Kurzfassung Technical Handbook HF2013 E

Technical Handbook
for
Radio Monitoring
HF
Edition 2013
Dipl.- Ing. Roland Proesch
Technical Handbook
for
Radio Monitoring
HF
Edition 2013
Description of modulation techniques

and waveforms
with 259 signals, 448 pictures and
134 tables
Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek

Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in
der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische
Daten sind im Internet ber http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar.
2013 Dipl.- Ing. Roland Proesch

Email: roland@proesch.net
Production and publishing: Books on Demand GmbH, Norderstedt, Germany
Cover design: Anne Proesch
Printed in Germany
Web page: www.frequencymanager.de
ISBN 9783732241422
Acknowledgement:
Thanks for those persons who have supported me in the preparation of this book:
Aikaterini Daskalaki-Proesch
Horst Diesperger
Luca Barbi
Dr. Andreas Schwolen-Backes
Vaino Lehtoranta
Mike Chase
Disclaimer:
The information in this book have been collected over years. The main problem is that there are not
many open sources to get information about this sensitive field. Although I tried to verify these
information from different sources it may be that there are mistakes. Please do not hesitate to
contact me if you discover any wrong description.
Content
1
LIST OF PICTURES
19
LIST OF TABLES
29
REMOVED SIGNALS
33
GENERAL
35
DESCRIPTION OF WAVEFORMS
37
1.1
Analogue Waveforms
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
Double Sideband reduced Carrier (DSB-RC)
Double Sideband suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC)
Single Sideband full Carrier
Single Sideband reduced Carrier (SSB-RC)
Single Sideband suppressed Carrier (SSB-SC)
Single Sideband Modulation (SSB)
Independent Sideband Modulation (ISB)
Vestigial Sideband Modulation (VSB)
Frequency Modulation (FM)
Wide Frequency Modulation (WFM)
Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis
37
37
38
38
39
40
40
40
41
42
42
43
45
1.2
Digital Waveforms
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
On-Off-Keying (OOK)
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
Continuous Phase Frequency Shift Keying (CPFSK)
Double Frequency Shift Keying (DFSK)
Constant Envelope 4-Level Frequency Modulation (C4FM)
Minimum Shift Keying (MSK)
Tamed Frequency modulation (TFM)
Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)
Multi Frequency Shift Keying (MFSK)
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (OQPSK)
Staggered Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (SQPSK)
Compatible Differential Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (CQPSK)
Coherent Phase Shift Keying (CPSK)
Differential Coherent Phase Shift Keying (DCPSK)
8PSK Modulation
46
46
46
47
48
49
49
50
51
51
52
53
53
55
57
57
57
58
58
58
Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK)

Differential Binary Phase Shift Keying (DBPSK)
Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (DQPSK)
Differential 8 Phase Shift Keying (D8PSK)
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
Spread Spectrum (SS)
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
Incremental Frequency Keying (IFK)
Analogue Pulse Modulation
Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)
Digital Pulse Modulation
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
Delta Modulation
59
59
59
59
60
62
63
63
64
64
65
65
65
65
66
66
67
1.3
Description of modulation states

Asynchronous Data Transmission
Synchronous Data Transmission
Simplex
Duplex
Half duplex
Semi duplex
68
68
68
69
69
69
69
1.4
Baud Rate, Bit Rate, Symbol Rate

Bit rate
Symbol rate
Baud rate
70
70
70
70
1.5
Data formats
NRZ (Non Return to Zero)
NRZ (S) (Non Return to Zero - Space)
NRZ (M) (Non Return to Zero - Mark)
Bi--L (Biphase Level)
Bi--S (Biphase Space)
Bi-- M (Biphase Mark)
71
72
72
72
72
72
72
1.6
Coding
Code
Codes in communication used for brevity
An example: the ASCII code
Interleaving in error-correction coding
Interleaving examples
Codes to detect or correct errors
Error-correcting code (ECC)
Forward Error Correction (FEC)
Convolutional code
Viterbi algorithm
73
73
73
73
74
74
75
75
75
76
77
8
Reed-Solomon error correction

Overview of the method
Properties of Reed-Solomon codes
Use of Reed-Solomon codes in optical and magnetic storage
Timeline of Reed-Solomon development
Satellite technique: Reed-Solomon + Viterbi coding
Turbo code
Shannon-Hartley theorem
Theorem
Examples
77
77
78
78
79
79
79
80
80
81
1.7
Used code tables

ITA2, ITA2P and ITA3(CCIR342-2)
Russian MTK2
CCIR476-4, HNG-FEC, PICCOLO MK VI
ITA 2 P
ITA 3
CCIR 476
ASCII / CCITT 5
82
82
83
84
85
85
85
85
1.8
Channel access methods

Frequency-division multiple access (FDMA)
Time division multiple access (TDMA)
Code division multiple access (CDMA)
Orthogonal Frequency multiple access (OFDMA)
91
91
91
92
92
1.9
The OSI Reference Model

The Physical Layer
The Data Link Layer
The Network Layer
The Transport Layer
The Session Layer
The Presentation Layer
The Application Layer
93
93
94
94
95
96
96
96
1.10
Protocols
Automatic repeat ReQuest Protocol (ARQ protocol)
Pure Stop and Wait ARQ
Go Back N ARQ
Selective Repeat ARQ
Polling
ACP127
STANAG 4406 Messaging
STANAG 5066
X.25
RSX.25
Automatic Link Establishment (ALE)
Codan Automated Link Management (CALM)
1.11
97
97
97
98
98
98
99
99
100
101
106
107
109
110
Designation of Emissions
9
114
Determination of Necessary Bandwidths

1.12
Table of system and user sorted by Baud rate
123
137
HF MODES
General Information
Spectrum
Sonagram
Oscilloscope
Phase Spectrum
Phase Plane
Speed Bit Analyses
Bit Correlation, Autocorrelation Function (ACF)
1. AFS Navy FSK
2. ALE 3G
3. ALE400
4. ALIS
5. ALIS 2
6. ARD9800 OFDM 36ch Modem
7. ARQ-E
8. ARQ-E3
9. ARQ-M2
10.
ARQ-M4
11.
ARQ-S
12.
ARQ-SWE
13.
ARQ 6-70S
14.
ARQ 6-90/98
15.
ASCII
16.
AUM-13
17.
AUS MIL ISB Modem
18.
AUTOSPEC
19.
Baudot ITA No.2
Baudot Code
Murray Code
Western Union Code
ITA2 Code
20.
BaudotARQ System
21.
Baudot F7B
22.
Baudot Sync
23.
BEE
24.
BR 6028
25.
BR 6029C Time Diversity Modem
26.
BUL 107.53 Bd
27.
BUL ASCII
28.
CCIR 493 SELCALL
29.
CHN MIL 4MFSK
30.
CHN MIL 8MFSK
31.
CHN MIL 64FSK
32.
CHN MIL Hybrid Modem (4FSK-OFDM20)
10
137
137
137
137
137
138
138
138
139
139
142
143
144
145
146
146
148
148
149
150
151
151
152
152
153
154
155
156
156
157
157
158
158
159
160
160
161
162
162
163
164
165
166
168
CHN MIL Hybrid Modem (4FSK-8FSK-OFDM19)

33.
34.
CHN MIL Hybrid Modem (8FSK-PSK)
35.
CHN 4+4 Modem
36.
CHIP 64/128
37.
CIS 11
38.
CIS 12
39.
CIS 12 ARQ
40.
CIS 14
41.
CIS 150 Bd SELCAL
42.
CIS 16x75 Bd
43.
CIS 36-50
44.
CIS 405-3915
45.
CIS 50-17 Baudot
46.
CIS 50-50
47.
CIS 81-29
48.
CIS 81-81
49.
CIS 200-1000
50.
CIS 500 Bd FSK Burst Modem
51.
CIS 1280 Bd Modem
52.
CIS 3000 Bd Modem
53.
CIS 4FSK 96 Bd
54.
CIS 4FSK 100 Bd
55.
CIS 4FSK 150 Bd
56.
CIS-ARQ
57.
CIS AT-3004 Modem
58.
CIS BPSK
59.
CIS MFSK-20
60.
CIS 45/60/93/112/128 Channel OFDM
45 tone OFDM variant 1
93 tone OFDM
112 tone OFDM
128 tone OFDM
61.
CIS VFT 3 Channels 100 Bd
62.
CIS VFT 3 Channels 144 Bd
63.
Clansman FSK Modem
64.
Clover
65.
Clover II
66.
Clover 2000
Error-Correction Coding
Selective ARQ Repeat
Signal Format
Modulation Formats
Data Modes
Data Throughput (Bps)
67.
Clover 2500
68.
Coachwhip
69.
CODAN
11
169
170
172
173
174
175
176
177
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
184
185
186
187
187
188
189
190
192
192
194
195
195
195
195
196
196
196
197
197
198
198
200
200
202
203
204
205
205
205
205
205
206
207
207
208
208
209
209
210
211
212
214
214
215
216
217
218
219
219
219
220
221
221
221
221
221
221
222
223
223
223
223
223
224
224
224
225
226
228
229
229
230
230
230
231
231
232
232
233
233
233
234
234
234
234
CODAN 4 Channel mode

CODAN 8 Channel Mode
CODAN 12 Channel Mode
70.
CODAN Chirp mode
71.
CODAN Selcall
72.
Contestia
73.
Coquelet 8
74.
Coquelet 8 FEC
75.
Coquelet 100
76.
Coquelet 13
77.
CROWD 36
78.
CROWD 36 Selective Calling
79.
CW
80.
CW-F1B
81.
D AF VFT
82.
DGPS
TX numbers
Message types
Type 3 Message
Type 5 Message
Type 7 Message
Type 9 Message
Type 9-3 Message
Type 9-1 Message
Type 16 Message
DGPS Message Scheduling
Type 3 Message
Type 5 Message
Type 7 Message
Type 9 Message
Type 16 Message
83.
DominoF
84.
DominoEX
85.
DPRK ARQ 600 Bd
86.
DPRK ARQ 1200 Bd
87.
DPRK FSK 600 FEC
88.
DPRK BPSK Modem
DPRK 150 Bd BPSK
DPRK 300 Bd BPSK
DPRK 600 Bd BPSK
DPRK 1200 Bd BPSK
89.
DRM
Stream Multiplexer
Fast Access Channel (FAC)
Service Description Channel (SDC)
Main Service Channel (MSC)
Transmission Frame
MPEG-4
Advanced Audio Encoding (AAC)
MPEG CELP
Harmonic Vector Excitation Coding
12
234
235
236
238
238
239
239
241
242
246
246
248
249
250
250
251
251
252
252
253
254
255
255
255
256
256
257
257
258
259
259
260
260
261
265
265
267
268
269
271
273
273
274
274
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
Multilevel Coding
90.
DRM WinDRM
91.
DUP-ARQ
92.
DUP-ARQ II
93.
DUP-FEC II
94.
ECHOTEL 1810 HF Modem
95.
ECHOTEL 1820 HF Modem
96.
F7B-195.3 Bd 4-Tone
97.
Fax
98.
FEC-A
99.
G-TOR
100. Globe Wireless Pactor
101. Globe Wireless Single Tone Modem
102. Globe Wireless Multi Tone Modem
Globe Wireless OFDM with 12 carriers
103. GRC MIL FSK
104. GMDSS-DSC HF
105. HC-ARQ
106. HDSSTV
107. HELL
F-Hell, Press-Hell
Feld-Hell
GL-Hell
Hell-80
PC-Hell
PSK-Hell and FM-Hell
FSK-Hell
Duplo-Hell
Sequential Multi-Tone Hell
Concurrent Multi-Tone Hell
Slow-Feld
108. HFDL
109. HNG-FEC
110. ICAO Selcal
111. IRA-ARQ
112. IRN Navy 16 x 75 Bd
113. IRN Navy QPSK 207 Bd
114. IRN Navy Adaptive Modem V1
115. IRN Navy Adaptive Modem V2
116. ISR N Hybrid Modem
117. Italian MIL 1200 Bd FSK
118. Italian MIL 1200 Bd PSK
119. Japan 8-Tone ASK
120. Japan 16-tone PSK
121. Japan 1500 Bd QPSK
122. Japan 32-tone OFDM
123. JT2
124. JT44
125. JT6M
13
126. JT65A/JT65B/JT65C
127. LINCOMPEX
128. LINEA Sitor
129. LINK 1
130. LINK 10
131. LINK 11 CLEW
132. LINK 11 SLEW
133. LINK 14
134. LINK 22
135. LINK Y
136. LINK Z
137. Mazielka
138. MD 522 NB
139. MD 522 WB
140. MD 522 DIV
141. MD 1061
142. MD 1142
143. MD 1280
144. MFSK-8
145. MFSK-16
146. MFSK AFS Navy Modem
147. MFSK BUL 8-Tone
148. MFSK Modem ALCATEL 801
MFSK 4-TONE ARQ SYSTEM 150 to 1200 Bd
MFSK 8-TONE ARQ SYSTEM 16.7 & 100 Bd
149. MFSK TADIRAN HF Modem
150. MFSK TE-204/USC-11 Modem
151. MFSK Thrane & Thrane TT2300-ARQ Modem
152. MFSK YUG 20-Tone Modem
153. MIL STD 188-110A ser
154. MIL STD 188-110A Appendix A 16-Tone
155. MIL STD 188-110A Appendix B 39-Tone
156. MIL STD 188-110B App C
157. MIL STD 188-110B Appendix F
158. MIL STD 188-110C Appendix D
159. MIL STD 188-141A
Linking Protection
AL-0
AL-1
AL-2
AL-3
AL-4 (classified application level)
Alternate Quick Call (AQC) ALE
160. MIL STD 188-141B Appendix A
161. MIL STD 188-141B Appendix C
162. MIL STD 188-203-1A
163. MIL STD 188-203-3
164. MIL STD 188-212
165. MIL STD 188-342
166. MLA Navy Baudot
167. MT 63
14
281
283
283
284
284
284
287
288
289
290
290
291
291
292
292
293
294
295
295
296
297
297
298
298
299
299
299
301
301
302
303
304
304
306
306
307
307
308
308
308
308
309
309
309
309
310
310
310
310
311
312
168.
169.
170.
313
314
315
316
317
318
318
320
320
323
324
324
324
325
326
327
331
334
334
336
337
337
338
338
341
341
342
342
343
343
344
345
346
347
347
349
350
351
351
352
353
353
353
354
357
359
361
362
363
364
365
Nokia Adaptive Burst Modem

NUM 13
Olivia
Olivia MFSK layer
Olivia Walsh functions FEC layer
171. PACTOR I
172. PACTOR II
173. PACTOR II-FEC
174. PACTOR III
175. PACTOR IV
PACTOR VI 2-Tone-Chirp
PACTOR IV Spread Modulation
176. Packet Radio
177. Panther-H FH Modem
178. PAX/PAX2
179. PICCOLO Mark VI
180. PICCOLO 12
181. POL-ARQ
182. PSK 10
183. PSK 31
184. PSK 63 FEC
185. PSK 125 FEC
186. PSK 220 FEC
187. PSKAM 10/31/50
188. Q15x25
189. RAC-ARQ
190. RFSM 2400/8000
RFSM-2400 Modem
RFSM-8000 Modem
191. Robust Packet Radio RPR
192. ROS
193. ROU-FEC
194. RS-ARQ
195. RS-ARQ II
196. RS GM2xxx Modem
197. RS GN2130 Modem
198. RTTYM
199. RUS Mil Voice Scrambler
200. Selenia Parallel Tone Modem
201. Siemens CHX-200 FSK Modem
202. SITOR A/B
ARQ mode A
FEC mode B
203. SKYFAX
204. SSTV
SSTV VIS-Code
205. STANAG 4197
206. STANAG 4198
207. STANAG 4202
208. STANAG 4285
209. STANAG 4415
15
210.
211.
212.
213.
214.
215.
216.
217.
218.
219.
220.
221.
222.
223.
224.
225.
226.
227.
228.
229.
230.
231.
366
367
368
368
369
370
371
371
372
372
372
373
373
374
375
376
377
377
378
380
381
382
STANAG 4444
STANAG 4479
STANAG 4481 FSK
STANAG 4481 PSK
STANAG 4529
STANAG 4538
STANAG 4539
STANAG 4591
STANAG 5031
STANAG 5035
STANAG 5065
Systeme 3000 HF Modem
Tadiran AutoCall
Tadiran Data Mode
TFM3/5
Thales Voice Scrambler
Throb
TMS-430 Modem
TWINPLEX
VFT
VISEL
WINMOR
OTHER ACTIVE SYSTEMS ON HF

232.
233.
AMSS
Advanced Narrowband Digital Voice Terminal (ANDVT) Family
TACTERM
MINTERM
AIRTERM
234. Beacons
Maritime Mobile Service (MMS) Beacon
Aeronautical Mobile Service (AMS) Beacon
Amateur Radio Beacon
Single Letter Beacons (SLB)
235. Analogue Voice Scrambler Sailor CRY-2001
236. Buoys
Drifting buoys
Fishing Buoys
Sel-Call Buoys
237. Buoy Directional Waverider DWR-MkIII
238. Chirpsounder
Chirpcomm
239. CODAR
240. Datatrak
241. Digisonde 4D
242. EFR
243. Eurofix
244. Long Range Ocean Radar
245. LORAN-C
LORAN data channel communication (LDC)
16
386
386
387
387
388
388
389
389
389
389
391
392
393
393
394
394
394
395
397
397
399
400
402
403
404
405
406
Ninth-Pulse Modulation
Messages
246. MF RADAR
247. NAVTEX
248. NBTV
249. OFDM NBTV
Limitations
The OFDM NBTV Modes
48 x 48 Mode
96 x 72 Mode
96 x 72 Mode
250. Digital NBTV
Modem
Codec
Interpolation
Compression
Error Correction
Data Transmission
Transmission Speed
251. Hybrid FM NBTV
PN Sequence Sync
Operating Modes
Modulation
252. NDS200 DGPS
253. Over The Horizon Radar
254. RFID
255. Russian ALPHA and LORAN-C System
256. Russian BRAS-3 and RS-10 System
257. Super Dual Auroral Radar Network
258. Time Signal Stations
259. WERA
406
407
407
408
410
411
412
412
412
413
413
414
416
417
417
417
418
418
418
418
419
419
420
421
423
425
426
427
430
432
433
TABLES FOR RADIO MONITORING
438
1.13
Allocation of International Call Signs
438
1.14
Alphabetical List of Country Codes
442
1.15
Selective Calling
446
1.16
Allocation of Maritime Identification Digits
450
1.17
NATO Routing Indicators
456
1.18
Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network
462
1.19
AFTN Messages
Standard Messages
464
464
17
1.20
Notice to Airmen (NOTAM)

TAF
METAR
466
473
473
1.21
Teleprinter Alphabets
476
1.22
ATU 80 Words Identification
478
1.23
Arabic words identification
481
1.24 Q , X and Z - Code

Q-Codes
X-Codes
Z-Codes
484
484
494
496
1.25
506
Abbreviations
514
INDEX
18
List of Pictures
Picture 1: Different AM waveforms ................................................................................................. 37

Picture 2: Spectrum and sonagram of an amplitude modulation .................................................... 38
Picture 3: Spectrum of a double sideband suppressed carrier signal ............................................. 39
Picture 4: Spectrum and sonagram of a single sideband modulation with full carrier ................... 39
Picture 5: Spectrum and sonagram of a single sideband modulation with reduced carrier ........... 40
Picture 6: Spectrum of a single sideband modulation ..................................................................... 41
Picture 7: Spectrum of an independent modulated signal ............................................................... 41
Picture 8: Frequency Modulation .................................................................................................... 42
Picture 9: Spectrum and sonagram of a frequency modulation ...................................................... 43
Picture 10: Spectrum of a wide FM broadcast transmitter ............................................................. 43
Picture 11: Audio chanels of a broadcast signal ............................................................................ 44
Picture 12: Spectrum of FM stereo signal with sub-channels ......................................................... 44
Picture 13: Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) ....................................................................................... 46
Picture 14: Spectrum of an ASK with 100 Bd .................................................................................. 46
Picture 15: On-Off-Keying OOK ..................................................................................................... 47
Picture 16: Oscilloscope display of an OOK ................................................................................... 47
Picture 17: Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) ...................................................................................... 47
Picture 18: Spectrum of an FSK ...................................................................................................... 48
Picture 19: Spectrum of a CPFSK with 100 Bd ............................................................................... 48
Picture 20: Spectrum of a DFSK ..................................................................................................... 49
Picture 21: IQ Plot of C4FM ........................................................................................................... 50
Picture 22: Sonagram and spectrum of C4FM in idle mode ........................................................... 50
Picture 23: Minimum Shift Keying................................................................................................... 51
Picture 24: Spectrum of a Tamed Frequency Modulation (TFM 3) with 100 Bd ............................ 51
Picture 25: Spectrum of a MFSK with 12 tones............................................................................... 52
Picture 26: Phase shift Keying......................................................................................................... 53
Picture 27: BPSK-A ......................................................................................................................... 53
Picture 28: Phase plane of a BPSK ................................................................................................. 54
Picture 29: Spectrum of a BPSK with 600 Bd ................................................................................. 54
Picture 30: BPSK-B ......................................................................................................................... 54
Picture 31: QPSK-A ......................................................................................................................... 55
Picture 32: QPSK-B ......................................................................................................................... 56
Picture 33: Spectrum of a QPSK with 600 Bd ................................................................................. 56
Picture 34: Phase plane of a QPSK ................................................................................................. 56
Picture 35: Phase plane of an OQPSK (right) compared to QPSK (left) ........................................ 57
Picture 36: Phase Plane of an 8PSK ............................................................................................... 58
Picture 37: Spectrum of an 8PSK with 600 Bd ................................................................................ 59
Picture 38: Example of an 8QAM and 16QAM in the Phase Plane ................................................ 60
Picture 39: Spectrum of a QAM8 with 600 Bd ................................................................................ 61
Picture 40: Spectrum of a QAM16 with 600 Bd .............................................................................. 61
Picture 41: Comparison of FDM and OFDM ................................................................................. 62
Picture 42: Spectrum of OFDM with 45 channels ........................................................................... 62
Picture 43: Function of DSSS .......................................................................................................... 63
Picture 44: Function of FHSS.......................................................................................................... 64
19
Picture 45: Different types of amplitude modulation ...................................................................... 65

Picture 46: Quantization in a PCM ................................................................................................. 66
Picture 47: Delta Modulation.......................................................................................................... 67
Picture 48: Common data formats .................................................................................................. 71
Picture 49: Principle of FDMA ....................................................................................................... 91
Picture 50: Principle of TDMA ....................................................................................................... 91
Picture 51: Principle of OFDMA .................................................................................................... 92
Picture 52: The OSI reference model .............................................................................................. 93
Picture 53: Basic elements of the ARQ protocol ............................................................................. 97
Picture 54: ARQ stop and wait ........................................................................................................ 97
Picture 55: Go Back N method ........................................................................................................ 98
Picture 56: Selective repeat ARQ method ....................................................................................... 98
Picture 57: STANAG 5066 layers .................................................................................................. 100
Picture 58: Spectrum of an AFS navy modem ............................................................................... 139
Picture 59: Spectrum of an ALE 3G .............................................................................................. 139
Picture 60: Phase constellation of an ALE 3G 8PSK signal ......................................................... 140
Picture 61: Dwell structure of an ALE 3G .................................................................................... 140
Picture 62: ALE 3G protocol data units ........................................................................................ 141
Picture 63: Spectrum of ALE400 ................................................................................................... 142
Picture 64: Expanded spectrum of ALE400 .................................................................................. 142
Picture 65: Spectrum of an ALIS signal ........................................................................................ 143
Picture 66: Sonagram ALIS link setup procedure ......................................................................... 144
Picture 67: Spectrum of ALIS 2 ..................................................................................................... 144
Picture 68: Spectrum of ARD9800-OFDM ................................................................................... 145
Picture 69: Spectrum and Sonagram of ARD9800-OFDM ........................................................... 145
Picture 70: Spectrum of an ARQ-E signal with 288 Bd ................................................................ 146
Picture 71: Spectrum of ARQ-E3 in idle mode .............................................................................. 147
Picture 72: ARQ-E3 Signal Structure ........................................................................................ 147
Picture 73: Typical spectrum of an ARQ-M4 ................................................................................ 149
Picture 74: Spectrum of ARQ-SWE ............................................................................................... 150
Picture 75: Spectrum of an ARQ 6-90 ........................................................................................... 151
Picture 76: Oscilloscope display of ARQ 6-90 .............................................................................. 152
Picture 77: Spectrum of AUM 13 signal ....................................................................................... 153
Picture 78: Spectrum of the AUS MIL ISB modem with both waveforms ..................................... 153
Picture 79: Spectrum of the 50 Bd waveform ................................................................................ 154
Picture 80: Spectrum of the 600 Bd waveform .............................................................................. 154
Picture 81: Spectrum of AUTOSPEC with 75 Bd .......................................................................... 154
Picture 82: Spectrum of a 150 Bd Baudot signal .......................................................................... 155
Picture 83: Baudot signal in the oscilloscope display................................................................... 155
Picture 84: Bit correlation of a Baudot signal .............................................................................. 156
Picture 85: Hell display of a Baudot signal .................................................................................. 156
Picture 86: Spectrum of the Russian Baudot-ARQ system ............................................................ 158
Picture 87: Spectrum of Baudot F7B with 50 Bd .......................................................................... 158
Picture 88: Sonagram of Baudot F7B ........................................................................................... 159
Picture 89: Spectrum of Baudot Sync ............................................................................................ 159
20
Picture 90: Baudot sync display speed in relation to bit ............................................................... 159
Picture 91: Spectrum of a CIS 36-50 signal .................................................................................. 160
Picture 92: Spectrum of a BR6028 signal ...................................................................................... 161
Picture 93: Spectrum of BUL 107.53 Bd ....................................................................................... 162
Picture 94: Spectrum and sonagram of a BUL ASCII signal ........................................................ 163
Picture 95: Spectrum CCIR 493-4 ................................................................................................. 163
Picture 96: Spectrum of CHN MIL 4FSK 500 Hz variant ............................................................. 165
Picture 97: Spectrum of CHN MIL 4FSK 400 Hz variant ............................................................. 165
Picture 98: Sonagram of CHN MIL 4FSK 500 Hz variant ............................................................ 165
Picture 99: Spectrum of CHN MIL 8FSK ...................................................................................... 166
Picture 100: Sonagram of CHN MIL 8FSK ................................................................................... 166
Picture 101: Spectrum of the CHN 64FSK .................................................................................... 167
Picture 102: Zoomed spectrum of the CHN 64FSK ....................................................................... 167
Picture 103: Sonagram of CHN 64 tone MFSK ............................................................................ 167
Picture 104: Post sequence of the CHN 64FSK............................................................................. 167
Picture 105: Spectrum CHN hybrid modem 4FSK-OFDM20 ....................................................... 168
Picture 106: Sonagram CHN hybrid modem 4FSK-OFDM20 ...................................................... 169
Picture 107: Spectrum of the 19 tone OFDM ................................................................................ 170
Picture 108: Preamble of the CHN hybrid modem 8FSK-OFDM19 ............................................. 170
Picture 109: Sonagram of CHN MIL Hybrid modem 8FSK-QPSK ............................................... 171
Picture 110: 8FSK preamble for CHN MIL Hybrid modem .......................................................... 171
Picture 111: PSK preamble for CHN MIL Hybrid modem ............................................................ 172
Picture 112: Spectrum of MFSK 4+4 signal ................................................................................. 172
Picture 113: Spectrum of a CHIP64 signal ................................................................................... 173
Picture 114: Phase plane of a CHIP signal ................................................................................... 173
Picture 115: Phase spectrum of a CHIP 64 signal ........................................................................ 174
Picture 116: Phase oscilloscope display of a CHIP 64 signal ...................................................... 174
Picture 117: Spectrum of CIS-11 ................................................................................................... 175
Picture 118: CIS12/MS5 spectrum with reference tone ................................................................. 175
Picture 119: CIS 12/MS2 spectrum in idle mode ........................................................................... 175
Picture 120: CIS 20 spectrum with reference tone ...................................................................... 176
Picture 121: CIS 20 averaged sonagram....................................................................................... 176
Picture 122: CIS 12 ARQ bursts .................................................................................................... 176
Picture 123: Spectrum of CIS 14 with 96 Bd and 1000 Hz shift .................................................... 177
Picture 124: Auto correlation display of CIS 14 with ACF at 14 bit ............................................. 177
Picture 125: Spectrum of CIS 150 Bd selcall ................................................................................ 178
Picture 126: Spectrum of CIS 16x75 Bd ........................................................................................ 178
Picture 127: Phase plane of one channel ...................................................................................... 178
Picture 128: Spectrum and sonagram of CIS 16x75 Bd ................................................................ 179
Picture 129: Spectrum of a CIS 36-50 in idle condition ................................................................ 180
Picture 130: Message structure of a CIS 36-50, T600 .................................................................. 180
Picture 131: Spectrum and sonagram of a CIS 40.5/1000 signal ................................................. 181
Picture 132: Spectrum of CIS 50-17 Baudot FROST2 .................................................................. 181
Picture 133: HELL display of CIS 50-17 Baudot FROST2 ........................................................... 182
Picture 134: Auto correlation function (ACF) of CIS 50-17 Baudot FROST2 .............................. 182
21
Picture 135: Spectrum of a CIS 50-50 in idle condition ............................................................... 182

Picture 136: Oscilloscope display of a CIS 50-50 in idle condition ............................................. 183
Picture 137: Spectrum and sonagram of a CIS 81-29................................................................... 183
Picture 138: Typical spectrum of an 8181 signal with 500 Hz shift.............................................. 184
Picture 139: Spectrum of a CIS 200-1000 signal .......................................................................... 184
Picture 140: ACF of a CIS 200-1000 ............................................................................................ 185
Picture 141: Spectrum of CIS 500 FSK burst................................................................................ 185
Picture 142: Sonagram of CIS 500 FSK burst .............................................................................. 185
Picture 143: Spectrum of CIS 1280 Bd modem ............................................................................. 186
Picture 144: Phase Plane of CIS 1280 Bd modem ........................................................................ 186
Picture 145: Spectrum of CIS 3000 Bd 8PSK modem ................................................................... 187
Picture 146: Speed measurement of CIS 3000 Bd 8PSK modem .................................................. 187
Picture 147: Spectrum of a CIS 4FSK with 96 Bd......................................................................... 188
Picture 148: Tones of a CIS 4FSK with 96 Bd .............................................................................. 188
Picture 149 : MFSK display of a CIS 4FSK with 96 Bd ................................................................ 188
Picture 150: Spectrum of a CIS 4FSK with 100 Bd and 500 Hz shift ........................................... 189
Picture 151: MFSK demodulation of a CIS 4FSK with 100 Bd and 500 Hz shift ......................... 189
Picture 152: Spectrum of a CIS 4FSK with 4000 Hz channel shift ............................................... 189
Picture 153: Sonagram of a CIS 4FSK with 4000 Hz shift ........................................................... 190
Picture 154: Spectrum of the CIS ARQ ......................................................................................... 190
Picture 155: Sonagram of the CIS ARQ ........................................................................................ 191
Picture 156: FSK oscilloscope display of the CIS ARQ ................................................................ 191
Picture 157: Spectrum of CIS 1200 Bd modem ............................................................................. 192
Picture 158: Spectrum CIS BPSK system ...................................................................................... 193
Picture 159: Phase spectrum of CIS BPSK ................................................................................... 193
Picture 160: Spectrum of MFSK-20 .............................................................................................. 194
Picture 161: Sonagram of MFSK-20 ............................................................................................. 194
Picture 162: spectrum of a CIS 45 tone OFDM ............................................................................ 195
Picture 163: Spectrum of a CIS 60 tone OFDM............................................................................ 196
Picture 164: Spectrum of a CIS 93 tone OFDM............................................................................ 196
Picture 165: Spectrum of CIS 93 tone OFDM shifted by 550 Hz .................................................. 197
Picture 166: Spectrum of a CIS 112 tone OFDM.......................................................................... 197
Picture 167: Spectrum of a CIS 128 toe OFDM............................................................................ 198
Picture 168: Spectrum of a CIS VFT 3 Channels 100 bd .............................................................. 198
Picture 169: Spectrum of a CIS VFT 3 channels 144 bd ............................................................... 199
Picture 170: Spectrum of the Clansman FSK modem ................................................................... 200
Picture 171: Spectrum of a CLOVER signal ................................................................................. 201
Picture 172: Sonagram of a CLOVER signal ................................................................................ 201
Picture 173: Spectrum of Clover in 8P2A mode ........................................................................... 204
Picture 174: Spectrum of CODAN 16 channel mode .................................................................... 208
Picture 175: CODAN 4 channel mode .......................................................................................... 208
Picture 176: CODAN 8 channel mode .......................................................................................... 209
Picture 177: CODAN 12 channel mode ........................................................................................ 209
Picture 178: Spectrum of CODAN chirp selcall............................................................................ 210
Picture 179: Spectrum of CODAN Selcall..................................................................................... 210
22
Picture 180: Spectrum and sonagram of Contestia 4-250 mode ................................................... 211
Picture 181:: Spectrum and sonagram of Contestia 8-1000 mode ................................................ 212
Picture 182:: Spectrum and sonagram of Contestia 32-1000 mode .............................................. 212
Picture 183: Example of Coquelet-8 decoding .............................................................................. 213
Picture 184: MFSK Coquelet-8 signal........................................................................................... 214
Picture 185: Spectrum of Coquelet 100 with 16.7 Bd.................................................................... 215
Picture 186: Spectrum of Coquelet 13 ........................................................................................... 216
Picture 187: Spectrum of CROWD 36 ........................................................................................... 217
Picture 188: Crowd 36 in sonagram display ................................................................................. 217
Picture 189: Spectrum of CROWD 36 selective calling ................................................................ 218
Picture 190: Sonagram of CROWD 36 selective calling ............................................................... 218
Picture 191: Spectrum of a D AF VFT signal ................................................................................ 219
Picture 192: Spectrum of a DGPS signal with 100 Bd .................................................................. 220
Picture 193: Spectrum of DominoEX with 4 Bd ............................................................................ 225
Picture 194: Spectrum of DominoEX with 11 Bd .......................................................................... 226
Picture 195: Spectrum of DominoEX with 22 Bd .......................................................................... 226
Picture 196: Spectrum of DPRK FSK in ARQ mode ..................................................................... 226
Picture 197: Sonagram of DPRK FSK in ARQ mode .................................................................... 227
Picture 198: Different sonagram of DPRK FSK in ARQ mode ..................................................... 227
Picture 199: ACF of DPRK ARQ with 600 Bd .............................................................................. 228
Picture 200: Data packets of a DPRK ARQ with 1200 Bd ............................................................ 228
Picture 201: Spectrum of a DPRK ARQ 1200 Bd .......................................................................... 229
Picture 202: Spectrum of DPRK FSK 600 FEC ............................................................................ 229
Picture 203: Spectrum of a DPRK BPSK modem with 150 Bd...................................................... 230
Picture 206: Spectrum of a DPRK BPSK modem with 1200 Bd.................................................... 231
Picture 207: Spectrum of DRM-OFDM ......................................................................................... 231
Picture 208: Framing OFDM ........................................................................................................ 233
Picture 209: Spectrum of WinDRM ............................................................................................... 236
Picture 210: Spectrum of DUP ARQ ............................................................................................. 236
Picture 211: Spectrum of MAHRS with 2400 Bd ........................................................................... 239
Picture 212: Spectrum of FARCOS mode ...................................................................................... 240
Picture 213: Phase spectrum of FARCOS with peaks at 1800 Hz ................................................. 240
Picture 214: Spectrum of F7B 195.3 Bd ........................................................................................ 241
Picture 215: Sonagram of F7B 195.3 Bd....................................................................................... 242
Picture 216: Spectrum of a FAX transmission............................................................................... 242
Picture 217: Typical picture of a FAX transmission ..................................................................... 243
Picture 218: Spectrum of a FEC-A with 192 Bd ............................................................................ 246
Picture 219: Spectrum of a G-TOR signal with 300 Bd ................................................................ 247
Picture 220: Sonagram of a G-TOR signal ................................................................................... 248
Picture 221: Spectrum of GW Single Tone Modem ....................................................................... 249
Picture 222: Phase Plane of GW Single Tone Modem .................................................................. 249
Picture 223: Sonagram GW Multi Tone Modem with 30 tones ..................................................... 250
Picture 224: Spectrum of a Globe Wireless OFDM with 12 carriers ............................................ 250
23
Picture 225: Spectrum of a Globe Wireless OFDM with 24 carriers ........................................... 251
Picture 226: Spectrum of a Globe Wireless OFDM with 32 carriers ........................................... 251
Picture 227: Spectrum of GRC MIL FSK ...................................................................................... 252
Picture 228: Preamble of the GRC MIL FSK ................................................................................ 252
Picture 229: Spectrum of GMDSS-DSC ........................................................................................ 253
Picture 230: Spectrum of DSSTV .................................................................................................. 254
Picture 231: Sonagram of DigiTRX with embedded callsign ........................................................ 254
Picture 232: Matrix Feld Hell ....................................................................................................... 255
Picture 233: Spectrum of a typical Feld-Hell signal ..................................................................... 255
Picture 234: Feld Hell modulation ................................................................................................ 256
Picture 235: Sonagram of a Feld-Hell signal ............................................................................... 256
Picture 236: Matrix of GL-Hell ..................................................................................................... 256
Picture 237: Spectrum of a PSK-Hell signal ................................................................................. 257
Picture 238: Phase spectrum of a PSK-Hell signal....................................................................... 258
Picture 239: Phase constellation of a PSK-Hell signal ................................................................. 258
Picture 240: Spectrum of a FSK-Hell signal ................................................................................. 259
Picture 241: Sonagram of a FSK-Hell signal ............................................................................... 259
Picture 242: Spectrum of a HFDL signal ...................................................................................... 261
Picture 243: Sonagram of a HFDL signal with sub-carrier of 1440 Hz ....................................... 261
Picture 244: Framing of HFDL..................................................................................................... 262
Picture 245: Oscilloscope display of HNG-FEC........................................................................... 265
Picture 246: Typical spectrum of ANNEX 10 with two tone pairs ................................................ 266
Picture 247: Timing of the ICAO SELCAL.................................................................................... 266
Picture 248: Oscilloscope display of IRA-ARQ............................................................................. 267
Picture 249: Spectrum of IRA-ARQ with 600 Bd .......................................................................... 267
Picture 250: Spectrum of an IRN Navy 16 x 75 Bd modem........................................................... 268
Picture 251: IRN N 16 x 75 Bd modem with precarrier ................................................................ 268
Picture 252: Phase spectrum of one channel with 75 Bd .............................................................. 269
Picture 253: Spectrum of IRN 207 Bd modem .............................................................................. 269
Picture 254: Phase spectrum of IRN 207 Bd signal with peaks at 207 Bd.................................... 270
Picture 255: Phase plane of IRN QPSK 207 Bd modem ............................................................... 270
Picture 256: Sonagram of IRN QPSK 207 Bd ............................................................................... 271
Picture 257: Spectrum of the adaptive IRN N QPSK modem with 414 Bd ................................... 271
Picture 258: Speed measurement of the adaptive IRN N QPSK modem with 414 Bd ................... 272
Picture 259:Speed measurement of the adaptive IRN N QPSK modem with 828 Bd .................... 272
Picture 260: Spectrum of the adaptive IRN N QPSK modem with 1656 Bd ................................. 272
Picture 261: Speed measurement of the adaptive IRN N QPSK modem with 1656 Bd ................. 272
Picture 262: Spectrum of 1200 Bd FSK ........................................................................................ 274
Picture 263: Spectrum of Italian MIL PSK 1200 Bd ..................................................................... 274
Picture 264: Spectrum of Japan 8-tone ASK ................................................................................. 275
Picture 265: Sonagram of Japan 8-tone ASK ............................................................................... 275
Picture 266: Spectrum of Japan 16tone PSK ................................................................................ 276
Picture 267: Sonagram of Japan 16tone PSK ............................................................................... 276
Picture 268: Spectrum of the Japan 1500 Bd QPSK ..................................................................... 276
Picture 269: Speed measurement of the Japan 1500 Bd QPSK .................................................... 277
24
Picture 270: Phase constellation of the Japan 1500 Bd QPSK ..................................................... 277
Picture 271: Sonagram of Japan 32-tone OFDM ......................................................................... 278
Picture 272: Spectrum and sonagram of a JT2 signal................................................................... 279
Picture 273: Spectrum and sonagram of a JT44 signal................................................................. 280
Picture 274: Spectrum and sonagram of a JT6M signal ............................................................... 281
Picture 275: Sonagram of JT65A signal ........................................................................................ 282
Picture 276: Sonagram of JT65B signal ........................................................................................ 282
Picture 277: Sonagram of JT65C signal ....................................................................................... 282
Picture 278: Spectrum of a LINCOMPEX signal with two channels ............................................ 283
Picture 279: Spectrum of LINEA Sitor .......................................................................................... 283
Picture 280: Spectrum of a LINK 11 transmission ........................................................................ 285
Picture 281: Spectrum of the LINK 11 single Tone Modem .......................................................... 288
Picture 282: Sonagram of LINK 11 SLEW .................................................................................... 288
Picture 283: Typical spectrum of a LINK 14 signal ...................................................................... 289
Picture 284: Spectrum of Mazielka ................................................................................................ 291
Picture 285: Sonagram of Mazielka .............................................................................................. 291
Picture 286: Spectrum of MD 522 NB ........................................................................................... 292
Picture 287: Spectrum of a MD 522 WB ....................................................................................... 292
Picture 288: Spectrum of a MD 522 DIV ...................................................................................... 293
Picture 289: Sonagram and spectrum of a MD 522 DIV .............................................................. 293
Picture 290: Spectrum of MD 1061 ............................................................................................... 294
Picture 291: Spectrum of MD 1142 ............................................................................................... 295
Picture 292: Spectrum of MD 1280 with 75 Bd and 850 Hz shift.................................................. 295
Picture 293: Spectrum of a MFSK-8 signal ................................................................................... 296
Picture 294: Spectrum of a MFSK 16-signal ................................................................................. 296
Picture 295: AFS Navy modem FSK preamble .............................................................................. 297
Picture 296: Spectrum of South African Navy MFSK .................................................................... 297
Picture 297: Spectrum of MFSK BUL 8-Tone ............................................................................... 298
Picture 298: Spectrum ALCATEL 801 for 300 Bd ......................................................................... 298
Picture 299: Spectrum ALCATEL 801 for 150 Bd ......................................................................... 298
Picture 300: Spectrum of a TADIRAN modem .............................................................................. 299
Picture 301: Spectrum of TE-204 modem ...................................................................................... 300
Picture 302: Sonagram of a TE-204 modem ................................................................................. 300
Picture 303: Spectrum of TT2300-ARQ ......................................................................................... 301
Picture 304: Spectrum of the YUG 20 tone system ........................................................................ 301
Picture 305: Spectrum of a MIL STD 188-110A ser modem ......................................................... 302
Picture 306: Spectrum of 16 tone MIL STD 188-110A App A ....................................................... 303
Picture 307: Spectrum of MIL 188-110A 39 tone .......................................................................... 304
Picture 308: Data block structure used for MIL STD 188-110B ................................................... 305
Picture 309: Spectrum of a MIL STD 188-110 Appendix C in HDL mode.................................... 305
Picture 310: Spectrum of MIL STD 188-141A............................................................................... 307
Picture 311: Linking Protection in MIL STD 188-141A................................................................ 308
Picture 312: Spectrum of MIL STD 188-342 ................................................................................. 311
Picture 313: Spectrum of a MLA Navy Baudot.............................................................................. 311
Picture 314: Bit pattern of a MLA Navy Baudot............................................................................ 312
25
Picture 315: Spectrum of MT63 .................................................................................................... 313

Picture 316: Spectrum of Nokia burst system with 150.6 Bd ........................................................ 313
Picture 317: Spectrum of Nokia burst system with 301.7 Bd ........................................................ 313
Picture 318: Spectrum of Nokia burst system with 602.14 Bd ...................................................... 314
Picture 319: Spectrum of NUM 13 ................................................................................................ 314
Picture 320: Spectrum of an Olivia signal .................................................................................... 315
Picture 321: Oliva in the MFSK oscilloscope ............................................................................... 316
Picture 322: Spectrum of PACTOR I ............................................................................................ 318
Picture 323: Spectrum of PACTOR II ........................................................................................... 319
Picture 324: Spectrum of PACTOR II-FEC .................................................................................. 320
Picture 325: Spectrum PACTOR III speed level 1 ........................................................................ 322
Picture 326: PACTOR III speed level 2 ........................................................................................ 322
Picture 330 Spectrum PACTOR IV on 1800 Hz ............................................................................ 324
Picture 331: Spectrum of a Packet Radio signal ........................................................................... 324
Picture 332: PANTHER-H synchronisation and frequency hops .................................................. 325
Picture 333: PANTHER-H synchronisation bursts ....................................................................... 326
Picture 334: PANTHER-H detailed view of one burst .................................................................. 326
Picture 335: Spectrum of PICCOLO MK VI ................................................................................. 330
Picture 336: Multi-channel Piccolo .............................................................................................. 331
Picture 337: Spectrum of PICCOLO 12 ........................................................................................ 332
Picture 338: Spectrum of a PSK31 signal ..................................................................................... 336
Picture 339: Phase plane of a BPSK PSK31 signal ...................................................................... 336
Picture 340: Spectrum of PSK 63 in QPSK mode ......................................................................... 337
Picture 341: Spectrum of PSK 125 in QPSK mode ....................................................................... 338
Picture 342: Phase plane of PSKAM 10/31/50 ............................................................................. 339
Picture 343: Spectrum of PSKAM 10 ............................................................................................ 339
Picture 346: Sonagram of Q15x25 ................................................................................................ 341
Picture 347: Oscilloscope display of RAC-ARQ ........................................................................... 342
Picture 348: Spectrogram of RFSM-2400 modem ........................................................................ 343
Picture 349: Spectrum of Robust Packet Radio ............................................................................ 344
Picture 350: Expanded spectrum of Robust Packet Radio ............................................................ 344
Picture 351: Spectrum of ROS....................................................................................................... 345
Picture 352: Sonagram of ROS with pre-carrier .......................................................................... 345
Picture 353: Spectrum of ROU-FEC ............................................................................................. 346
Picture 354: Spectrum of RS-ARQ II ............................................................................................. 347
Picture 355: Frame structure of the HF Modem GM2100............................................................ 348
Picture 356: Spectrum of the HF Modem GM2100....................................................................... 348
Picture 357: Spectrum of RUS MIL voice scrambler with FSK lower/upper band ....................... 351
Picture 358: FSK oscilloscope of FSK carrier of the RUS MIL voice scrambler ......................... 351
Picture 359: Spectrum of Marconi 25tone .................................................................................... 352
26
Picture 360: Spectrum and Sonagram of Marconi 25tone ............................................................ 352

Picture 361: Spectrum of Siemens CHX-200 modem .................................................................... 353
Picture 362: Spectrum of SITOR A .............................................................................................. 353
Picture 363: Timing of a SITOR A signal in the oscilloscope display ........................................... 354
Picture 364: Spectrum of SKYFAX ................................................................................................ 355
Picture 365: Spectrum of a SSTV transmission calling CQ ........................................................... 357
Picture 366: SSTV VIS code .......................................................................................................... 360
Picture 367: Sonogram of SSTV with VIS code ............................................................................. 360
Picture 368: Sonagram of STANAG 4197 ..................................................................................... 362
Picture 369: Spectrum of a STANAG 4202 .................................................................................... 363
Picture 370: Framing of a STANAG 4202 ..................................................................................... 364
Picture 371: Spectrum of a typical STANAG 4285 signal ............................................................. 365
Picture 372: Framing of a STANAG 4285 signal .......................................................................... 365
Picture 373: Spectrum of a STANAG 4415 signal ......................................................................... 366
Picture 374: STANAG 4479 over STANAG 4444 .......................................................................... 367
Picture 375: Spectrum of a STANAG 4481 FSK............................................................................ 368
Picture 376: Spectrum of STANAG 4481 ....................................................................................... 368
Picture 377: Typical spectrum of a STANAG 4529 signal ............................................................ 369
Picture 378: Spectrum of STANAG 5031 with 75 bps and 42.5 Hz shift ....................................... 372
Picture 379: Spectrum of Systeme 3000 FEC mode ...................................................................... 373
Picture 380: Spectrum of TADIRAN AutoCall............................................................................... 374
Picture 381: Sonagram of TADIRAN AutoCall ............................................................................. 374
Picture 382: Spectrum of a Tadiran signal .................................................................................... 374
Picture 383: Spectrum with Sonagram .......................................................................................... 375
Picture 384: Spectrum of a TFM3 signal....................................................................................... 375
Picture 385: Spectrum of a TFM5 signal....................................................................................... 375
Picture 386: Spectrum Thales voice scrambler ............................................................................. 376
Picture 387: Sonagram of Thales voice scrambler ........................................................................ 376
Picture 388: Typical Spectrum of Throb........................................................................................ 377
Picture 389: Spectrum of TMS-430 modem ................................................................................... 377
Picture 390: Spectrum of a typical Twinplex signal ...................................................................... 379
Picture 391: Typical spectrum of a VFT signal ............................................................................. 381
Picture 392: Spectrum of VISEL .................................................................................................... 382
Picture 393: VISEL bit correlation ................................................................................................ 382
Picture 394: Spectrum of a WINMOR 4FSK ................................................................................. 383
Picture 395: Sonagram of a WINMOR 4FSK with CW ID ............................................................ 384
Picture 396: Spectrum od the AMSS carrier ................................................................................. 386
Picture 397: AMSS measurement of the baudrate ......................................................................... 386
Picture 398: Phase constellation of the AMSS signal .................................................................... 387
Picture 399: Spectrogram of single letter beacons ........................................................................ 391
Picture 400: Spectrum of CRY-2001 FSK...................................................................................... 393
Picture 401: Sonagram of CRY-2001 ............................................................................................ 393
Picture 402: Spectrum of a MK III buoy........................................................................................ 394
Picture 403: Oscilloscope display of a MK III .............................................................................. 395
Picture 404: Auto correlation function of a MK III ....................................................................... 395
27
Picture 405 : Typical track of a chirpsounder............................................................................... 395

Picture 406: Typical spektrum of a CODAR signal ...................................................................... 398
Picture 407: Oscilloscope display of a typical CODAR signal ..................................................... 398
Picture 408: Spectrum of a Datatrak signal .................................................................................. 399
Picture 409: Spectrum of a Digisonde 4D..................................................................................... 401
Picture 410: Chip sequence of a Digisonde 4D ............................................................................ 401
Picture 411: Spectrum of an EFR signal ....................................................................................... 402
Picture 412: Function of an Ocean Radar .................................................................................... 405
Picture 413: Transmission of LORAN-C ....................................................................................... 405
Picture 414: Spectrum of the MF radar at Juliusruh .................................................................... 408
Picture 415: Puls repetition time of the MF radar at Juliusruh ................................................... 408
Picture 416: Spectrum of a NAVTEX signal.................................................................................. 409
Picture 417: Spectrum of an OFDM ............................................................................................. 411
Picture 418: Spectrum of 48 x 48 OFDM NBTV ........................................................................... 413
Picture 419: Spectrum of 96 x 72 OFDM NBTV ........................................................................... 414
Picture 420: Spectrum of digital NBTV ........................................................................................ 414
Picture 421: Phase plane of digital NBTV .................................................................................... 415
Picture 422: Framing of digital NBTV .......................................................................................... 416
Picture 423: Baudrate measurement of digital NBTV ................................................................... 416
Picture 424: Spectrum of Hybrid NBTV ........................................................................................ 420
Picture 425: Sonagram of Hybrid NDTV ...................................................................................... 420
Picture 426: Spectrum of a BCPSK signal of NDS200 DGPS ...................................................... 421
Picture 427: Phase spectrum of NDS200 DGPS signal with 100 Bd peaks .................................. 422
Picture 428: Phase plane of NDS200 DGPS signal ...................................................................... 422
Picture 429: Over the horizon radar (OTHR) ............................................................................... 423
Picture 430: French OTHR with 25ms pulses or 40 pulses per second (pps) ............................... 424
Picture 431: CIS OTHR ABM-2 with 100ms pulses or 10 pps ...................................................... 424
Picture 432: Cyprus OTHR with 20ms pulses or 50 pps ............................................................... 424
Picture 433: IRAN OTHR with 30ms pulses or 33 pps ................................................................. 424
Picture 434: OTHR SuperDARN with 25ms or 40 pps.................................................................. 424
Picture 435: Chirp OTHR with 20ms or 50 pps ............................................................................ 424
Picture 436: HF spectrum around 13.560 MHz ............................................................................ 425
Picture 437: Audio spectrum of RFID tags ................................................................................... 425
Picture 438: Pulses of RFID tags .................................................................................................. 426
Picture 439: Spectrum and sonagram of a BRAS signal ............................................................... 427
Picture 440: Timing of the BRAS system ....................................................................................... 428
Picture 441: Timing of the RS-10 system ...................................................................................... 428
Picture 442: BRAS-3/RS-10 burst sequence master ...................................................................... 429
Picture 443: BRAS-3/RS-10 burst sequence slave......................................................................... 429
Picture 444: Spectrum of a SuperDARN ....................................................................................... 431
Picture 445: Sonagram of a 7s operation of SuperDARN ............................................................. 432
Picture 446: Pulse sequence of a SuperDARN .............................................................................. 432
Picture 447: Frequency sweep of a FMCW signal ........................................................................ 435
Picture 448: Function of a wave radar ......................................................................................... 435
28
List of Tables
Table 1: C4FM symbol table ........................................................................................................... 49

Table 2: Bit value for QPSK ............................................................................................................ 55
Table 3: Phase shifts for CQPSK ..................................................................................................... 57
Table 4: Bit values for DQPSK ........................................................................................................ 59
Table 5: Bit values for QAM ............................................................................................................ 60
Table 6: Different description for data levels .................................................................................. 68
Table 7: Code table for ITA2, ITA2P and ITA3 ............................................................................... 82
Table 8: Russian MTK2 alphabet .................................................................................................... 83
Table 9: Code table for CCIR476-4, HNG-FEC and PICCOLO MK VI alphabetsITA 2 ............... 84
Table 10: ASCII table ...................................................................................................................... 88
Table 11: CCIR 493 alphabet .......................................................................................................... 90
Table 12: X.25 Packet frame ......................................................................................................... 102
Table 13: Common used transmission modes ................................................................................ 113
Table 14: Terms and their description ........................................................................................... 114
Table 15: Determination of necessary bandwidths for emissions ................................................. 122
Table 16: Table of waveforms and possible user sorted by Baud rate .......................................... 135
Table 17: ALE 3G call types .......................................................................................................... 141
Table 18: Tone layout for ALE400 ................................................................................................ 142
Table 19: ARQ-S repetition cycle .................................................................................................. 149
Table 20: ARQ-SWE repetition cycle............................................................................................. 150
Table 21: BR6028 channel frequencies ......................................................................................... 160
Table 22: BR6029C channel frequencies....................................................................................... 162
Table 23: Tone layout for the 500 Hz variant ................................................................................ 164
Table 24: Tone layout for the 400 Hz variant ................................................................................ 164
Table 25: Tone layout of CHN MIL 8FSK ..................................................................................... 166
Table 26: Tone layout CHN hybrid modem 4FSK-OFDM20 ........................................................ 168
Table 27: Tone layout of the CHN hybrid modem ......................................................................... 169
Table 28: Frequencies of the Chinese 4+4 modem ....................................................................... 172
Table 29: Tone layout CIS VFT 3 channels 100 bd ....................................................................... 198
Table 30: CLOVER-II tone frequencies ......................................................................................... 202
Table 31: CLOVER-II modulation modes...................................................................................... 203
Table 32: CLOVER 2000 Modulation formats .............................................................................. 205
Table 33: Clover 2000 modes and data rates ................................................................................ 206
Table 34: CLOVER 2500 tone frequencies .................................................................................... 206
Table 35: CLOVER 2500 Modulation ........................................................................................... 207
Table 36: CODAN tone frequencies .............................................................................................. 208
Table 37: Tone frequencies for CODAN 12 channel mode ........................................................... 209
Table 38: Most common modes of Contestia ................................................................................. 211
Table 39: Coquelet tone frequencies ............................................................................................. 213
Table 40: Coquelet tone frequencies ............................................................................................. 214
Table 41: Frequencies used by Coquelet ....................................................................................... 215
Table 42: Crowd 36 control sequences.......................................................................................... 216
Table 43: Morse alphabet .............................................................................................................. 219
29
Table 44: Data structure of DGPS ................................................................................................ 220

Table 45: PRC Message Broadcast Parameters ........................................................................... 222
Table 46: DominoEX waveforms ................................................................................................... 225
Table 47: DRM OFDM parameter ................................................................................................ 232
Table 48: DRM OFDM number of carriers .................................................................................. 232
Table 49: Number of carrier for WinDRM .................................................................................... 235
Table 50: Data rates of WinDRM.................................................................................................. 235
Table 50: Controll codes DUP-ARQ ............................................................................................. 237
Table 51: Abbreviations in FAX transmissions ............................................................................. 245
Table 52: Geographical letter groups ........................................................................................... 245
Table 53: ID's of Globe Wireless coast stations ............................................................................ 248
Table 54: Used HFDL frequencies sorted by ID ........................................................................... 264
Table 55: Ground stations using HFDL identified by ID .............................................................. 264
Table 56: Annex 10 Audio frequencies .......................................................................................... 266
Table 57: Tone layout for Japan 8-tone ASK ................................................................................ 275
Table 58: Tone layout of Japan 32-tone OFDM modem............................................................... 278
Table 59: JT65 tone separation for the modes A/B/C ................................................................... 282
Table 60: LINK 11 frequencies ..................................................................................................... 285
Table 61: Tone table for MD 1061 ................................................................................................ 294
Table 62: Tone table for MD 1142 ................................................................................................ 294
Table 63: Frequencies of MFSK-16 .............................................................................................. 296
Table 64: MIL STD 188-110A ser data rate versus FEC .............................................................. 302
Table 65: Tone layout Mil 188-110A 16 tone................................................................................ 303
Table 66: Tone layout Mil 188-110A 16 tone variant ................................................................... 303
Table 67: Modulation types used for MIL STD 110B Appendix C ................................................ 304
Table 68: Baud rates of MIL 188-110C Appendix D .................................................................... 306
Table 69: Table of ALE tone frequencies ...................................................................................... 307
Table 70: Waveforms of ALE 3G ................................................................................................... 310
Table 71: Tone layout MIL STD 188-342 ..................................................................................... 311
Table 72: MT 63 transmission modes............................................................................................ 312
Table 73: Most common modes of Olivia ...................................................................................... 315
Table 74: Different PACTOR I modes ........................................................................................... 318
Table 75: PACTOR II modes ......................................................................................................... 319
Table 76: PACTOR III speed levels .............................................................................................. 321
Table 77: PACTOR III relation between speed level and used tones ............................................ 321
Table 78: Speed levels of PACTOR VI .......................................................................................... 323
Table 79: Tone frequencies for Piccolo 6/12 ................................................................................ 328
Table 80: Character/tone combination ......................................................................................... 329
Table 81: Character/tone combination for inverted mode ............................................................ 330
Table 82: Character/tone combination for PICOOLO 12 ............................................................ 333
Table 83: PSK10 character set ...................................................................................................... 335
Table 84: GM2100 transmission modes ........................................................................................ 348
Table 85: Most common modes of RTTYM ................................................................................... 350
Table 86: SSTV tones used ............................................................................................................ 357
Table 87: Different SSTV modes ................................................................................................... 359
30
Table 88: Tone layout STANAG 4197 16 tone part ....................................................................... 361
Table 89: Tone layout STANAG 4197 39 tone part ....................................................................... 362
Table 90: STANAG 4285 transmission modes ............................................................................... 364
Table 91: LPC10 2400 bps and 800 bps parameters .................................................................... 367
Table 92: STANAG 4529 transmission modes ............................................................................... 369
Table 93: Waveforms of STANAG 4538 ........................................................................................ 370
Table 94: TWINPLEX modes ......................................................................................................... 378
Table 95: TWINPLEX shift modes ................................................................................................. 379
Table 96: Typical parameters for VFT .......................................................................................... 380
Table 97: Centre frequencies in different VFT systems ................................................................. 381
Table 98: Transmission slots of the amateur radio beacon system ............................................... 390
Table 99: Schedule for the amateur radio beacon system ............................................................. 390
Table 100: Russian single letter beacons ...................................................................................... 392
Table 101: Typical cluster of single letter beacons ....................................................................... 392
Table 102: Known Datatrak systems and their frequencies .......................................................... 400
Table 103: Byte structure of the EFR signal.................................................................................. 402
Table 104: EUROFIX modulation pattern combination................................................................ 403
Table 105: LORAN chains and their identification numbers......................................................... 406
Table 106: LORAN Data Channel message components .............................................................. 407
Table 107: NAVTEX identification letters ..................................................................................... 409
Table 108: Structure of a NAVTEX message ................................................................................. 409
Table 109: OFDM NBTV modes.................................................................................................... 412
Table 110: Modes of digital NBTV ................................................................................................ 418
Table 111: Frequencies for NDS200 DGPS system ...................................................................... 421
Table 112: Frequencies of the RSDN 20 system ............................................................................ 426
Table 113: Frequency setup of the BRAS system for one chain (Semba) .................................. 428
Table 114: Location of SuperDARN transmitter ........................................................................... 430
Table 115: Active time signal stations ........................................................................................... 433
Table 116: Parameter of the WERA system ................................................................................... 434
Table 117: International callsigns ................................................................................................. 441
Table 118: Country codes .............................................................................................................. 445
Table 119: Translation of a four digit SELCALL number ............................................................. 446
Table 120: Translation of a five digit SELCALL number .............................................................. 447
Table 121: Coast station identification numbers by blocks and countries .................................... 449
Table 122: Allocation of MID's ..................................................................................................... 454
Table 123: NATO routing indicators ............................................................................................. 456
Table 124: List circuits and their routing indicators ..................................................................... 459
Table 125: Circuits in the AFTN.................................................................................................... 463
Table 126: Priority levels in AFTN messages................................................................................ 464
Table 127: Table of AFTN message contents ................................................................................ 465
Table 128: Letter groups in NOTAM messagesWeather Forecast (TAF and METAR) ................. 472
Table 129: Description of METAR groups .................................................................................... 475
Table 130: Teleprinter Alphabets for Comparison ........................................................................ 476
Table 131: Q-codes ........................................................................................................................ 493
Table 132: X-codes ........................................................................................................................ 494
31
Table 133: Z-codes ........................................................................................................................ 504

Table 134: Abbreviations .............................................................................................................. 513
32
Removed Signals
There are some modulations and systeme which ar not used anymore. To keep the number of
pages in a useable range, those signals are deleted where the probabilty is very high that they
never will be active on shortwave.
At the moment these are the following signals:
ALF
DECCA
OMEGA
D-OMEGA
(2013)
(2013)
(2013)
(2013)
This list will grow with the next editions. In brackets you will find the year of removment.
33
34
General
For years shortwave radio has been used for communication beyond the line of sight. With the
introduction of world wide satellite services in the geostationary or low earth orbits HF radio
communication lost more and more in interest.
But with the introduction of new, sophisticated modems and digital broadcast services in high quality
HF communication has seen a renewal during the last years.
Shortwave radio, however, has some qualities that will ensure its attractiveness for some time. The
most important one for commercial users is that there is no charge for using the ionosphere.
In the military context this translates to low cost, potentially global communication that has the
important attributes of national ownership and military control.
And in comparison to satellite services shortwave communication is harder to disrupt.
The good old radio for shortwave has been perfected during the last years in several ways.
Information data rates of a few tens of bits per second were increased to more than 19200 bit/s by
sophisticated modem techniques and error correction. Algorithms were created to adapt
transmission parameters to channel quality or initiate a change to a better channel. Passive and
active channel analysis, i.e. sending and measuring test signals on assigned pool frequencies have
been developed to solve problems of channel distortions.
For example an automatic link setup (ALE) according to an international standard is performed with
a flexible address pattern. Automation guarantees a link setup whenever a useful frequency is found
in the pool.
TCP/IP is the most widely used network protocol and supported by the majority of computers and
software. This international standard ensures interoperability of very different platforms or operating
systems. Most equipment for shortwave like modems and radios are able to interface with local
networks by LAN. Even conversions form ISDN networks, GSM, PSTN and others are possible.
New developments are expected which will enhance the capabilities of transmission protocols and
modem technology for higher transmission speed. Using wider bandwidths will also achieve higher
data rates.
By intensifying the modulation/coding higher data rates and throughputs are possible. With modern
processor technology the adaptation of transmission parameters to the channel conditions will give a
higher quality for the exchange of information via shortwave.
All these circumstances will present old modes with improvements but mainly new modes with their
unique sound to the shortwave listener.
This book has been written to help the listener on shortwave in identifying the different modes or
waveforms which are active throughout the shortwave band. It will never be complete. New
waveforms are heard nearly every month. Due to the sophisticated possibilities of modern modems
the signal analyses becomes more and more very difficult.
35
But this book will give a good overview which techniques are state of the art today. It has to be
mentioned that most of the pictures were produced with the decoder CODE 300-32 by HOKA, but
some pictures are made with the PROCEED decoder by PROCITEC GmbH.
This book is divided in four main parts:
Basic information
Waveforms used on shortwave
Tables to help identifying stations or circuits on shortwave
Abbreviations and Index
The first part basic information is giving an overview about common modulation techniques with a
short description and how they look like in the spectrum or phase plane display. This part also
describes standard expressions from the field of coding, error correction and so on which are often
used in the field of radio communication.
The following section describes most of the waveforms which can be heard on shortwave. Where
ever possible the waveform is described with its main parameter. If there is any further information
available like framing, coding aso. these are also described.
The next part is showing some tables and description which are useful for identifying stations or
circuits.
The book finishes with the abbreviation table and the index.
In comparison to the previous version the descriptions of waveforms used on VHF/UHF has been
moved to a second book called Technical Handbook for Radio Monitoring VHF/UHF. This step was
necessary because the number of pages was increasing above 800 which is very difficult to handle.
36
HF Modes
The following part of the Technical Handbook describes waveforms in different depths. Wherever
possible the different waveforms are described and enriched by spectrum, phase plane or
oscilloscope pictures.
On top of the page is written the used name. Below the name is also mentioned other known names
for the same waveform.
General Information
In the following descriptions there are different sort of illustrations for the described waveforms.
Wherever possible the spectrum is shown. But there are also pictures for phase constellations,
correlation functions, sonagram and so on.
These different type of pictures are described in the following part.
Spectrum
The spectrum display is showing the audio frequency range from 0 Hz to 5500 Hz (sometimes a
larger bandwidth with 11 kHz or 22 kHz is used). The spectrum is the result of a Fast Fourier
Transformation (FFT) calculated on the samples of the used audio card.
Sonagram
The sonagram view displays the relation between frequency, time and amplitude of a signal. One
axis shows the frequency similar to the spectrum display, the second axis the time. The amplitude of
the signal is displayed in the colour of the signal.
Oscilloscope
The oscilloscope display is showing the amplitude behaviour of a signal either as direct audio signal
or the constellation after demodulation of the signal. For FSK or MFSK signals in the vertical domain
the audio frequency is shown instead of the amplitude of a signal.
Phase Spectrum
For determination of the speed of a PSK signal the phase spectrum is used. Without any zoom the
display is similar to the normal spectrum view. Because PSK signals very often also produce a n
amplitude modulation with a peak at the symbol rate. By zooming into the spectrum these peaks can
be determined and allow the measurement of the symbol rate.
137
Phase Plane
This display is also sometimes called a vector scope. It displays any frequency or phase
modulation as a rotary vector. The phase plane is used to show the phase constellation of
phase modulated signals.
Speed Bit Analyses
This function is similar to a FAX display. The bit information is displayed as a line with black for a 1
and nothing for a 0. With the correct baud rate patterns in the bit stream can be recognized.
Bit Correlation, Autocorrelation Function (ACF)

The Autocorrelation Function is used to analyse the repetition of bit pattern in a bit stream. If these
repetition are constant the ACF will show a peak at a value related to the length of bit pattern with is
repeated. These values can range from 2 over 7.5 (like in Baudot with 1.5 stop bit), 11 (like in a
ASCII transmission with 1 start, 1 stop and 1 parity bit , up to i.e. 64 for STANAG 4529. The ACF
value is very specific for various modes.
138
1.
AFS Navy FSK
This FSK modem is using a baud rate of 130.36 Bd and a shift of 700 Hz. Traffic is always
encrypted. The modem is in use of the AFS navy.
The spectrum is shown in the following picture:
Picture 58: Spectrum of an AFS navy modem
2.
ALE 3G
STANAG 4538, MIL STD 188-110A, MIL STD 188-141B App. C

ALE 3G is the third generation of automatic link establishment. It is based on the MIL STD 188-110
with a centre frequency of 1800 Hz and a symbol rate of 2400 Bd. ALE 3G has a burst length of
613.33 ms or 1472 PSK symbols. The payload is always 26 bit. The preamble has a length of 160
ms or 384 PSK symbols. The modulation is 8PSK.
The following spectrum shows an ALE 3G.
Picture 59: Spectrum of an ALE 3G

The typical phase constellation of a 8PSK is as following:
139
Picture 60: Phase constellation of an ALE 3G 8PSK signal

ALE 3G has the possibility to work in an asynchronous mode as ALE 2G but achieves the best
performance with a synchronous mode. In the synchronous mode a fixed structure for transmissions
and listening to a channel is used. Each so called dwell structure has a length of 4 seconds. The
timing is divided into 5 different slots with 800ms each. The next figure shows the dwell structure of
an ALE 3G.
Picture 61: Dwell structure of an ALE 3G

Each dwell period starts with a listen slot where the modem tries to detect traffic in the specific
channel. This listen slot is followed by the calling slots which are used for exchanging protocol data
units (PDU). The PDU has a length of 613 ms and allows 70 ms for propagation delay and 100 ms
for synchronisation uncertainty.
If a calling station detects a handshake PDU it will stop its own call. If the channels are free it will call
in a slot and will listen to a handshake PDU in the next slot.
The following picture shows the different PDUs which are used in an ALE 3G:
140
Picture 62: ALE 3G protocol data units

During the call a 3 bit call type is used. These types are listed in the following table.
Call Type
Packet Data
HF Modem Circuit
Voice Circuit
High-Quality Circuit
Unicast
Multicast
Link release
Description
Traffic will use the ALE 3G protocol,
negative SNR is ok
Traffic will use an HF data modem.
Needs positive SNR
Order wire voice traffic. Needs SNR
> 10 to 15 dB
Traffic needs higher SNR than order
wire
One-to-one call, caller will designate
the traffic channel
One-to-many call, caller will
designate the traffic channel
Caller announces release of called
station (or stations) and the traffic
channel
Table 17: ALE 3G call types
141
3.
ALE400
Automatic Link Setup

ALE400 is an 8FSK waveform for automatic link establishment developed by Patrick Lindecker
F6CTE derived from the MIL STD 188-141A with a narrow bandwidth of 400 Hz so that this mode
can be used in 500 Hz channels. It has exactly the same functions as the standard ALE. The baud
rate was reduced to 50 Bd. The tone distance between carriers is 50 Hz.
Related to a centre frequency of 1625 Hz this gives the following tone layout:
Tone
Number
Frequency
in Hz
Binary
Value
1450
1500
1550
1600
1650
1700
1750
1800
000
001
011
010
110
111
101
100
Table 18: Tone layout for ALE400
Picture 63: Spectrum of ALE400
Picture 64: Expanded spectrum of ALE400
142
4.
ALIS
Automatic Link Setup

ALIS is the automatic link processor and frequency management system used by all Rhode &
Schwarz modems besides ALE. ALIS is using narrowband FSK with 228.66 Bd and a shift of 170
Hz.
Picture 65: Spectrum of an ALIS signal

With the ALIS software selected for the Data Link Processor R&S GS2200, the following functions
are automatically handled by the processor:
Continuous passive channel analysis of all pool frequencies during scanning mode
Channel selection by means of computation of the optimum working frequency from a pool
of frequencies
Reliable and fast link setup at the optimum available frequency
Selective calling addresses (up to 9999)
Automatic transmission of status
o Type of modulation
o Speed of data transmission
o Type of data protection (FEC, ARQ, PRP)
Automatic error correction (ARQ or PRP) and adaptive response during message
transmission, either at a data rate of 228.66 Bd (normal FSK modulation, basic feature) or
with additional HF data modem up to 5400 bit/s
Data transmission format
o 5 bit Baudot (telex)
o 7 bit ASCII (text files from PCs)
o 8 bit ASCII (text and binary files etc)
Message length: unlimited
Depending on the requirements:

o Preferred or existing method
o Link setup with or without adaptive response
o Response to interference on the radio link (ARQ)
o Frequency economy, spectrum pollution and probability of intercept considerations
o Operator convenience, error correction and expandability
o Interoperability with legacy systems and those of other manufacturers
143
The following sonagram shows the typical link set up procedure of the R & S ALIS:
Picture 66: Sonagram ALIS link setup procedure
5.
ALIS 2
Improved Automatic Link Setup

ALIS 2 is a burst 8 tones MFSK ARQ system made by Rohde & Schwarz with a standard speed of
240 Bd (equivalent to 720 bit/s).
Shift between tones is 240 Hz, and the tone duration is 4.15254 ms.
A preamble which contains an identification code and has a length of 21 bits. The transmission block
consists of 55 tri-bits, resulting in 165 bits per frame. A 16 bit CRC checksum is used.
The system can use either 5 bits ITA2 or 8 bits ASCII ITA5 alphabet.
Picture 67: Spectrum of ALIS 2
144
6.
ARD9800 OFDM 36ch Modem
ARD9800
This modem developed by AOR is using OFDM as modulation method. The OFDM is using 36
carriers in the range from 300 Hz - 2500 Hz. The symbol rate of each carrier is 50 Bd with a guard
interval of 4 ms. The spacing between the carriers is 62.5 Hz. Each carrier is DQPSK modulated.
The error correction for voice is Golay & Hamming, for video/data Convolution & Reed-Solomon.
Each transmission starts with a header of 1 sec and consists of 3 tones and a BPSK training pattern
for synchronization.
For digital voice the AMBE2020 coder and decoder are used.
Picture 68: Spectrum of ARD9800-OFDM
Picture 69: Spectrum and Sonagram of ARD9800-OFDM
145
7.
ARQ-E
ARQ-N, ARQ-1000 duplex

ARQ-E is a synchronous duplex ARQ with the 2 stations on different frequencies. It is using the 7 bit
ITA 2-P alphabet with 4, 5 or 8 character repetition cycle, inverting every 4th, 5th or 8th character.
In the ARQ-N system all characters are erect. ARQ-N is mainly heard with 96 Bd.
Picture 70: Spectrum of an ARQ-E signal with 288 Bd

ARQ-E and ARQ-N are operating in duplex mode with baud rates of 48, 50, 64, 72, 96, 144, 184.6,
192 and 288 Bd.
8.
ARQ-E3
CCIR 519 Variant, TDM 342 1 Channel

ARQ-E3 is a synchronous duplex ARQ using the 7 bit error correcting ITA 3 alphabet with repetition
cycle of 4 or 8 characters.
Two stations are working on different frequencies as Master and Slave stations. If another faulty
code than the 35 combinations of the allowed alphabet is received a repetition request is initiated.
The RQ signal is initiating the retransmission. All characters are checked within one repetition cycle,
an error signal is triggering another repetition process immediately until all signals are received
correctly.
In a standard repetition cycle of 4 characters one RQ and three repeated characters and in a
repetition cycle of 8 characters one RQ and 7 repeated characters are transmitted.
146
Picture 71: Spectrum of ARQ-E3 in idle mode

Note: In idle mode ARQ-E3 is often detected as FEC 100!
ARQ-E3 is operating in duplex mode with baud rates of 48, 50, 96, 192 and 288 Bd.
Picture 72: ARQ-E3 Signal Structure
147
9.
ARQ-M2
TDM 242, TDM 342, CCIR 242, CCIR 342, ARQ-28

ARQ-M2 CCIR 242 is a synchronous duplex ARQ system using the 7 bit error correcting ITA 3
alphabet consisting of two or four channels in time division multiplex in a single radio channel.
The two stations use different frequencies for full duplex operation.
The 2 channel system is simply made from interleaving erect characters for channel A and inverted
characters for channel B, i.e. A, -B, A, -B, A, -B, A, -B etc.
ARQ - M2 is used on fixed lines between two stations. Due to their automatic transmission they often
have long idling periods in which no information is transmitted. These periods can be recognized by
a typical rhythm on the signal. If there is any information transmitted this rhythm is not audible.
The main baud rate is 96 and 200 Bd.
10.
ARQ-M4
TDM 242, TDM 342, CCIR 242, CCIR 342-2, ARQ-56

ARQ M4 CCIR 342 is a synchronous duplex ARQ, which uses the ITA 3 alphabet 7 bit. Two or four
channels in TDM (time division multiplex) are possible.
Two stations are working on different frequencies, working as ISS (transmitting) and
IRS (receiving) station.
At start of a cycle the first characters of all channels are inverted;
1 channel: A-channel erect
2 channel: A-channel erect, B-channel inverted, character interleaved.
4 channel: A-channel erect, B-channel inverted, C-channel inverted, D-channel erect
Channels A and B character interleaved, A/B and C/D bit interleaved.
Marked cycles of 4 and 8 characters.
ARQM4 is used on fixed lines between two stations. Due to their automatic transmission they often
have long idling periods in which no information is transmitted. These periods can be recognized by
a typical rhythm on the signal. If there is any information transmitted this rhythm is not audible.
148
Picture 73: Typical spectrum of an ARQ-M4

This system was mainly heard with 192 Bd.
11.
ARQ-S
ARQ 1000-S, Siemens ARQ 1000

ARQ-S is a synchronous simplex ARQ using the 7 bit error correcting ITA 3 alphabet with the
addition of 1 bit for parity-check. The receiving station is checking the 3:4 ratio of the ITA 3 code. If
the pulse polarity is not corresponding to this ratio, an automatically repetition is initiated. The
additional parity of 1 bit is reducing the error rate. The receiving station is transmitting an
acknowledgement signal RQ if the character block is received correctly and requests the next block.
If the received block contains errors a repetition is requested. If the acknowledgement signal is not
received correctly, a special character for retransmission is transmitted.
Two stations use the same frequency, working as ISS (transmitting) and IRS (receiving) stations.
For automatic setting - up selective calling is possible also FEC operation with error correction
in time diversity mode for broadcast transmissions.
Every odd numbered cycle has all bits inverted. Repetition cycle timings for block lengths of 3, 4, 5,
6 or 7 characters are as follows:
Cycle
438 ms
583 ms
729 ms
875 ms
1021 ms
Characters
3 characters at 7 bits
Transmission
219 ms
292 ms
365 ms
438 ms
510 ms
Pause
219 ms
292 ms
365 ms
438 ms
510 ms
Table 19: ARQ-S repetition cycle

For FEC operation every message is transmitted twice in a time diversity procedure. After a space of
15 characters the first transmission is repeated. If a character block is received with errors, the
system is waiting for the second transmission to print the correct information. If this is also not
possible this character is replaced by a blank space.
149
12.
ARQ-SWE
SWED ARQ, CCIR 518 Variant

ARQ-SWE is a synchronous simplex ARQ using the error correcting 7 bit ITA 3 alphabet with one
extra bit for parity checking.
Two stations use the same frequency, working as ISS (transmitting) and IRS (receiving) stations.
Every odd cycle has all the bits inverted. According to the quality of the radio link SW ARQ can
change the block length between 3, 9 or 22 characters. A block length of 3 characters is identical to
SITOR A.
The repetition cycle is as follows:
Cycle
450 ms
Characters
Transmission
210 ms
210 ms
Pause
900 ms
630 ms
270 ms
1800 ms
1540 ms
260 ms
Table 20: ARQ-SWE repetition cycle

SW ARQ is normally using 100 Bd and a shift of typical 400 Hz.
This system, based on normal SITOR, was used by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) of Sweden.
A similar ARQ was used by the MFA of Norway but without changing the character cycle.
Picture 74: Spectrum of ARQ-SWE
150
13.
ARQ 6-70S
CCIR 518 variant S

ARQ 6-70 is a synchronous simplex ARQ using the 7 bit error correcting ITA3 alphabet with two
stations (usually) on the same frequency, one of them called the ISS (transmitting), the other the IRS
(receiving) station.
Complete repetition cycle is as follows:
ARQ 6-70: 350 ms: 6 characters at 35 ms = 210 ms with 140 ms pause.
ARQ 6-70 is working with 200 Bd.
14.
ARQ 6-90/98
CCIR 518 variant

SITOR ARQ 6-90/98 is a synchronous simplex ARQ using the 7 bit error correcting CCIR 476
alphabet with two stations (usually) on the same frequency, one of them called the ISS
(transmitting), the other the IRS (receiving) station. Each transmitted block contains 6 characters or
42 bit.
Complete repetition cycle is as follows:
ARQ 6-90/98 is working with 200 Bd.
Picture 75: Spectrum of an ARQ 6-90
151
Picture 76: Oscilloscope display of ARQ 6-90
15.
ASCII
IRA-ARQ ITA No.5

ASCII is a continuous asynchronous signal with 1 start bit, 5, 6, or 7 data bits and optional a parity
bit and 1 stop bit. A character can consist of total 8, 9 and 10 bits. Parity can be none odd or even.
This system implements the parity check which means that one bit (parity bit) is added at the end for
error detection. The number of 1s is checked and if an odd number is found and parity has been
defined as ODD, then the parity bit should be 1, otherwise an error has occurred. If parity has been
defined as EVEN and an even number of 1s is found, then the parity bit should also be 1.
16.
AUM-13
AUM-13 is a MFSK which is transmitting numeric codes with a data rate of 8 Bd. This mode uses 10
tones for the transmission of the numbers 09 and 3 tones for message handling. On tone is
assigned as idle, one for the space and one for repetition.
The transmission starts with a sequence transmitted with 1Bd and is changing to 8 Bd for the data.
The total bandwidth is 480 Hz. The modulation is AM.
This slow speed allows an exchange of information even under poor conditions and multipath
propagation with fading.
152
Picture 77: Spectrum of AUM 13 signal
17.
AUS MIL ISB Modem
This ISB modem is in used of the Australian forces. It is using the upper and lower sideband with
different signals and modulation. In the upper sideband is transmitted a 50 Bd signal with 340 Hz
shift and in the lower sideband a 600 Bd signal with 600 Hz shift.
Both modems are encrypted with no apparent ACF.
Picture 78: Spectrum of the AUS MIL ISB modem with both waveforms
153
Picture 79: Spectrum of the 50 Bd waveform
Picture 80: Spectrum of the 600 Bd waveform
18.
AUTOSPEC
AUTOSPEC with Spread 11, Spread 21, Spread 51

AUTOSPEC is a synchronous FEC system that converts the 7 1/2 unit ITA-2 code into 10 element
error detectable characters. It is used in one way or two way radio links. Single bit errors are
corrected.
The original Mark I was 0 interleave, MK II introduced 10 (the 'norm'), 20 and 50 character
interleave.
The system operates at 68.5 Bps for 50 Bd input and 102.75 Bps for 75 Bd input.
Picture 81: Spectrum of AUTOSPEC with 75 Bd

154
Contestia 8-1000 mode:
Picture 181:: Spectrum and sonagram of Contestia 8-1000 mode
Contestia 32-1000 mode:
Picture 182:: Spectrum and sonagram of Contestia 32-1000 mode
73.
Coquelet 8
Coquelet 8 is a French designed system based on sending 2 audio tones, in sequence from a
selection of 8 for each of the different characters to be sent.
Idle /standby condition is between tones 4 and 5.
212
The tones used have a space of 27 Hz for the 13.3 Bd system and 26.7 Hz for the 26.67 Bd system.
Both are grouped in 2 tone groups.
Tuning
Spectrum
Analyzer
full scale
Transmission
start
Only one tone
present
Idle conditions
Only the first
and the
last tone are
present
Transmission:
All eight tones
are present
Picture 183: Example of Coquelet-8 decoding
Tone assignment
1
773
2
800
3
826
Group 1
4
5
853
880
6
907
Table 39: Coquelet tone frequencies

213
7
933
8
960
9
880
Group 2
10
11
907
933
12
960
Picture 184: MFSK Coquelet-8 signal
74.
Coquelet 8 FEC
Coquelet 80
Coquelet 8 FEC is a synchronous system with error correction. Similar to Coquelet 8 the system is
using two tones assigned to two groups but with slightly different frequencies.
The FEC is done by transmitting every character twice with a specific time between both
transmissions. The second character has a different format caused by mathematical operations.
Tone assignment:
Group 1
1
773
2
800
3
827
4
853
5
880
Group
6
907
7
935
8
960
1
773
5
880
6
907
2
7
935
8
960
Table 40: Coquelet tone frequencies
75.
Coquelet 100
MFSK Modem ALCATEL 810

This robust waveform uses 8 tones which are modulated with different speeds of 16.7 and 100 Bd.
The tone spacing is 100 Hz.
214
Picture 185: Spectrum of Coquelet 100 with 16.7 Bd
76.
Coquelet 13
Coquelet MK1, French Multitone

Coquelet 13 is a French designed system based on sending 2 audio tones, each 75 ms, in sequence
from a selection of 12 for each of the different characters to be sent. Idle /standby condition is tone
0. This tone 0 is between the two centre tones 8 and 9, thus making tuning easy when the station is
in standby/ idling. The baud rate transmitted is 13.33 Bd and 20 Bd.
Tones used are No. 1 to 8 at 30 Hz apart for group I and tones No. 9 to 13 at 30 Hz apart for group
II.
Coquelet is using the ITA 2 characters. They are converted into tones by the following table:
Tone number
Frequency
in Hz
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0 (idle tone)
9
10
11
12
812
842
872
902
932
962
992
1022
1052
1082
1112
1142
1172
Bit 1
Bit 2
Bit 3
Bit 4
Bit 5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Table 41: Frequencies used by Coquelet

The two tones are selected from each frequency group for the transmitted characters.
215
Picture 186: Spectrum of Coquelet 13
77.
CROWD 36
CIS-36, Russian Piccolo, URS Multitone, CIS 10 11 11

It is Soviet MFSK full duplex system on two transmission frequencies that can be also used in
simplex mode. It uses 36 tones based on the British Piccolo.
This system runs usually at 40 Bd with a single tone lasting 25ms and hand keyed traffic between
operators at 10 Bd with a single tone lasting 100ms.
A spectrum analyzer will show the tones arranged in 3 distinct groups of 10+11+11 tones spaced 40
Hz. Tones 1, 12, 24 and 36 are rarely used so you are likely to see an 80 Hz gap between groups.
Each of the 32 tones represents one ITA2 character code. CIS diplomatic and Mil service is the main
user with suspected use by CIS Intel and Military services.
Idle tone is number 24. For encryption a shift register can be used. CROWD 36 is transmitting
blocks of ten data frames and an additional parity frame. Each data frame contains five data
characters with one parity character. In case an error is detected the receiving station requests
a frame repetition (NAK instead of ACK) from the last complete and correctly received frame.
There are several 4 letter groups or control sequences used for different transmission modes.
For example:
VDAE
VDBA
VDBG
VDGB
VDCB
VDCE
VDFB
VDEA
Change to chat modus
resynchronisation?
break
end of transmission
Table 42: Crowd 36 control sequences
216
Picture 187: Spectrum of CROWD 36
Preamble and
5 letter group transmission
Op chat :
RYRYRY and CFM
Op chat:
QSL and end of
transmission
Picture 188: Crowd 36 in sonagram display
78.
CROWD 36 Selective Calling
This mode is used for calling a station in the network outside the scheduled times.
217
Picture 189: Spectrum of CROWD 36 selective calling
Picture 190: Sonagram of CROWD 36 selective calling
79.
CW
Morse
The oldest data transmission, still in use by the Amateur community, Marine and Military
operations.
The standard code is as follows:
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
.-
-.-.
-..
.
..-.
--.
.
..
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
-.
--.--.
-.-.-.
..-
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
218
.---..---...
-.
--
---..
----.
.
,
?
(
)
.-.-.--..-..--..
-.--.
-.--.-..-..-.
..--..----.
J
K
L
M
.---..-..
--
W
X
Y
Z
.--..-.---..
0
/
+
=
-----..-.
.-.-.
--
:
;
$
---...
-.-.-.
...-..-
Table 43: Morse alphabet
80.
CW-F1B
FSK Morse, Morse F1B
In this special mode of a standard FSK the morse character are keyed by using the two frequencies
of the FSK.
81.
D AF VFT
This VFT with 3 channels is in use by the German Airforce. It is transmitting three channels with
144 Bd or 192 Bd and 340 Hz Shift. The shift between channels is 680 Hz.
This system can often be heard for communication training.
Picture 191: Spectrum of a D AF VFT signal
82.
DGPS
Differential Global Positioning System

DGPS transmissions are broadcasted in the 284.5 KHz to 325 KHz band which is allocated for
maritime radio navigation (radio beacons). Marine radio beacons are used to broadcast DGPS
219
signals on the main carrier using Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) modulation. DGPS stations have also
been monitored in the frequency range up to 7 MHz. The baud rate can be 100 Bd or 200 Bd. There
have been stations monitored with 300 Bd and a shift of 200 Hz.
Picture 192: Spectrum of a DGPS signal with 100 Bd

The modulated signal is containing DGPS information and the identification of the transmitting
DGPS station according to the RTCM SC104 standard. Broadcasted message types are 3, 5, 6, 7, 9
and 16.
DGPS data are transmitted in frames. The two first words of each frame are containing the reference
station ID, the message type, a sequence number and the health of the station. The station health
gives the resolution of the user differential range error (UDRE). Each data word has a length of 30
bits with 24 bits data and 6 bits parity.
Parameter
Preamble
Message type
Station number
Modified z count
Seq
N
Station health
Bits
8
6
10
13
3
5
3
Parity
2x6
Description
Fixed pattern 0110 0110
0 63
0 1023
Counts from 0 to 6000 every 0.6 s
Counts from 0 to 7
Number of data words following 0 - 31
111 = unhealthy broadcast
110 = unmonitored broadcast
101 = UDRE Scale Factor = 0.10
XOR
Table 44: Data structure of DGPS

TX numbers
The TX number in the first header word identifies the received beacon. Two numbers exits: 1. GPS
reference station number and 2. DGPS broadcast station number. Some authorities use the RTCM
standard and send the reference station number, others use the TX number.
220
Message types
Type 3 Message
A Type 3 message contains information on the identity and surveyed position of the active reference
station in the DGPS station. Two reference stations are provided in a DGPS station (dual
redundancy). At any given time one will be on air and the other will serve as a .hot standby. In the
event of a reference station changeover, the position coordinates which are broadcast in the Type 3
Message will change to reflect the other reference station surveyed position and its identity. The
Type 3 Message will contain NAD 83 coordinates since this system is the only one in North America
that can take advantage of the centimetre resolution provided in this message.
Type 5 Message
The Type 5 message will notify the user equipment suite that a satellite that is deemed unhealthy by
its current navigation message is usable for DGPS navigation. This is accomplished by the setting of
the Health Enable Function in the Type 5 Message by the reference station in order to indicate this
condition. An example of this situation is a slowly drifting satellite clock that may render a satellite
unhealthy for GPS use, but would be correctable by the reference station for DGPS use. The user
equipment suite should not use an unhealthy satellite unless a Type 5 Message allowing the use of
an unhealthy satellite was received within the last thirty minutes. If the most recent Type 5 Message
received does not indicate that an unhealthy satellite can be utilized, then the use of that satellite
should be discontinued if it were being used earlier (i.e. via a previous Type 5 Message).
Type 7 Message
A Type 7 Message provides information of its broadcasting DGPS station and the other two or three
adjacent DGPS stations. Where adjacent stations are under US jurisdiction, appropriate
arrangements will be made to provide reciprocal information. The user equipment suite should
update its internal almanac immediately as new information is received. Non volatile memory should
be employed to store the internal almanac. When a broadcast becomes unhealthy or unmonitored in
a DGPS coverage area, the Type 7 Message will be set to indicate the subject condition. Upon
receiving the next Type 7 message, the users equipment suite should immediately update its
internal almanac. Additionally, the user equipment suite is immediately notified by means of the
station health status indicator contained in the second word of the universal message header. The
user should be able to view the contents of the current Type 7 Message in order to obtain
information on coverage areas that may soon be entered.
Type 9 Message
Due to the advantages of greater impulse noise immunity, lower latency and a timely alarm
capability, the Type 9 Message has been selected for broadcasting pseudo range corrections
instead of the Type 1 Message. Two methods of transmitting the Type 9 message are possible.
Type 9-3 Message
The first method of broadcasting PRCs (Pseudo Range Corrections) is based upon Three-Satellite
Type 9 Messages. This is denoted as Type 9-3 Message. In this method all satellites for which
corrections are broadcast are assigned to either three satellite
221
Type 9 Messages or to a remainder message of either one or two satellites. The transmission rate
could be at either 100 or 200 bps. For example, the pseudo range corrections for eight satellites will
consist of three Type 9 Messages, two with 3 satellites and one with two satellites. An equal number
of corrections are broadcast for each satellite.
In order to optimize use of the UDRE Scale Factor in the message header, satellites will be grouped
in messages by their UDRE values. At a transmission rate of 200 bps this represents a minimum of
a forty percent reduction in message loss as compared to a Type 1 Message under high noise
conditions broadcast at the same bit rate. The relative latency of the different PRC message types is
illustrated in Figure 2 - note that since the corrections can be applied as soon as the parity is verified
for the words that contain a given correction, the latencies in Figure 3 are the maximum latencies.
PRC accuracy is for the most part a function of the latency of the Range Rate Correction (RRC)
since it is the only PRC component in which the error is a function of time. The error of the PRC (t0)
term is fixed at the time of measurement and any errors that result from its propagation are a
function of RRC accuracy. Figure 3 illustrates an additional advantage of the Type 9 Message - the
phasing of the PRCs. When the latency for certain satellites is nearing its maximum the latency for
others is very low. This provides a built-in immunity factor to high pseudo range accelerations on one
or more satellites. The potential to weight pseudo ranges on the basis of latency is readily apparent
and should be beneficial to the user. This method of transmitting a Type 9 message at 100 bps and
200 bps will be used for the standard and enhanced/multiple coverage areas respectively.
Type 9-1 Message
The second method of broadcasting pseudo range corrections is to broadcast individual Type 9
Messages for each satellite at a transmission rate of 50 Bps. This message is referred to as the
Single Satellite Type 9 Message. and is denoted in this document as the Type 9-1 Message. A
high level of impulse noise immunity is achieved by this technique that will extend the effective range
of the broadcast. Lower transmission rates such as 50 bps could not be used at this time because of
the need to meet the time to alarm requirement due to the length of the PRC Messages. An equal
number of corrections are broadcast for all satellites regardless of their pseudo range rates or
accelerations The following table summarizes the above mentioned methods of Type 9 message
transmission.
Method
1a
1b
21
Message Type
Type 9-3
Type 9-3
Type 9-1
Data Rate
200 Bps
100 Bps
50 Bps
Trans. Rate
200 Bps
100 Bps
50 Bps
Table 45: PRC Message Broadcast Parameters

Since each Type 9 Message contains the freshest possible corrections, the corrections contained in
each and every Type 9 Message are computed at different times (i.e. computed at the latest
possible time before broadcast). The user equipment suite can mix corrections that may have been
computed up to 30 seconds apart, thus the reference station should utilize a highly stable frequency
source, within one part in 10-11 (30 second Allan Variance). The use of a highly stable frequency
reference and a tightly controlled clock provides the additional benefit of allowing corrections for
each satellite to be applied as they are received, as long as the parity for both of the words which
contain a given correction is verified. This capability should be implemented for the Type 9 Message
in all user equipment suites. Generally, the Reference Station clock will be within 100 ns of GPS
time. Clock stability is of far greater priority then absolute time accuracy since PRC's are generated
relative to each other for a given Reference Station. The shorter message length and greater
frequency of preambles provided by the Type 9 Message result in a substantially improved impulse
noise performance as compared with the Type 1 Message. The higher rate of preambles allows a
222
much faster re-synchronization, especially during high noise periods. As previously discussed, even
in low noise conditions the Type 9-3 Message provides a lower latency than the Type 1 Message,
making it advantageous when operating with a low data rate as well as in high noise environments.
This is especially useful since the position error growth due to latency is non-linear.
If a satellite suddenly becomes unhealthy when in use by a given reference station the PRC (to) and
the RRC are set to predefined values as delineated in RTCM SC104 (Version 2.1) that designate
this condition.
Type 16 Message
The Type 16 message will be utilized as a timely supplement to the notice to mariners or shipping,
regarding information on the status of the local DGPS service that is not provided in other message
types. Additionally, the Type 16 Message may provide limited information on service outages in
adjacent coverage areas or planned outages for scheduled maintenance at any broadcast site. In
order to keep data link loading to a minimum, Type 16 Messages will contain only system
information that is crucial to the safety of navigation. Any broadcast of the Type 16 Message will not
exceed 4.8 seconds. At 200 bps this translates into 32 words that allow a maximum 90 characters
after accounting for the message header. The Type 16 Message is not intended to act as a
substitute for the notice to mariners, even though it pertains to DGPS information. Type 16
Messages will be utilized to alert the user of an outage condition for which a broadcast in an
adjacent coverage area may be unhealthy, unmonitored, or unavailable. This information would be
useful to the mariner who is planning a transit through an affected area or whose equipment suite is
presently incapable of automatic selection from the beacon almanac. Further details of an outage
condition can be derived from the Type 7 Message for route planning purposes.
DGPS Message Scheduling
The routine data stream will consist mainly of message types 3, 7, & 9 and broadcast of message
types 5,6 and 16 will be on an exceptional basis. Due to the advent of continuous tracking receivers
the Type 2 Message is no longer required and its use would only serve to increase the latency of the
broadcast. For each new Issue of Data (IOD) there will be a 90 second delay before the broadcast
pseudo range corrections are computed with the new IOD. Ninety seconds should be more than
adequate for a continuously tracking DGPS receiver, as it will be able to instantaneously read the
navigation messages as they are broadcast from each satellite. Any short term blockage of a
satellite at IOD, such as passing under a bridge, are compensated for by the ninety second delay.
This method of handling a new IOD requires the user equipment suite to store both the new and the
old IOD for the subject period. Message Types 3, 5, 7, 15 and 16 will not be broadcast within 90
seconds of each other under any circumstances.
Type 3 Message
Type 3 Messages will be broadcast at fifteen and forty-five minutes past the hour.
Type 5 Message
If an unhealthy satellite is deemed usable for DGPS, a Type 5 Message will be broadcast at fifteen
minute intervals beginning at five minutes past the hour. If an unhealthy satellite that was deemed
usable is later deemed unusable the reference station will no longer broadcast corrections for the
subject satellite.
Type 7 Message
223
A routine Type 7 Message will be broadcast at ten minute intervals beginning at seven minutes past
the hour. Special Type 7 Messages will be broadcast as soon as possible, subject to the other
scheduling constraints, when the status of a beacon in the almanac changes. This will aid the user
equipment suite in its choice of the proper beacon.
Type 9 Message
Pseudo range corrections will be broadcast only for satellites at an elevation angle of 7.5 degrees or
higher through use of the Type 9 Message. The official GPS coverage is based on elevation angles
of ten degrees or higher. Satellites at elevation angles lower than 7.5 degrees are adversely affected
by spatial decorrelation, multipath, and minimal processing time between acquisition and actual use.
The level of 7.5 degrees is identical to that recommended by RTCA Special Committee 159.
Corrections for all satellites in view above the mask angle will be broadcast. Positioning users of the
system who are interested in achieving the highest accuracy level possible should use a higher
mask angle in order to avoid the more pronounced atmospheric effects associated with satellites at
low elevation angles. When a reference station drops a satellite it will broadcast an indication to the
user equipment suite to stop applying corrections for that satellite to its navigation solution
Type 16 Message
This message type will be broadcast as deemed necessary but within strict limits. The interval
between successive Type 16 Messages will be no less than three minutes.
83.
DominoF
DominoF is an experimental amateur mode with dual interleaved tone sets, each of 16 tones.
DominoF uses a tone spacing of 10.766 Hz. The total bandwidth is 213 Hz.
In fact, 18 tones (2 x 9) are used to limit the rotations. A character is composed of 2 symbols of 3
bits each, each symbol being sent on a tone set (first symbol on J1 then second symbol on J2).
The character set has 62 characters (lower case, numbers and some punctuation) & an error reset
character (6 bits long characters) & a synchronization character.
DOMINO is the name given by the developers to a family of IFK coded coherent phase single tone
MFSK keyed modes, using sequential tones in spectrum-managed orthogonal tone sets
The tone sets are arranged so that ionospheric modulation products cannot easily spill from one
possible tone position to another or from one symbol to the next. In DominoF, this was done by
double-spacing the tones and interleaving the tone sets. DominoF had two independent tone sets,
used alternately, to ensure that tones could not overlap. Another advantage was that the alternation
is very quickly detected as an odd-even component in the receiver FFT, and this was used to
provide sync. Sync lock-up time was well under one second. Interleaving the tone sets does reduce
the necessary bandwidth.
224
84.
DominoEX
DominoEX is an experimental amateur mode using a MFSK with 18 tones which are separated by a
shift which is related to the transmission speed. The main data of this waveform are collected in the
following table:
Mode
DominoEX 4
DominoEX 7
DominoEX 8
DominoEX 11
DominoEX 16
DominoEX 22
Baud rate
WPM
Tone Shift
3.90625 Bd
5.3833 Bd
7.8125 Bd
10.766 Bd
15.625 Bd
21.533 Bd
27
38
55
77
110
154
7.8125 Hz
10.766 Hz
15.625 Hz
10.766 Hz
15.625 Hz
21.533 Hz
Total
Bandwidth
140 Hz
194 Hz
281 Hz
194 Hz
281 Hz
388 Hz
Table 46: DominoEX waveforms

DominoEX is using the incremental frequency keying (IFK).
Each transmitted character is composed of 1 to 3 "nibbles" (group of 4 bits). The first one is called
"Initial nibble" and has a value between 0 and 7, the 2 others are called "Continuation nibbles" and
have a value between 0 and 15. The "initial nibble" is compulsory and, from its value, permits to
know that it is the first 4 bits start of the character. The "continuation nibbles" exist only depending of
the transmitted character. Only one tone is used for a given "nibble". For determination of the tone
number, it is used the following formula:
* Tone number (between 0 and 17) = Previous tone number + data nibble (0 to 15) +2
* If the tone number>=18 then Tone number = Tone number -18
Picture 193: Spectrum of DominoEX with 4 Bd
225
85.
DPRK ARQ 600 Bd
This teletyper is used by the Democratic People Republic of Korea (DPRK) with 600 Bd and 600 Hz
shift for diplomatic traffic in ARQ mode. The block length is 217 ms, the pause 323 ms so that the
total packet has a length of 540 ms. Each bit has a length of 1.67 ms so that one packet has 130 bit
Picture 196: Spectrum of DPRK FSK in ARQ mode
226
possible by transmitting radio waves at frequency of 9.2 MHz with maximum transmission
power of 1 kW. In Japan, it is almost impossible to secure a sufficiently wide and
continuous frequency bandwidth in the HF band, so the LROR adopts a frequency modulated
interrupted continuous wave (FMICW) type radar that is able to use frequencies resources more
efficiently than the short-pulse type radar. The sweep bandwidth is 22 kHz, which corresponds to the
range resolution of about 7 km. The current velocity resolution, which is determined by the
incoherent integration time of received signal, is 2.5 cm/s.
ig.3
Picture 412: Function of an Ocean Radar
245. LORAN-C
Long range Navigation
LORAN is a navigation system used by ships and planes to accurately determine their position. It is
hyperbolic navigation system which uses three to five transmitters. These transmitters are located
several 100 miles on land.
LORAN transmits on a centre frequency of 100 kHz. The net has one master station and several
secondary stations which are called W, X, Y and Z. The transmission signal of the secondary
stations are synchronised to the signal of the master station.
For navigation is measured the time difference between the master station and a minimum of two
secondary stations. This measurement gives to every station a line of position. The cross point of
several lines of position gives the location of the user.
Every LORAN - C net is transmitting group repetition intervals which is unique for this net. Every
master has 10 ms and the secondary station 8 ms for his group transmission.
The minimum length of group of intervals is determined by the number of stations.
The master station is transmitting 8 pulses with a space of 1000us, additional a ninth pulse which
follows after 2000 us behind the 8. pulse.
Picture 413: Transmission of LORAN-C

405
The secondary station is transmitting 8 pulses with a space of 1000 us. The ninth pulse gives the
information, that the pulse group is transmitted by a master station. The pulse is also coded for
internal information.
The identification of the group repetition interval is a fixed length divided by ten. The following table
gives the LORAN-C nets working in different areas:
GRI number
Location of LORAN - C net
9990
9970
9960
9940
8970
7990
7980
7970
7960
7930
5990
5930
4990
9980
8000
8990
7170
8290
9610
7950
5970
6930
North Pacific
North West Pacific
USA North East Coast
USA West Coast
Great Lakes
Mediterranean Sea
USA South East Coast
Norway Sea
Gulf of Alaska
North Atlantic
Canadian Pacific Coast
Canadian Atlantic Coast
Central Pacific
Iceland
Russia West
Saudi Arabia North
Saudi Arabia South
USA North
USA South
Russia East
Asia East
China
India Bombay
India Calcutta
Table 106: LORAN chains and their identification numbers

LORAN data channel communication (LDC)
During the operation of the LORAN system it was desired to add a communication
functionality to the current LORAN-C signal. The capabilities should include:
the transmission of absolute time,

Differential LORAN corrections for maritime and timing users,
anomalous propagation (early sky wave) warnings and
LDC system information for high-integrity applications.
Ninth-Pulse Modulation
406
This modulation scheme was chosen for its negligible impact on the current operational LORAN-C
signal, and its facility for cancellation of cross-rate interference. Here, an additional pulse is inserted
in time following the eighth pulse of the LORAN pulse group. Thirty-two state Pulse-position
modulation is used to change the time delay of this pulse from the zero-symbol offset. In this
manner, the data transferth rate is five bits per group repetition interval (GRI).
The phase code of the 9 pulse is the same as the phase code
th of the last navigation pulse.
The zero-symbol offset is 1000 microseconds after the 8 navigation pulse. The remaining 31
symbols are positioned in time a specific number of microseconds later in relationship to the zero
symbol.
Messages
All messages are 120 bits in length and consist of 3 components: a 4-bit type, a 41-bit payload, and
a 75-bit parity component as shown in Table 2. The messages are transmitted 5bits/GRI. The time
length of the messages is 24 GRI (maximum of approximately 2.4 seconds).
Section
Length (bits)
Bit assignment
Type
Payload
Parity
41
75
03
444
45119
Table 107: LORAN Data Channel message components
246. MF RADAR
MF radars are used for measurments on freuencies between 2 and 3 MHz and allow the cointinuous
observation of the mesosphere in heights of 50 km to 95 km during the entire year. The radar are
used for studies of the dynamic of the mesosphere, turbulences, internal gravity waves, tides and
planetary waves.
In Juliusruh a MF radar on the frequency 3,18 MHz is operated. It is a puls radar, which is equipped
with a modular transmit and receive system with distributed power and a so-called Mills-Cross
antenna. This antenna radiates a beam of a width of 18 which can be directed from the vertical
elevation to any direction in the sky. It works in defined time angles and also allows DBS (DopplerBeam-Swinging-Mode) measurements. The puls power is 128 kW with a puls width of 27 us. The
hight resolution is 4 km and the sample resolution 1 km.
The spektrum of this radar is shwon in the next picture:
407
Picture 414: Spectrum of the MF radar at Juliusruh

The time distance between pulses is 12,5 ms and shown in the following picture.
Picture 415: Puls repetition time of the MF radar at Juliusruh
247. NAVTEX
The stations in the NAVTEX system are transmitting navigational and meteorological warnings and
other important information.
It is a part of the Maritime Safety Information (MSI) net which is part of the Global Maritime Distress
and Safety System (GMDSS).
The information is transmitted on 518 kHz by selected coast stations in SITOR B. The baud rate is
100 Bd with a shift of 170 Hz.
408
This time shared service is designed for a distance of 400 nautical miles around the coast station.
Picture 416: Spectrum of a NAVTEX signal

For differentiation the following identifications are used:
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
Z
: navigational warnings
: meteorological warnings
: ice messages
: search and rescue information
: meteorological forecast
: pilot message
: information about DECCA
: information about LORAN - C
: information about OMEGA
: information about SATNAV
: information about other navigational systems
: navigational warnings
: QRU
Table 108: NAVTEX identification letters

NAVTEX messages are started with an identification group which has the following meaning:
1. ZCZC followed by the identification letter of radio station with message number
2. Identification for message type
3. Date/Time group
4. Message
5. Ending with NNNN
Table 109: Structure of a NAVTEX message
409
248. NBTV
Narrow Band Television
The following information about all NBTV modes are taken from the webpage
www.qsl.net/Zl1bpu/NBTV with permission by Murray Greenman
NBTV (Narrow Band Television) is a technique with some similarity to SSTV, and some to
conventional FSTV (Fast Scan TV). Like SSTV, it operates in a narrow bandwidth, suited to an HF
SSB transceiver, but rather than send individual image frames, NBTV is designed to send multiple
frames one after the other, in much the same way as FSTV, but with considerably slower frame rate.
This idea allows frame-averaging to be used on noisy channels, and enables the transmission of
moving images.
For the technique to be practical, the frame rate must of course be much slower, the image
resolution is much reduced, and various compression techniques must be used, along with a range
of strategies designed to reduce or eliminate the effects of propagation, especially noise and multipath fading and timing errors.
The image resolution is generally lower than it is for SSTV, but this is made up for by the motion
effects, and also by the faster frame rate, typically 1 - 10 seconds per frame, rather than 30 seconds
or more for SSTV.
Three systems are described here. They are broadly, analogue, digital, and hybrid designs, and all
were developed by Con Wassilieff ZL2AFP, the acknowledged world expert on NBTV, and to date
the only developer of modes that are successful on HF (there have been modes which work on VHF
or on telephone lines). These new systems use sophisticated techniques, including digital signal
processing, forward error correction, image compression and even path equalization. The three
modes are:
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex Analogue OFDM NBTV

Single-tone 2000 baud PSK modem Digital NBTV
Hybrid FM NBTV with PN-sequence synchronization
With all three of these systems you can transmit live pictures from a web camera, TV capture card or
TV camera, send still frames in any image format and any size, and transmit movie clips in several
formats. Because the frame rate is low, the receiving programs allow transmissions to be recorded,
and played back later at movie speed.
Compared with SSTV, which sends even more slowly (and still has trouble with multi-path
propagation tearing the images) NBTV must send faster, and is therefore even more prone to
ionospheric effects. Thus the unconventional nature of these designs is explained by the emphasis
on managing or countering these effects.
These different NBTV programs enable low and modest resolution B&W and colour TV images to be
transmitted at modest power, and received via a limited performance HF radio channel. The systems
has been optimized for specific radio conditions; most are designed for NVIS conditions (such as the
410
Amateur 80m band at night); but there are other versions with better resolution, more suited to
higher bands; and at least one faster version for VHF. In most cases the pictures are easily tuned
with practice, as the software provides special tuning aids.
All three systems operate using a conventional digital modes setup: PC, sound card, radio interface
with audio and PTT functions, and an SSB or (on VHF) FM transceiver. Use the links below to
explore these modes further.
249. OFDM NBTV
OFDM NBTV is an analogue technique, in fact it is a true Fuzzy design as well. The transmission
technique used is quite different from conventional TV - each line is transmitted separately, but all
lines are sent at the same time, on a slightly different frequency. Because the transmitter and
receiver operate at precisely the same speed, controlled by the computer sound card, there is no
need for any sync pulses to align the picture; in fact there is no automatic synchronizing mechanism
at all - it simply isn't necessary.
The following picture is showing the typical spectrum of the OFDM signal:
Picture 417: Spectrum of an OFDM

Modulation on each of the many carriers is very narrow FM (a few Hz), for best noise rejection, and
the overall transmission bandwidth is only 2 kHz, so an SSB transmitter and receiver can be used.
These modes are Fuzzy Modes, which means that although the computer samples the images for
transmission and display, the signals are essentially analogue in nature, and at the receiver the
images are presented without decoding decision or interpretation by the computer - they are
interpreted by eye and brain at the receiver. This means that the signals are inherently very noise
immune and continue to be useable despite interference and propagation effects until they fade into
the noise.
The design is very versatile, and you can use still photographs (like a slide show), moving GIF
images, AVI movies and many different types of live video, including 'web cams', video capture
cards, digital cameras, screen shots from other software, and even live (fast scan) TV, although only
one frame in many is transmitted in this case. A 'drag-and-drop' technique makes all this very easy.
411
Limitations
Because of the low bandwidth, it is not possible to send moving pictures in real time. Each image
frame takes from one second to nine seconds to transmit, depending on the mode used. However,
the received signal can be recorded and later played back faster for a very realistic effect. Standard
.AVI format files are used, and the transmitters can also retransmit previous recordings. The images
can also be post-processed for noise reduction and smooth motion effect. The quality of moving
images is such that you'd never believe that the pictures contain only 48 or 72 lines!
On lower HF bands, especially with NVIS conditions (strong fading and multi-path reception),
performance suffers as noise and colour stripes invade the picture. The 96 x 72 pixel colour mode is
most affected. However, on the higher bands and VHF, the pictures are superb.
Another limitation is that tuning requirements are fairly stiff - a VFO rig CANNOT be used - it simply
isn't stable enough. Most modern synthesized transceivers are OK if used with care. Tuning needs
to be within 1Hz of the transmission. On VHF the secret is to use FM transceivers, and thus avoid
the problem completely.
The OFDM NBTV Modes

There are in total five modes, two black and white, and three colour. There is some compatibility
between the B&W and Colour modes, so you can soon work out which is being transmitted. There
are two different image resolutions, 48 x 48 pixel low resolution (which is faster and more robust),
and 96 x 72 pixel modest resolution, which of course is slower, but gives more picture detail. A
special compressed 96 x 72 pixel colour-only version is provided - this provides a frame rate twice
as fast as the standard 96 x 72 colour mode, but is suited only to higher bands and VHF. The picture
on the right below shows typical 48 x 48 colour reception.
48 x 48 Low resolution B&W and RGB colour for NVIS conditions

96 x 72 Modest resolution B&W and RGB colour for HF use
96 x 72 Modest resolution compressed RGGB colour for VHF
The following table shows an overview of the technical parameter of these modes:
Mode
BW 48
CO 48
BW 96
CO 96
RGGB
Image Properties
48 x 48 Black & White
48 x 48 RGB
96 x 72 Black & White
96 x 72 RGB
96 x 72 RGGB
Pixel Rate
50 Hz
50 Hz
33 Hz
33 Hz
33 Hz
Frame Period
1.0 s
3.0 s
3.0 s
9.0 s
6.0 s
Bandwidth
2100 Hz
2100 Hz
2100 Hz
2100 Hz
2100 Hz
Table 110: OFDM NBTV modes

48 x 48 Mode
In this mode, there are 48 carriers, spaced 42Hz apart, one carrier for each picture line. The total
signal is therefore about 2 kHz wide. This includes a 'pilot carrier', transmitted in the middle of the
image carriers (see picture above). This is slowly sine-wave modulated, and used for fine tuning.
412
In the B&W option, just one field is transmitted per frame. With 48 pixels per line, each pixel takes
20ms to transmit, and the carrier modulation bandwidth is about 40Hz. At the end of each line a
vertical dotted line is transmitted, so the end of frame can be identified. In colour mode, three
separate fields, much the same as described, are transmitted for Red, Green and Blue image data.
At the end of the third (blue) field of, a vertical dotted line is transmitted, so again the end of frame
can be identified. In this case it also identifies the correct colour order (you can see this line at the
left of the picture). The picture has a square (1:1) aspect ratio.
Picture 418: Spectrum of 48 x 48 OFDM NBTV
96 x 72 Mode
This mode uses 72 carriers, spaced 32Hz apart, again one carrier for each picture line. There is one
'pilot carrier', right in the middle of the picture carriers. The pixel modulation rate is lower, and so the
carriers can be closer together. The total signal bandwidth is also about 2kHz.
In the B&W mode, just one field is transmitted per frame. There are 96 pixels per line, and each pixel
takes 30ms to transmit. As in the 48 x 48 modes, the end of each frame is identified by a vertical
dotted line. In colour mode, three separate fields are transmitted for Red, Green and Blue image
data. At the end of the third (blue) frame, a vertical dotted line is transmitted, so again the end of
frame and correct colour order can be identified. The picture has a standard TV (4:3) aspect ratio.
96 x 72 Mode
This mode uses 72 carriers, spaced 32Hz apart, again one carrier for each picture line. There is one
'pilot carrier', right in the middle of the picture carriers. The pixel modulation rate is lower, and so the
carriers can be closer together. The total signal bandwidth is also about 2kHz.
In the B&W mode, just one field is transmitted per frame. There are 96 pixels per line, and each pixel
takes 30ms to transmit. As in the 48 x 48 modes, the end of each frame is identified by a vertical
dotted line. In colour mode, three separate fields are transmitted for Red, Green and Blue image
data. At the end of the third (blue) frame, a vertical dotted line is transmitted, so again the end of
frame and correct colour order can be identified. The picture has a standard TV (4:3) aspect ratio.
413
Picture 419: Spectrum of 96 x 72 OFDM NBTV
250. Digital NBTV
A number of problems experienced with the OFDM NBTV system led to the development of this
Digital NBTV mode. First, the OFDM signal is very difficult to tune, especially for beginners, and
requires extreme transceiver accuracy and stability. Then in addition, the pictures tend to be noisy
and individual frames can be marred by multi-path effects, especially when used on the lower bands.
The approach taken for the Digital NBTV mode is completely different, in many senses:
It uses separate programs for modem and codec in the transmitter and receiver
TCP/IP communications is used between program modules The modem is high speed single-tone
PSK, similar to NATO's STANAG 4285. An equalizer system is included to compensate for
ionospheric path variation
Wavelet image compression and forward error correction are used. It provides completely noise-free
and error-free image reception, even on 80m. So nothing could be more different! The transmission
consists of a stream of packets, each containing data for a small number of image lines. The amount
of data in the packet varies according to the image complexity, the compression level and the level
of forward error correction included, but the packet size is constant at 256 symbols plus an 80
symbol header.
Modulation
Digital NBTV uses a modulation technique which is widely used by high speed HF radio modems. A
single 1500Hz phase modulated carrier is used to send both packet sync and payload. Using BPSK
modulation, a pseudo-random binary (PN) sequence starts each packet, and is used to identify an
exact point in the transmission from which the data can be synchronized.
The audio spectrum is shown in the following picture:
Picture 420: Spectrum of digital NBTV

414
A cross-correlator is used in the receiver to locate the one point in the whole message where the
sequence matches up with the local copy of the sequence. The cross-correlator works with a known
pattern to look for, and is a very powerful and sensitive tool.
These radio modems use the PN sequence technique to enable complex high speed data to be
decoded accurately - the ranging information determined from the cross-correlator is used to correct
the received data timing to reduce errors induced by the ionosphere, using a signal processing
device called an 'equalizer'. The equalizer also corrects for Doppler errors which affect carrier phase,
making the use of 8-PSK practical.
The phase constellation is shown in the next picture:
Picture 421: Phase plane of digital NBTV

The two dots on 135 and 315 are bigger in size and density. This is caused by the BPSK which is
used for synchronisation.
Digital NBTV uses a 31-bit PN sequence borrowed from STANAG 4285, with one chance in two
billion of a perfect score being caused by noise. It uses 80 symbols (modulation time slots) to send
this sequence about 2.5 times. Each packet is contained in a 336 symbol frame. 256 symbols are
used for image data and FEC information. Since 4-PSK is used for the data, each packet could
contain 512 bits of image data, or 3047 bps raw data rate. The data symbols are scrambled in an 8PSK pattern to improve resistance to selective fades.
415
Picture 422: Framing of digital NBTV

Like the STANAG 4285 system, single-tone PSK Digital NBTV can also operate at 2400 baud, using
a sub-carrier frequency of 1800Hz. The corresponding bandwidth (just under 3kHz) is too much for
most HF transceivers, but quite suitable for VHF, and gives a worthwhile speed improvement.
However, to fit the signal into a normal amateur transceiver IF, it is usually operated at 2000 baud
using a 1500Hz sub-carrier.
The following picture shows the measurement of the baudrate of 2000 Bd with the help of a phase
spectrum:
Picture 423: Baudrate measurement of digital NBTV

Modem
The modem section of the transmitter or receiver converts digital data into PSK audio for the
transmitter, or received audio into digital data, respectively. The receiver modem also has to
manage sync and equalization.
Each transmitted packet commences with a BPSK pseudo-random (PN) sequence (same sequence
as STANAG 4285), which is used to synchronize the receiver timing with the start of the packet, and
also serves as a measuring point for the receiver equalizer software which measures and
compensates for frequency offset and drift, and other code which compensates for timing errors.
Detection of the PN sequence is achieved using a cross-correlator. This technique is extremely
sensitive, so no matter how weak the signal is, packet synchronization is secure.
The packet data payload is transmitted as 4-PSK, to ensure a high data rate. There are nearly six
packets per second, using a 2000 baud modem.
416

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Technical Handbook

Dipl.- Ing. Roland Proesch

Description of modulation techniques

Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek

2013 Dipl.- Ing. Roland Proesch

Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK)

Description of modulation states

Baud Rate, Bit Rate, Symbol Rate

Reed-Solomon error correction

Used code tables

Channel access methods

The OSI Reference Model

Determination of Necessary Bandwidths

Table of system and user sorted by Baud rate

CHN MIL Hybrid Modem (4FSK-8FSK-OFDM19)

CODAN 4 Channel mode

Nokia Adaptive Burst Modem

OTHER ACTIVE SYSTEMS ON HF

TABLES FOR RADIO MONITORING

Allocation of International Call Signs

Alphabetical List of Country Codes

Allocation of Maritime Identification Digits

NATO Routing Indicators

Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network

Notice to Airmen (NOTAM)

ATU 80 Words Identification

Arabic words identification

1.24 Q , X and Z - Code

Picture 1: Different AM waveforms ................................................................................................. 37

Picture 45: Different types of amplitude modulation ...................................................................... 65

Picture 135: Spectrum of a CIS 50-50 in idle condition ............................................................... 182

Picture 315: Spectrum of MT63 .................................................................................................... 313

Picture 360: Spectrum and Sonagram of Marconi 25tone ............................................................ 352

Picture 405 : Typical track of a chirpsounder............................................................................... 395

Table 1: C4FM symbol table ........................................................................................................... 49

Table 44: Data structure of DGPS ................................................................................................ 220

Table 133: Z-codes ........................................................................................................................ 504

Bit Correlation, Autocorrelation Function (ACF)

AFS Navy FSK

Picture 58: Spectrum of an AFS navy modem

STANAG 4538, MIL STD 188-110A, MIL STD 188-141B App. C

Picture 59: Spectrum of an ALE 3G

Picture 60: Phase constellation of an ALE 3G 8PSK signal

Picture 61: Dwell structure of an ALE 3G

Picture 62: ALE 3G protocol data units

Table 17: ALE 3G call types

Automatic Link Setup

Table 18: Tone layout for ALE400

Picture 63: Spectrum of ALE400

Picture 64: Expanded spectrum of ALE400

Automatic Link Setup

Picture 65: Spectrum of an ALIS signal

Depending on the requirements:

Picture 66: Sonagram ALIS link setup procedure

Improved Automatic Link Setup

Picture 67: Spectrum of ALIS 2

ARD9800 OFDM 36ch Modem

Picture 68: Spectrum of ARD9800-OFDM

Picture 69: Spectrum and Sonagram of ARD9800-OFDM

ARQ-N, ARQ-1000 duplex

Picture 70: Spectrum of an ARQ-E signal with 288 Bd

CCIR 519 Variant, TDM 342 1 Channel