Silliman University College of Engineering and Architecture Department of Architecture

ASSIGNMENT in BUILDING TECH 1 (Archt 23-A)

Sheree Ann M. Labe BS Architecture II

PAINT PRODUCTS

Method of Paint Application Airspray The airspray gun uses air at 30 to 85 pounds per square inch (psi) to atomize the paint into a fine spray. This produces a smoother finish, and can be used on many surfaces. Air spraying is versatile; the operator can vary the air pressure, air volume, paint pressure, and spray pattern. It is much faster than painting by hand unless a lot of masking is required for the job. But air spraying does produce a lot of overspray (the paint that misses the intended target), and preparation and clean-up take more time. A High Volume Low Pressure (HVLP) spray gun uses a higher volume of air at only 10 psi. This reduces the overspray and increases the transfer efficiency. It is portable and easy to clean, and has a lower risk of blowback to the worker. However the atomization may not be good enough for fine finishes, and production rates when using HVLP may not be as high as with conventional spraying.

Airless Spray This method uses paint under high pressure, 500 to 6500 psi. Airless spraying has several distinct advantages over air spray-it is twice as fast produces a higher film build, is more portable , cuts overspray by7 more than half, and is thus cleaner and more economical. But airless spray is limited to painting large areas, requires a different nozzle to change spray patterns, the nozzle tends to clod and the nozzle can be dangerous to use or to clean because of the high pressures involved.

Electrostatic Spraying The differences between this and air spraying are that the electrostatic gun has an electrode at the nozzle and the object to be painted is grounded. The electrode runs 60, 000 volts through the paint at 225 microamperes. The charged paint is attracted to the grounded object. This require less pressure, produces little overspray, and uses relatively little paint. Electrostatic guns are good for painting oddley shaped objects. They also produce a uniform coat because the paint itself acts as an insulator; once the object is covered, it can take no more paint. The disadvantages are: only one coat is possible, only conductive materials can be painted; its more expensive, slower, has higher maintenance costs, is limited to chargeable paints, and the surface of the object must be extremely clean. Because the gun uses electricity, this method presents a possible shock hazard.

Powder Coating This is a variation of electrostatic spraying. The difference is that what is sprayed is a paint powder. The object is then bake, and the powder melts into a smooth, durable coat. Overspray can be reused, and no other pollutants are created or released because the powder has no in it. the equipment for powder coating is expensive, so it may be no larger businesses. A variation of this is plasma powder coating. The powder is fed into an extremely hot gas stream and is then sprayed at the object. Plasma powder coating is for large objects that cant fit into a conventional curing oven. Overspray cannot be reused because it hardens. Another variation is flame sprayed powder coating, where the powder is melted with a high temperature flame. Again, it is large objects and overspray cannot be reused.

Rotary Atomizing Another variation of electrostatic painting, rotary atomizers use centrifugal force, not air or hydraulic pressure, to drive the paint out of the nozzle. The atomization of this method is excellent, as is the transfer efficiency. This method can also be used with paints of different viscosity. Cleanliness is especially important to this method. Rotary atomizers can present a fire and safety hazard.

Dip Coating With this process, parts are dipped into a vat of paint. This allows for a high production rate and transfer efficiency, and it requires relatively little labor. The effectiveness of dip coating depends greatly on the viscosity of the paint, which thickens with exposure to air unless carefully managed. Dip coating is not suitable for objects with hollows or cavities, and generally the fish is of lower quality.

Flow Coating With this method, parts are carried on a conveyor. Anywhere from 10 to 80 streams of paint coat the parts. This system has the advantages of dip coating, along with low installation costs and low maintenance requirements. The quality of the finish is also about as good as with coatings.

Curtain Coating Instead of many streams of paint, curtain coating uses a waterfall flow of pain t to coat parts on a conveyor belt. Curtain coating has a high transfer efficiency and covers parts uniformly, but is suitable only for flat work. The quality of the finish is highly dependent on the viscosity of the paint.

Hand Roller / Roll Coating Paint is applied to auxiliary rollers, which then transfer the paint to the application rollers, which run across the part. This method has a high transfer efficiency and high production rates, but is limited to flat work.

Electrocoating (or Electrodeposition) Parts t be painted are dipped into the paint. Then a current is applied, which electrically deposits the paint on the object. Parts are made primarily of steel. The transfer efficiency of electrocoating is over 90%. High production rates are possible, and production can be automated. However, this method is costly and requires a lot of energy. Also, employees need level training to use this system.

Autodeposition This is a dip process where organic paints are precipitated onto iron, steel, zinc and zinc-alloy plated objects. It is effective for its anti-corrosion properties and coverage of objects. Autodeposition also uses water-borne paints and uses no electricity. But autodepostion produces a dull or low gloss finish and has few available colors. Additional methods of application of paints and coatings 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Brush Decorative Roller Cup Gun Spray Pressure fed spray Hot airless spray 6. 7. 8. 9. Electrostatic Airless Spray Litho Coating roller Plywood coating roller Powder Dip Coating

MATERIALS Paint a mixture consisting of vehicles or binders, with or without coloring pigments adjusted and diluted with correct amounts and types of additives and thinners, which when applied on a surface, forms an adherent continuous film which provides protection, decoration, sanitation, identification and other functional properties. Drying: Paint dries by evaporation, condensation, polymerization, or any combination hereof. a. Oil Paint The components of an oil base paint are: 1. Body That solid finely ground material which gives paint the power to hide, as well as color a surface. In white paints the body is also a pigment. The products most widely used for paint body are white led, zinc oxide, Lithopone, and Titanium white. 2. Vehicle a nonvolatile fluid in which the solid body material is suspended. The vehicle shouls consist of from 85 to 90 percent dring oil and the remainder thinner and drier. The drying oils include linseed oil, soya-bean oil, fish oil, dehydrated castor oil, tung oil, oiticica oil. 3. Pigment materials which give the paint its color. In the case of white paint, the body is the pigment. Color pigments are classified into two basic groups. a. natural group obtained from animal, vegetable and mineral sources, such as iron oxides, chrome oxide, cobalt oxide, siennas, orchres,, umbers and also carbon black. b. synthetic pigment group phtalo-cyanines (coaltar derivatives) similar to those used to make dyes. Red pigments red lead, vermillion, red ochres. Brown pigments - burnt orchres, burnt sienna, burnt umber. Yellow pigment chromium oxide, zinc oxide, cadmium oxide. Blue pigments cobalt blue, prussian blue, ultramarine blue Green pigments chrome green, viridian and emerald green. Black pigments carbon black lampblack

4. Thinners are violatile solvents, material which have a natural affinity for the vehicle in the paint. They cause the paint to flow better; they evaporate when

the paint applied is applied. The most common thinner is Turpentine, made from distilling gum fro a number of pine trees. 5. Driers organic salts of various metals such as iron, zinc, cobalt, lead manganese and calcium, which are added to the paint to paint to accelerate the oxidation and hardening of the vehicle. Oil paint therefore signifies a paint in which the vehicles is drying oil. licensed oil is most generally used due to its generally used due to its great ability to absorb oxygen and change to a solid state. This oil vehicle is modified by the used of thinners and driers, for which the best thinner is Turpentine. b. Alkyd Paints so called because of the synthetic resin alkyd resin, used in the paint formulation. Alkyd resin is obtained by the combining of an alcohol and an acid. Alkyd paints are produced by combining a drying oil, such as Linseed oil or dehydrated castor oil with glycerin (the alcohol0 and phtallic anhydride (the acid0/. Styrenated oil are also used to produce paints that posses fast drying and excellent adhesion characteristics. Alkyd paints have mild alkali resistance but excellent water resistance but excellent weathering ability, alkyd paint is particularly useful for porch and deck enamel and paints for other such exposed conditions. With modifications, it is used in making white baking enamel, such as is used on stoves, refrigerators, etc. Linseed alkyds give fast drying times and tougher films. Alkyd resin may also be mixed with latex paints. They usually prouce greater permanence and better adhesion properties. c. Resin Emulsion Paints (Latex) paints in which the vehicle is synthetic resin emulsion, usually made from one of four basic resin types: butadiene styrene, polyvinyl acetate, epoxy resin or acrylic resin. The body of these paints is usually titanium dioxide or lithopone, and soya-bean proteins are added to the formulation using butadiene-styrene and polyvinyl acetate to increase consistency and stability. The thinner is water, and it must be added a dispersing agent to keep the pigment and other materials suspended in the emulsion. These emulsion based paints tend to foam sa as a defoaming agent, usually tributyl phosphate is added. Finally methyl cellulose is added to improve the floor qualities of the paint. Polyvinyl acetate emulsions produce a much tougher skin than the butadiene-styrene types and so can be used as exterior as well as interior paint. One of its most important applications is in exterior finishes for masonry and stucco.

Acylic and epoxy-resin emulsion paints require no oxidation to form a film and remain flexible after drying. The exhibit great resistance to weathering and no tendency to lose their adhesive qualities or color with age. They contain no protein and therefore are not subject to deterioration. However they are more costly than other emulsion paints. d. Metallic Paint consist of a metallic pigment and a vehicle. The pigment is very fine flakes of aluminum, copper, bronze, zinc, or tin. They are suspended in a vehicle which may be a natural or synthetic varnish, a quick drying lacquer, special bronzing lacquer, or bituminous based vehicles, depending on where the paint is to be used. Spraying is the best method of applying metallic paints as its permits the spreading of a uniform film and encourages even depositing of the metallic flakes used for decorative purposes. e. Luminescent Paint made by adding fluorescent and phosphorescent pigments to any one of a number of drier free vehicles, including alkyd marine varnish, spirit varnish, or quick-drying lacquers. Color also may be incorporated into luminous paints. Luminescent paints may be used in residential buildings to produce special effects. They are used in hospitals, schools, factories, hotels, etc. f. Intumescent Paints (Fire-retardant paints which retard the passage of fire to the surfaces beneath them. When a surface coated with an intumescent (fire-retardant) paint is exposed to heat or fire, it puffs up nd forms a thick, insulating crust which greatly retards the penetration of heat to the coated surface. These crust is composed of tiny are cells which build up to a thickness of about 3 in. It seals out the air, or oxygen, required for combustion so that only very intense exposure to heat will result in charring the undersurface. A variety of these paints are available, with vinyl, alkyd, polyurethane, epoxy or solvent base. Both opaque and transparent products are manufactures in flat, semi-gloss, or satin finishes. They may be applied by brush, roller or spray over a variety of surfaces such as wood, paper, acoustical tile, concrete, stucco, plaster, conventional paint, enamel or varnish. Drying time to a dust free condition will vary from 30 minutes to 20 hours coverage will vary from 150 to 500 sq. ft. per gal, depending on the particular type of paint used and the kind of surface to which it is applied.

g. Polyester-Epoxy Coatings a heavy-bodied paint used on concrete and masonry walls and has a higher percentage of solids than normal. The coating system consists of high solid s vinyl filter material to be applied directly over a concrete block or other masonry surfaces, and higher percentage of solids than normal. The coating system consists of high solids vinyl filter material to be applied directly over a concrete block or other masonry surfaces, and high-solids, pigmented polyester epoxy topcoat. The filter material may be applied by brush, roller or spray at a thickness which will give approximately 16 mile of dry film. The top coating, available in either semi-gloss or gloss finish in approximately 90 different colors, will add another 6 mile of dry film to the coating. This coating system creates a tough, long-lasting finish which is highly resistant to water; grease and many chemicals and which can be cleaned with harsh caustics. This is suited to areas of heavy traffic such as schoolrooms corridors, kitchens, cafeterias, laboratories. A similar top-coating material is available for a clear finish, in either gloss or semi-gloss. It is to be used over previously painted surfaces or to preserve the natural appearance of wood, brick or stone. Both filter and top coating require overnight drying time before applying a second coat and approximately two weeks for complete cure.

PAINTS Paints include the many fluid material used as thin coating on wood, metals, cement palster, brickwork and stucco per project frie or decorative puposes. These materials are classified into true paint and varnish, the distinction being that the true paint is a mixture of a pigment with a vehicle where as varnish contains no pigment. The vehicle is the fluid portion which is oil and water. It is used for iron sheet and metal to protect them from corrosion and for wood to guard it from decay and waping. Oil Paint this signifies a paint in which the vehicle is a drying oil. Linseed oil is most generally used because of its great ability to absorbed oxygen and charge to solid state. This oil vehicle is modified by the use of thinners and driers, the best thinner is turpentine. Water paint signifies a paint in which the vehicles is water paint includes white wash and calcium. Water paint is made by the slaking quicklime in water, then straining to

remove the lumps and adding water. They are used in a powder land form to mix with water Varnish (Surface) varnish is a solution of resin in drying oil in a volatile solvent such as alcohol in turpentine. It contains no pigment and hardens a smoother, hand and gloss coat by oxidation of the oil or the evaporation of alcohol.

FINISH PRODUCTS All of the finishing paints have different product names for each brand of paint an example is as follows: Nalcrete flat paint is Dutch Boy Tropicate flat paint is Sinclair

Product interior and exterior concrete surfaces. 1. For interior and exterior concrete surfaces a) concrete sealer b) stucco and concrete primer c) interior flat paint d) exterior gloss paint e) quick enamel f) portland cement paint cleoresinuos base paint. g) gloss or semi-gloss AQUA paint thin with water NOTE: before painting newly plastered concrete surface apply a neutralizer an alki free concentrate (using liter per Bottle to 10 liters of water of any brand) used to wash unfinished interior or exterior stucco, concrete masonry, or plaster surfaces before painting where free alkali may be present, or where moisture conditions may cause efflorescence.

2. For exterior wood surfaces a. Exterior Gloss House paint b. enamelized house paint c. latex house paint

NOTE: before painting exterior wood surfaces, apply exterior wood primer which is fungicidal of any brand. (non-fungicide is also accepted)

3. For exterior galvanized iron roof. Tiles of asbestos a. Portland cement paint b. latex roofing paint c. acrylic roof paint Note: before applying paint. Apply red oxide primer or red lead primer (a high quality rust inhibitive primer formulated to prepare iron and steel surfaces for subsequent coats).

4. For interior wood surfaces a. flat wall enamel b. satin egg-shell semi-gloss finish c. interior semi-gloss finish d. interior gloss enamel finish e. latex semi-gloss finish (ideal for acoustic boards) Note: before applying paint, sand paper and apply interior primer and sealer-an alkyd based sealer for interior wood panels cabinets, Thinner added.

5. For interior and exterior ferrous metal surfaces a. Quick drying enamels b. aluminum paint c. slow chalking tank enamel 6. For furniture and wood craft finishing a. wood paste sealer designed to fill and seal grain interior wood used for paneling, floor, furniture it will produce and even level finish. use thinner or oilwood stain. b. oilwood stains for staining open-grained or close grain wood filter c. lacquer sanding sealer a clear sealer for wood to be finished with lacquer. It has excellent holdout properties requires press sanding. d. clear gloss lacquer top quality high gloss clear lacquer for cabinet fixture, doors paneling and furniture. Use lacquer thinner.

e. clear dead flat lacquer flat finish for wood cabinets, doors and paneling and other surfaces requiring a flat finish thin with lacquer thinner. f. super dead flat lacquer g. natural finishing oil h. polyurethane clear or pigmented finish is a tough, floor varnish recommended for wood tiles especially for basketball Gymns. (Hudson brands). i. lacquer glazing and spot putty is a heavy-bodied putty and glaze for filling dents and imperfections on metal or wood surface use lacquer thinner. j. Glazing putty a high quality alkyd resin filter for repairing dents, holes and cracks on metal or wood surfaces. Use thinner and tinting colors.

PLASTIC AND SYNTHETIC MATERIALS

USES IN CONTRUCTION Some plastic products are used as structural or semi-structural components, some as auxiliary materials and some as one of the components of a composite materials and some as one of the components of composite materials.

a. Structural a common plastic product used for this purpose is a glass, fiber reinforced corrugated sheet, made from cyclic, polyvinyl chloride, or polyester. These plastics are not only transparent but also highly resistant to discoloration. They have good resistance to weather, breakage and chemicals. Good for rolling material made in a variety of colors, sheets are normally 18 or 24 in. wide and up to 14 ft. long.

The same plastic materials are used to produces flat sheets, with or without glass fiber reinforcing. In flat form the sheets may be used to replace glass in windows or may be molded by the themeform process into any roof shapes.

Plastic materials are widely used in the manufacture of sandwich panels used in curtain-wall construction. In some cases only the sandwich core is plastic material and in some cases even the face is plastic. Other sandwich panels are made by bonding plastic sheets to an aluminum grid core.

One of the important reasons for using plastic in place of glass is the great difference in weight. Normally glass weighs about seven times as much per lineal foot as the plastic substitute.

Reinforced acrylic is used to make the done pans employed in forming a two-way rib, or waffle-type, concrete slab.

Rigid slabs of foamed plastic are finding increasing use structural purposes slabs of expanded polystyrene are used to form the roof deck for a hyperbolic paraboloid roof. Because of their flexibility the slabs can readily be fitted to the contours of the roof. Later the deck will be covered by concrete.

One of the most important users made of plastics is in the manufacture of insulation and standard size is 24 x 96 in. thickness of 1, 2, 3 and 4 in.

On the site, foamed insulation maybe produced by foaming-in-place, using polyurethane or epoxy two-part resins. This process consists of injecting controlled amounts of resin liquid, foaming catalyst, and a curing agent into the enclosed space to be insulated. The reaction forms a foam which expands and sets, filling a certain portion of the space.

Nonstructural materials used in construction using plastics are well and floor coverings, vapor and moisture barriers flashing material, water stops expansion joint material, pipe and conduit, hardware products.

Plastic are also used for rigid and resilent floor coverings Vinyl and vinyl-asbestos tile are resilient type floor coverings in common use.

Plastics are used in manufacture of plastic wall tiles, usually made from molded styrene.

Rigid panels or sheets in color patterns are made from syrena, acrylics, and vinyl plastic. Hardboard plasterboard and paperboard are plastic-coated or covered with a thin film of vinyl containing a printed pattern.

Steel aluminum backed vinyl sheets are produced which can be foarmed and shaped without damaging the vinyl covering.

Plastic laminates are so called because they consists of three or more layer of material bonded or laminated together with plastic adhesive under high pressure. The base is made up of multiple layers of strong kraft paper, impregnate with phenolic amino, or epoxy liquid resin. this is covered with a printed pattern sheet saturated with melamine resin. A picture top sheet is also saturated with melamine or pherolic resin, and in some cases a sheet of aluminum toil is inserted between the base and the decorative center layer to dissipate heat and prevent marring the surface with burns.

These layers are used as cabinet and tabletop. Standard thickness are 1/32, 1/16, 1/10, and 1/8, and widths are 24, 30, 36, 48 and 60 in. Length range from 5 ft to 12 ft. A great variety of pattern and colors are available.

Films used as moisture and vapor barriers are commonly made from polythyfene, and polyvinyl chloride in thicknesses 2, 4 and 6 mile.

Water stops (strips placed across construction joints. In concrete walls to prevent water passage and stips to be used to form control joints in concrete block walls are made from polyvinyl chloride.

Several types of plastic are used to produce rigid and flexible pipes due to its resistance to reust and corrosion, ease and economy of installation and long lengths available.