LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1.

Indicate the factors that contributed to population growth in the British North-American colonies up to the eighteenth century, and discuss the economic developments and consequences of that growth. 2. Examine the economic evolution of the American colonies from 1720 to 1770, and discuss the major factors that contributed to the economic development of each colonial region (New England, the Middle Colonies, the Chesapeake, and the Lower South). 3. Examine the impact of place of residence (rural vs. urban), gender, socioeconomic status, and race on the daily lives of eighteenth-century colonial Americans. 4. Explain the emergence of commercial farming in the first half of the nineteenth century and the impact of this development on the Northeast and the Old Northwest. 5. Explain the factors responsible for the emergence of the cotton South, and discuss the impact of the cotton boom on southern society. 6. Describe the American system of manufacturing, and discuss the factors that contributed to industrial development in the United States between 1816 and 1845. 7. Discuss the development of the cotton textile industry in the United States in the first half of the nineteenth century. 8. Examine the development of commercial specialization in the United States during the first half of the nineteenth century and discuss its consequences 9. Discuss the changes in the banking industry in the United States during the first half of the nineteenth century and explain how those changes affected commerce and industry. 10. Discuss the changes that occurred in the workplace and in the nature of work in the period from 1816 to 1845, and explain the impact of those changes on: a. b. c. d. workers attitudes. the relationship between employer and employee. relationships among workers. gender and work.

11. Examine the responses of workers to changes in the workplace and in the nature of work, the means by which they tried to achieve their aims and objectives, and the extent to which they were successful. 12. Discuss the characteristics of each of the frontier societies listed below, and explain the contributions of each to the economic, social, and cultural transformation of the West. e. f. g. The mineral, timber, and oil frontiers The farming frontier The ranching frontier

13. Explain the responses of Plains settlers to the living conditions and challenges they encountered, and discuss the impact of their experience on their lives.

14. Discuss the forces responsible for the transformation of American agriculture in the late
nineteenth century, and explain the consequences of this agricultural revolution.

ESSAY TOPICS
1. Examine the similarities and differences between the economic development of New England and that of the Lower South during the eighteenth century. 2. Discuss the changes in the New England textile mills in the years after the introduction of the Waltham system, and explain the reaction of millworkers to those changes. 3. Discuss the reasons for the passage of the Embargo Act of 1807, and explain its consequences. 4. Discuss the characteristics of the natural-resource frontier and the methods by which developers gained land and extraction rights. What role did the federal government play in the development of this frontier? 5. Describe the life of a farm family of the Plains.

QUIZ
1. Which of the following factors had a stabilizing influence on the eighteenth-century American economy? h. European wars i. The slave system j. The growing American population k. International trade 2. The demand for foodstuffs during King Georges War had a positive economic impact on l. Massachusetts. m. Pennsylvania. n. South Carolina. o. Connecticut. 3. As a result of the Embargo Act of 1807 p. Democratic-Republicans enthusiastically began to support the use of federal power. q. the British agreed to negotiations with the United States on the question of impressment. r. British warships were prevented from entering the Gulf of Mexico. s. exports fell dramatically, with the New England area being hit the hardest. 4. In the 1830s, some northeastern farmers successfully adjusted to western competition and soil exhaustion by t. growing more grain for the market. u. opening more land for cultivation. v. turning from commercial production of wheat to dairy farming. w. turning to new farm implements to increase productivity and profits. 5. Free banking was important because x. by increasing the number of banks it increased the availability of credit. y. it made the creation of each new bank a political decision. z. the number of restrictions placed on banking practices was reduced. aa. the federal government was given more control over banking and credit. 6. The paternalism of the Lowell system gave way to exploitation largely as a result of bb. the change in the type of worker. cc. a shift in emphasis from the worker and working conditions to profits. dd. the increase in the number of spindles and looms used in textile mills. ee. the introduction of water-powered looms.

7. Farm settlement and, therefore, the farming frontier were made possible by ff. mechanized agriculture. gg. the availability of land and credit. hh. the abundance of cheap labor. ii. high tariffs. 8. Which of the following assumptions was generally made by whites settling the Great Plains? jj. Fearing competition from African American workers, white settlers assumed that the federal government would bar blacks from the territories. kk. Well-schooled in egalitarian principles, white settlers assumed that equality of opportunity would be extended to all ethnic groups in the territories. ll. Disregarding the rights of Plains Indians, white settlers generally settled wherever they wished. mm. Out of concern for Indian cultures, white settlers assumed that the land rights of Native Americans would have to be respected. 9. The mining, timber, and ranching frontiers had which of the following characteristics in common? nn. In the earliest stages of development, these frontiers required large capital outlays. oo. Those associated with the development of these frontiers found ways of using the Timber and Stone Act to their advantage. pp. Individuals were ultimately replaced by corporations in the development of these frontiers. qq. Those involved in the development of these frontiers understood the need for careful and planned use of natural resources. 10. In the frontier communities, ethnic minorities rr. were welcomed because of the skills they brought with them. ss. usually had to endure white prejudice. tt. found that opportunities abounded. uu. were usually able to gain economic and political power. 11. Both the cattle-ranching industry and the railroad industry vv. profited from free use of public lands. ww. developed a mutually beneficial relationship with farmers. xx. were respectful of Indian rights and culture. yy. welcomed government regulation of industry. 12. Which of the following is associated with the Great Plains? zz. A temperate climate aaa. An abundance of timber for housing and fuel bbb. Grasshopper plagues ccc. Vast stretches of desert 13. Social isolation was a characteristic of life on the Plains because ddd. the competitive frontier spirit did not create an atmosphere conducive to social interaction. eee. the rugged terrain made traveling difficult. fff. the absence of farm machinery resulted in no time for socializing. ggg. farmhouses on the 160-acre tracts received by settlers under the Homestead Act were widely separated. 14. Which of the following helped lessen the sense of isolation experienced by farm families in the Plains in the late nineteenth century? hhh. Railroad expansion iii. The radio jjj. The telegraph kkk. Rural Free Delivery 15. The extension of the farming frontier, including the conquering of the Plains, would not have been possible without lll. the expanded use of farm machinery. mmm. new pesticides. nnn. better fertilizers. ooo. extensive use of migrant labor.