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Consider a longitudinal wave: us = u cos(t - s Ka) which propagates in a monatomic linear lattice of atoms of mass M, spacing a, and nearest - e nighbor interaction C.
(a)
Show that the total energy of the wave is: E= M (dus/dt)2 + C (uu )2 s s+1
The total energy is equal to the kinetic energy ( Mv2) plus the potential energy ( Cx2) for each atom, summed over all atoms. M, and C are the same for all atoms v=(dus/dt). E= M (dus/dt)2 + C (us-us+1)2 (1)
(b) By substitution of u, in this expression, show that the time - a verage total energy per atom is: M2u2 + C(1 - c osKa)u2 = M2u2
(b) cont
Integrate (from 0 to 2/) over time to find time - a verage total energy: <E> = { M(2u2sin2(t - s Ka) + C[u2cos2(t - s Ka) + u2cos2(t - ( s+1)Ka)- 2u2cos(t - s Ka)cos(t - (s+1)Ka)]}dt Knowing that sin2(t - sKa)dt = cos2(t - s Ka)dt = cos2(t (s+1)Ka)dt = And using the trig. relation that : cos(t - s K a)cos(t - (s+1)Ka)dt= [ cos[(t- s Ka)- (t - (s+1)Ka)] + cos[(t - sKa) - (t - (s+1)Ka)]dt = cos(Ka)
(b) cont
Term with t will cancel out and the remaining terms become C (1 cos(Ka))u2 <E> = M2u2 + C(1-cosKa)u2 From (9) 2 = (4C/M)sin2( Ka) and from the relation sin2() = (1-cos2) we get: (1-cosKa) = 22M/4C
Therefore, M2u2+ C(22M/4C)u2 = M2u2
Prove
reduces to
Where the wavevector For large wavelengths K << 1 and, therefore, and
Prove
reduces to
The equation of motion can be rewritten as: a is the separation distance between planes so let a = x. And, us+1 us is the change in u over the distance x.
Q.E.D.
For the problem treated by (18) to (26), find the amplitude ratios u/v for the two branches at Kmax = / a . Show that at this value of K the two lattices act as if decoupled: one lattice remains at rest while the other lattice moves.
This leaves:
At
1 = 2C / M1 , the u lattice moves while the v lattice is at rest. 2 Likewise, at 2 = 2C / M 2 , the v lattice moves while the u lattice is at rest.
Note: at 1
Requires v = 0 for any K. i.e., only u lattice moves. Likewise, at 2, only v lattice moves.
4.4 Kohn Anomaly We suppose that the interplanar force constant Cp between planes s and s+p is of the form Cp = A (sin(pk0a)/pa) Where A and k0 are constants and p runs over all integers. Such a form is expected in metals. Use this and Eq. (16a) to find an expression for 2 and also 2/K is infinite when K=k0. Thus plot 2 versus K or of versus K has a vertical tangent at k0 (there is a kink in k0 in the phonon dispersion relation (K)).
Know:
When the series increases, the second cos term will oscillate from 1 to -1, the net result will cause that term to average to zero.
p > 0 [ + cos(p(2k0))] d2/dK = p > 0 (diverge) As this increments, it will cause the function d2/dK to go to infinity
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-1.2
-1.4
-1.6
-1.8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Statement of the problem 5. Diatomic Chain. Consider the normal modes of a linear chain in which the force constants between nearest-neighbor atoms are alternately C and 10C. Let the masses be equal, and let the nearest-neighbor separation be a/2. Find (K) at K = 0 and K = /2. Sketch in the dispersion relation by eye. This problem simulates a crystal of diatomic molecules such as H2.
us-1 m
vs-1
10C
us
vs m
10C
us+1 m K
vs+1 m
m m |------- a/2-------|
Equations of motion
us-1 m
vs-1
10C
us
vs m
10C
us+1 m K
vs+1 m
m m |------- a/2-------|
us-1 m
vs-1
10C
us
vs m
10C
us+1 m K
vs+1 m
m m |------- a/2-------|
Which is
us-1 m
vs-1
10C
us
vs m
10C
us+1 m K
vs+1 m
m m |------- a/2-------|
and
and
us-1 m
vs-1
10C
us
vs m
10C
us+1 m K
vs+1 m
m m |------- a/2-------|
K 0
Given parameters
1- the sodium ion mass is M 2- the charge of the ion is e 3- the number density of ions conduction electrons is the displacement of ion from equilibrium is r
Objective
1- prove that the frequency is 2- estimate the frequency value for sodium 3- estimate the order of magnitude of the velocity of sound in the metal
- the electric force by the electron sea on the displaced 1 ion is where n( r ) is the number of electrons - n(r)= 2 - Plug 3 - in the value of n(r) will yield 4 5
The frequency is given by By plug in the value of C in this equation we will get
Second objective
R for Na ion is roughly 2* 10-10 m M is (4*10-26 kg) The frequency is roughly 3*1013 Hz
Third objective
The maximum wave vector K should be in the order of 1010 m-1 Assume the oscillation frequency is associated with the maximum wave vector v= /k will yield 3*103 m
Line of ions of equal mass but alternating in charge ep = e(-1)p as the charge on the pth ion. Inter-atomic potential is the sum of two contributions: (1) a short-range interaction of force constant C = , and (2) a coulomb interaction between all ions.
Show that the contribution of the coulomb interaction to the atomic force constants is
C pC
2( 1) p e 2 = p 3a 3
Well ion feels a force due to all other ions. dF I expanded the force using the Taylor expansion F ( x ) = F0 + x * ( )0 dx and a bunch of other terms that I am ignoring. I assume that x is very small so other terms with x2, x3 are nearly zero. The constant term plays no role so only the restoring force, second term matters. F = kx. The second term is the k (the force constant).
( 1) p * e 2 F= 4 * ( pa + x ) 2
Taking the derivative of force at x = 0. Now the minus can be ignored since we know it is the restoring force. What happened to the 4 I dont know it seems to have mysteriously vanished from the answer in the book.
[ note: The Coulomb constant = 1 in cgs units ]
2 * ( 1) p * e 2 the F = 4 * ( pa ) 3
[=F(0)]
2 with w0 = 4 / M
e2 and = *a3
2
Well considering that 2 Dividing w2 by w0 we get this equation after canceling out all the terms. You can try it yourself.
Show that w2 is negative (unstable mode) at the zone boundary Ka = if > 0.475 or 4/7(3)
2 w 2 / w0 = 1 (1 ( 1) p ) p 3 = 0 p=1
1 1 1 * 2 * (1 + 3 + 3 + 3 ...) = 1 3 5 7
Using a calculator I summed this up approximately to the seventh term (I got lazy afterwards) and yeah if = 0.475 all works out and if > 0.475 then w2 is negative.
The sum of (3) even terms = 1.0505307 2*0.475* 1.0505307 = 1 The sum of (3) = 1.202, if > 4/7 (3) it also works out since 4/7 (3) = 0.475.
sin 2
1 1 1 Ka = (1 cos Ka ) = K 2 a 2 2 2 4