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EXPERIMENT
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Remark Borax is not very soluble in cold water, implying that the dissolving process could be quite slow.
Questions 1. 2. What is a primary standard ? Decide which chemical, anhydrous sodium carbonate or borax, is a better primary standard. Briefly explain your choice.
EXPERIMENT
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Explain why iron(II) sulphate, a more common iron(II) salt, is not used as the primary standard.
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EXPERIMENT
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3 I2(aq) 2 I (aq)
-
+ +
2 S2O3 (aq)
S4O62-(aq)
3 H2O(l)
EXPERIMENT
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Questions for Further Thought 1. 2. 3. 4. HCl and NaOH solutions are not primary standards and need to be standardized. Suggest a primary standard for the present experiment and explain briefly how to perform the standardization. Write down the equation for the reaction involved before titration in the present experiment. Find out the chemical formula and structure of DDT. Find another toxic chemical which is harmful to the wildlife species. Briefly describe its effect(s) and application(s).
References 1. 2. 3. http://chem.lapeer.org/Chem1Docs/EggshellTitration.html http://www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEC/AEF/1996/tucker_eggshell.html I. Newton and I. Wyllie, J. Appl. Ecology, 1992, 29, 476.
EXPERIMENT
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To Determine the Heat of Neutralization between a Weak Acid and a Strong Base
You are provided with solid succinic acid [(CH2)2(CO2H)2] , which is a dibasic acid, a solution N of acetic acid and a solution O of potassium hydroxide. The molarity of solution N may be taken as equal to that of solution O. You are required to determine: (a) the molarity of the potassium hydroxide solution O by simple titration, and (b) the heat of neutralization of acetic acid with potassium hydroxide. Procedure (1) Prepare a solution containing between 1.10 g and 1.30 g of succinic acid in 250 cm3. By means of a pipette, transfer exactly 25 cm3 of the potassium hydroxide solution O into another 250 cm3 volumetric flask and dilute to the mark. Titrate this diluted potassium hydroxide solution against 25 cm3 succinic acid solution, using phenolphthalein as indicator, until concordant results are obtained. (2) Calculate (i) the molarity of the succinic acid solution, and (ii) the molarity of the original potassium hydroxide solution O. Second weighing= First weighing.= Mass of succinic acid taken.=
3
g g g
Titration of the diluted potassium hydroxide solution against 25 cm of succinic acid Burette reading (finish) Burette reading (start) Volume of solution used _________ cm3 of diluted potassium hydroxide solution 25 cm3 succinic acid Calculation
(3) Using measuring cylinders, carefully transfer 50 cm3 of the acetic acid solution N into one plastic cup and 50 cm3 of the potassium hydroxide solution O into the other. Set aside for about 15 minutes. Place the thermometer provided in the cup containing solution N and record the temperature at -minute intervals, stirring continuously. At exactly 3 minutes pour the entire 50 cm3 of solution O into the stirred solution N and continue to take temperature readings as before from minute 4 to minute 7. time/min temp/ C Plot a graph of temperature against time on the graph paper below (temperature on the vertical axis, time on the horizontal axis using the scale of 2 cm to 1 minute. (4) From the graph deduce the maximum rise in temperature. Hence calculate the heat of neutralization of acetic acid with potassium hydroxide. (It may be assumed that the heat capacity of the final solution is 4.18 J cm3 K-1 and that the heat capacities of the thermometer and the cup may be neglected.) 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7
(5) By comparing the answer in (Q.4) with the standard heat of neutralization between HCl and NaOH, which is -57.3 kJ mol-1, comment on any difference in these two values.
EXPERIMENT
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The following data will be needed: H2 (g) + O2 (g) H2O(l) H4 = -286 kJ mol-1 H5 = -393 kJ mol-1 C (s) + O2 (g) CO2(g) Previous experience of this type of experiment is not required; full details of the method and calculations are given below. Procedure (1) Weigh out accurately between 0.090 g and 0.110 g of the metal Z and record the mass below. By means of a burette or pipette, place 50.0 cm3 of the hydrochloric acid in a plastic cup. Stirring with the thermometer provided, measure the temperature of the acid every half minute to 0.2 C. Record your results below. At exactly 3 minutes add the metal to the acid and continue taking the temperature of the liquid every half minute from minute 4 to minute 7. Stir the liquid throughout. Mass of metal Z = g time/min temp/ C (2) Plot a graph of temperature (vertical axis) against time (horizontal axis; scale 2 cm to 1 minute) and from this find the temperature rise (T1) for the reaction. C T 1 = (3) In the space below, calculate the heat of reaction between the metal Z and hydrochloric acid. (H1) (Molecular mass of Z is 40.1; density of water is 1 g cm-3; specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J g-1K-1) 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7
(4) Weigh accurately a weighing bottle containing between 2.00 g and 2.20 g of the carbonate ZCO3. Record the mass under Experiment 1 in the table below. Using a burette or a pipette, place 50.0 cm3 of the hydrochloric acid in the plastic cup and record its temperature to 0.2 C. Carefully add the carbonate to the acid. Stirring with the thermometer, measure the highest temperature attained to 0.2 C. Re-weigh the weighing bottle after addition of the carbonate. Record your results below as Experiment 1. Repeat this procedure as Experiment 2. Experiment 1 Mass of bottle and carbonate /g Mass of bottle /g Mass of carbonate used /g Highest temperature of acid /C Initial temperature of acid /C Rise in temperature, T2 /C (5) In the space below calculate the heat of reaction between the carbonate ZCO3 and hydrochloric acid (H2) using the expression given. Experiment 1 H2 = = Mean value of H2 = _____________ H2 = = Experiment 2 Experiment 2
(6) Using the above results, calculate the heat of formation of the carbonate ZCO3, H3.
EXPERIMENT
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3. 4.
Project Work: Designing a Coolant System Campers and others without access to a refrigerator can keep food and drinks cool by lowering the temperature of an insulated container using chemical means. A convenient method is to add a salt with an endothermic enthalpy change of solution to water in a plastic bag within the insulated container. Devise a system that could be used to keep food cool. Here are some points that you might like to think about: What salts can be used? Cost and availability need to be borne in mind, as well as suitability of heat of solution. What temperature drop is required? What quantities of salt and water are needed to achieve the required temperature drop? Does the system work in practice? Discuss your plans with your teacher before starting any practical work.
EXPERIMENT
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