DESIGN & INVESTIGATIVE PROJECT

Instructed by : Dr. Nguyn Th Tuyt Trinh

Prepared by : Ph Xun Thi
Class: Advanced Program of Civil Engneering K49
Student ID: 0912691

CONTENT:
I INPUT DATA AND BASIC DIMENSIONS OF SPAN STRUCTURE
1. Input data
2. Basis dimensions of cross section of truss bridge
3. Dimensions of members in main truss
4. Dimensions of members in floor beam system
5. Geometric properties of section
II FLOOR BEAM DESIGN
1. Stringer design
2. Check stringer following strength limit state I
3. Cross beam design design
4. Check cross beam following strength limit state I
III MAIN TRUSS DESIGN
1. Determine dead loads acting on main truss
2. Internal force in truss members due to dead load
3. Distribution factor of main truss
4. Unfactored internal forces in truss member due to live load
5. Load combination for live load
6. Load combination for main truss
7. Geometric properties of members
8. Check member in main truss
IV BRACING SYSTEM DESIGN
1. Content of checking
2. Lateral force acting on structure
3. Internal forces in bracing member following strength limit state II
4. Checking tensile member
5. Checking compressive member
VI TRUSS JOINT DESIGN
1. General principle
2. Design procedure
3. Design chord conection at joints
VII DRAWING.
I INPUT DATA AND BASIC DIMENSIONS OF SUPER STRUCTURE
1. Input data
- Span length : 80m
- Bridge width : 3 lanes
- Live load : HL 93 and pedestrian 3x10
3
kPa
- Material of truss : Steel M270, grade 345
- Concrete grade of slab : 35 Mpa
- Connection : high strength bolt
- Thickness of slab: 20 cm
- Unit weight of concrete: 25 KN/m
3

- Thickness of wearing surface: fine grained asphalt layer: 7cm
2. Basic dimensions of cross section of truss bridge
- Chosen span structure as in the below figure :
GENERAL CROSS-SECTION OF BRIDGE




Bridge cross-section


Bridge longitudinal section
2% 2%
1
1 bottomchord
2
diagonal , vertical 2
topchord 3
3
4
crossbeam 4
5
longitudinal girder 5
6
bracket 6
deck 7
7
8
pedestrian 8
9
topconnectionframesystem 9
11
bottomlongitudinal connectionframesystem 11
12
toplongitudinal connectionframesystem 12
10
clearance 10
Do
D1
T1
D2
T2
D3
T3
D4
T4
D5
T5
D6
T6
D7
T7
D8
T8
I I
T9
D9 D10

- Main truss height : H
- The main truss height is chosen following the requirements :
+ Small main truss self weight
+ Insurance of navigational clearance level
+ Small architecture height for deck truss bridge
+ Insurance of vertical stiffness of span structure
+ Aesthetics purpose
In experience, for simple span bridge, the height of main truss is normally
chosen as below :
H = (

)
Where L is the span length of the bridge. L = 80 m. Hence :
H = 8 11.43 m.
However, the height of main truss should satisfy the vertical clearance
specified in TCN 2.3.3.2, i.e. 5300 mm.
We choose H = 10.0 m.
- Distance between 2 main trusses : B
- B depends on the clearance. This distance should be large enough to
prevent bridge from overturning under the action of lateral forces such as
wind forces, laterally fluctuating forcesIt is also wide enough for
rational torsion rigidity of bridge.
4
1
3
c r o s s - s ec t io n i - i t o p l o ng it udinal c o nnec t io n f r ame s y s t em
c r o s s - s ec t io n ii - ii bo t t o m l o ng it udinal c o nnec t io n f r ame s y s t em
- The number of lane is 3 lanes. Basing on the Specification for Highway
Design TCVN 4054, the width of one lane depends on the class of road.
It ranges from 2.75m to 3.75m. Here we choose it as 3.5m (3500 mm).
- Furthermore, the distance of one curb to separate carriageway and main
truss is 0.25 m(also for curb to separate carriageway lanes), the width of
main truss member is chosen as 500mm, so that the distance from center
to center of 2 main trusses is :
B = 3x3.5 + 2x0.25+2x0.25 + 0.5 = 12 m.
- Total bridge width : B = B
1
+ 2b
2
+ 2b
3
+ 2b
4
+ 2b
5
+ 2b
6
.
Where :
+ B
1
: carriageway width. B
1
= 3x3.5m.
+ b
2
: railing between main trusses and carriageway. b
2
= 0.25 m.
+ b
3
: main truss width. b
3
= 0.5 m.
+ b
4
: railing between side walk and main trusses. b
4
is taken as 0.25
m.
+ b
5
: side walk width. We chose b
5
= 2 m.
+ b
6
: the outside railing. Normally b
6
= 0.2 0.5 m. We choose b
6
=
0.5 m.
- Total bridge width : B = B
1
+ 2b
2
+ 2b
3
+ 2b
4
+ 2b
5
+ 2b
6
.
B = 17 m.
- Length of panel : d.
- d is the distance between 2 adjacent cross-beam. In experience, d is
normally chosen as below :
d = (0.6 0.8)H
d = 6 8 m.
We choose d = 8 m.
3. Dimensions of members in main truss.
- Box section is applied for chords and end post.
- I section is applied for hip vertical and diagonals.
- Dimensions of sections of members are shown in the below figure :


4. Dimensions of members in floor beam system.
- Floor beam system includes cross beams and stringers. It bears the load
of deck slab as well as live load, then transfers it to the main trusses.
Stringers lay on cross beams and are connected to them by high
strength bolts.
- Dimensions of section of cross beam and stringer are chosen as below :
- Cross beams : the effective length used in calculating cross beam is
equal to distance from 2 gussets of main trusses. We denotes by L
1
= B
1

+ 2b
2
= 11 m
+ The height h of section is chosen as simple beams, i.e. :
h = (1/7-1/12)L
1

h = 733 440 mm.
We choose h = 800 mm.
+ The top and bottom flange width b
t
are the same and ranges from
(1/3 2/3)h = 266 533 mm. We choose b
t
= 350 mm.
+ The thickness t
w
web is:
According to the standard ASTM, the minimum thickness of web is
12mm.
I choose t
w
= 22 mm.
+ The thickness flange: 25 mm
- Stringer : the effective length of stringer is distance between 2 adjacent
cross beam or the length of panel d, where d = 8.0 m. Hence, the height
of section h :
H=(1/10-1/15)d
h = 533 800 mm.
I choose h = 500 m.
The thickness of flange and web are taken as 20 mm for all.
The flange width is chosen to be 250 mm.
hip ver t ical and diagonal sect ion end post and chor d sect ion
These dimensions are shown in the figure below.


5.Geometric properties of section
Section Sectional area
A(m
2
)
Moment of
inertia
I(m
4
)
Section
modulus
S(m
3
)
Cross beam 0.034 0.0034 0.0068
Stringer 0.0192 0.0007 0.0033
II. FLOOR BEAM DESIGN
1. Stringer Design.
a. Determination of load distribution factors for stringer.
For moment
- For interior girder : using tabular method ( TCN 4.6.2.2.2 )
+ For one lane loaded :
g
mg1
=
0.1
0.4 0.3
3
0.06
4300 .
g
s
K
S S
L Lt
| |
| | | |
+
| | |
\ . \ .
\ .

+ For two or more lanes loaded :
g
mg2
=
0.1
0.6 0.2
3
0.075
2900 .
g
s
K
S S
L Lt
| |
| | | |
+
| | |
\ . \ .
\ .

Where:
E
slab
= 0.043xxf
s
0.5
= 3.18 x 10
4
MPa
E
g
= 2 x 10
5
MPa
n = E
s
/E
g
= 6.3
e
g
= (H y
e
)-h
f
/2 = 0.15 m
K
g
= n(I
d
+Ae
g
2
) = 7.13 x 10
-2
m
4
= 7.13x10
9
mm
4

g
mg1
= 0.38
g
mg2
= 0.46

Check the range of applicability : 1100 mm S = 1500 mm 4900 mm.
110 mm t
s
= 200 mm 300 mm
6000mm L = 8000 mm 73000 mm
N
b
= 7 > 4
OK. Choose the maximum value to be the load distribution factor for interior
girder :
g
mg
= max (g
mg1
, g
mg2
)
g
mg
= 0.46
- The level rule method is used for exterior girder.
+ Basing on the influence line of reaction of each girder ( from 1 to 4 ), we can
calculate the load distribution factors for moment and shear for each girder
due to live load ( truck load and lane load ).
+ For truck load : g
HL
= 0.5y
i
, where y
i
is the ordinate of the i
th
axle on the
influence line.
+ For lane load : g
Lan
=
i
, where
i
is the area of corresponding influence line.
+ These factors should be factored with the multiple presence factor m.

- For exterior girder :
+ For one lane loaded : m = 1.2
- For design truck load :
g
HL1
=

g
HL1
= 0.678
- For lane load :
g
Lan1
=

g
Lan1
= 0.98
+ For two or more lanes loaded : m = 1.
g
mb2
= 0.77
2800
e
mg
d
g
| |
+
|
\ .
d
e
= 400 mm.
Range of applicability : 300 mm d
e
1700 mm.
out of range of applicability, g
mb2
= 0.666. Hence :
g
HL
= max(g
HL1
,g
mb2
) g
HL1
= 0.678
g
Lan
= max(g
Lan1
,g
mb2
) g
Lan
= 0.98
For shear
- For interior girder
+ For one lane loaded :
g
vg1
= 0.36
7600
S
+
g
vg1
= 0.56
+ For two or more lanes loaded :
g
vg2
=
2.0
0.2
3600 10700
S S | |
+
|
\ .

g
vg2
= 0.62

check the range of application : 1100 mm S = 2200 mm 4900 mm.
110 mm t
s
= 200 mm 300 mm
6000mm L = 8000 mm 73000 mm
N
b
= 7 > 4
Choose the maximum value as the distribution factor for shear for interior
girder :
g
vg
= max(g
vg1
; g
vg2
)
g
vg
= 0.62
- For exterior girder .
+ For one lane loaded : using level rule method.
As calculated above : g
HL1
= 0.678
g
Lan1
= 98
+ For two or more lane loaded :
g
vb2
= 0.6
3000
e
vg
d
g
| |
+
|
\ .

d
e
= 400 mm inside the range of application (300 mm d
e
1700 mm )
g
vb2
= 0.45
Therefore : g
vbHL
= 0.678
g
vblan
= 0.98
I establish the following table :


Girder no. For moment For shear
Truck
load
Lane
load
Design
vehicle
Lane
load
Exterior
gider
0.678 0.98 0.678 0.98
Interior
girder
0.46 0.46 0.62 0.62
b. Determine dead loads.
- Dead load stage I
+ Stringer self weight : DC
dc
=
s
.A
A : cross sectional area. A = 0.0192 m
2
.

s
: Steel unit weight.
s
= 78.5 kN/m
3
.
DC
dc
= 1.51 kN/m.
+ dead load of deck slab : for both interior and exterior girders :
DC
bm
= S.t
s
.
c

S : distance between 2 adjacent girder. S = 1500 mm
t
s
: slab thickness. t
s
= 200 mm.

c
: concrete unit weight.
c
= 25 kN/m
3
.
DC
bm
= 7.5 kN/m
Total dead load stage I : DC = 9.01 kN/m.
- Dead load stage II
-
+ Dead load of concrete element : 1 kN/m
+ Dead load of steel element : 0.15 kN/m
Assume that, dead load of railing is borne by only exterior girder (
girder 1 ).
Girder 1 : DC
lc
= 1.15 kN/m
Girder 2 : DC
lc
= 0 kN/m
+ Dead load of wearing surface on one girder :
water proofing layer : t
1
= 0.4 cm ,
1
= 18 kN/m
3
asphalt concrete layer : t
2
= 7 cm.
2
= 22 kN/m
3
.
+ Dead load of utility: DW
uti
= 5 KN/m
DW
as
+ DW
uti
= 36.5 KN/m
For interior girder : DC
sur
= (0.04x18 + 0.07x22)x1.5= 3.39 kN/m
For exterior girder : DC
sur
= (0.04x18 + 0.08x22)x2.0 = 4.52 kN/m
Total dead load stage II : For exterior girder : DW = 3.39 kN/m
For interior girder : DW = 5.67 kN/m.
I establish the following table :
Load type Interior girder Exterior girder Unit
DC 9.01 9.01 kN/m
DW 3.39 5.67 kN/m
Sum 12.4 14.68 kN/m

c. Internal forces due to live load determination.
The influence line of moment and shear for stringer:
For strength limit state I, the most critical section for moment is
midspan section and the most critical one for shear is girder end
section.



Internal forces due to design truck will be taken as the maximum value of
two cases above.
Bending moment
+ Moment due to design truck : M
truck1
= 145.y
M1
+ 145.y
M3
+ 35.y
M4

M
truck2
= 145.y
M1
+ 145.y
M3
+ 35.y
M5

M
truck
= max(M
truck1
; M
truck2
).
+ Moment due to design tandem : M
tandem1
= 110.y
M1
+ 110. y
M2
.
35kN 145kN 145kN
110kN 110kN
2
Influence line at L/2
35kN 145kN 145kN
110kN 110kN
tandem
truck
1.2m
4.3m 4.3m
1.2m
4.3m 4.3m
tandem
truck
Case 2
Case 1
0
0
1
.
400
lane load
lane load
1
.
7
1
.
7
2
Influence line at L/2
tandem
truck
lane load
4.3m 4.3m
1.2m
0
.
8
5
0
.
4
6
2
5
0
Influence line at bearing shoe
1
,
0
0
35kN 145kN 145kN
110kN 110kN
M
tandem2
= 110. y
M2
+ 110. y
M4
.
M
tandem
= max(M
tandem1
; M
tandem2
).
+ Moment due to design vehicle : M
xetk
= max(M
truck
; M
tandem
).
+ Moment due to lane load : q
lan
= 9.3 kN/m
M
lan
= 9.3.
M

Where
M
is the area of corresponding moment influence line.
Shear force
+ Shear force due to design truck : V
truck
= 145.y
M1
+ 145.y
M3
+
35.y
M4
.
+ Shear force due to tandem : V
tandem
= 145.y
M1
+ 145.y
M2
.
+ Shear force due to lane load : V
lan
= 9.3.
V(+)
.
Where
V(+)
is the positive area of corresponding shear influence line.
Internal
forces
Type of load Unit
Design vehicle Lane load
M
1
374 74.4 kN.m
V
0
212.06 37.2 kN.
- Load combination due to live load HL 93
+ Moment combination (factored with distribution factor g
m
).
IM = 25 %
For interior girder :
M
LLg
= g
mg
( 1 + IM ).M
xetk
+ g
mg
.M
lan
.
M
LLg
= 249.274 kN.m
For exterior girder :
M
LLb
= g
HL
(1 + IM).M
xetk
+ g
lan
.M
lan
.
M
LLb
= 389.88 kN.m
+ Shear force combination (factored with distribution factor g
v
)
IM = 25 %
For interior girder :
V
LLg
= g
vg
(1 + IM).V
xetk
+ g
vg
.V
lan
.
V
LLg
= 187.41 kN.
For exterior girder :
V
LLb
= g
HL
(1 + IM).V
xetk
+ g
lan
.V
lan
.
V
LLb
= 216.18kN.
d. Internal forces due to dead load.
- Dead load stage I .

Internal
forces
DC Influence line
area
Interior
girder
Exterior
girder
Unit
M
1DC
9.01 8 72.8 72.8 kN.m
V
0DC
9.01 4 36.4 36.4 kN

- Dead load stage II.

Internal
forces
DW Influence line
area
Interior
girder
Exterior
girder
Unit
Gider 2 Girder 1
M
1DW
3.39 5.67 8 27.12 45.36 kN.m
V
0DW
3.39 5.67 4 13.56 22.68 kN

e. Internal force combination at sections of exterior girder
- Strength limit state I :
-
+ Moment : M
uCD1g
= .(1.75M
LLg
+ 1.25.M
DCg
+ 1.5.M
DWg
).
Where : load modifier. = 1.0 for normal bridge.
M
uCD1g
= 841.33 kN.m
+ Shear : V
uCD1g
= .(1.75V
LLg
+ 1.25.V
DCg
+ 1.5.V
DWg
).
V
uCD1g
= 457.835 kN
f. Internal force combination at sections of interior girder
- Strength limit state
+ Moment : M
uCD1b
= .(1.75M
LLb
+ 1.25.M
DCb
+ 1.5.M
DWb
).
M
uCD1b
= 567.91 kN.m
+ Shear : V
uCD1b
= .(1.75V
LLb
+ 1.25.V
DCb
+ 1.5.V
DWb
).
V
uCD1b
= 393.81 kN

+Establish the following table.


LOAD COMBINATION RESULTS
Internal forces Strength limit state I Unit
Girder 2 Girder 1
M
1
841.33 567.91 kN.m
V
0
457.835 393.81 kN
On comparing, the internal forces in the exterior girders are greater than
that in interior girder so that, the exterior will be chosen to check.