What is an internet ?

TCP/IP protocol suite -> TCP/IP -> Internet

A set of interconnected networks The Networks can be completely different Ethernet, ATM, WiFi etc. TCP/IP protocols provide the syntatic and semantic rules for communication.

OSI and Protocol Stack

OSI Model 7th Application Layer 6th Presentation Layer 5th Session Layer 4th Transport Layer 3rd Network Layer Transport Layer Network Layer Application Layer TCP/IP Hierarchy Protocols

2nd Link Layer

1st Physical Layer Link Layer

Link Layer : includes device driver and network interface card Network Layer : handles the movement of packets, i.e. Routing Transport Layer : provides a reliable flow of data between two hosts Application Layer : handles the details of the particular application

Internet Protocol Architecture

Ping
FTP

TELNET

HTTP BGP

DNS

RTP RIP
UDP

SNMP

SMTP

ICMP

TCP

OSPF

IP (IPv4, IPv6), IPSec (Encryption)

LANs 10/100BaseT

ATM

FR

PPP Circuit-Switched B/W: ISDN, ...

CDPD

Dedicated B/W: DSx, SONET, ...

Wireless
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Short forms NDP NAP

Corresponding full form Neighbor Detection Protocol Network Address Protection

POP
ISP IMP TIP FR

Post Office Protocol

Internet Service Provider Internet Message Processor Terminal IMP Frame Relay

PPP
CDPD OSPF RIP RTP

Point to Point Protocol

Cellular digital Packet data Open Shortest Path First Routing Information Protocol Real time Transport Protocol

BGP
STCP RSVP

Border Gateway Protocol

Stream Control Transmission Protocol Resource Reservation Protocol

Short forms DNS FTP

Corresponding full form Domain Name System File Transfer Protocol

HTTP
SMTP SNMP VoIP NAT

Hyper Text Type Protocol

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Simple Network Management Protocol Voice over IP Network Address Translation

VPN
VPI VCI ATM IGMP

Virtual Private Network

Virtual Path Identifier Virtual Channel/Connection Identifier Asynchronous Transmission Mode Internet Group Management Protocol

ICMP
IP TCP

Internet Control Message Protocol

Internet Protocol Transmission Control Protocol

Packet Encapsulation
The data is sent down the protocol stack at transmitter Each layer adds header to SDU passed from upper layer At receivers the headers are removed in reverse order

22Bytes 20Bytes 20Bytes

4Bytes

46 to 1500 Bytes

Link Layer
It includes (PHY) guided transmission lines (parallel wires, coaxial cable, wave guide, optical fiber etc.) and wireless channels. Line coding, Channel coding & Modulation techniques Multiple Medium access like TDMA, FDMA, CDMA, OFDMA, CSMS/CD, CSMS/CA, Aloha, Slotted Aloha T1, T2, E1 etc. carrier systems (Frame formation for multiplexing) ARP, RARP, InRP, NDP, OSPF, Tunnels (L2TP), PP, Media access (Eathernet, DSL, ISDN, FDDI etc.)
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IEEE Communications standards*

(802.x, widely used & popular for PHY and MAC layer)
Standard
IEEE 802.3 IEEE 802.4 IEEE 802.5 IEEE 802.11 b/g/n IEEE 802.15.1 IEEE 802.15.4

Also known as
LAN/Eathernet (Metcalfe /Xerox) LAN (developed by General Motors) LAN (developed by IBM) WLAN/WiFi PAN/Bluetooth (developed by Ericsson) PAN/ZigBee/WSN (Wireless Sensor Networks) BWA/Fixed WiMAX BWA/Mobile WiMAX BWA/Relay WiMAX BWA/Very high data rate MBWA/Mobile-Fi ( Will support connectivity up to 250 km/h mobile speed)

Medium Access
CSMA/CD Token Bus Token Ring CSMA/CA --

Topology /frequency band

Star topology Bus topology Ring topology ISM bands 2.4 GHz & 5.8 GHz ISM band at 2.4GHz ISM bands** RF & 2.4GHz

-OFDM OFDMA OFDMA OFDMA -2 GHz to 66 GHz (initially 10 GHz to 66 GHz was allocated for LOS but to support NLoS 2 GHz to 11 GHz was allocated later) Licensed Bands (below 3.5 GHz)

IEEE 802.16d IEEE 802.16e IEEE 802.16j IEEE 802.16m IEEE 802.20

*IEEE provides communication standards for Physical & MAC layer only 9 ** ZigBee operating frequencies 868 MHz in Europe, 915 MHz in the USA and Australia, and 2.4 GHz rest of the world

Internet layer
Responsible addressing of end to end devices Sends data in individual packets Routs packets towards destination node (routing)
Maximum size of packet is determined by the networks
Fragmented if too large from upper layer Aggregation / Concatenation if too small packets from upper layer (used during tunnelling to reduce overhead size)

Ex. Protocols are IPv4, IPv6, ICMP, IPSec etc.

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Transport layer
Fragmentation of bit stream (packet formation) Traffic flow control in network

In-order and out of order packet transmission (TCP/ UDP)

Ensure reliable data transmission between Source and destination nodes

Ex. Protocols are TCP, UDP, RSVP etc.

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Application Layer
Application specific protocols like IP address allocation:- Static and dynamic (DHCP) scheme DNS, FTP, HTTP(Web), SMTP, SNMP, Telnet (remote login) etc.

Voice and video over IP

Gateway, Mobile IP, NAT, VPN

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