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Homework # 4

Chapter 4 Kittel Prob # 1 to 7 Phys 175A Dr. Ray Kwok SJSU

Prob. 1 Monatomic linear lattice


Victor Chikhani

Consider a longitudinal wave: us = u cos(t - s Ka) which propagates in a monatomic linear lattice of atoms of mass M, spacing a, and nearest - e nighbor interaction C.

(a)

Show that the total energy of the wave is: E= M (dus/dt)2 + C (uu )2 s s+1

The total energy is equal to the kinetic energy ( Mv2) plus the potential energy ( Cx2) for each atom, summed over all atoms. M, and C are the same for all atoms v=(dus/dt). E= M (dus/dt)2 + C (us-us+1)2 (1)

(b) By substitution of u, in this expression, show that the time - a verage total energy per atom is: M2u2 + C(1 - c osKa)u2 = M2u2

Substitution of us=u cos(t - sKa) into (1) E = M(2u2sin2(t-sKa)+ C[u2cos2(tsKa)+u2cos2(t-(s+1)Ka)-2u2cos(tsKa)cos(t-(s+1)Ka)]

(b) cont
Integrate (from 0 to 2/) over time to find time - a verage total energy: <E> = { M(2u2sin2(t - s Ka) + C[u2cos2(t - s Ka) + u2cos2(t - ( s+1)Ka)- 2u2cos(t - s Ka)cos(t - (s+1)Ka)]}dt Knowing that sin2(t - sKa)dt = cos2(t - s Ka)dt = cos2(t (s+1)Ka)dt = And using the trig. relation that : cos(t - s K a)cos(t - (s+1)Ka)dt= [ cos[(t- s Ka)- (t - (s+1)Ka)] + cos[(t - sKa) - (t - (s+1)Ka)]dt = cos(Ka)

(b) cont
Term with t will cancel out and the remaining terms become C (1 cos(Ka))u2 <E> = M2u2 + C(1-cosKa)u2 From (9) 2 = (4C/M)sin2( Ka) and from the relation sin2() = (1-cos2) we get: (1-cosKa) = 22M/4C
Therefore, M2u2+ C(22M/4C)u2 = M2u2

Prob. 2 Continum wave equation


Jason Thorsen

Show that for long wavelengths the equation of motion

reduces to the continuum elastic equation:

Prove

reduces to

Solution: The group velocity is given as:

Where the wavevector For large wavelengths K << 1 and, therefore, and

Prove

reduces to

The equation of motion can be rewritten as: a is the separation distance between planes so let a = x. And, us+1 us is the change in u over the distance x.

Q.E.D.

Prob. 3 Kohn Anomaly


Adam Gray

For the problem treated by (18) to (26), find the amplitude ratios u/v for the two branches at Kmax = / a . Show that at this value of K the two lattices act as if decoupled: one lattice remains at rest while the other lattice moves.

Show Decoupling at K=/a


Starting with Equation 20:

M1u = Cv[1 + exp(iKa)] 2Cu


M 2 v = Cu[exp(iKa ) + 1] 2Cv
We then solve at Kmax = / a .
2

M1u = Cv[1 + exp(i )] 2Cu 2 M 2 v = Cu[exp( i ) + 1] 2Cv

This leaves:

M1u = 2Cu 2 M2v = 2Cv


1 = 2C / M1
2 = 2C / M 2
2

Which are decoupled with frequencies


2

At

1 = 2C / M1 , the u lattice moves while the v lattice is at rest. 2 Likewise, at 2 = 2C / M 2 , the v lattice moves while the u lattice is at rest.
Note: at 1

2 M 1u = Cv[1 + exp( iKa )] 2Cu

Requires v = 0 for any K. i.e., only u lattice moves. Likewise, at 2, only v lattice moves.

Prob. 4 Kohn Anomaly


Daniel Wolpert

4.4 Kohn Anomaly We suppose that the interplanar force constant Cp between planes s and s+p is of the form Cp = A (sin(pk0a)/pa) Where A and k0 are constants and p runs over all integers. Such a form is expected in metals. Use this and Eq. (16a) to find an expression for 2 and also 2/K is infinite when K=k0. Thus plot 2 versus K or of versus K has a vertical tangent at k0 (there is a kink in k0 in the phonon dispersion relation (K)).

Know:

Cp = A (sin(pk0a)/pa) A and k0 are constants p is an integer

Eq. 16a) 2 = (2/M) p > 0(Cp (1-cos(pKa))

Substitute Cp into 16a : Find d2/dK : Apply the identity:


When K = k0

2 = (2/M) p > 0((A (sin(pk0a)/pa))(1-cos(pKa))

= (2/M) * A * p > 0(sin(pk0a))(sin(pKa)) sin(a) * sin(b) = cos(a-b) + cos(a+b)


d2/dK = p > 0 [cos(p(k0-K)) + cos(p(k0+K))] = p > 0 [cos(p(k0-k0)) + cos(p(k0+k0))] = p > 0 [cos(0)) + cos(p(2k0))]

When the series increases, the second cos term will oscillate from 1 to -1, the net result will cause that term to average to zero.
p > 0 [ + cos(p(2k0))] d2/dK = p > 0 (diverge) As this increments, it will cause the function d2/dK to go to infinity

Plot 2 versus K to show there is a kink at k0


0.2 0

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1

-1.2

-1.4

-1.6

-1.8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Prob. 5 Diatomic Chain


Brian Jennings

Statement of the problem 5. Diatomic Chain. Consider the normal modes of a linear chain in which the force constants between nearest-neighbor atoms are alternately C and 10C. Let the masses be equal, and let the nearest-neighbor separation be a/2. Find (K) at K = 0 and K = /2. Sketch in the dispersion relation by eye. This problem simulates a crystal of diatomic molecules such as H2.

us-1 m

vs-1

10C

us

vs m

10C

us+1 m K

vs+1 m

m m |------- a/2-------|

Equations of motion

us-1 m

vs-1

10C

us

vs m

10C

us+1 m K

vs+1 m

m m |------- a/2-------|

Substitute the travelling wave equations and to get

us-1 m

vs-1

10C

us

vs m

10C

us+1 m K

vs+1 m

m m |------- a/2-------|

Set the determinant to zero

Which is

Solve as a quadratic equation

us-1 m

vs-1

10C

us

vs m

10C

us+1 m K

vs+1 m

m m |------- a/2-------|

And the final equation is

At K=0, the radical becomes

and

At K= , the radical becomes

and

us-1 m

vs-1

10C

us

vs m

10C

us+1 m K

vs+1 m

m m |------- a/2-------|

K 0

Prob. 6 Atomic Vibrations in a metal


Nabel Alkhawani

Given parameters
1- the sodium ion mass is M 2- the charge of the ion is e 3- the number density of ions conduction electrons is the displacement of ion from equilibrium is r

Objective
1- prove that the frequency is 2- estimate the frequency value for sodium 3- estimate the order of magnitude of the velocity of sound in the metal

- the electric force by the electron sea on the displaced 1 ion is where n( r ) is the number of electrons - n(r)= 2 - Plug 3 - in the value of n(r) will yield 4 5

The frequency is given by By plug in the value of C in this equation we will get

Second objective
R for Na ion is roughly 2* 10-10 m M is (4*10-26 kg) The frequency is roughly 3*1013 Hz

Third objective
The maximum wave vector K should be in the order of 1010 m-1 Assume the oscillation frequency is associated with the maximum wave vector v= /k will yield 3*103 m

Prob. 7 Soft Phonon modes


Gregory Kaminsky

Line of ions of equal mass but alternating in charge ep = e(-1)p as the charge on the pth ion. Inter-atomic potential is the sum of two contributions: (1) a short-range interaction of force constant C = , and (2) a coulomb interaction between all ions.

Show that the contribution of the coulomb interaction to the atomic force constants is
C pC

2( 1) p e 2 = p 3a 3

Well ion feels a force due to all other ions. dF I expanded the force using the Taylor expansion F ( x ) = F0 + x * ( )0 dx and a bunch of other terms that I am ignoring. I assume that x is very small so other terms with x2, x3 are nearly zero. The constant term plays no role so only the restoring force, second term matters. F = kx. The second term is the k (the force constant).

( 1) p * e 2 F= 4 * ( pa + x ) 2

Taking the derivative of force at x = 0. Now the minus can be ignored since we know it is the restoring force. What happened to the 4 I dont know it seems to have mysteriously vanished from the answer in the book.
[ note: The Coulomb constant = 1 in cgs units ]

2 * ( 1) p * e 2 the F = 4 * ( pa ) 3
[=F(0)]

From 16a show that the dispersion relation may be written as


1 w / w = sin Ka + ( 1) p (1 cos pKa ) p 3 2 p=1 2 2 0 2

2 with w0 = 4 / M

e2 and = *a3
2

1 w = (4C / M ) sin Ka + (2 / M ) C pC (1 cos pKa ) 2 p=1 2

Well considering that 2 Dividing w2 by w0 we get this equation after canceling out all the terms. You can try it yourself.

Show that w2 is negative (unstable mode) at the zone boundary Ka = if > 0.475 or 4/7(3)
2 w 2 / w0 = 1 (1 ( 1) p ) p 3 = 0 p=1

1 1 1 * 2 * (1 + 3 + 3 + 3 ...) = 1 3 5 7

Using a calculator I summed this up approximately to the seventh term (I got lazy afterwards) and yeah if = 0.475 all works out and if > 0.475 then w2 is negative.

The sum of (3) even terms = 1.0505307 2*0.475* 1.0505307 = 1 The sum of (3) = 1.202, if > 4/7 (3) it also works out since 4/7 (3) = 0.475.

Show that the speed of sound at small Ka is imaginary if > (2ln2)-1

Lets do several approximations. We got:

1 2 w 2 / w0 = sin 2 Ka + ( 1) p (1 cos pKa ) p 3 2 p=1

sin 2

1 1 1 Ka = (1 cos Ka ) = K 2 a 2 2 2 4

2 2 K a 3 Then (1 cos pKa)/p = 2p

To get imaginary speed, w2 < 0.


2 2 2 2 1 ( Ka ) ( Ka ) ( Ka ) ( Ka ) ( Ka ) 2 (( Ka ) 2 + + ...) = 0 4 2 2 3 4 5

Canceling all out, going waco on the formula


1 1 1 1 1 (1 + + ...) = 0 4 2 2 3 4 5

This series is the alternating harmonic, it converges to ln2.


- *(ln2)/2=0. If > (2ln2)-1 then w2 is imaginary. So w2 goes to zero and the lattice is unstable for some value of Ka in the interval (0, ) if 0.475 < < 0.721

Thank god its over

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