92 Various Authors coordinated by Kiril Gramatikov

Stress-strain Curve
0,00
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,00 0,20 0,40 0,60 0,80
strain (%)
S
t
r
e
s
s

(
M
P
a
)

FIGURE 1.3.1.8. Stress-strain curve for a sample of the lime-mortar.
The stress-strain curve presents three parts (FIGURE 1.3.1.6):

- Part I, known as induction phase, represents the deformations characterizing
arrangements of the grains in material and the Teflon material placed between the
apparatus and the sample;
- Part II represents the elastic range. This part is very restricted.
- Part III characterizes the material damage, due to the increase in loads which causes,
thereafter, the rupture of the test-tube.
1.3.1.3. Conclusion
Although the stress-strain curves obtained for the stone and the mortar are quite similar, we
find that the mechanical characteristics of the mortar are well weaker than those of the stone.
Consequently, the weakness of the walls of the Sal Mdina comes rather from the
mechanical features of the mortar.

1.3.2 Stone material for construction of Mustafa Pasha Mosque Model
1.3.2.1 Technical report
This part is based on the experimental work done by Jovanovski and Josifovski at the
University 'Ss Cyril and Methodius, Skopje (Jovanovski and Josifovski, 2008).
In the frame of the FP6 project planed activities for 'EARTHQUAKE PROTECTION OF
HISTORICAL BUILDINGS BY REVERSIBLE MIXED TECHNOLOGIES, during March
2006 laboratory testing of a construction stone material on an intact parts was performed. The
stone is with same lithological composition as the material which is used for construction of
true-replica model for 'MustaIa Pasha Mosque' in Skopje. The activities are undertaken in
order to define the basic physical and mechanical properties of the building material, as a
basic elements for further analysis including numerical. All necessary laboratory works were
prepared and performed in the Geotechnical laboratory on the Faculty of Civil Engineering in
Skopje.
1.3.2.2. Testing of material
Technical Requirements for Stone material
During the laboratory testing, a main guide for testing were the country codes and following

Chapter 1. Tests on Materials and Elements

93
standards:
- ASTM D854-92: Test method for Specific Gravity of the Soils
- Uniaxial Compressive Strength test according to MKS B.B8.012.
- Quick water absorption test according MKS B.B8.010
- Bulk density according to MKS B.B8.032
Beside these standards, some related and known methods, which are internationally accepted,
are also used. Namely, testing of the Point load strength index, testing of hardness with
Schmidt hammer, and testing of tensile strength with Brazilian method are done according to
the recommendations of the ISRM (International Society for Rock Mechanics). The
classification of the material is mainly according to the terminology after IAEG (International
Association for Engineering Geology).
Adequate equipment for preparation and testing of the samples is used during works, as it is
presented by the photo-pictures following in the Appendix (1.3.2.4).

Testing methods
The activities performed in the framework of the study are in order to define following
aspects:

- physical properties of the intact parts of the stone;
- mechanical properties of intact parts of the stone.

The following works are prepared in this phase:
- visual mineralogical and petrographical description of the stone ;
- testing with Schmidt hammer (Schmidt Hammer Rebound Value) ;
- quick absorption test (U) ;
- specific gravity (Gs) ;
- unit weight () ;
- testing of Point Load Strength Index (Is) ;
- uniaxial compressive strength (oc) ;
- tensile strength (ot);
- modulus of the elasticity (E).

The executed quantity is presented in TABLE 1.3.21.
TABLE 1.3.2.1. Review of the performed laboratory tests.
No Description of laboratory works Executed quantity (samples)
1 Specific gravity 4
2 Unit weight 12
3 Point Load Strength Index 10
4 Quick absorption test 4
5 Uniaxial compressive strength 9
6 Tensile strength 3
7 Elasticity modulus 3
8 Schmidt hammer Test Mean value from (10) strikes on the sample

Besides the results obtained from the laboratory tests, some additional index parameters (e.g.
porosity) are calculated.
The investigations started with visual control of the specimens which are going to be tested.

94 Various Authors coordinated by Kiril Gramatikov


By doing so we were able to classify the stone material as porous carbonate rocks (porous
limestone) or so-called travertine. The origin of the material is from query near the Skopje in
the vicinity of Matka.
The typical colour is light yellowish to white. It is find to be often used as a construction
material of many historical monuments in this area. The texture is crystalline with visible
orientation of the minerals. The main characteristic of the whole mass system is the super
capillary porosity.
The typical look of the samples is given on the next few photos (FIGURES 1.3.2.1-1.3.2.2).

a) b)
FIGURE 1.3.2.1. a) Cube samples with dimension 5x5x5cm. b) Samples of travertine after failure.


FIGURE 1.3.2.2. Samples of travertine after Brazilian test.
Results from Uniaxial Compressive Strength Test
The uniaxial compressive strength is calculated according to the following formula:

c
p F o = (1.3.2.1)

where: p = failure force; F = cross-section area of the samples;
c
o = uniaxial compressive
strength [MPa].
The results and sample dimensions are given in TABLE 1.3.2.2.
In order to account for possible material texture effect the of samples, the testing is performed
by applying the load indifferent directions. The orientation is defined as normal and parallel.
In fact, this is a term for the direction of the force applied normal and parallel to the
sedimentation planes.

Chapter 1. Tests on Materials and Elements

95
TABLE 1.3.2.2. Review of the test parameters
Sample Dimensions
[mm]
Weight Unit
weight.
Failure
Load
Strength Remarks
No a b h [g] [kN/m
3
] [kN] [N/mm
2
]
[loading
direction]
1 50.8 50.5 49.5 308.2 24.27 111.0 43.3 normal
2 50.5 51.2 50.0 308.1 23.83 120.1 46.4 Parallel
3 51.4 50.0 48.0 281.8 22.85 89.2 34.7 Parallel
4 51.0 49.5 49.5 297.5 23.8 191.4 75.8 Parallel
5 50.0 49.5 50.5 295.8 23.67 163.6 66.1 Normal
6 51.5 51.5 48.7 311.8 24.14 180.9 68.2 Normal
7 51.0 50.5 49.5 304.76 23.9 135.0 52.4 Normal
8 52.2 51.0 49.0 306.24 23.48 98.0 36.8 Parallel
9 52.5 51.0 48.5 318.49 24.52 157.0 58.6 Normal

Evaluating the results, it is evident that the effect of anisotropy is not strongly expressed,
because some types of rock materials has higher strength parallel to the sedimentation planes
opposite to the strength normal to the planes. The statistical values are:

o
c
(mean value)= 53.6 MPa
(1.3.2.2)
Standard deviation= 14.5

Complying with UCS classification are the values for unit weight which range from =22.8-
24.5kN/m
3
. It`s recognized that the unit weight value of the samples is in direct correlation
with the porosity. The porosity has important variations and sometimes non-homogenous
distribution in a mass of samples, which has certainly influence on the results.

Results from Point Load Strength Index Test
The Point Load Strength Index is calculated according to the next formulas (International
Society for Rock Mechanics, 1985):


2
S
J p D = [MPa] (1.3.2.3)

where: p =failure load at the moment of the break of the sample (Note: For Interfels tester
p=(P/10)*1450=145P where P is pressure gauge reading at failure in bars while value of 1450
is effective piston area in mm
2
); D =break point distance.
According to the International Society for Rock Mechanics recommendations, the obtained
test results are corrected for the value ( ) 50
S
J . The correction procedure is shown below:

( )
( )
( )
0.45
1 2
50
50
4
2
S S
e
e
J F J
F D
D A
A W D
W W W
t
=
=
=
=
= +
(1.3.2.4)

The results obtained for all samples are presented on a computer output (appendix 1) where:
W = average dimension of the sample (average between W
1
and W
2
); D
e
= equivalent

96 Various Authors coordinated by Kiril Gramatikov


diameter of the sample; Js = uncorrected point load strength index; Js (50) =corrected value
for the point load strength index for the length of 50mm
The values of ( ) 50
S
J are in a range from ( ) 50
S
J =1.941-4.004 MPa. The mean value is:

( ) 50 2.63
S
mean
J = MPa (1.3.2.5)

Results from Schmidt Hammer Rebound Value Test (SHRV)
The obtained results from the testing with Schmidt hammer are presented in the TABLE
1.3.2.3.
TABLE 1.3.2.3. Results from Schmidt hammer test
Strike
No.
Schmidt Hammer Rebound
Value (SHRV)
Average value

1 30



34.8 (35)
2 34
3 38
4 32
5 36
6 32
7 34
8 38
9 38
10 36

Results from Tensile Strength Test (Brazilian method)
The tensile strength (
t
o ) is defined by so-called Brazilian method, and it is determined
according to the following expression:

2
t
F
d l
o
t
=

(1.3.2.6)

where: F = failure force; d =diameter of the sample; l = length of the sample.
All the results are given in the TABLE 1.3.2.4.
TABLE 1.3.2.4. Results from testing of tensile strength (o
t
).
sample d l weight F o
t

[mm] [g] [kN] [MPa]
1 45.5 45.5 179.02 19.6 6.027
2 45.5 44.5 172.21 18 5.660
3 45.5 52.5 206.51 23 6.130
Mean value 5.94

Results from Water Absorption Test (U)
The water absorption is defined as follows:

1 2
2
100%
W W
U
W

= (1.3.2.7)

where: W
1
= weight after water saturation; W
2
= weight of dry sample; U = water absorption.

Chapter 1. Tests on Materials and Elements

97
The results are given in TABLE 1.3.2.5.
TABLE 1.3.2.5. Results from quick absorption test.
Sample W
1

[g]
W
2
[g]
Unit weight
[kN/m
3
]
Quick absorption U
[%]
1 316.72 309.84 22.69 2.22
2 326.72 323.23 24.38 1.07
3 325.06 320.58 24.17 1.39
4 312.53 305.57 23.18 2.27

Results from Elasticity Modulus Test (E)
The main approach in definition of the elasticity modulus (E) was to use obtained stress-strain
curves. It`s a usual practice that tangent modulus at a stress level of 50% from the yield point
is accepted as representative value for the unconfined strength. In some cases of the
experiments, the post-peak stress-strain curves was intentionally recorded to see effect of
post-peak behaviour of the samples. Some of the results are given in the TABLE 1.3.2.6a-c,
as well as some typical oc curve diagrams (FIGURES 1.3.2.3 and 1.3.2.4).
TABLE 1.3.2.6.a Results from testing of elasticity modulus (E) for sample 9
Sample
a b h weight area A
[m] [m] [m] [g] [kN/m
3
] [m
2
]
9 0.051 0.0505 0.0495 304.76 23.90 0.002576

o
ult
c E Remark
[kPa] [%] |MPa|
15531.0 0.18 8486.9 at 50% of stress
TABLE 1.3.2.6.b. Results from testing of elasticity modulus (E) for sample 10
Sample
a b h weight area A
[m] [m] [m] [g] [kN/m
3
] [m
2
]
10 0.0522 0.051 0.049 306.24 23.48 0.002662

o
ult
c E
[kPa] [%] |MPa|
9390.7 0.14 6707.66
TABLE 1.3.2.6.c.. Results from testing of elasticity modulus (E) for sample 11
Sample
a b h weight area A
[m] [m] [m] [g] [kN/m
3
] [m
2
]
11 0.0525 0.051 0.049 318.49 24.52 0.002678

o
ult
c E
[kPa] [%] |MPa|
28011.2 0.311 9006.8


98 Various Authors coordinated by Kiril Gramatikov


oc diagram
1.16
19.41
27.18
33.00
24.07
15.53
11.26
9.71
7.38
38.83
42.71
36.89
50.48
48.53
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
55.0
0
.
0
0
0
.
0
5
0
.
1
0
0
.
1
5
0
.
2
0
0
.
2
5
0
.
3
0
0
.
3
5
0
.
4
0
0
.
4
5
s
t
r
e
s
s

o

(
M
P
a
)
9
a)
1.12
23.16
26.14
28.01
29.88
31.75
33.61
35.48
37.35
39.22
41.08
42.95
45.56
48.55
50.42
53.03
56.02
58.64
56.02
42.95
31.75
24.28
14.94
9.34
6.35
5.23
4.48
3.73
5.60
9.34
11.20
7.47
4.86
3.73
2.99
1.87
14.94
16.81
13.07
21.66
20.54
18.67
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
0
.
0
0
0
.
2
0
0
.
4
0
0
.
6
0
0
.
8
0
1
.
0
0
1
.
2
0
1
.
4
0
1
.
6
0
1
.
8
0
deformation
c (%)
s
t
r
e
s
s

o

(
M
P
a
)
sample 11
b)
FIGURE.1.3.2.3. a) Stress-strain (oc) curve for sample 9. b)Stress-Strain (oc) curve for sample 10 with
post-peak values.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
0
.0
0
0
.5
0
1
.0
0
1
.5
0
2
.0
0
2
.5
0
deformation c(%)
s
t
r
e
s
s

o


(
M
P
a
)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
0
.0
0
0
.5
0
1
.0
0
1
.5
0
2
.0
0
2
.5
0
deformation c(%)
s
t
r
e
s
s

o


(
M
P
a
)
sample10

FIGURE.1.3.2.4. Stress-Strain curve for sample 12 with post-peak values and one unloading step.
From the presented results it can be concluded that the values of E modulus at 50% strength
level are in a range from E=6707-9006 MPa. The relation to compressive strength is given in
FIGURE 1.3.2.5. According to the accepted distribution the occupied area of the test samples
corresponds to the zone between medium to low modulus ratio.

400 200 100 50 25 12.5 7.5
2.5
5
10
20
40
80
160
A B C D
E
Very low strength
E
l
a
s
t
i
c
i
t
y
m
o
d
u
l
u
s
(
G
P
a
)
Uniaxial compressive strentgh (MPa)
Low
strength
Medium
strength
High
strength
Very high
strength
Z
o
n
e
o
f
h
i
g
h
m
o
d
u
l
u
s
r
a
t
i
o
5
0
0
:
1
Z
o
n
e
o
f
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
m
o
d
u
l
u
s
r
a
t
i
o
Z
o
n
e
o
f
l
o
w
m
o
d
u
l
u
s
r
a
t
i
o
2
0
0
:
1
Occupied area
for tested samples

FIGURE. 1.3.2.5. Strength groups and modulus according to test sample values

Chapter 1. Tests on Materials and Elements

99
Additional results
In order to have a complete overview of the construction stone material characteristics,
additional properties are calculated with a help of known relation between physical and
mechanical parameters. The range is given on the TABLE 1.3.2.7 and the FIGURES
1.3.2.6.and 1.3.2.7..
TABLE 1.3.2.7. Porosity values.
Case Specific gravity
Gs
Unit weight
[kN/m
3
]
Porosity n
[%]
1 2.688 22.69 15.59
2 2.687 24.38 9.28
3 2.682 24.17 9.88
4 2.688 23.18 13.7

The values of cohesion and angle of internal friction are assumed indirectly in correlation to
compressive and tensile strength. Namely, the Rzevskij and Novik method is used which is
presented with following formula and figure is used (Rzevskij & Novik, 1971):

t
c B o = (1.3.2.8)

| |
2 ( / )*(1/ 2 ) 45
c t
arctg B o o = (1.3.2.9)

where: B = coefficient; c = cohesion of the intact parts; = angle of internal friction.
The dynamical value of strength is given on a FIGURE 1.3.2.6.


FIGURE 1.3.2.6. Range of values for angle of internal frict. and cohesion (Rzevskij & Novik, 1971)
Uniaxial compressive strength c (MPa)
D
y
n
a
m
i
c
a
l
c
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
v
e
s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
(
M
P
a
)
0 100 200 300
5
10
15

FIGURE 1.3.2.7. Prognosis of dynamical strength using uniaxial compressive strength parameters
(Farmer, 1972)

100 Various Authors coordinated by Kiril Gramatikov


From the figures it is visible that the angle of friction is between f=38-41 degrees, while the
cohesion of intact parts C=11-14MPa. The dynamical strength has values in a range o
dyn
=3-6
MPa.
1.3.2.3 Conclusion
After evaluating the obtained results, it is important to note some determined facts concerning
the tested samples. The main conclusions are:
- The travertine is s specific rock, mainly connected with the specific porosity of the mass
- According the known graduations given by the Commission of IAEG (International
Association of Engineering Geology) the rocks are classified in following classes:
- The values of uniaxial compressive strength, are in a class of moderately strong
(o
c
=15-50 MPa) to strong rocks (o
c
=50-120 MPa).
- The range of unit weight values is in a class of moderate heavy rocks (=22-25.5
kN/m
3
).
- The range of porosity values is in a class of medium porous rocks (n=5-15%).
- The rock masses are in a class of highly deformable material (E=5000-15000
MPa).
1.3.2.4 Appendix
a) b) c)
FIGURE 1.3.2.8. a) Equipment for drilling of samples. b) Equipment for cutting and sampling.
c) Equipment for grinding of samples
a) b)
FIGURE 1.3.2.9. a) Schmidt hammer test. b) Point Load Strength Index Test.

Chapter 1. Tests on Materials and Elements

101

FIGURE 1.3.210. System for Uniaxial Compressive Strength test
(with 300t hydraulic pressure capacity -type Interfels)

1.3.3 Material characterization of Beylerbeyi Palace
13.3.1 Description of the building
This part is based on the experimental work done by Aras and Altay at the Bogazii
University (Aras and Altay, 2008a).
Beylerbeyi Palace was constructed between 1861 and 1865 on the Asian shore of the
Bosporus in Istanbul. Three-story main structure, with a basement and two ordinary floors is
shown in FIGURE 1.3.3.1. The building has a 72m length along the shore 48 m in the
perpendicular direction. The palace has three entrances, six state rooms and 26 smaller rooms.


FIGURE 1.3.3.1. Beylerbeyi Palace.