Chapter #30: The War to End War Big Picture Themes 1.

. President Wilson outlined the wars objectives with his Fourteen Points. They set the goals of free seas, self-determination after the war, and establishing a body to prevent future wars. 2. A military draft was instituted, the first since the Civil War. 3. Women went to work more than theyd ever done and black soldiers were drafted into the military into segregated units. 4. The Americans focussed their military effort in protecting Paris from the Germans. 5. At the Treaty of Versailles, Wilson agreed to allow England and France to punish Germany for the war. In return, they agreed to start Wilsons League of Nations. 6. However, the US Senate rejected the Treaty/League. They didnt wish to turn over Americas decision-making to a foreign body like the League of Nations. Chapter #30 Identifications George Creel George Creel was the leader of the Committee on Public Information, a Federal group that worked on producing and distributing pro-war propaganda to the U.S. people.

Bernard Baruch Bernard Baruch was a Wall Street broker before being chosen by President Wilson in 1918 to head the War Industries Board. He helped the U.S. Manage war production.

Henry Cabot Lodge Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations. He led the reservationists in Congress.

James M. Cox James M. Cox was a strong supporter of League and a Democrat nominee for the election of 1920.

Self-Determination Self-Determination was a belief that people in a territory should have the ability to choose their own government.

Collective security Collective security was an agreement by a group of nations to defend the other in case of an attack on any member.

Normalcy Normalcy indicates a return to normal life after the war.

Zimmerman Note Zimmermann Note was a Secret German message to Mexico, which offered to return to Mexico the lands it lost in the Mexican-American War.

Fourteen Points Fourteen Points is a list of foreign policy goals which Woodrow Wilson hoped to achieve in the aftermath of World War I.

League of Nations League of Nations is the precursor to the United Nations, this was a proposed union of the world powers after WW I; the brainchild of Wilson, who goufht tooth-and-nail for its passage.

Committee on Public Information Committee on Public Information was established by Woodrow Wilson and headed by George Creel. This was the Federal group that worked on producing and distributing pro-war propaganda to the U.S. people.

Espionage and Sedition Acts Espionage Act was the law which punished people for aiding the enemy or refusing military duty during WW I. Sedition Act was added to Espionage Act, which deemed disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language about the American form of government is worthy of prosecution.

Industrial Workers of the World Industrial Workers of the World was a labor union for industrial laborers, this group performed many acts of industrial sabotage in pursuit of its goals. It openly opposed the Great War. War Industries Board War Industries Board was an Agnecy established during WW I to increase efficiency and discourage waste in war-related industries.

Nineteenth Amendment Nineteenth Amendment granted American women suffrage.

Food Administration Food Administrations was headed by Herbert Hoover and was established to increase the production of food and to ration food for the military.

Irreconcilables Irreconcilables were Senators who voted against the League of Nations with or without amendments.

Treaty of Versailles Treaty of Versailles was the Treaty that ended WW I. It was much harder on Germany than Wilson wanted bu not as punitive as France and England desired. It was harsh enough, however, to set stage for Hitlers rise of power in Germany in 1930s.

Chapter #30 Guided Reading Questions War by Act of Germany Know: "Peace without Victory," Unlimited Submarine Warfare, Arthur Zimmermann 1. What events led Woodrow Wilson to ask Congress to declare war? Zimmermann note was intercepted and published on March 1, 1917. Germany formed an alliance with Mexico against the U.S. Also, German U-boats sank 4 unarmed merchant ships in March. These events led to Americas war declaration of April 6, 1917. Wilsonian Idealism Enthroned Know: Jeannette Rankin 2. Name Wilsons twin war aims. How did these set America apart from the other combatants? Wilson contrasted the selfish war aims of the other belligerents, Allied and enemy alike, with Americas shining altruism. America, he preached, did not fight for the sake of riches or territorial conquest The Republic sought only to shape and international order in which democracy could flourish without fear of power-crazed autocrats and militarists. Wilsons Fourteen Potent Points Know: Fourteen Points 3. List several of Wilsons Fourteen Points. First five of the Fourteen Points were proposal to abolish secret treaties, freedom of the seas, removal of economic barriers among nations, reduction of armament burdens for taxpayers, and an adjustment of colonial claims in the interests of both native peoples and the colonizers. Other points held out the hope of independence and led to the formation of League of Nations.

Creel Manipulates Minds Know: Committee on Public Information, George Creel, Four-minute Men, The Hun, Over There 4. How were Americans motivated to help in the war effort? Committee on Public Information was created. The organization was led by George Creel. The Creel organization, employing some 150,000 workers at home and overseas, made speeches. It sent out an army of 75,000 four-minute men who delivered countless speeches containing much patriotic pep. Enforcing Loyalty and Stifling Dissent Know: Liberty Cabbage, Espionage Act, Sedition Act, Eugene V. Debs, William D. Haywood 5. How was loyalty forced during WWI? Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918 reflected current fears about Germans and antiwar Americans. Prosecutions pursued under these laws were antiwar Socialists and members of the radical Industrial Workers of the World. Virtually any criticism of the government could be censored and punished. The Nations Factories Go to War Know: Bernard Baruch, War Industries Board 6. Why was it difficult to mobilize industry for the war effort? Towering obstacles confronted economic mobilizers. Sheer ignorance was among the biggest roadblocks. No one knew precisely how much steel or explosive powder the country was capable of producing. Old ideas also proved to be liabilities, as traditional fears of big government hamstrung efforts to orchestrate the economy from Washington. Workers in Wartime Know: "Work or Fight," National War Labor Board, Wobblies 7. How did the war affect the labor movement? More than a quarter of a million steelworkers walked off their jobs in a bid to force their employers to recognize their right to organize and bargain collectively. The steel companies resisted mercilessly and brought in thirty thousand African American strikebreakers to keep the mills running. After bitter confrontations that left more than a dozen workers dead, the steel strike collapsed. Suffering Until Suffrage Know: NAWSA, 19th Amendment, Womens Bureau 8. How did the war affect women? National Womens Party led by Alice Paul, demonstrated against Wilson with marches and hunger strikes. But the larger part of the suffrage movement, represented by the National American Woman Suffrage Association supported Wilsons war. In 1917 NY voted for suffrage at the state level; Michigan, Oklahoma, and South Dakota followed. In 1920, the 19th Amendment was ratified, giving all American women the right to vote.

Forging a War Economy Know: Food Administration, Herbert Hoover, Meatless Tuesdays, Eighteenth Amendment, Heatless Mondays, Liberty Bonds 9. Did government become too intrusive in peoples lives during the war? Give examples to support your answer. 18th Amendment was passed to prohibit alcohol. Hoover, as the head of the Food Administration, proclaimed wheatless Wednesdays and meatless Tuesdays. The Fuel Administration exhorted Americans to save fuel with heatless Mondays, lightless nights , and gasless Sundays. Making Plowboys into Doughboys 10. Was the governments effort to raise an army fair and effective? Wilson had to pass a draft act. Conscription was the only answer to the need for raising an immense army with all possible speed. Despite precautions, some 337,000 slackers escaped the draft. Recruits were supposed to receive 6 months of training in America and two more months overseas. But so great was the urgency that many doughboys were swept swiftly into battle, scarcely know how to handle a rifle. Fighting in France--Belatedly 11. How were American troops used in Russia? America contributed about 5,000 soldiers to the Allied invasion of northern Russia. Also, 10,000 American soldiers were deployed to Siberia as part of an Allied expedition. America Helps Hammer the Hun Know: Marshal Foch, John J. Pershing, Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Alvin York 12. Describe the effect of the American troops on the fighting. Newly arrived America troops was the first significant engagement of American troops in a European war. Battle-fatigued French soldiers watched incredulously as the roads filled with endless American soldiers. With their arrival it was clear that a new American giant had arisen in the West to replace the dying Russian titan in the East. The Fourteen Points Disarm Germany Know: Armistice 13. What role did America play in bringing Germany to surrender? The United States; main contributions to the ultimate victory had been foodstuffs, munitions, credits, oil for this first mechanized war, and manpower, but not battlefield victories. It was the prospect of endless U.S. troop reserves, rather than Americas actual military performance, that eventually demoralized the Germans. Wilson Steps Down from Olympus Know: Henry Cabot Lodge 14. What political mistakes hurt Wilson in the months following the armistice? Wilsons decision to go in person to Paris to help make the peace infuriated Republicans. At that time no president had traveled to Europe, and Wilsons journey looked to his critics like flamboyant grandstanding. He further angered Republicans when he snubbed the Senate in assembling his peace delegation and neglected to include a single Republican senator in his official party.

The Idealist Battles the Imperialists in Paris Know: Vittorio Orlando, David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, League of Nations 15. How did Wilsons desire for the League of Nations affect his bargaining at the peace conference? Wilsons ultimate goal was a world parliament to be known as the League of Nations. He forced through a compromise between naked imperialism and Wilsonian idealism. The victors would not take possession of the conquered territory outright, but would receive it as trustees of the League of Nations. He gained a signal victory over the skeptical Old World diplomats in February 1919, when they agreed to make the League Covenant, Wilsons brainchild, an integral part of the final peace treaty. Hammering Out the Treaty Know: William Borah, Hiram Johnson, Irreconcilables 16. What compromises did Wilson make at the peace conference? France got the Security Treaty, in which both Britain and America pledged to come to its aid in the event of another German invasion. No compromise was made between Italy, which made Italian masses turn savagely against Wilson. Wilson had to reluctantly accept a compromise whereby Japan kept Germanys economic holdings in Shandong and pledged to return the peninsula to China at a later date. The Peace Treaty That Bred a New War Know: Treaty of Versailles 17. For what reasons did Wilson compromise his 14 Points? There had to be compromise at Paris, or there would be no agreement. Faced with hard realities, Wilson was forced to compromise away some of his less cherished Fourteen Points in order to salvage the more precious League of Nations. The Domestic Parade of Prejudice 18. Why was the treaty criticized back in America? Isolationists did not want the country to be involved in any entangling alliances. Rabid Hun-haters, regarding the pact as not harsh enough, voiced their discontent. Principled liberals, on the other hand, thought the pact as too harsh. German Americans and Italian Americans were aroused because the peace settlement was not sufficiently favorable to their native lands. Irish Americans also denounced the League. Wilsons Tour and Collapse (1919) 19. What was the purpose and result of Wilsons trip around the country when he returned to America? The pact was bogged down in the Senate, while the nation was drifting into confusion and apathy. He therefore decided to take his case to the country in a spectacular speechmaking tour. He would appeal over the heads of the Senate to the sovereign people, as he often had in the past. Midwest greeted him lukewarmly, but in the Rocky Mountain region and on the Pacific Coast, Wilson was welcomed heartwarmingly.

Defeat Through Deadlock 20. Why was the treaty finally rejected? Wilson told his loyal Democrats in the Senate to vote against the treaty with the Lodge reservations appended. About four fifths of the senators professed to favor the treaty, with or without reservations, yet a simple majority could not agree on a single proposition. When it was forced to act a second time, it was netter a simple majority, but failed to achieve the necessary two-thirds majority. The "Solemn Referendum" of 1920 Know: Warren Harding, James M. Cox, Normalcy 21. What did the results of the 1920 election indicate? Although the election could not be considered a true referendum, Republican isolationists successfully turned Hardings victory into a death sentence for the League. The Betrayal of Great Expectations 22. How much should the U.S. be blamed for the failure of the Treaty of Versailles? The ultimate collapse of the Treaty of Versailles must be laid, at least in some degree, at Americas doorstep. This complicated pact, tied in with the four other peace treaties through the League Covenant, was a top-heavy structure designed to rest on a four-legged table.

Varying Viewpoints: Woodrow Wilson: Realist or Idealist? Know: Realism, Idealism, Wilsonianism 23. To what extent was Wilson realistic when he called for a world of cooperation, equality and justice among nations? Most of Wilsons ideas were part of his Idealism. However, many people recognize his Idealism as a kind of higher Realism.