SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON INDIAN TELEPHONE INDUSTRY

COMPANY PROFILE Indias first Public Sect r Unit !PSU" # ITI Ltd $as establis%ed in &'()* E+er since, as a -i neerin. +enture in t%e field f telec //unicati ns, it %as c ntributed t 012 f t%e -resent nati nal telec / net$ r3* 4it% state# f#t%e#art /anufacturin. facilities s-read acr ss si5 l cati ns and a c untr6$ide net$ r3 f /ar3etin.7ser+ice utlets, t%e c /-an6 ffers a c /-lete ran.e f telec / -r ducts and t tal s luti ns c +erin. t%e $% le s-ectru/ f S$itc%in., Trans/issi n, Access and Subscriber Pre/ises e8ui-/ent* f $ rld class +end rs f Gl bal S6ste/ f r M bile !GSM"

ITI 9 ined t%e lea.ue

tec%n l .6 $it% t%e inau.urati n f / bile e8ui-/ent /anufacturin. facilities at its Man3a-ur and Rae :areli Plants in ;110#1<* T%is us%ered in a ne$ era f indi.en us / bile e8ui-/ent -r ducti n in t%e c untr6* T%ese t$ facilities su--l6 / re t%an nine /illi n lines -er annu/ t b t% d /estic as $ell as e5- rt /ar3ets*

T%e c /-an6 is c ns lidatin. its di+ersificati n int Inf r/ati n and = //unicati n Tec%n l .6 !I=T" t % ne its c /-etiti+e ed.e in t%e c n+er.ence /ar3et b6 de-l 6in. its ric% telec / e5-ertise and +ast infrastructure* Net$ r3 Mana.e/ent S6ste/s, Encr6-ti n and Net$ r3in. S luti ns f r Internet = nnecti+it6 are s /e f t%e /a9 r initiati+es ta3en b6 t%e c /-an6*

:ASI= IN>ORMATION? General Mana.er Establis%/ent 4ebsite T tal nu/ber f staff ? S%ri @*L* D%in.ra ? &'() ? %tt-?77$$$*itiltd#india*c / ?)0'(

TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON INDIAN TELEPHONE INDUSTRY

Companys Mission T retain leaders%i- in /anufacturin. and su--l6 f ne$ tec%n l .6 telec / -r ducts and als t re.ain status f t - turn3e6 s luti n -r +ider* Quality Policy ITI is c //itted t -r +ide c /-etiti+e A reliable -r ducts, s luti ns, A ser+ices*

Multi#l cati nal state# f#t%e#art electr nic asse/bl6 A c /- nent /anufacturin. facilities accredited $it% ISO '11&?;111

Multi#l cati nal ISO &(11& ?;11( En+ir n/ental Mana.e/ent S6ste/ certified -lants >irst Indian c /-an6 t GSM 7 4iMAB /anufacture :TS A t%er infra -r ducts f r

= untr6$ide /ar3etin. and cust /er care centers In#% use RAD f r abs r-ti n f tec%n l .6, indi.en us de+el -/ent f -r ducts f r in#% use /anufacturin.

TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON INDIAN TELEPHONE INDUSTRY

Fi+ $, S%are f ITI t Nati nal Telec /

Highlights Telec / -i neers in India = ntributed 012 t t%e e5istin. nati nal telec / net$ r3* Hi.% i/-act turn3e6 s-ecialist De-endable Inte.rated L .istics Su-- rt !ILS" Str n. in#% use RAD Multi#l cati nal state# f#t%e#art

electr nic asse/bl6 A c /- nent /anufacturin. facilities accredited $it% ISO '11&?;111 Multi#l cati nal certified -lants* Share o I!I to National !elecom Net"or# $%&'()**' >irst Indian c /-an6 t /anufacture :TS A t%er infra -r ducts f r GSM 74iMAB ISO &(11&?;11(

En+ir n/ental Mana.e/ent S6ste/

TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON INDIAN TELEPHONE INDUSTRY

INFRAS!R-C!-RE

In#% use Researc% A De+el -/ent Net$ r3 S6ste/ Unit ca-able f underta3in. turn3e6 9 bs Self c ntained c /- nent e+aluati n centre >ull6 aut /ated asse/bl6 lines In circuit tester !I=T" M dern =%e/ical, Metallur.ical Labs Mec%anical fabricati n7Mac%ine s% -s $it% / dern =N= /ac%ines M uldin. A Die castin. >ull fled.ed state f t%e art t l r SMT !Surface / unt tec%n l .6" En+ir n/ental testin. = /- nent a--r +al center a--r +ed b6 :SNL /s

FACILI!IES

P=: /anufacturin. facilities Mec%anical >abricati n 7 Mac%ine S% - $it% / dern =N= /ac%ines and >inis%in. s% =ard asse/bl6 and Testin. includin. Incircuit tester SMT Line TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON INDIAN TELEPHONE INDUSTRY

Plastic In9ecti n Tec%n l .6 T%r u.%#H le = /- nent Asse/bl6 Manufacturin. facilities f r Mec%anical ite/s >abricati n f T $ers and S%elters f r GSM

TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON INDIAN TELEPHONE INDUSTRY

RESO-RCES, Dedicated Net$ r3 S6ste/s Unit !:an.al re, Ne$ Del%i, @ l3ata, :% -al, A/bala" * State# f# t%e#art Manufacturin. Plants !:an.al re, Man3a-ur, Rae :areli, Naini, Pala33ad, Srina.ar" * RAD =entre SMPS? >abricati n f &11 A # &01A P $er Plants $it% ;0A base M dule f r GSM* >abricati n f ;11A#C111AD P $er Plants $it% &11A base M dules f r telec / installati n PRO.-C!S, =ellular M bile Infrastructure# GSM, 4LL#=DMA

S$itc%in.#O=:#;)C, ISDN EPA:B, IP#TAB, SSTP* Trans/issi n# Satellite, O-tical, Micr $a+e, EH>7UH>* :r adband E8ui-/ent#ADSL, 4iMAB, G#PON, ED4AS* =ust /er Pre/ises E8ui-/ent#I>4T, ADSL M de/, =LI P% nes* GSM#>=T !>i5ed =ellular Tele-% ne", 4iMAB =PE SER/ICES, S6ste/s Inte.rati n # Telec /, IT* S%ared Hub E #SAT Ser+ices* =ust /er =are Ser+ice* Installati n A = //issi nin. f Telec / E8ui-/ent li3e GSM, =DMA, MLLN, Micr $a+e, O-tical >iber, etc* Pre#$arrant6 A P st#$arrant6 /aintenance ser+ices f r all Pr ducts7Pr 9ects* Ser+ices f r all -r ducts7-r 9ects* Enter-rise businesses li3e Data =enters etc

TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON INDIAN TELEPHONE INDUSTRY

T%ere are f ur /a9 r de-art/ents f ITI Li/ited $%ic% are accessible t In#Plant Trainees* T%ese are as f ll $s? $0 Tele-% ne Defense Pr duct !TDP" Asse/blin. Secti n, S lderin. Secti n, Tele-% ne Secti n )0 S$itc%in. Access Pr duct !SAP" SMT Line, P=: Plant, O=:#=SN Testin. 10 Researc% A De+el -/ent !RAD"

4ireless Lab, Ter/inal E8ui-/ent De+el -/ent, Access Pr ducts, DSP LA:, =AD7P=: Desi.n, =%e/ical Lab, S=ADA, P $er Su--l6 Lab, LAN,

Reliabilit6 En.ineerin. Lab &0 Inf r/ati n Tec%n l .6!IT" =ust /er Interacti n, Data :ase, Inf r/ati n @IOS@E T%ese all ab +e /enti ned secti ns are discussed in detail in future c%a-ters*

TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON INDIAN TELEPHONE INDUSTRY

$0 !.P 2!elephone .e ence Pro3ucts4

T%e TDP secti n in ITI /ainl6 deals $it% t%e /anufacturin. f tele-% ne and related e8ui-/ents f r c //unicati n and defence -ur- ses* A de/ nstrati n /ulti-le5in. e8ui-/ents in defence area $as .i+en t us* PCM M-5 P=M MUB /ulti-le5es si.nals and c ntr ls different + ice c%annels r data c%annels usin. different cards* Mainl6 t%ere are t%ree t6-es f cards e/bedded in t%e P=M MUB* T%ese are? &* E ice7Data cards ;* Si.nalin. cards C* P $er cards Eac% + ice card can %andle < c%annels* T tals C1 c%annels are %andled* S t%ere are 0 + ice cards in t tal* T%is $as t%e earlier c nfi.urati n* Eac% si.nalin. card can %andle C c%annels* P $er cards %andle t%e distributi n f #()E t in-uts* Out-uts are ta3en t%r u.% M t%erb ard* In additi n t t%ese cards, $e %a+e an MDB card !MUB and DMUB" $%ic% is -ti nal, =TRL card $%ic% is t%e %eart f MUB f r .eneratin. alar/s and c ntr llin. si.nalin.* T%ere are s /e e5tensi n cards als f r ta3in. ut-uts* Out-uts are ta3en t%r u.% a ta. bl c3* T%e different alar/s are used f r? &* LOS !L ss f Si.nals" ;* A&S !All &s" C* SYS !S6nc%r niFati n" (* >E> !> re End >ailure" 0* Err rs !S /e err r indicati n" <* =EN != rrecti n Enable" TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS f +ari us tele-% nes and

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON INDIAN TELEPHONE INDUSTRY G* :SY r N r/al !Indicates bus6"

N $ t%ese cards are used as data cards f r ATM data transfer* It is t%e c%ea-est $a6 f data transfer* Eac% data card can %andle < c%annels r < ATMs* Data transfer is bi#directi nal* In ATM data transfer, in e+er6 ;01/s, data fr / ATMs are transferred t l cal e5c%an.es and fr / t%ere t : /ba6 e5c%an.e* >r / t%ere data is u-dated and sent bac3* If MDB is n t used, a c st difference f ;C,111 $ill ccur* Data cards %a+e discrete c /- nents $%ic% are / unted /anuall6* T%e re8uired c /- nents are distributed fr / /ain st re t sub st res* >r / t%ere asse/blin. is d ne* T%en it . es t s lderin. secti n* Durin. t%ese -r cedures t%e card $ill under. nu/ber f ins-ecti ns /anuall6* T%en t%e card is sub9ected t testin. and is c%ec3ed t see $%et%er it can $it% stand %i.% te/-eratures* > r t%is t%e card is 3e-t at 01 = f r G; % urs* Si/ilarl6 t%e card is c%ec3ed under e5tre/e te/-erature c nditi ns fr / #;1 = t G0 =* Onl6 t% se cards $%ic% can $it%stand t%ese $ rse c nditi ns $ill -ass t%e test and $as furt%er -r ceed t final fabricati n ste-s* T%e cards are als c%ec3ed f r s /e -ara/eters li3e .ain, HD t ne, i/-edance, cr ss tal3 etc* > r data cards nl6 .ain and HD t ne needs t be c%ec3ed* T%ese -ara/eters are c%ec3ed f r eac% trans/it and recei+e c%annels and after c%ec3in., t%e nu/ber is increased in t%e dis-la6* If failure is detected, t%e c%ec3in. st -s at t%at c%annels nu/ber* T%ere is a re+erse -r tecti n circuitr6 $%ic% -r tects t%e s6ste/ in case t%e - $er su--l6 c nnecti n is re+ersed* Assem6lin+ section, Here t%e c /- nents are asse/bled and s lderin. f s /e c /- nents is d ne* A f r/ is .i+en t eac% -ers n en.a.ed in asse/blin. $% enters t%e card nu/ber f all t%e cards $%ic% t%e6 are asse/blin.* T%e card is t%en sent f r s lderin., t%en t t%e ins-ecti n secti n* Durin. ins-ecti n if an6 /ista3e is identified, t%e card is a.ain sent bac3 t t%e sa/e -ers n $% asse/bled t%at card* Sol3erin+ Section, S lderin. is d ne in a bi. c%a/ber* >irst asse/bled cards are / unted n rac3s and t%en -assed t%r u.% t%e c%a/ber +ia a belt* In t%e c%a/ber s lid flu5 and lead are /elted* As t%e cards / +e, initiall6 t%e /elted flu5 t uc%es t%e c /- nents leads* T%en t%e /elted lead t uc%es t%e c /- nent lead and s lderin. ta3es -lace* Pi-es are -resent t ta3e a$a6 TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON INDIAN TELEPHONE INDUSTRY

10

t%e e5%aust .ases* After s lderin., t%e cards are sent f r testin. f r s% rts, s% rts are rectified and t%en sent f r ins-ecti n* !elephones Section, T%e t$ basic needs in tele-% ne r + ice c //unicati n is, first t alert t%e -ers n ab ut a call, and sec ndl6, a -r +isi n t s-ea3* In &)G<, Gra%a/ :ell in+ented t%e first tele-% ne* T%e first tele-% ne $as a magneto telephone $%ic% su-- rted nl6 ne t ne c //unicati n* It %ad a C#$ired %and .enerat r $%ic% is n as t%e r tated t .i+e a rin. t indicate t%at a call is c /in. fr / a s-ecified -ers n* As s

%and set is -ic3ed, c //unicati n is establis%ed* It can establis% c //unicati n +er (1 @/s* Suc% tele-% nes are seen in rail$a6 stati ns* T%is tele-% ne c uld be / dified as ne t /an6 and als distance +er $%ic% t%e c //unicati n can be establis%ed c uld be i/-r +ed* Ne5t ca/e t%e central battery system* :atter6 /eans nu/ber f tele-% nes centrall6 c nnected* T%is $as a /anuall6 -erated e5c%an.e* S if a -ers n $ants t dial t an t%er -ers n, t%e c nnecti n is establis%ed b6 an -erat r* S t%e /ain dra$bac3 $as t%at t%ere is n secrec6 in c //unicati n* Als it ta3es a l t f ti/e and c%ances r err r is / re since accurac6 de-ends n t%e -erat rs* T%is tele-% ne $as a lu5ur6 ite/* Ne5t ca/e automatic telephones and aut /atic e5c%an.e $it% ut /an -erat r* T%ese are

electr /ec%anical tele-% nes $it% r tar6 dials* In /ec%anical t6-e, $e %a+e -ulse / de f dial* In t%is $e %a+e a -ulse s-rin. and s%unt s-rin.* S%unt s-rin. is t a+ id c ntinu us trans/issi n f -ulses f r t%e ad9acent t$ dialed ne after t%e t%er* nu/bersI i*e* t differentiate bet$een t%e -ulses f r t$ nu/bers

>i. ;? R tar6 dial rear +ie$ TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON INDIAN TELEPHONE INDUSTRY

11

Pulse Mo3e .ialin+, Pulse Means Ma3e A :rea3* Para/eters f r Pulse M de Dialin.?
1. Dial s-eed !&1 -ulse -er sec nd

1*02 t lerance"

;* Ma3e7:rea3 rati !&*< t ;*C"

3. IDP !Inter Di.it Pass, i*e* ti/e .a-#)11/s

&12 t lerance

(* :l c3in. resistance !/ re t%an &11 @" T%is is i/-le/ented usin. t%e Str $.er s6ste/* Str $.er e5c%an.e is an electr /ec%anical e5c%an.e* It %as a .r u- select r and a final select r as s% $n in t%e fi.ure* If $e dial J;, it /eans ; ti/es Ma3e A :rea3* Dial an6 nu/ber li3e C<' C is Gr u- Select r < is Main Select r ' is >inal Select r

T%is / de f Dialin. %as s /e err rs? Ma5i/u/ Pers nnel TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON INDIAN TELEPHONE INDUSTRY Ma5i/u/ 4ear A Tear =able Err r =r ssbar

12

TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON INDIAN TELEPHONE INDUSTRY

13

)r! p *ele"t!r * ele"t!r +%nal

,n%$ele"t!r

)r! p * ele"t!r

N Called Party
)r! p p* ele"t!r )r! *ele"t!r

Lamp Bank (If any fa lt !"" r# "!rre$p!nd%n& lamp '%ll &l!'(

Call%n& Party

TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON INDIAN TELEPHONE INDUSTRY

14

>i. C? :l c3 Dia.ra/ f Str $.er e5c%an.e

Later t%ese electr /ec%anical tele-% nes and e5c%an.es are re-laced b6 electr nic tele-% nes and e5c%an.es* Here -us% butt n 3e6 -ad c /es, but s6ste/ f dial is -ulse nl6, but instead f /a3e and brea3 f -ulses, $e %a+e n and ff* Para/eters are sa/e, but -ulse / de is re-laced b6 DTM> !Dual T ne Multi >re8uenc6"* In DTM>, eac% nu/ber %as t$ fre8uencies as s% $n in t%e table* All r $s are l $ si.nal7s und le+el* All c lu/ns are %i.%er si.nal7s und le+els* Tele-% ne anal6sis? Here t%e tele-% ne is c%ec3ed f r t%e c rrectness f all its -ara/eters /enti ned earlier* >irst it c%ec3s f r -ulse / de* All t%e -ara/eter +alues $ill be s% $n* If t%ese +alues are c rrect, 11 is -ressed $%ic% indicates O*@* 4e can c n+ert t t ne / de b6 -ressin. K7L* Rin.in. is c%ec3ed b6 a s ft$are -r .ra/* It c%ec3s f r in-ut !G0E, ;0HF" and ut-ut !)0 d:"* Pro3ucts, T%e fact r6 started in &'() in tie u- $it% :SNL* Till fe$ 6ears bac3 ITI and :SNL %ad . d /anufacture and ser+ice -r +ider relati ns%i-* :ut in late '1s t%e situati n c%an.ed* Since %i.% 8ualit6 ITI tele-% nes are a bit c stlier, :SNL refused t aff rd suc% %i.% -rice, and ITI cann t reduce -rice since t%e /anufacturin. include %i.% 8ualit6 -r ducti n and testin. -r cedures, $%ic% $ill aut /aticall6 .i+e $a6 t %i.% -r duct -rice* S n $ t%e $ r3 is d ne nl6 f r defense* Defense l 3s nl6 f r 8ualit6* E+en n $, ITI is bearin. a l ss f ; c rers -er da6* Defense tele-% nes are t% r u.%l6 c%ec3ed f r its ca-abilit6 t c nditi ns li3e te/-erature !#;1 = t MG1 =", $ater -r -r f and +ibrati n -r f* $it%stand all ad+erse f !C % urs in $ater, n -r ble/", dust

In s% rt, at -resent ITI is -r ducin. nl6 0: tele-% ne r field tele-% ne, $%ic% is $ireless, radi fre8uenc6 tele-% ne and defense landline tele-% ne r field landline tele-% ne* RAD de+el -ed a ne$ tele-% ne $it% all t%ese features in ne sin.le tele-% ne* It $ r3s as ne t ne, $ireless, landline etc* $it% a / de select r, and $ r3in. n -us% butt n* T%is $as de+el -ed b6 TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON INDIAN TELEPHONE INDUSTRY

15

Mr* Ei9a6 fr / RAD* T%is $as a +er6 useful tele-% ne, but t%is -lan $as %ac3ed and s ld t s /e t%er -ri+ate c /-anies $% later n started /anufacturin. suc% tele-% nes* S ITI %ad t st - its -r ducti n e+en bef re startin.* T%e -r ducts are as under? $0 Ma.net Tele-% ne )0 E5ecuti+e Tele-% ne ETS#1( 10 Tele-% ne Set 0#= &0 Tele-% ne Set 0#: 80 Tele-% ne Set >ield Aut ;A

$0 Ma+neto !elephone, .escription, State f art desi.n t $ r3 $it% /a.net e5c%an.es, can als used f r - int t - int

c //unicati n, ru..ed, si/-le t use and /aintain Features, T$ t ne rin.er M +in. ar/ature t6-e recei+er =arb n Trans/itter Hand -erated .enerat r f r si.nalin. P int t P int c //unicati n t%r u.% 0E cell A+ailable in $ide ran.e f c l rs Hand Generat r f r si.nalin. is used S-eec% G0 E lts ;0 HertF CE lts D=

TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON INDIAN TELEPHONE INDUSTRY .isa39anta+e, Ti/e Dela6 N securit6 =r ss c //unicati n Hu/an Err r

16

)0 E:ecuti9e !elephone E!S(*&, Interc%an.eable Tele-% ne f r : ss A Secretar6 Electr nic s-eec% circuit $it% -ulse t ne dialin. Last =all Redial =all % ldin. $it% /usic Inde-endent Interc / f r : ss A Secretar6 $it% ut en.a.in. e5c%an.e lines Pr +isi n t turn ff rin.er N l ss f call durin. - $er failure

10 !elephone Set 8(C, .escription, Tele-% ne Set 0#= t ITI c de ESP &G&=AA1&0L1& is ru..ed and desi.ned t $ r3 as li.%t $ei.%t tele-% nes* A c /binati n f 0#: and ;#A tele-% ne is als used as a re/ te c ntr l f r si/-ler radi sets* = /-atible $it% =: and Ma.net E5c%an.es* In additi n, it can be used $it% an aut /atic e5c%an.e $it% inbuilt -us% butt n dial* TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON INDIAN TELEPHONE INDUSTRY

17

Salient Features, I/-r +e s-eec% -erf r/ance !(1 @Ms $it% 4DI =ables" I/-r +ed -erf r/ance c n+enti nal bell M dular desi.n f r eas6 /aintenance Eisual indicati ns t indicate %ealt% and c rrect inserti n f cells Hand rin.in. .enerat r is re-laced $it% electr nic rin. .enerat r Less $ei.%t and ru..ed /ec%anical desi.n 4 r3s n Ma.net and Aut / de &0 !elephone Set Fiel3 Auto )(A, .escription, Tele-% ne set >ield Aut ;#A is a li.%t $ei.%t ru..ediFed aut tele-% ne ca-able f $ r3in. $it% Aut , = // n :atter6 and Electr nic E5c%an.es f PLAN AREN fa/il6 and $it% b t% DE=ADI= and DTM> Dialin. Salient Features, T%e tele-% ne e/-l 6s an Electr #D6na/ic M +in. = il Transducer !M=R )'" f r b t% /icr -% ne and recei+er $%ic% are identical and interc%an.eable* LED indicati n f r %ealt%6 status f line c nditi n Rin.in. s und b6 PIE ;1 Electric :uFFer S-eec% I= %as built in facilit6 t reduce ac ustic s% c3s due t lar.e a/-litude -ulses 80 !elephone Set 8(; f rin.in. s und b6 usin. PI=;1 electric buFFer instead f

TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON INDIAN TELEPHONE INDUSTRY

18

.escription, Tele-% ne Set 0#: is ru..ed and desi.ned t $ r3 as li.%t $ei.%t tele-% ne $it% /a.net , =: and =:S e5c%an.es and als a re/ te c ntr l f r si/-ler radi sets* T%e tele-% nes can als be used as a line/ans test tele-% ne* Features, S-eec% -erf r/ance u- t C1 @Ms $it% 4DI cable Hand r tated /a.net .enerat r f r si.nalin. Inbuilt circuit f r . d rin.er + lu/e

P $ered b6 CE batter6 f r s-eec% Inbuilt electr nic circuit f r a/-lificati n D6na/ic /icr -% ne t6-e trans/itter $it% n ise cancellati n facilit6 f r . trans/issi n Hi.% sensiti+e s-lit ar/ature t6-e recei+er $it% cras% li/iter t reduce an6 ac ustic s% c3 due t lar.e a/-litude -ulses =%an.e +er s$itc% f r s% rt7l n. line r radi Press t s-ea3 s$itc% in t%e %andset t reduce batter6 disc%ar.e =ase and %andsets are / lded fr / A:S -lastic d field

$0 SAP 2S"itchin+ Access Pro3ucts4

SM! LINE T%ere are t$ t6-es f de+ices acc rdin. t t%e tec%n l .67-r cess used in /anufacturin. t%e/* = n+enti nal De+ices Surface M unted De+ices !SMDs" TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON INDIAN TELEPHONE INDUSTRY

19

T%e c n+enti nal de+ices use t%e T%r u.%#H le tec%n l .6 f r c nnectin. t%e c /- nents n a P=:* In t%is /et% d t%e de+ices7c /- nents are s ldered n t%e t%er side f t%e P=:* SM! 2Sur ace Mountin+ !echnolo+y4, Surface / unt tec%n l .6 !SMT" is a /et% d f r c nstructin. electr nic circuits in $%ic% t%e c /- nents !surface#/ unted c /- nents7SM=s" are / unted directl6 nt t%e surface f -rinted circuit b ards !P=:s"* An electr nic de+ice s /ade is called a surface / unt de+ice !SMD"* In t%e industr6 it %as lar.el6 re-laced t%e t%r u.% % le tec%n l .6 c nstructi n /et% d f fittin. c /- nents $it% $ire leads int % les in t%e circuit b ard* An SMT c /- nent is usuall6 s/aller t%an its t%r u.%#% le c unter-art because it %as eit%er s/aller leads r n leads at all* It /a6 %a+e s% rt -ins r leads f +ari us st6les, flat c ntacts, and a /atri5 f s lder balls !:GAs", r ter/inati ns n t%e b d6 f t%e c /- nent* T%is secti n uses aut /ati n f r t%e asse/blin. f P=:s* S /e bi. c /- nents are / unted n P=: usin. t%is aut /ati n tec%ni8ue* A nu/ber f /ac%ines are used in t%is -r cess* One suc% c /-lete -r cess is called an SMT line* S lderin. is d ne n t%e surface in t%is -r cess* 4a+e s lderin. is d ne finall6* T%r u.% ut t%e line t%ere are sens rs s t%at until ne -r cess is c /-leted ne$ ne $ill n t c /e* T%e entire -r cess is described bel $ in t%e bl c3 dia.ra/?

A./AN!A<ES OF S-RFACE MO-N!IN< ASSEM;LY S/aller c /- nents* S/allest is currentl6 1*0 5 1*;0 //* Muc% %i.%er nu/ber f c /- nents and /an6 / re c nnecti ns -er c /- nent >e$er % les need t be drilled t%r u.% abrasi+e b ards* Si/-ler aut /ated asse/bl6* TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON INDIAN TELEPHONE INDUSTRY

20

S/all err rs in c /- nent -lace/ent are c rrected aut /aticall6 !t%e surface tensi n f t%e / lten s lder -ulls t%e c /- nent int ali.n/ent $it% t%e s lder -ads"*

= /- nents can be -laced n b t% sides f t%e circuit b ard* L $er resistance and inductance at t%e c nnecti n !leadin. t better -erf r/ance f r %i.% fre8uenc6 -arts"*

:etter /ec%anical -erf r/ance under s%a3e and +ibrati n c nditi ns* SMT -arts .enerall6 c st less t%an t%r u.%#% le -arts* >e$er un$anted R> si.nal effects in SMT -arts $%en c /-ared t leaded -arts, 6ieldin. better -redictabilit6 f c /- nent c%aracteristics* >aster asse/bl6* S /e -lace/ent /ac%ines are ca-able f -lacin. / re t%an 01,111 c /- nents -er % ur*

TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON INDIAN TELEPHONE INDUSTRY

21

>IGURE? :l c3 dia.ra/ f -r cess used in SMT $it% t%e na/e f res-ecti+e /ac%ines used in brac3ets

NOTE? EITHER SOLDER PASTE PRINTING OR GLUE DISPENSING* PRO=ESS IS =ARRIED OUT IN ONE PASS*

TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON INDIAN TELEPHONE INDUSTRY

22

A l ader l ads t%e P=: t t%e SMT line* >irst /ac%ine -uts a s lder -aste n t%e P=:* A stencil !EKRA stencil printer, A Ger/an = /-an6" is used f r t%is* > r eac% P=: asse/blin., se-arate stencil is re8uired* T%is /ac%ine %as an inte.rated P= $it% it* Sec nd /ac%ine is a glue dispenser !>UNI /a3e .lue dis-enser"* T%is is d ne t a+ id re/eltin. s lder* T%ird /ac%ine !>UNI /a3e chip shooter" feeds different c /- nents t t%e P=: usin. a feeder t%r u.% a n FFle b6 r tati n* > urt% /ac%ine !IC placer FIP3" -laces %i.%er siFe c /- nents* >ift% /ac%ine %as integrated system, usin. $%ic% it 9ust ins-ects t%e asse/bled /ac%ine* Si5t% /ac%ine %as oven. Until %ere, t%e card $ill be $et* >r / t%is /ac%ine, /eltin. and s lderin. is d ne* Pr duced .ases are e5%austed* An unloader unl ads t%e P=: fr / t%e SMT line*

E=RA S!ENCIL PRIN!ER, E@RA Stencil Printer is a Mac%ine instru/ent used f r -rintin. f s lder -aste n P=: -ads* In t%is -rinter a s lderin. -aste is ta3en* T%e P=: t be -rinted is -ut under a /as3 in $%ic% nl6 t%e - rti n $%ic% is t be -rinted re/ains un/as3ed, i*e* Stencils are /ade f r P=: $%ere s lder %as t be -asted* <L-E .ISPENSER, >UNI#GL#0(&#E Glue Dis-enser is used t dis-ense .lue f r -astin. t%e c /- nents u- n* T%is Mac%ine dis-enses .lue at t%e s-eed f (1,111 D ts -er H ur* It -r +ides t%e %i.%#s-eed, -recisi n .lue a--licati n re8uired b6 t da6s -lacin. /ac%ines* A t%ree#s6rin.e dis-ensin. %ead features inde-endent, ser+ c ntr lled s6rin.e t reduce c6cle ti/e t 1*1'sec7d t* A needle %eatin. and te/-erature c ntr l s6ste/ /aintain c nsistent dis-ensin. + lu/es and create ideal c nditi ns f r $ r3in. $it% %i.%#s-eed a--licati n .lues* Se+eral -r .ra/#c ntr lled features furt%er ensure t%e %i.%#-recisi n a--licati n*

TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON INDIAN TELEPHONE INDUSTRY C>IP S>OO!ER, >UNI =P <(; =%i- S% -resent* ter is a c /- nent -lacer, used t

23

-lace lar.e and /ediu/ siFe

c /- nents and I=s at t%e desired l cati ns n t%e P=: $%ere .lue r s lder -aste is alread6

T%e s-eed f >UNI =P <(; is (1,111 c /- nents -er % ur* = /- nent Tables are t%ere t st re t%e c /- nents t -lace n P=:* T%is /ac%ine can % ld u- t G1 c /- nent tables at ne side* It % lds &(1 c /- nent tables $%en -erated 9 intl6* T%ese c /- nents are -ic3ed and -laced $it% t%e %el- f a r tar6 turt* It c ntains ;1 %ead % lders and < n FFles n e+er6 %ead % lder* In t%is $a6 it can % ld u- t &;1 c /- nents at a ti/e* FINE IC PLACER, T%e =%i- S% ter described ab +e %as a siFe li/it* >UNI IP#C >ine I= Placer can -lace / re ter* 4it% decrease in t%e siFe f c /- nents -laced

s/all c /- nents c /-ared t =%i- S% t%e s-eed f -erati n als decreases*

> r 1*1C // ta-e c /- nents S-eed is <0(0c-%* > r 1*1;0 // !>ine Pitc%" I=s S-eed is &((1 c-%* MICROFLO? REFLO? O/EN, After I=s and c /- nents are -laced, till t%is ste-, t%e Glue7S lder Paste is in se/i#s lid f r/* T%e Researc% Internati nal Ma3e Micr fl $#II Refl $ O+en is used t -ass t%e ab +e P=: =ards fr / a %eatin. c%a/ber and t%an fr / a c lin. c%a/ber* T%is O+en %as ) F nes and Te/-erature is different at e+er6 F ne f t%e +en* T%is te/-erature treat/ent i/-r +es t%e /ec%anical and +ibrati n stren.t% f t%e SMDs t%us /ade* PC; -NLOA.ER, After t%e ab +e -r cesses are c /-leted, $e .et end -r duct P=:s, T%ese P=: =ards are stac3ed f r Unl ad it later* TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON INDIAN TELEPHONE INDUSTRY Assem6ly techni@ues,

24

4%ere c /- nents are t be -laced, t%e -rinted circuit b ard n r/all6 %as flat, usuall6 tin#lead, sil+er, r . ld -lated c --er -ads $it% ut % les, called solder pads* S lder -aste, a stic36 /i5ture f flu5 and tin6 s lder -articles, is first a--lied t all t%e s lder -ads $it% a stainless steel r nic3el stencil usin. a screen -rintin. -r cess* It can als be a--lied b6 a 9et#-rintin. /ec%anis/, si/ilar t an in39et -rinter* After -astin., t%e b ards t%en -r ceed t t%e -ic3#and# -lace /ac%ines, $%ere t%e6 are -laced n a c n+e6 r belt* T%e c /- nents t be -laced n t%e b ards are usuall6 deli+ered t t%e -r ducti n line in eit%er -a-er7-lastic ta-es $ und n reels r -lastic tubes* S /e lar.e inte.rated circuits are deli+ered in static#free tra6s* Nu/erical c ntr l -ic3#and#-lace /ac%ines re/ +e t%e -arts fr / t%e ta-es, tubes r tra6s and -lace t%e/ n t%e P=:* T%e b ards are t%en c n+e6ed int t%e refl $ s lderin. +en* T%e6 first enter a -re#%eat F ne, $%ere t%e te/-erature f t%e b ard and all t%e c /- nents is .raduall6, unif r/l6 raised* T%e b ards t%en enter a F ne $%ere t%e te/-erature is %i.% en u.% t /elt t%e s lder -articles in t%e s lder -aste, b ndin. t%e c /- nent leads t t%e -ads n t%e circuit b ard* T%e surface tensi n f t%e / lten s lder %el-s 3ee- t%e c /- nents in -lace, and if t%e s lder -ad .e /etries are c rrectl6 desi.ned, surface tensi n aut /aticall6 ali.ns t%e c /- nents n t%eir -ads* T%ere are a nu/ber f tec%ni8ues f r refl $in. s lder* One is t use infrared la/-sI t%is is called infrared refl $* An t%er is t use a % t .as c n+ecti n* If t%e circuit b ard is d uble#sided t%en t%is -rintin., -lace/ent, refl $ -r cess /a6 be re-eated usin. eit%er s lder -aste r .lue t % ld t%e c /- nents in -lace* If .lue is used t%en t%e -arts /ust be s ldered later usin. a $a+e s lderin. -r cess* After s lderin., t%e b ards /a6 be $as%ed t re/ +e flu5 residues and an6 stra6 s lder balls t%at c uld s% rt fr / $ater* TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS ut cl sel6 s-aced c /- nent leads* R sin flu5 is re/ +ed $it% flu r carb n r dr6in. c6cles* 4ater s luble flu5es are s l+ents, %i.% flas% - int %6dr carb n s l+ents, r l $ flas% s l+ents e*.* li/ nene !deri+ed ran.e -eels" $%ic% re8uire e5tra rinsin. re/ +ed $it% dei nised $ater and deter.ent, f ll $ed b6 an air blast t 8uic3l6 re/ +e residual

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON INDIAN TELEPHONE INDUSTRY

25

>inall6, t%e b ards are +isuall6 ins-ected f r /issin. r /isali.ned c /- nents and s lder brid.in.* If needed, t%e6 are sent t a re$ r3 stati n $%ere a %u/an -erat r re-airs an6 err rs* T%e6 are t%en usuall6 sent t t%e testin. stati ns t +erif6 t%at t%e6 -erate c rrectl6

=ittin+, T%is secti n -r +ides t%e different c /- nents re8uired f r SMT secti n* > r -r -er / untin. f t%e c /- nents, t%e6 %a+e t be -r -erl6 cut A t%e -ins %a+e t be a--r -riatel6 bent etc* T%ere are t$ t6-es f f r/in. f r t%e c /- nents, 3in3 and strai.%t* @in3 f r/ati n is d ne t -lace t%e c /- nent at a -articular %ei.%t* T%ere is a +ibrati n /ac%ine t cut transist r* Als t%ere are different /ac%ines f r 3in3 f r/ati n f I=, f r cuttin. ca-acit rs etc* After t%e SMT -r cess, /anual ins-ecti n is d ne* Re$ r3 is +er6 difficult in case f an6 fault* Re$ r3 is d ne in re$ r3 /ac%ine* T%ere are /an6 /et% ds f r feedin. t%e c /- nents in an SMT line* I=s are -laced in anti#static stic3* T%ere are electr /ec%anic feeders, +ibrat r feeders, /ec%anical feeders etc* T%ere is a -re#ba3in. +en f r ba3in. t%e P=:s bef re feedin. t%e/ t t%e line t re/ +e t%e / isture* Manufacturin. defects f P=:s fr / SMT are rectified usin. s ft$are* Usin. t%is s ft$are, t%e P=: is tested* A b ard $it% sa/e sl ts as t%at f P=: is /atc%ed $it% P=: and cr ss c%ec3ed* Actual +alue and e5-ected +alue is . t as t%e ut-ut* > r s /e cards $e use =RO f r testin.*

TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON INDIAN TELEPHONE INDUSTRY

26

PC; PLAN!
PROCESS, A siFe f ;*(// is cut t /a3e a / t%erb ard $it% cO&G*0P* = --er clad la/inati n* =N= Drillin. != /-uteriFed Nu/erical = ntr l" PTH !Plated t%r u.% % le" A Panel Platin. P% t resists la/inati n !&;1Q= te/-*" UE E5- sin. De+el -in. !C1Q= te/-*" Electr = --er -attern -latin. !&G*0P" Tin -attern -latin. Resist Stri--in. !castin. s da A $ater n 01Q=" Etc%in. !A// nia Sul-%ate at 01Q=" Tin Stri--in. !HNOC AT &10Q=" S lder Mas3 = atin. !Tin A Lead /i5 A %eat at ;01Q=" S lder Mas3 De+el -in. !(1Q=" HAL !H t Air Le+elin." Le.end Mar3in.7 Le.end Print !E5cellence Aut /ati n" TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON INDIAN TELEPHONE INDUSTRY

27

Telec //unicati n Net$ r3s are = nstantl6 =%an.in.* T%e ra-id .r $t% f t%e di.ital net$ r3, M bile Net$ r3 and Intelli.ent Net$ r3 and t%e -r liferati n f ne$ ser+ices bein. c nstantl6 ffered t subscriber /ean t%at e8ui-/ent /ust be c ntinu usl6 ada-ted t distributed +er different c ntr l r.ans ne$ re8uire/ents* All t%e ne$ f t%e units s$itc%in. s6ste/s are based n st red -r .ra/ c ntr l c nce-t* T%e call -r cessin. -r .ra//es are f t%e s6ste/ and are st red in ROM7RAM -r cess r in t%e c ntr l units b6 usin. t%e -r .ra//e and data st red in unit ROM7RAM -r cess and %andle calls* Handlin. r -r cessin. a call /eans t ulti/atel6 establis% a c nnecti n in bet$een inc /in. and ut. in. ends* De-endin. n t%e s6ste/ t%e na/e and arc%itecture f c ntr l units and s$itc% /a6 c%an.e but basic criteri n f r s$itc%in. / re r less re/ains sa/e* T%e AL=ATEL &111e&1 e5c%an.e als 3n $n b6 its t%er na/e O=:;)C is desi.ned t cater f r e+ l+in. net$ r3s and t%e need t rati naliFe e8ui-/ent -erati n* Its / dular arc%itecture /eans t%at ne$ ser+ices can be added and -r cessin. ca-acit6 can be increased $it% ut interru-tin. -erati n f t%e e5c%an.e* O=: ;)C is a di.ital s$itc%in. s6ste/ $%ic% su-- rts a +ariet6 f c //unicati n needs li3e basic tele-% n6, ISDN, interface t / bile c //unicati n, data c //unicati n etc* T%is s6ste/ %as been de+el -ed b6 AL=ATEL f >rance and t%eref re %as /an6 si/ilarities t its -redecess r e#&1* T%e first O=:;)C e5c%an.e f R&& +ersi n ca/e t India in &''C* At -resent R;C and R;( are als bein. su--lied* T%e basic arc%itecture re/ainin. sa/e, / re facilities t subscriber and ad/inistrati n are su-- rted b6 later +ersi ns*

T%e tele-% ne e5c%an.e secti n in SAP de-art/ent %as t$ - rti ns? O=: and =SN !Nu/erical Satellite = ncentrat r" $%ic% $ r3s as base stati n and MS= !M bile S$itc%in. =entre"* T%ese %andles t%ree functi ns? call %andlin., alar/ /ana.e/ent and billin.* =SN %as c ntr l cards, alar/s etc* In =SN, if l ad increases, l .ic c%an.es* At bac3side f =SN s /e ca-acit rs are .i+en, s t%at if s /e li.%tnin. c /es, t%ese ca-acit rs burns and -r tect t%e card*

TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON INDIAN TELEPHONE INDUSTRY

28

OC; CSN !estin+, O=: is als 3n $n as Alcatel Di.ital S$itc%in. S6ste/ de+el -ed b6 Alcatel =IT* O=: ;)C /eans# Or.an De = //and :; Eersi n )C11 /icr -r cess r* It is t%e latest electr nics di.ital ISDN t6-e s$itc%in. tec%n l .6 bein. i/- rted in India, is Di.ital S$itc%in. Tec%n l .67S6ste/ $%ic% su-- rts a +ariet6 f / bile c //unicati n needs li3e tele-% n6, ISDN, interface t / bile c //unicati n, di.ital c //unicati n etc* It %as sin.le JT state s$itc%* A /a5i/u/ f ;1() s$itc%es !P=Ms" can be c nnected* It su-- rts b t% anal . and di.ital subscriber* =SN are s desi.ned t%at t%e6 can be e8ui--ed $it% eit%er anal . r di.ital subscriber r b t%* T%ese -r +ide facilit6 t c nnect s-eec% -at% fr / a subscribers l - r circuits fr / e5ternal P=Ms and transfer t%ese s-eec% sa/-les t selected ti/e sl ts called + ice c%annels n a LR lin3 !Internal P=Ms"* T%is -r +ides access f r Man Mac%ine Dial .ue f r t%e %u/an c //and t%e $ r3in. f e5c%an.e e8ui-/ent* OC; Features, =an %andle /a5i/u/ f ) la3% :H=A!:us6 H ur =all Atte/-ts" =an %andle traffic f ;0111 erlan.s Ma5i/u/ f ; la3% subscribers r <1111 circuit can be ter/inated It %as /a5i/u/ f C0 t6-e f cards !e5cludin. subscriber rac3s" D uble re/ te $ r3in. facilit6 It can %andle Anal .7Di.ital and / bile subscribers -erat rs t interact and

TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON INDIAN TELEPHONE INDUSTRY Access net$ r3s can be c nnected t it t%r u.% + 0*&70*; -r t c ls

29

Su6scri6er Facility Pro9i3e3 6y OC; )'1 $0 Inter/ediate H t Line# Subscriber c nnected t an t%er -redeter/ined nu/ber n liftin. t%e -% ne !N Dialin. Re8uired" )0 Dela6ed H t Line# Dial T ne is %eard n liftin., Subscriber can dial an6 nu/ber* Ot%er$ise t%e call is c nnected t a -re+i usl6 .i+en nu/ber after a fi5ed ti/e !IERS" 10 Abbre+iated Dialin.# Subscriber rec rds a s% rt c de f r a nu/ber and %a+e t dial t%at c de nl6 !S-eed Dial" &0 =all > r$ardin. 80 =all > r$ardin. <0 =all = nference !( subscribers" OC; Functional -nits, T%e Alcatel E#&1 !O=: ;)C" s6ste/ is /ade u- f t%ree inde-endent functi nal units* $0 Po"er Supply( JO-erati n and Maintenance is res- nsible f r all functi ns needed b6 t%e net$ r3 -eratin. aut% rit6 > r O A M f e5c%an.e b6 -erat rs r NM=* In an electr nic st red -r .ra/ c ntr l di.ital e5c%an.e li3e O=:# ;)C* All O A M acti+ities are -erf r/ed b6 unit called OM=* T%is -r +ides access f r Man Mac%ine Dial .ue* )0 Lo+ic( J= nnecti n and = ntr l carries ut c nnecti ns and -r cessin. f si.nals It is a bl c3 c nsistin. f c ntr l functi ns, s$itc%in. e8ui-/ents $%ic% -r cess / nit r,

c ntr l t%e call setu- and release* TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON INDIAN TELEPHONE INDUSTRY

30

10 Su6scri6er( JSubscriber Access Subs6ste/ carries ut c nnecti n f anal .ue and di.ital lines T%is is treated as an inde-endent entit6* E+er6 Subscriber = nnecti n E8ui-/ent !=SE" Rac3 is .i+en a si.nalin. - int nu/ber t e5c%an.e subs6ste/s* -erate in c // n c%annel si.nalin. / del $it% rest f

OC; ARC>I!EC!-RE

>i. (? O=: Arc%itecture

TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON INDIAN TELEPHONE INDUSTRY

31

>i.0? O=: Net$ r3 SMC( Maintenance = ntr l Stati n SM5( Matri5 = ntr l Stati n MIS( Multi-le Interfacin. :us bar S!S( S6nc%r niFati n Ti/e :ase Stati n OMC( O-erati nal Mana.e/ent = ntr l CSNL( L cal Nu/erical Subscriber =entre CSN.( Distant Nu/erical Subscriber =entre CSNE( E5tent Nu/erical Subscriber =entre !MN( Telec //unicati n Mana.e/ent Net$ r3 TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS SMA( Au5iliar6 E8ui-/ent = ntr l Stati n SMM( Maintenance Stati n MAS( Multi-le Access :us bar AL( Alar/ CSN( Nu/eric Satellite = ncentrat r

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON INDIAN TELEPHONE INDUSTRY

32

!estin+, T%is secti n tests t%e different cards f r detectin. and rectif6in. t%e faults* Testin. is d ne f r E== and .r und* In#circuit test is d ne* Punc% t%r u.% % les %as t be tested* Usin. -r .ra/s subscriber cards, l .ical cards and - $er su--l6 cards are tested* ;urnin+ Cham6er, Tested cards are -ut %ere* =ards s% uld $ r3 u- t 01 =* S burnin. c%a/ber is 3e-t at 00 =* =ards are 3e-t %ere f r G; % urs c ntinu usl6* Testin. is als d ne f r c%ec3in. $%et%er s lder /elts and card fails at %i.% te/-erature* =ards fr / burnin. secti n are asse/bled in t%e rac3 inte.rati n secti n* One 6ear $arrant6 is .i+en f r cards* >ault6 card $ill be cr ss c%ec3ed $it% card data li3e call details, circuit dia.ra/, - siti nin., +alues etcI f r all t%ese c%arts $ill be -r +ided* =ircuit le+el and c /- nent le+el details are t%ere* &0 da6s re-airin. ti/e $ill be .i+en f r eac% card*

TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON INDIAN TELEPHONE INDUSTRY

33

)0 RA. 2Research an3 .e9elopment4

Researc% and De+el -/ent di+isi n is l cated at :an.al re* In#% use R A D = re Stren.t%s

NMS
o

Ele/ental as $ell as U/brella

Optical
o o o

STM Interfaces O7E A E7O = n+erters ;7C( Mb-s O-ti/u5

Encryption e@uipment
o o o o

Encr6-ti n e8ui-/ent f r E ice 7 Data f r :it Rates f &< 3b-s7 <( 3b-s E&, EC, STM#I, STM#( A STM#&< f r +ari us /edia #$ired A $ireless E ice7Data7>a5 Encr6-t r IP Encr6-t r

Satellite
o o

IDR !Inter/ediate Data Ran.e" S6ste/s @u :and Satellite S6ste/s

?ireless
o

4ISS SE:> !4ireless Siren S6ste/ $it% Si/ultane us E ice :r adcast"

TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON INDIAN TELEPHONE INDUSTRY

o

34

Micr $a+e E8ui-/ent ) GHF E&7STM#& Radi

.i+ital Access Pro3ucts

o o o

C1 =%& P=M, MIL P=M MUB Pr .ra//able MUB Pr t c l = n+erters

Consumer Premises E@uipment

o o o

=LIP !=allin. Line Identificati n Presentati n" tele-% ne f r Na+6 0: A 0= tele-% ne sets f r Defence f rces S und P $ered tele-% ne

System En+ineerin+
o o o

Net$ r3 Plannin. and Desi.n M bile = //unicati n Ee%icles Ru..edisati n

As .i+en in t%e be.innin., t%e RAD Lab c /-rises f &1 secti ns? $0 4ireless Lab )0 Ter/inal E8ui-/ent De+el -/ent 10 Access Pr ducts Lab &0 DSP Lab TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON INDIAN TELEPHONE INDUSTRY 80 =AD7P=: Desi.n Lab B0 =%e/ical Lab C0 S=ADA Lab '0 P $er Su--l6 Lab
%0 LAN

35

Lab

$*0 Reliabilit6 En.ineerin. Lab

$4 ?ireless La6, In $ired c nnecti n usuall6, c nnecti+it6 in a sin.le e5c%an.e is t$ #$ired* E5c%an.e t e5c%an.e c nnecti+it6 is t%r u.% O-tical >iber =able !O>=" r c --er* One O>= can acc // date /an6 trun3 lines* Different standards li3e, E&, EC etc are used* T%e RAD secti n %as a $ireless lab $%ere s /e f t%e $ireless -r 9ects are de+el -ed* Here t%e6 de+el $ireless c nnecti+it6 f r b t% + ice and data net$ r3* In $ireless c nnecti+it6 eac% stati n %as a trans/itter and recei+er, / dulat r and de/ dulat r* Di.ital / dulati n ta3es -lace* At base stati n, O/ni#directi nal antennas are used* >r / base stati n t / bile s$itc%in. centre, - int t - int c //unicati n is establis%ed* S %ere /icr $a+e antennas are used* T%e i//ediate interface in $ireless c //unicati n is a MUB* MUB is c nnected t di.ital / de/ and di.ital / de/ t an utd -r .ra//ed* T%e c nnecti n fr / di.ital / de/ t cable is /ulti-le5ed f r + lta.e, - $er, data etc* utd r unit* E+er6t%in. is r unit is t%r u.% c a5ial cable* T%is

)4 !erminal E@uipment .e9elopment, T%is secti n de+el -s $ired ter/inal e8ui-/ent* Ter/inal e8ui-/ent !tele-% ne" %as C I=sI Rin.er I=, S-eec% I= and a Dialer I=* 4it% ut c nnecti n a -% ne is a du//6* Durin. c nnecti n, a sinus idal $a+ef r/ is fed fr / t%e e5c%an.e !G0E r/s and ;0 HF"* T%is is .i+en t t%e rin.er I=* T%is turns n t%e buFFer and rin.in. starts* A tele-% ne %as t$ states? n % 3 !%and set n -% ne" and ff % 3 !%and set

TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON INDIAN TELEPHONE INDUSTRY

36

lifted"* 4%en lifted, s-eec% I= turns n* Transducers are -resent at /ic and l uds-ea3er* T%ese use DSP al. rit%/* A dialer I= is t dial ut. in. calls* > r t%is t%ere are t$ /et% ds? Decadic -ulsin. and DTM>* In decadic -ulsin., t$ -ulses are -resent $it% an ON ti/e f <</s and O>> ti/e f CC/s* &1 suc% -ulses re-resent a 1* T re-resent &, ne suc% -ulse is trans/itted, f r ;, t$ suc% -ulses are trans/itted* In DTM>, l $ and %i.% fre8uencies are c /bined* 4%en a nu/ber sa6 0 is -ressed, dialer I= ta3es t%e t$ fre8uencies c rres- ndin. t t%at nu/ber, and trans/it its ut-ut* T%is is t%e basic tele-% ne $ r3in.* S /e additi nal circuits inc r- rated t t%e tele-% ne are L=D t dis-la6 t%e nu/bers, E;PROM as /e/ r6, /icr c ntr ller $%ic% -r +ides -% neb 3 f r inc /in. calls*

>i. <? Pulse T ne

TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON INDIAN TELEPHONE INDUSTRY

37

>i. G? DTM> T nes

14 Access Pro3ucts, T%ese are desi.ned f r rail$a6s* : t% + ice and data cards are used %ere* T%ere is ne central card $%ic% su--lies in-ut t all t%er cards* > r trans/issi n f ur E& strea/s f data are used* A bidirecti nal internal cl c3 is used* T%e / t%er b ard 9ac3s all t%e cards* T%e - $er su--l6 unit c n+erts #()E t 0E* Eac% card %as <( @b-s baud rate* If baud rate is l $, $e %a+e data l $ s-eed cards* T$ standards are used, E and T standard* 4e f ll $ E& standard $%ic% -r +ides ;M: data trans/issi n* E& itself %as t$ series? P=M C1 and P=M C&* 4e f ll $ P=M C&* It %as C1 ti/e sl ts, &< t% ti/e sl t is f r si.nalin., re/ainin. f r + ice r data trans/issi n* 0E f r I= l adin. and #()E f r + ice cards is re8uired* Onl6 at #()E $e .et clear s-eec%* > r % tline c //unicati n, t%e rin.er is 3e-t inside t%e card itself* T%e -r .ra//in. is d ne in e/bedded =* >PGA is used* >PGA l adin. re8uires ;*0E and C*;E* Re.ulat r c n+erts 0E t ;*0E and C*;E* E ice sub cards %a+e si.nalin. and c //unicati n in t%e sa/e directi n* E ice E and M cards %a+e t%ese in different directi ns* = ntr l cards

TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON INDIAN TELEPHONE INDUSTRY

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c ntr ls t%e si.nalin. and c //unicati n* All c ntr l cards %a+e LEDs f r indicatin. -r -er c nnecti n bet$een trans/it and recei+e cards* T%e c nnecti+it6 used is serial !RS#;C;"* T%e6 use /aster and sla+e c //unicati n* Master c ntr ls all sla+es* S all c ntr l and / nit rin. can be d ne fr / t%e /aster stati n* Master can be identified fr / an )#-in di- s$itc%* T%e selecti n is in binar6 f r/* If t%e first t$ s$itc%es are u-, t%en t%e s6ste/ is t%e C rd s6ste/* 4e can %a+e c nference c //unicati n t%r u.% t%is s6ste/* 4e can %a+e c nference c //unicati n t%r u.% % t line c //unicati n ! ne t als * T%e Pr .ra//able Multi-le5er e8ui-/ent !DE&1;&G(7A;" is a -ri/ar6 rate /ulti-le5er $it% Dr - 7 Insert facilit6* T%is e8ui-/ent /ulti-le5es C1 anal . !E ice" and 7 r data c%annels t ;1() 3b-s ITU#T c /-atible G* G1( di.ital strea/ n send side and n recei+es side* It de# /ulti-le5es ITU#T c /-atible ;1() 3b-s - rts !P&, P;, PC and P(" eac% f r send and recei+es directi ns* It is - ssible t dr - 7 insert bet$een an6 c%annel fr / ;Mb - rts* T%is e8ui-/ent %as t%e facilit6 f R -art6 c nferencin. bet$een an6 c /binati n f - rts P& r P;* T%e e8ui-/ent can be used eit%er as a ter/inal Multi-le5er r as a dr - 7 insert Multi-le5er in tande/ n a ;M: strea/ n di.ital trans/issi n /edia* Mec%anical Details? T%e e8ui-/ent is % used in Standard &'L subrac3 A t%e Ter/inati ns $it% RN#(0 c nnect rs are -r +ided in t%e fr nt -anel ter/inati n n t MD>* T%e /ec%anical di/ensi n f t%e subrac3 is a--r 5i/atel6 L ()1// 5 D C(1//* T%is -r duct /eets t%e s-ecificati n f RDSO Rail$a6s IRS? T= <) 7 ;11(, A/end/ent & PO4ER SUPPLY? T%e e8ui-/ent -erates n #()E D= !#C<E t #G;E"* Redundant - $er su--l6 units are f Interface cards and standard 0 /eter cable is -r +ided f r ne"

e8ui--ed* P $er = nsu/-ti n f s6ste/ is less t%an <14 $it% all C1 c%annels l aded A Ma5* P $er Su--l6 ca-acit6 is '< 4atts* TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON INDIAN TELEPHONE INDUSTRY &4 .SP, T%is secti n c ncentrates

39

n ter/inal end secrec6 de+ice !TESD" -r 9ect* I*e* in

defence, if enc din. is n t -r +ided, t%en c //unicati n can be ta--ed* S securit6 is -r +ided at t%e ter/inal ends* > r t%is TESD b 5es are 3e-t at b t% t%e ter/inals* All t%e calls, first . t t%e TESD b 5, fr / t%ere encr6-ti n r decr6-ti n ta3es -lace and t%en . es t t%e ter/inal* EHDL is used f r t%is* T%ere, I=s f r l adin. data fr / P= f r encr6-ti n and decr6-ti n* =all first c /es t trans/it I=, t%en t encr6-ti n I=* 84 CA.DPC; .esi+n, T%is secti n desi.ns t%e P=: $%ere different c /- nents are / unted* T%e P=: is desi.ned $it% t%e %el- f =AD star s ft$are usin. t%e sc%e/atic dia.ra/ and a bill f /aterial !:OM" .i+en b6 t%er secti ns* >irst t%e circuit is created usin. t%is s ft$are and t%en it is transferred t t%e P=:* > r t%is t%ere are /ainl6 t%ree libraries? s6/b l librar6 !.i+es s6/b l detail f eac% c /- nent", c /- nent librar6 !.i+es t%e -%6sical details f t%e c /- nent" and -at% librar6 !/a--in. file bet$een s6/b l and c /- nent librar6 i*e* $%ic% -in t $%ic% nu/ber"*

TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON INDIAN TELEPHONE INDUSTRY

40

B4 C>EMICAL LA;, >r / P=: secti n fil/s are su--lied t t%is secti n as in-uts* T%ere are t%ree t6-es f P=:s? sin.le side P=:, d uble side P=: and /ulti la6er P=:* T%e t6-e f P=: t be fabricated is t be decided* T%en t%e base /aterial !insulati n /aterial" is t be selected* T%ree t6-es f base /aterials are t%ere? -a-er e- 56, .lass e- 56 and Tefl n e- 56* On t%is insulati n /aterial, t%e6 clad t%e c --er f il n b t% sides* T%is is t%en called as c --er clad la/inate* > r telec //unicati n, .lass e- 56 c --er clad ter/inate is used* > r radar and satellite Tefl n is used* T%e different ste-s in t%e fabricati n f d uble sided P=:s are .i+en bel $? &* = --er clad cut t siFe !$it% & inc% e5tra f r %andlin. -ur- se" ;* =N= != /-uteriFed Nu/ericall6 = ntr lled" drillin.? T%e % les are drilled b6 t%e =N= drillin. /ac%ine* T%is is c ntr lled b6 c rdinate a5es* C* =leanin. (* Plated T%r u.% H le !PTH" -r cess? In t%is ste- c nducti+it6 in t%e % les are .i+en, i*e* fill t%e % les and c at t%e $% le t%in. $it% /etal* T%is is d ne b6 usin. s /e c%e/icals $it% ut electricit6 !electr less -r cess" 0* La/inati n? T%e entire fil/ is c +ered t -r tect t%e uter la6ers $it% ut an6 air .a-s usin. s /e -% t sensiti+e fil/ !+acuu/ less -r cess"* <* Ali.n and e5- se circuit? T%e fil/ fr / P=: secti n is e5- sed n t%e P=: usin. UE li.%t* T%e fil/ %as t$ c l rsI blac3 and trans-arent* UE li.%t -asses nl6 t%r u.% t%e trans-arent area* S t%e trans-arent /aterial .ets - l6/eriFed n t%e -% t sensiti+e /aterial* G* De+el -in.? N $ t%e ne.ati+e f t%e fil/ fr / P=: secti n $ill be de+el -ed n t%e P=:* )* Electr c --er -latin.? T%is is d ne t increase t%e t%ic3ness f t%e c --er* In electr less -latin. nl6 ;#C /icr ns t%ic3ness c /es* Electr c --er -latin. is d ne usin. cat% de, an de and electr l6te* Here if accidentall6 / re current is -assed, t%e c atin. d ne in t%e C rd ste- $ill ta3e care f it* TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON INDIAN TELEPHONE INDUSTRY '* Tin -latin.? Tin is -lated n t%e c --er* Tin acts as a -r tecti+e la6er durin. etc%in.* &1* >il/ stri--in.? T%e fil/ is re/ +ed in t%is ste-* &&* Etc%in.

41

&;* Tin stri--in.? = --er %as / re c nducti+it6 t%an tin* S tin als %as t be re/ +ed after etc%in.* &C* S lder /as3in.? If c --er is /aintained li3e t%at, c rr si n ta3es -lace* T a+ id t%is s lder /as3in. is d ne* A .reen in3 is used t /as3* T%is in3 can $it%stand u- t (11 =* &(* E5- se and de+el -in.? 4e need s /e -laces f r % les f r s lderin.* T%ese -laces need t be -ened* T%is is d ne $it% t%e %el- f a s lder /as3in. fil/ fr / t%e P=: secti n* &0* S lder c atin.? T a+ id c rr si n f e5- sed - rti n, a tin#lead c atin. is d ne* &<* =ut t final siFe* Earlier t%e P=: $as cut b6 3ee-in. s /e e5tra siFe* &G* :are b ard testin.? In t%is ste-, P=: is c%ec3ed f r an6 disc nnecti+it6 r s% rts r t see $%et%er -r -er t%ic3ness f c --er %as c /e* &)* Le.end /ar3in.? T%is is d ne b6 usin. an t%er secti n* In t%is ste- /ar3in.s n t%e P=: are d ne* > r t%is s /e $%ite in3 is used* > r sin.le sided P=:s ste-s fr / ; t ) are eli/inated* Multila6ered P=:? ITI, :an.al re can fabricate u- t ( la6ers* :EL can /a3e u- t (1 la6ers !f r defence"* In f rei.n c untries, t%e6 can /a3e u- t ;11 la6ers in ;// t%ic3ness P=:s* Pala33ad ITI can fabricate u- t &; la6ers*

TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON INDIAN TELEPHONE INDUSTRY

42

>i. )? Multi la6ered P=: >r / P=: secti n fil/s $it% la6ers /ar3ed are -r +ided* Ta3e ;// c --er f il and e5- se t%e s lder /as3in. fil/* After -re-arin. t%e inner la6er, it is 5idiFed $it% bac3 5ide* T%is is d ne t i/-r +e t%e b ndin. $it% t%e t%er la6ers* T%en -ut .lass e- 56 n b t% sides, and t%en a.ain -ut an t%er c --er f il* Li3e t%is ( la6ers are . t* E5tra insulati n is /elted and re/ +ed b6 3ee-in. under te/-erature and -ressure* T%is als b nds la6ers ; and C* S f r ( la6ered P=:, & inner c --er f il is re8uired* Si/ilarl6 f r < la6ered, ; inner f ils are re8uired* 4e can %a+e c nnecti ns bet$een an6 t$ la6ers* 4%ile testin. if an6 fault c /es, entire P=: $ill be $asted* S all t%ese -erati ns s% uld be d ne $it% e5tre/e care* :enefits f /ultila6ered P=:s? &* Si/-lif6 t%e circuit desi.n s t%at s-ace is /ini/iFed ;* :6 usin. /ini/u/ c /- nents, $e .et /a5i/u/ a--licati ns C* Material sa+in. (* = st reducti n >r / %ere t%e P=: is .i+en t t%e de+el -/ent secti n, t%en t -r ducti n* TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON INDIAN TELEPHONE INDUSTRY

43

C4 SCA.A, S=ADA is su-er+is r6 c ntr l and data ac8uisiti n* T%is is f r / nit rin. and c ntr llin. Indian rail$a6s re/ tel6 b6 an -erat r* T%is %as t$ -arts? R== !Re/ te = ntr l =entre" and RTU !Re/ te Ter/inal Unit"* R==? It is t%e /aster stati n* T%is -r 9ect is f r / nit rin. t%e tracti n - $er su--l6* T%ere is a /an/ade /ac%ine interface !MMI"* An t%er ser+er st res t%e data base* >r / MMI, an -erat r can / nit r and c ntr l b6 sendin. c //ands t RTU* RTU? It $ill be 3e-t at sites* T%e fr nt end -r cess r !>EP" at R== %as s /e s- rt !s-ecial -r t c l f r rail$a6 tracti n" -r t c ls as laid b6 Indian . +ern/ent* T%ere are /an6 sub rac3s in t%e RTU* T%e different functi ns f eac% sub rac3 are? >irst sub rac3? Here C t6-es f data are / nit red* P $er su--l6 is als -r +ided fr / t%is sub rac3* P $er su--l6 $ill be ;C1E* D= c n+erter c n+erts t &;1E* T$ t6-es f - $er su--l6 are t%ereI A=#D= and D=#D=* 4%en - $er su--l6 . es, t%e6 %a+e -r +isi n f r e5ternal - $er su--l6 f &&1E* 4%en - $er su--l6 c /es, &;1E c /es, s aut /aticall6 e5ternal - $er su--l6 is cut !since &;1E is / reI al$a6s / re $ill be ta3en"* Sec nd sub rac3? T%is is t%e / t%erb ard r =PU sub rac3* Here t%ere are /an6 cards li3e =PU cards, di.ital in-ut cards, di.ital ut-ut cards, anal . in-ut cards etc* All data are c nnected t =PU cards $%ic% sent data t >EP* T%ird sub rac3? Here t%e6 %a+e rela6s f r circuit brea3ers* If circuit brea3er %as t be ON, & st rela6 $ r3s* T%is $ill be s% $n in t%e LEDs f ;nd sub rac3* Sa/e t%in. $ill be s% $n in R==* > urt% sub rac3? Here transducers are -resent* T%ese are t brin. bac3 t%e in-uts and ut-uts t n r/al li/its* =a-acit6 f t%e si.nals / nit red in t%e RTU is / re* S it is bi.* If R== ser+er . es $r n., t%ere are t%er redundant ser+ers*

TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON INDIAN TELEPHONE INDUSTRY

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'4 PO?ER S-PPLY, In an6 -r 9ect an6 e8ui-/ent re8uires - $er su--l6* P $er su--l6 is different f r different units* Als $e %a+e t c n+ert A= t D=* 0E, E, E are t%e

standard - $er su--lies* In s /e s-ecial cases, $e /a6 need C*CE als * = n+ersi n f A= t D=? > r c n+ertin. A= t D=, $e re8uire rectifier, ste- d $n transf r/er, re.ulat r etc* All t%ese /a3es - $er su--l6 %ea+6, / re s-ace $ill be re8uired, leads t less efficienc6, / re c st etc* S $e . f r ad+anced - $er su--l6 called SMPS !S$itc%ed M de P $er Su--l6"* In SMPS, $e first c n+ert t D=, t%en t A=* T%en use ste- d $n transf r/er* S siFe f transf r/er can be reduced* Als t%ere is -r ducti n circuit, alar/ circuit etc in - $er su--l6* T%is circuit can ac%ie+e &;E, 0E and C*CE* In case f - $er failure, it aut /aticall6 s$itc%es t batter6 !$%ene+er + lta.e . es bel $ G*0E"* 4%ene+er + lta.e . es ab +e &;E, it is c ntr lled usin. a c /-arat r* Als t%ere are indicati ns f r A= failure, l $ - $er su--l6 etc* T%is circuit can c n+ert ;C1E t &;E !A= t D="* T .et 0E, $e %a+e a c%ild card* T%is c%ild card ta3es &;E and c n+erts t 0E !D= t D="* A s/all I= c n+erts 0E t C*CE* > r C*CE, +er+ lta.e, under + lta.e etc %as t be c%ec3ed* T%ere is a %eat sin3 in t%e circuit t abs rb t%e %eat -r duced durin. its -erati n* S?I!C>E. MO.E PO?ER S-PPLY, SMPS is an electr nic - $er su--l6 t%at inc r- rates a s$itc%in. re.ulat r t c n+ert electrical - $er efficientl6* Li3e t%er - $er su--lies, an SMPS transfers - $er fr / a s urce, li3e /ains - $er, t a l ad, suc% as a -ers nal c /-uter, $%ile c n+ertin. + lta.e and current c%aracteristics* An SMPS is usuall6 e/-l 6ed t efficientl6 -r +ide a re.ulated + lta.e* Unli3e a linear - $er su--l6, t%e -ass transist r f a s$itc%in.#/ de su--l6 c ntinuall6 ut-ut + lta.e, t6-icall6 at a le+el different fr / t%e in-ut

s$itc%es bet$een l $#dissi-ati n, full# n and full# ff states, and s-ends +er6 little ti/e in t%e %i.% dissi-ati n transiti ns !$%ic% /ini/iFes $asted ener.6"* Ideall6, a s$itc%ed#/ de - $er su--l6 dissi-ates n - $er* E lta.e re.ulati n is ac%ie+ed b6 +ar6in. t%e rati f n#t # ff ti/e* In c ntrast, a linear - $er su--l6 re.ulates t%e ut-ut + lta.e b6 c ntinuall6 dissi-atin. - $er

TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS

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in t%e -ass transist r* T%is %i.%er - $er c n+ersi n efficienc6 is an i/- rtant ad+anta.e f a s$itc%ed#/ de - $er su--l6* !heory o operation

:l c3 dia.ra/ f a /ains -erated A=7D= SMPS $it% ut-ut + lta.e re.ulati n Recti ier Sta+e If t%e SMPS %as an A= in-ut, t%en t%e first sta.e is t c n+ert t%e in-ut t D=* T%is is called rectification* T%e rectifier circuit can be c nfi.ured as a + lta.e d ubler b6 t%e additi n f a s$itc% -erated eit%er /anuall6 r aut /aticall6* T%e rectifier -r duces an unre.ulated D= + lta.e $%ic% is t%en sent t a lar.e filter ca-acit r* T%e current dra$n fr / t%e /ains su--l6 b6 t%is rectifier circuit ccurs in s% rt -ulses ar und t%e A= + lta.e -ea3s* An SMPS desi.ned f r A= in-ut can ften be run fr / a D= su--l6 !f r ;C1 E A= t%is $ uld be CC1 E D=", as t%e D= -asses t%r u.% t%e rectifier sta.e unc%an.ed* If an in-ut ran.e s$itc% is used, t%e rectifier sta.e is usuall6 c nfi.ured t -erate as a + lta.e d ubler $%en -eratin. n t%e l $ + lta.e !S&;1 E A=" ran.e and as a strai.%t rectifier $%en -eratin. n t%e %i.% + lta.e !S;(1 E A=" ran.e In9erter sta+e T%e in+erter sta.e c n+erts D=, directl6 fr / t%e in-ut r fr / t%e rectifier sta.e, t A= b6 runnin. it t%r u.% a - $er scillat r, $% se ut-ut transf r/er is +er6 s/all $it% fe$ $indin.s at a fre8uenc6 f tens r %undreds f 3il %ertF* T%e fre8uenc6 is usuall6 c% sen t be ab +e TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS

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;1 3HF, t /a3e it inaudible t %u/ans* T%e s$itc%in. is i/-le/ented as a /ultista.e !t ac%ie+e %i.% .ain" MOS>ET a/-lifier /olta+e con9erter an3 output recti ier If t%e ut-ut is re8uired t be is lated fr / t%e in-ut, as is usuall6 t%e case in /ains - $er su--lies, t%e in+erted A= is used t dri+e t%e -ri/ar6 $indin. f a %i.%#fre8uenc6 transf r/er* T%is c n+erts t%e + lta.e u- r d $n t t%e re8uired ut-ut le+el n its sec ndar6 $indin.* T%e ut-ut transf r/er ser+es t%is -ur- se* If a D= ut-ut is re8uired, t%e A= ut-ut fr / t%e transf r/er is rectified* T%e rectified ut-ut is t%en s/ t%ed b6 a filter c nsistin. f induct rs and ca-acit rs* > r %i.%er s$itc%in. fre8uencies, c /- nents $it% l $er ca-acitance and inductance are needed* Re+ulation A feedbac3 circuit / nit rs t%e ut-ut + lta.e and c /-ares it $it% a reference + lta.e, $%ic% s% $n in t%e bl c3 dia.ra/ ser+es t%is -ur- se* De-endin. n desi.n7safet6 re8uire/ents, t%e c ntr ller /a6 c ntain an is lati n /ec%anis/ !suc% as -t #c u-lers" t is late it fr / t%e D= ut-ut* c rrect* %4 LAN, T%is secti n c ntr ls and establis%es t%e l cal area c nnecti ns* T%ere is a LAN s$itc% t $%ic% cables fr / indi+idual P=s are c nnected* A .reen li.%t indicates all are $ r3in. -r -erl6, red li.%t indicates a -r ble/ $it% t%at -articular c /-uter* LAN is re8uired n t nl6 f r s%arin. data, but als f r s%arin. %ard$are li3e -rinters* :ut s-eed f t%e -rinter reduces $it% t%e nu/ber f P=s c nnected t t%e -rinter* T%e ser+er used is Huic3 %eal ser+er !Huic3 %ealAnti+irus"* O-eratin. s6ste/ is Linu5* Once ser+er is u-dated, all clients $ill be u-dated* T%e LAN ser+er is c nnected t t%e :SNL card, fr / t%ere t LAN card $%ic% is c nnected t t%e LAN s$itc%* T LAN s$itc% all t%er c /-uters are c nnected* T /a3e all t%ese c nnecti ns necessar6 c nfi.urati ns are d ne* TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS pen!loop regulators d n t %a+e a feedbac3 circuit* Instead, t%e6 rel6 n feedin. a c nstant + lta.e t t%e in-ut f t%e transf r/er r induct r, and assu/e t%at t%e ut-ut $ill be

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S%arin. is als /ade - ssible t%r u.% %ands%a3e b6 callin. t%r u.% na/e r IP address* T%ere are t$ distributi n s$itc%es !LAN s$itc%es"* >iber -tics is used f r all c nnecti ns*

$*4 RELIA;ILI!Y EN<INEERIN< LA;

Reliabilit6 en.ineerin. is an en.ineerin. field t%at deals $it% t%e stud6, e+aluati n, and life#c6cle /ana.e/ent f reliabilit6? t%e abilit6 f a s6ste/ r c /- nent t -erf r/ its re8uired functi ns under stated c nditi ns f r a s-ecified -eri d f ti/e* Reliabilit6 en.ineerin. is a sub#disci-line $it%in s6ste/s en.ineerin.* Reliabilit6 is ften /easured as -r babilit6 f failure, fre8uenc6 f failures, r in ter/s f a+ailabilit6, a -r babilit6 deri+ed fr / reliabilit6 and /aintainabilit6* Maintainabilit6 and /aintenance are ften i/- rtant -arts f reliabilit6 en.ineerin.* Reliabilit6 en.ineerin. is cl sel6 related t safet6 en.ineerin., in t%at t%e6 use c // n /et% ds f r t%eir anal6sis and /a6 re8uire in-ut fr / eac% t%er* Reliabilit6 en.ineerin. f cuses n c sts f failure caused b6 s6ste/ d $nti/e, c st f s-ares, re-air e8ui-/ent, -ers nnel and c st f $arrant6 clai/s* Important Aspects o Relia6ility En+ineerin+ &* =urrent 3n $led.e f -redicti+e, anal6tical, and c /-liance tec%n l .ies, and t%e abilit6 t a--l6 t%ese tec%ni8ues t add +alue t t%e fir/* ;* T%e ada-tati n and a--licati n f c nce-ts suc% as TPM and R=M* C* T%e de+el -/ent and i/-le/entati n f a -r acti+e MAR -lan!s" t eli/inate /aintenance re8uire/ents, /ini/iFe t%e use and c sts f reacti+e /aintenance (* T%e abilit6 t lead r tec%nicall6 su-- rt /ultidisci-linar6 tea/s* 0* Durin. desi.n, ad+ises t%er en.ineers n reliabilit6 !-redicti n" f r t%eir s6ste/s and tactics t i/-r +e reliabilit6 suc% as redundanc6, -arts deratin., failure / de etc

TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS

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10 I! 2In ormation !echnolo+y4

Customer Interaction IT secti n /ana.es cust /er interacti n in +ari us c //unicati n s6ste/s* T%is secti n %as 01 t <1 a--licati ns f r :SNL* =ust /er interacti n is i/-le/ented usin. a tec%n l .6 called =# D t tec%n l .6* T%e -ers n be%ind t%is de+el -/ent $as t%e tec%nical assistant T%e f ur cards are? &* P $er cards ;* Line cards C* Ad+anced s6ste/ cards!AS= card" (* = /-act ter/inal cards!=T= card" P $er cards are used f r distributi n f - $er t different units* It /ana.es t%e distributi n f #()E t t%e cards* Line cards are used f r rdinar6 -ur- ses* T%is c ntr ls t%e interacti n bet$een -erat r and cust /er* Ad+anced s6ste/ cards acts as /e/ r6 c%i-s* T%e6 st re t%e ann unce/ents $%ic% %a+e t be deli+ered t t%e cust /ers* >las% f r/ f st ra.e is d ne and t%e s ft$are used is . ld $a+e* St ra.e is d ne in te5t f r/at* A .r u- f cust /ers is called a ban3* T$ suc% ban3s can be %andled b6 ne card* = /-act ter/inal cards are f r cust /er interacti n b6 dialin. t t%e cust /ers* All t%e cards are c nnected t a / t%er card f r c rdinati n* It %as a c%ild card f r aut /atic c rrecti ns* T%e entire s6ste/ is c nnected t a P=* T%ere are C; c%annels f $%ic% C1 c%annels are f r %andlin. calls* S at a ti/e C1 calls can be %andled* =#D t tec%n l .6 can %a+e a $aitin. l ad f &111 calls* f S nia Gand%i* =#D t tec%n l .6 uses /ainl6 f ur t6-es f cards f r %andlin. cust /er interacti n*

TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS

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Pri r t =#D t tec%n l .6 an t%er tec%n l .6 called = ral $as used* In t%is t%e ad+anta.e $as t%at calls can be /ade and rec rded si/ultane usl6* A $aitin. l ad f 0111 calls can be .i+en $%ic% $as actuall6 a dra$bac3* .ata ;ase Data is st red in table f r/at* T%ree t6-es f data are st redI S6ste/ data !data f r s6ste/ acti+ities, needs t be u-dated" and A--licati n data !cust /er interacti n data"* Re8uire/ent f t%e cust /er, %ist r6 f a--licati n etc are als st red* All t%ese are c nnected t t%e fr nt end t%r u.% OD:= c nnecti+it6* Usin. data base /ana.er, $e can retrie+e an6 re- rt at an6 ti/e* T%is data base can be c nnected nl6 t a sin.le e5c%an.e* T%ere is a / dificati n f r t%is c nnecti+it6 called Oracle $%ic% is net ser+er c nnecti+it6* In t%is t%e data base can be c nnected t / re t%an ne e5c%an.e* A--licati n su-- rtin. data can be classified as inc /in. and ut. in.* > r t%is t%e c%annels are c nfi.ured as inc /in. r ut. in.* Para/eters f r t%is c nfi.urati n +ar6 fr / ne e5c%an.e t an t%er* E5a/-les f r cust /er interacti n $it% t%e s6ste/? Fault reportin+ system 2Incomin+4, An6 cust /er c nnected t t%is e5c%an.e can use t%is facilit6* 4%en a c /-laint call is /ade, it is %andled t%r u.% a standard -r cedure* After t%is t%e cust /er nu/ber is st red* Eac% nu/ber is c llected and st red as a strin.* > r eac% nu/ber a bee- s und is /ade* T%e nu/ber is c%ec3ed t see $%et%er it bel n.s t t%is e5c%an.e r n t* T%en t%e nu/ber is st red in a NTO table and t%en a d c3et nu/ber is .enerated and st red in a d c3et table* T%is nu/ber $ill als be .i+en t t%e cust /er as %is reference nu/ber* T%e s6ste/ c%ec3s f r du-licate c /-laints als i*e* it /a3es sure t%at t%e sa/e c /-laint $as n t b 3ed earlier* After clearin. t%e c /-laint, it is erased fr / t%e NTO table*

Payment remin3er system 2Out+oin+4, Here first f all, all un-aid nu/bers are c llected* T%e s6ste/ can c llect u- t &#; la3%s nu/bers* T%e -ara/eters li3e a/ unt, cut ff date etc is c nfi.ured* T%en t%e s6ste/ dials t t%e cust /ers* T%ere is -r +isi n f r selecti n f lan.ua.e* Nu/ber f calls t be /ade is c nfi.ured and all t%e calls tried and attended are rec rded* If t%e TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON INDIAN TELEPHONE INDUSTRY cust /er d esnt res- nd, t%en t%e durati n after $%ic% t%e ne5t call %as t T%e c nnecti+it6 used is OD:=* 4e can als use Oracle*

50

be /ade is

c nfi.ured and till success t%e call is /ade* Eac% call durati n +aries bet$een ( t (1 sec nds*

In ormation =IOS=E, @IOS@E is a Na-anese $ rd $%ic% /eans inf r/ati n b 5* It is t%e /ac%ine used f r user interacti n in rail$a6 stati ns* It can be r.aniFed as a n n t uc% screen r t uc% screen* T%e t uc% screen is de+el -ed usin. a /icr t uc% screen $%ic% %as /an6 s/all resist rs* A fil/ is 3e-t be%ind t%e /icr t uc% screen* 4e can caliber bac3 t n n t uc% screen als * T%e entire s6ste/ c nsists f t%e t uc% screen, /icr t uc% -r cess r $%ic% is c nnected t t%e =PU t%r u.% a US: cable* S ft$are used is E:* T uc% screen is /anufactured b6 PALLAS = /-an6

>i. '? :l c3 dia.ra/ f @IOS@ 4e %a+e @IOS@Es de+el -ed f r different a--licati ns* T%ese are? "ourism KI #KE? T%is .i+es .uidance t users ab ut distance, ti/in.s, acc // dati n, +isuals etc* T%is is de+el -ed usin. >LASH* #ericulture KI #KE$ T%is is de+el -ed f r far/ers* T%ese are 3e-t in c c n /ar3et* KI #KE for paying bills$ It -r +ides recei-ts* It %as -rinters* TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON INDIAN TELEPHONE INDUSTRY Kerala police KI #KE$ It is 3e-t at Tri+andru/*

51

%ro&sing KI #KE$ It is 3e-t at air- rts* 4e %a+e t%e facilities t c%ec3 /ail, can br $se etc* > r t%is $e %a+e t insert a 0 Ru-ee c in* It als %as t%e -r +isi n f r ta3in. -rint uts als * Net"or#in+ IT secti n /aintains t%e net$ r3in. in rail$a6s* T%is rail$a6 -r 9ect /ana.ed b6 IT includes 0 / dules? PNR status, Train bet$een stati ns, seat a+ailabilit6, fare en8uir6, internet reser+ati n* T%e en8uiries are d ne $it% %elf a /ac%ine called @IOS@E !Na-anese $ rd, /eans inf r/ati n b 5" 3e-t at rail$a6 stati ns* T%e /ain ser+er 3e-t in ITI is c nnected t t%e rail$a6 ser+ers* T%e lan.ua.e used is Na+a* In t tal 0 ser+ers are used* In bet$een t%e ITI ser+er and rail$a6 ser+ers MUB is 3e-t* T%e /ain f cus is n t%e =%ennai re.i n* Re-l6 t 8ueries is de+el -ed usin. Eisual :asics* >r / rail$a6 ser+ers, at eac% and e+er6 sec nd, C; c%aracter 8uer6 inde5 is send t ITI ser+er* C1#C0 8ueries can be %andled at a ti/e* If n lin3 is establis%ed, err rs are re- rted* If a -articular -ers n . es idle f r C1 sec nds, t%en t%e c ntr l s$itc%es t t%e ne5t -ers n* T%e MUB %as t tal ) - rts* T$ - rts are c nnected t PRS !Passen.er Reser+ati n S6ste/" and NTES !Nati nal Train En8uir6 S6ste/"* T%ese t$ - rts are necessar6 t access t%e s6ste/* Here $e use serial c //unicati n, usin. RS;C; cable* T%e s$itc%in. and r utin. -r cedures f ll $s t%e .eneral G# la6ered structure*

TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS

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CONCL-SION It $as an estee/ed -ri+ile.e f r us t under. in#-lant trainin. in ITI :an.al re, t%e first -ublic sect r r.aniFati ns in India under telec / sect r, $%ic% %as c ntributed u- t 012 f t%e -resent nati nal telec / net$ r3 as a -i neerin. +enture in t%e field f telec //unicati ns* Net$ r3 Mana.e/ent S6ste/s, Secure c //unicati n, Encr6-ti n and Net$ r3in. S luti ns f r Internet = nnecti+it6 are s /e f t%e /a9 r initiati+es ta3en b6 t%e c /-an6* ITI /ainl6 d t%e /anufacturin. f tele-% ne and related e8ui-/ents f r c //unicati n and f r defence -ur- ses* A de/ nstrati n f +ari us tele-% nes and /ulti-le5in. e8ui-/ents in defence area $as .i+en t us* As t%e buddin. en.ineers, it $as reall6 a .reat e5-erience f r us, t feel and e5-erience t%e /anufacturin., testin., fabricati n f +ari us tele-% nes and related e8ui-/ents f r c //unicati n includin. s$itc%in. e8ui-/ents*

TE=HNOLOGY EDU=ATION AND RESEAR=H INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS