Metals Lustrous Conduct heat and electricity High MP/BP Malleable (can be pound into thin sheets) Ductile

ctile (can be drawn into wires) Low ionization energies thus tend to form positive ions readily Tend to form cations in aq soln Metal oxides are basic and exist as ionic solids Metal Oxide + H2o = metalOH Moxide + acid = salt + H2o

Non-metals Vary in appearance Non lustrous Poor conductors of heat and electricity Low MP/BP Because of their electron affinities- they tend to gain electrons when reacted with metals Non metal oxides are acidic

Metalloids Exhibit characterstics of both metals and non metals Ie semi-conductors

NMoxide + H20 = acid NMoxide + base = salt + H20

Group Trends for the Active Metals

Alkali Metals Soft metallic solids Low densities Low melting points Going down Ionization energy decreases Going down Atomic Radius increase Exist in nature only as compounds ie M(s) + H2(g) = MH(s) M(s) + S(s) = M2S symbol M represents any of the alkali metals React vigorously with H2o (exothermic) 2H2O + M(l) = 2MOH(aq) + H2(g) Some react with oxygen to form peroxides Alkali Earth Metals All solid at room temperature Typical metallic properties Harder and more dense and then alkali metals Higher MP/BP then alkali metals Reactivity tends to increase as you go down the group Calcium and the elements below It readily react with liquid water unlike Mg and Be

Trends for non-reactive metals Halogens Non-metals MP/BP increase with increasing atomic number Highly negative electron affinities Noble Gases Gases at room temperature All are monotomic Have completely filled s and p subshells All have large first ionization energies

Each exist as diatomic molecule ie F2,Cl2, H2(g) + X2 = 2HX(g) (were X represents a halogen)

Have positive electron affinities Very unreactive

Intermolecular and Intramolecular

Intermolecular With neighbouring atoms/molecules Ie bond neighbouring water molecules Bonds are broken when a chemical compound undergoes a phase change ie solid to gas Intramolecular Within the atoms Bond holding the atom together Ie water the covalent bond Are stronger the intermolecular bonds

Ionic Bonding
Bonding between metal and non-metals Occurs between atoms with low ionization energies and high electron affinities Stable because o Attraction between ions of unlike charges draws them together, releasing energy and causing the ions to form a solid array or lattice o Also termed crystal lattice whose basic building block Is the unit cell Properties o High melting and boiling points o Solid at room temperature o Hard: because of the strong forces, difficult for one layer of ions to move past another o Brittle: if one layer is moved the layer come apart completely o Good conductors in liquid state Because ions are free to move and carry charge o Bad conductors in solid state Because ions are in a fixed state

Lattice Energy
The energy required to separate one mole of a solid ionic compound into its gaseous ions Directly related to the force of attraction between oppositely charged particles

Thus o o o

Lattice energy directly related to the charge on the ions Indirectly related to the distance between the ions However Charge of an ion has a greater effect on the lattice energy then the distance because the distance doesnt vary significantly over a large range of ions generally o Loss of electrons: endothermic o Gain of electrons: exothermic o Metal loses the electron and non-metal gain the electron Formation of ionic compounds is an exothermic reaction o Separate gaseous ions bond to form ionic solids and during this process energy is released o The larger the amount of energy released the stronger the bond