hx, Kott alaga (< *al-xaga), Arin il-koj il-xok, Pumpokol kaken. Cf. Na-Dene: Haida k ung sun, Tlingit kuk-kan kakan Gagan sun. STERLET (kind of sh) * ok, Ket ok, Yug ok, Pumpokol ot. STOCKING *bulor, Ket bu , Yug bul l, Arin proro stockings. STONE * ci - s, Ket ti - s, Yug ci - s, Kott s s, Arin kes, Pumpokol kit, Assan si s. Bengtson (pers. comm.) compares the Yeniseian forms with Burushaski ci s cii s beach, . mountain, hill and Eyak sand bank, gravel bank, sand, gravel. STRAIGHT *tat(a ), Ket tat , Yug tati -, Arin tedenga. Cf. ?Basque zuzen, ?Burushaski tshn. (SKI-)STRAP * es-, Ket se, Yug s. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian w * Iar s a (leather) cord, strap, thong.

88 260

4. Proto-Yeniseian Reconstructions (BOW) STRING *cu( ) *cuc, Yug tut (< *t ut ), Assan gijtu, Arin kej-tu. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian * c - bow, arrow, Burushaski chukus bow string. STRONG1 *bi -d-, Ket b -t, Yug bi -t bi -dam. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian *pth strong, dense, rm. Bengtson and Bla zek (1992) add Basque bethe full, i-phete thick, fat and Burushaski but . much, very. STRONG2 * a( ), Yug a strong, rm, Kott d a -ut fastening, d o - uta fasten, strengthen. Cf. Na-Dene: Haida tlaatsgaa, Tlingit litsin, Eyak atliah ukh, Galice tla s, Kato l t s. STUMP *sgl-, Ket su u t, Kott sagali. SUMMER *sir1 -, Ket s i, Yug s r, Kott sil-pa , Arin sil. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian * chowilH * chiwolH fall (season), Old Chinese * chiw fall (season). SUN *xi Ga, Ket , Yug i, Kott ega, Arin ega, Pumpokol hixem. Cf. ?Na-Dene: Haida xai sunshine, Tlingit -xaa-t s be cloudless, Proto-Eyak-Athabaskan *xwaa sun. SWAMP/LAKE *t ak-, Ket ta- (large) swamp, Kott ol-t eg ol-t ex swamp, Assan ol-tegan lake. Cf. Proto-Lezghian *takar pond, lake, swamp. SWAN * cike, Ket t , Yug cik, Kott s gi. SWEET *pir1 -, Ket h sweet mass under the crust of a birch tree, hi a sweet, Yug r sweet mass under the crust of a birch tree, f ran sweet, Kott l sap of a tree, phala fala , Arin kulun-pala. TAIL *pu Ga , Ket h ut, Yug f ut, Kott phugai fugai, Arin p hugaj, Assan pugaj. Cf. Nahali pago. TEN1 *Ga, Ket q o, Yug xo, Kott h aga, Arin hioga qoa kova, Pumpokol xaja . Bengtson and Bla zek (1992) compare these forms with Basque hogoi 20, Proto-(North) Caucasian * G 20, and, in Na-Dene, Tlingit -qa 20, and Eyak G a 10. The Caucasian Na-Dene comparison was rst suggested by Nikolaev (1991: 55). TEN2 *tu - , Kott -thuk , Arin -th un. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian *w-enci -, Proto-Tibeto-Burman *tsiy *ts(y)ay. Bengtson (pers. comm.) compares these forms with Basque -tzi (as in bederatzi 9, zor-tzi 8). TENT *u s, Ket qu s, Yug xu s, Kott h u s, Arin kus, Pumpokol hu-kut. THAT *ka-, Ket ka- sa there, Yug k a-t, ka- n there, Arin xa-tu he. Cf. Proto-Dagestanian *g that (below the speaker), SinoTibetan: Tibetan kho he, she, Old Chinese *k -s this, that, *g his, her.

261

262

263 264

265

266

267 268

269 270

271

272 273

4. Proto-Yeniseian Reconstructions 274

89

275 276

277

278

279

280

281 282 283

284

285

THIGH *p ap-, Ket h ap, Yug fap, Kott ph epar f epar. Cf. ProtoLezghian *pi -Imp knee, Proto-Tibeto-Burman *bop leg, calf of the leg. THIN *paksm, Ket hak sem, Yug faksim, Kott pha cam fa cam. Cf. ?Nahali basi small. THIS *tu-, Ket t ud , tuna these, Yug t ut, tu na these, Arin ita they. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian *t- this, that, Proto-TibetoBurman *day this, that, Old Chinese *de this. THOU * aw u, Ket u , Yug u, Kott au, Arin au, Pumpokol ue. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian *wo-, Burushaski u um, Na-Dene: Tlingit weh. THOU/YOU *k- *k-, Ket k- ku- (second-person singular personal prex), k (second-person plural personal prex), k( ) you, u k thy, Yug k- ku- (second-person singular personal prex), k (second-person plural personal prex), (k) k you, uk thy, Pumpokol aja you. Cf. Proto-Dagestanian *Ru *Rthou, Proto-Nax *Ho * ah thou, Proto-Tibeto-Burman *k(w)j thou. THREE *do a, Ket d d o , Yug d do , Kott t o a, Arin t u a, Pumpokol do a. Cf. Proto-Dagestanian * s wimH, ProtoTibeto-Burman *g-sum, Old Chinese *s m. THROAT *k rd *g rd, Ket kit, Yug klat, Arin u-kurii. Cf. Nahali gard . an, Na-Dene: Haida ha il neck, Tlingit ka dukh neck. Kuiper (1962: 73) compares the Nahali form with a similar Hindi word. TONGUE * ej, Ket ej, Yug ej, Kott ei voice, sound, Pumpokol aj. Cf. Nahali l ay. TWENTY * e , Ket k, Yug k. Cf. Proto-Dagestanian * G , Proto-Tibeto-Burman *(m)kul. TWO *xi - -na, Ket i -n, Yug i -n, Kott na, Arin kina, Pumpokol hinea . Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian *q wI a, Proto-Tibeto-Burman *g-ni-s, Old Chinese *nij-s. UNMARRIED * pl, Ket l, Yug fi -l, Kott ipal free. Cf. Proto(North) Caucasian *pj orphan, Proto-Kartvelian *obolorphan, Proto-Indo-European *orbho- orphan. UTENSIL *si - trough for dough, Ket si - k, Yug si - k. Cf. Proto (North) Caucasian *c aq wa spoon, scoop, wooden vessel. Starostin (1984: 32) added Proto-Sino-Tibetan * cekw to draw, to ladle. Nikolaev (1991: 53) adds Proto-Na-Dene *c` ag(w) basket, bowl, dish, Eyak c ak- dipper, Navajo caa plate. Bengtson and Bla zek (1992) add Burushaski cuq a measure of grain, Werchikwar (a Burushaski dialect) chiq sifting tray.

90 286

4. Proto-Yeniseian Reconstructions VULVA1 * r s, Ket o s, Yug los, Pumpokol lat. Cf. Proto-Dagesw tanian *r c anus, Proto-Tibeto-Burman *ryes hind part, back, seat, posterior. VULVA2 *gar, Kott kar, Assan kar, Arin ken (< *ker-()n). Cf. Proto-Dagestanian *khw ru hole, Proto-Nax *kor window (< hole), Proto-Tibeto-Burman *kor hole. WAR *k ar1 e, Ket k a i, Yug k ar, Kott hali, Arin kel army. lel, Proto-Tibeto-Burman *r Cf. Proto-Dagestanian *d al (< *l al ) war, ght. WARM *xus- *xu us, Ket u s, Yug u s, Arin ku si hot, Pumpokol utti - - cidin hot. WATER *xur1 , Ket u , Yug ur, Kott u l, Arin kul, Pumpokol ul. Cf. Proto-Dagestanian * xa n -i -, Proto-Nax *i, Old Chinese * uj , Proto-Tibeto-Burman *lwi(y) ow, river, Cf. also the ProtoYeniseian words for WET and RAIN, herein. Starostin (1984: 26) added Proto-Sino-Tibetan *hu-s moisture. Nikolaev (1991: 53) compares the Caucasian forms with Proto-Na-Dene *xan water, river, Haida Gan-dl fresh water, Tlingit hin fresh water, river, Proto-Athabaskan *xan e river, Tutchone xan e river, Hupa han river, Kutchin han river, Kwalhioqua xonee river. Bengtson (1991a: 101) adds Basque i-hin-tz dew and Burushaski huu- s . moisture. WET *xura, Ket u -tu, Yug ul, Kott u ra wet, rainy, Arin kur, Pumpokol ur-ga. WHERE *wir1 , Ket bi s, bi a how, Yug birs, bir how, Kott bili, bi a what. Cf. WHO1 below. WHITE *t ak- *t akam, Ket taam, Yug tig-bhs, Kott th egam h t ekam, Arin t ama, Pumpokol tam-xo, Assan tegama tiekama. Cf. Na-Dene: Eyak t se q yellow, Tanaina ts k yellow, Galice t soh yellow, Navajo t s` o yellow. WHO1 *wi- *we-, Ket bi- s se (masc.), b- sa (fem.), bi- a how, bi- s where, Yug b-tta, bi-r how, bi-rs where, Kott bi-li where, bi- a what. Bengtson and Bla zek (1992) compare the Yeniseian forms with Caucasian forms such as Archi ba-sa when and Godoberi e-bu what, with Burushaski be what, be-se why, and with Sino-Tibetan forms such as Burmese ba what and Karen bei what, how. WHO2 * an-, Ket anej ana, Yug anet. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian *n (interrogative pronoun base), Sino-Tibetan: Old Chinese *n aj how, what, Tibetan na when, Khamti an-nan what, Nahali n ani, n an what. Bengtson (pers. comm.) adds Basque no-r.

287

288

289 290

291 292 293

294

295

4. Proto-Yeniseian Reconstructions 296

91

297 298

299 300 301 302

303

304

305

306 307 308

309

WHO3 * as- *s-, Ket a se s what, a s-ka when, Yug asera, asejs what, as-kej when, as-sa what, Kott a six what, how, sina what. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian * s (interrogative pronoun base), * s (interrogative pronoun base), Proto-Tibeto-Burman *su, Basque zer what, zein which, Na-Dene: ?Tlingit ah-sa. WIDE *i G, Ket q , Yug x e , Kott h gal. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian *-rq u *qrq u. WIDOW *b s, Ket bssem, b s s -git widower, Yug bssem, Kott pa s- up- se orphan, widow, widower, Assan pa sup jali stepson, Arin pas slave, bi-pa s sa my servant. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian *p si orphan, relative from a second marriage. WILLOW *d e, Ket d-ok s, Yug d -git, Kott t li thicket of willows, Arin tal-set. WIND *bej, Ket bej, Yug bej, Kott p ei, Arin paj, Pumpokol baj bej. Cf. Proto-(North) Caucasian *mi -wH smell. WINTER *g te, Ket k t , Yug k t, Kott k eti. Cf. Proto-Lezghian *qIor t(a). WITCH/SHE-DEVIL *qos, Ket q sd-m, Yug x sed-m. w Cf. Proto-Lezghian *q arc brownie (a small sprite), Proto-AbkhazAdyg *Rw s t devil, Burushaski g s- she-, woman. WOLVERINE1 *k un , Ket k un e, Yug k uhn, Pumpokol kun. Bengtson (pers. comm.) compares these forms with Basque *-konH in harz-koin badger; for the rst element in this compound, see the Proto-Yeniseian word for BADGER above. WOLVERINE2 *pestap, Kott fe stap phe stap, Arin p hjastap, Assan pestap. Starostin (1984: 29) compares the rst syllable of the Proto-Yeniseian reconstruction with Proto-(North) Caucasian *b eH erci wolf and with Old Chinese *pr at-s mythical predator. Bengtson (1991a: 103) adds Basque potzo wolf, big dog. WOMAN1 *qm-, Ket q m, Yug xim xem, Arin bi-qamal my wife, kemel a woman, Pumpokol ils-em (< *ils-qem) wife. Cf. Proto-Dagestanian *qhm. Bengtson (1991a: 114) adds Basque ema-kume and Burushaski q ma concubine. WOMAN2 * alit * ar1 it, Kott alit, Arin alte. Cf. Proto-Dagestanian * i -rd. WOOD1 * kse, Ket ok s, Yug oksi -, Kott at ci, Arin o s ce ot si, Assan a c(i). WOOD2 *xa q, Ket a q, Yug a x a q trees, rewood, Kott ax ag, Arin oo rewood, Pumpokol hoxon wood, forest. Cf. NaDene: Haida qaw, Tlingit aw log, Eyak qa bushes. WOOD3 (ROTTEN) *tulaq, Ket tulaq, Yug tulax, Kott thalak.

92 310

4. Proto-Yeniseian Reconstructions

WORD *q a( ) G, Ket qa , Yug x a, Kott x eg kh eg. Cf. Na-Dene: Tlingit qa say. 311 YEAR *s -Ga, Ket s -, Yug s -, Kott s ega, Arin shej, Pumpokol ciku. 312 YELLOW *su r-, Ket sulemam, Kott sui, Pumpokol tul-si. Bengtson (1991a: 111) compares the Yeniseian forms with Basque zuri white and Proto-(North) Caucasian *hw o- cw or gray, yellow. 313 YESTERDAY *kns-, Yug kis, Kott hon c-ig, Arin kan i, Assan xon i. Bengtson (pers. comm.) compares the Yeniseian forms with Burushaski gunc day.

REFERENCES Bengtson, John D. 1991a. Notes on Sino-Caucasian, in Shevoroshkin, ed., 1991: 67129. . 1991b. Some Macro-Caucasian Etymologies, in Shevoroshkin, ed., 1991: 13041. Bengtson, John D., and V aclav Bla zek. 1992. Macro-Caucasica and DeneCaucasica, ms. Chirikba, V. A. 1985. Baskskij i severokavkazskie jazyki, Drevnjaja Anatolija. Moscow, Nauka, 95105. Greenberg, Joseph H. 1981. Comparative Na-Dene Notebook, ms. Kuiper, F. B. J. 1962. Nahali: A Comparative Study. Amsterdam. Lorimer, D. L. R. 1938. The Burushaski Language. Oslo. Nikolaev, Sergei L. 1991. Sino-Caucasian Languages in America, in Shevoroshkin, ed., 1991: 4266. Nikolaev, Sergei L., and Sergei A. Starostin. 1992. A Caucasian Etymological Dictionary, ms. Ruhlen, Merritt. 1992. Na-Dene Etymologies, Chapter 5 of this volume. Shevoroshkin, Vitaly, ed. 1991. Dene-Sino-Caucasian Languages. Bochum, Germany. Starostin, Sergei A. 1982. Prajenisejskaja rekonstruktsija i vne snie svjazi enisejskix jazykov, Ketskij sbornik. Leningrad, 144237. . 1984. Gipoteza o geneti ceskix svjazjax sinotibetskix jazykov s enisejskimi i severnokavkazskimi jazykami, Lingvisti ceskaja rekonstruktsija i drevnej saja istorija vostoka 4, Moscow, 1938. [English translation in Shevoroshkin, ed., 1991: 1241.] . 1989a. Nostratic and Sino-Caucasian, in Vitaly Shevoroshkin, ed., Explorations in Language Macrofamilies. Bochum, Germany, 4266. . 1989b. Rekonstruktsija drevnekitaiskoi fonologicheskoi sistemy. Moscow.