Geological Models and Parameters

CIVL6079 Slope Engineering 2012/13 1
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Semester Ryan Yan 1
Geological Models and Parameters
Geological Models and Parameters
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Semester Ryan Yan 2
Ingredients
Geological information
Rock/soil types
Sand, silt, clay; weathered soil, rock; granite, volcanic tuff
Geological history
Past failures; past developments
Geological structure
J oints; faults
Hydrological information
Groundwater table; perched water table
Surface flow; sub-surface flow
Geographical setting
Existing underground structures, services
Material properties
Friction angle, shear strength, permeability, etc
Source: http://my.opera.com/clover1911/blog/index.dml/tag/cooking
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Semester Ryan Yan 3
Market
Existing maps, documents and records, aerial photos (desk study)
Field survey and mapping (e.g., joint survey, walk-over survey)
Ground investigation (e.g., boring, sample collection, trial pits)
Field tests (e.g., SPT, vane shear)
Laboratory tests (shear box, triaxial)
Source:
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Semester Ryan Yan 4
Soil Behavior
Shear strength
Mohr-Coulomb model perhaps is the most well-known one. Any others?
Shear stiffness
Describes the amount of deformation when the material is loaded.
Elastic v.s. plastic v.s. elastoplastic
Permeability
Governs the water flow response in the material
Compressibility
Also describes the amount of deformation when the material is loaded.
So whats the difference between shear stiffness, stiffness and
compressibility?
What makes soil so complicated ?
Source: www.ndmep.com
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Semester Ryan Yan 5
Shear Box Test
What have you observed ?
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Semester Ryan Yan 6
Coarse-grain Soils
o
n
t
o
n
t/o
n
o
v
peak
o
h
o
h
0
dilation
contraction
Dense sand
Dense sand
Loose sand
Loose sand
ultimate
o
n
t
slope =tan |
ult
|
ult
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Semester Ryan Yan 7
Fine-grained Soils
o
n
t
t/o
n
o
v
peak
o
h
o
h
0
dilation
contraction
OC clay
OC clay
NC clay
NC clay
ultimate
c
OC clay
NC clay
o
n
t
o
n

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Semester Ryan Yan 8
Misunderstanding
o
n
t
c
|
|
Which one is the friction angle of the soil?
Does cohesion really exist?
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Semester Ryan Yan 9
Peak v.s. Residual Strength
o
h
t
Howcomewehaveapeakstrength?
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Semester Ryan Yan 10
True Bonding v.s. Pure Friction
N
F
F
o
h
Bond (eg. glue)
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True Bonding v.s. Interlocking
F
o
h
N
F
bonding
N
Lift up
F
o
h
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Triaxial Test
Most common test in geotechnical laboratory testing
Advantages over direct shear test
No predefined failure plane in triaxial tests. The effect of initial fabric/bedding
can be observed
Drainage can be properly controlled in triaxial tests
CD v.s. CU Test
What are they?
What do you measure?
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Stress Variables
o
h
o
h
o
v
o
v
o
h
Direct shear box
Triaxial
Since there is no shear stress acting on
the surface of the test specimen, the
applied stresses are principal stresses.
i.e.
o
v
=o
1
o
h
=o
2
=o
3
Mean (confining) stress:
Shear stress:
o
v
p
t
q
3
2
3 1
o o +
= p
3 1
o o = q
u
How come we see s (s) and t in some papers?
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Conventional Triaxial Tests
Three types
Consolidated Drained (CD)
Consolidated Undrained (CU)
Unconsolidated Undrained (UU)
o
3
o
3
o
1
o
1
p =(o
1
+2o
3
)/3
q =(o
1
-o
3
)
Ap =Ao
1
/3
Aq =Ao
1
Therefore, Aq/Ap =3
p
q
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Critical State Stress Ratio
p
q
CSL
|
|
sin 3
sin 6
= M
Can you derive ?
Is CSL the same as the Mohr Coulomb failure criterion ?
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Determination of c
u
Field vane shear
Hand-held shear device
Pocket penetrometer
Torvane apparatus
Unconfined compression test (UC test)
Unconsolidated undrained test (UU test)
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Field Vane Shear Test
Peak c
u
Residual c
u
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Hand-held Device
Torvane test (up to 200 kPa)
Penetrometer (up to 400 kPa)
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Unconfined Compression (UC) Test
Action: vertical compression (displacement) o
v
Reaction: vertical force (F
v
)
o
v
o
v
(F
v
)
(F
v
)
o
v
o
v
=F
v
/ A
peak
ultimate
Then what is a UU test ?
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Unconfined Compression (UC) Test
o
t
0 80 120
c
u
(peak)
c
u
(ultimate)
Mohr Circle Representation
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Unconsolidated Undrained (UU) Test
o
v
o
v
(F
v
)
(F
v
)
Suppose we have many identical soil specimens (same initial condition)
o
v
(F
v
)
(F
v
)
o
v
50
50
50
50
50
50
o
v
(F
v
)
(F
v
)
o
v
200
200
200
200
200
200
Confining pressure (no drain) Compression shear
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Unconsolidated Undrained (UU) Test
o
t
0 120 170
c
u
(peak)
50 200 320
Looks like having |
u
=0
Remember: Same water content !
Quick Question: How about the effective stress ?
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Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criterion
' 'tan '
drained shear strength along the failure plane
' cohesion (apparant cohesion)
' - =effective normal stress acting on the failure plane
' drained angle of friction
f
f
c
c
u
t o |
t
o o
|
= +
=
=
=
=
Physical Meaning ???
Failure Criterion! What does it mean?
Any information about deformational response?
o
t
|
c
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What is c ?
For unbonded soil, the c parameter is simply an artifact of the linear
approximation of true soil behavior due to stress-dependent
dilatancy. The applicability of the c parameter is therefore dependent
on the stress range from which this parameter is derived and the
stress level of the geotechnical problem.
t
o'
c
|
The engineer will
have to make
judgment if the
c parameter is
justifiable.
For HK residual soils in natural state, there might be some bonding
between soil particles.
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True Cohesion Slaking Test
compacted
adding water 15 mins later
36
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What is | ?
The | parameter should be treated as a model parameter for the
Mohr-Coulomb model. If physical meaning is to be added, two
separate contributions can be considered:
1. Intrinsic frictional resistance
2. Interlocking resistance
|
total
can be treated at |
peak
in the Mohr-Coulomb model. |
f
can be
taken as the critical state friction angle, whilst |
inter
is directly
related to dilation angle. There are many empirical equations for
estimating |
inter
(hence |
total
), for example, Bolton (1986).
For HK soils in natural state, the |
inter
is very difficult to estimate
since it is dependent on the inherent structure of the soil
i.e. |
total
= |
f
+ |
inter
Bolton, M. D. (1986). The strength and dilatancyof sands. Gotechnique, 36(1), 65-78.
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Particle Characteristics
Cho, G.C., Doods, J ., Santamarina, J .C. (2006). Particle shape
effects on packing density, stiffness, and strength: natural and
crushed sands. J . Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 132(5), 591-602.
Altuhafi, F., Baudet, B.A. (2011). A hypothesis on the relative
roles of crushing and abrasion in the mechanical genesis of a
glacial sediment. Eng Geol. 120(1-4), 1-9.
Shape
v.s.
Surface
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Summary on Shear Strength
Drained: c and |
Undrained: c
u
and |
u
=0
How to use them ???
What is the corresponding stress-strain response ???
Only the yield point is described !!!!
Short-term v.s. long-term !!
Hey! Something wrong!?
Do you really understand ?
undrained shear strength
undrained angle of friction
u
u
c
|
=
=
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1D Compressibility
Key information:
1. Compressibility
(e.g. C
c
, C
r
)
2. Coefficient of consolidation
(i.e. C
v
)
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Permeability Test
Manometers
L
Water supply
outlet
H
constant head
device
device for flow
measurement
porous disk
Soil
Sample
The soil sample is placed in a cylinder of cross sectional area A and water is allowed to flow
through. The amount of water discharge X during a suitable time interval T is collected. The
difference in head H over a length L is measured by means of manometers
L
H
A k
T
X
=
Flow rate, q =kAi
T H A
L X
k =
A. Constant head test (coarse-grained soil)
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Permeability Test
B. Falling head test (fine-grained soil)
H
2
H
1
H
L
Falling Head
Permeameter
Standpipe of
cross-sectional
area a
Soil Sample
porous disk
During a time interval dt
The flow rate in the standpipe =
The flow rate in the soil sample =
L
H
A k
At time t =0, H =H
1
At the end of the test, t =T ad H =H
2
A
a
dt
dH
a
L
H
a
kA
dt
dH
= For continuity,
} }
=
T H
H
dt
aL
Ak
H
dH
0
2
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
1
ln
H
H
T
L
A
a
k
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Compaction Test
The characteristics of a soil under compaction is best reflected by Proctor
compaction test.
By compacting a soil at different water
contents with a constant compaction
effort (input energy), the relationship
between soil density and water content
can be found.
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Unsaturated Soil Behaviour
Extended Mohr-Coulomb:
Matric suction
(u
a
-u
w
)
=|(S
r
)
[SWCC]
( ) ( )
' tan ' tan
f a a w b
c u u u t o | | = + +
Gan & Fredlund (1992)
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Projections of the extended Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion:
if c = c + (u
a
u
w
) tan|
b
t = c + (o-u
a
) tan|
Gan & Fredlund (1992)
Apparent cohesion !!
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Soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC):
idealised
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Coefficient of permeability (k):
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Pore Water Pressure
The distribution of pore water pressure directly affects slope
stability. The line joining the locations with zero pore water pressure
is termed water table. There are two types of water tables:
1. Main groundwater table
2. Perched water table
The pore water pressure distribution in slopes is very seldom
hydrostatic. This implies that even if the location of the water table
is known (or measured), the water pressure distribution has to be
calculated from flow calculations (e.g. using SEEP/w). The resulting
pore water pressure can be imported into slope stability calculations
(e.g. SLOPE/w). In many occasions, the gradient of the water level
is parallel to the topography of the slope, making adjustment of
piezometric data fairly straightforward.
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Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
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Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
SPT-N value Description Relative density
<4 Very loose 0 15%
4-10 Loose 15 35%
10-30 Medium loose 35 65%
30-50 Dense 65 85%
>50 Very dense 85 100%
SPT-N value Description Average s
u
<2 Very soft <20 kPa
2-4 Soft 20 40 kPa
4-8 Firm 40 75 kPa
8-15 Stiff 75 150 kPa
>15 Very stiff >150 kPa
And a lot of other empirical
correlations Can you name
some ?
Do they make sense to you ?

Geological Models and Parameters

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CIVL6079 Slope Engineering 2012/13 1

CIVL6079 Slope Engineering 2012/13 1

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