Biology Chapter 10 Notes 101 A. Cell Growth Limits to Cell Growth 1. DNA Overload 2. Exchanging aterials !.

"atio o# $%r#ace Area to &ol%me '. Cell Division

Limits to Cell Growth ( 2 reasons cells divide rather than grow #orever) * +he larger a cell ,ecomes- the more demands the cell .laces on its DNA. * /n addition- the more tro%,le the cell has moving n%trients and wastes across the cell mem,rane. ( ( DNA overload0 as a cell increases in si1e- it %s%all2 does not ma3e extra co.ies o# DNA. /# a cell grew witho%t limit- an in#ormation crisis wo%ld occ%r. +he genetic li,rar2 co%ldn4t handle the large vol%me o# c%stomers. 5ood- water- and waste enter and leave the cell thro%gh the cell mem,rane. +he rate at which this ha..ens de.ends on cell vol%me.

"atio o# $%r#ace Area to &ol%me in Cells Obtain the cells ratio of surface area to volume by dividing the surface area by the volume !s a cell grows in si"e# its volume increases much more rapidly than its surface area $n other words# the ratio decreases Division o# the Cell ( Cell division6 the .rocess ,2 which a cell divides into two new da%ghter cells. ( Cell division red%ces cell vol%me th%s solving the .ro,lem o# increasing cell si1e. ( 7e#ore cell division occ%rs- the cell re.licates 8co.ies9 all o# its DNA. ( Each da%ghter cell receives a com.lete set o# genetic in#ormation. 10% A. 7. C. D. Cell &ivision Chromosomes +he Cell C2cle Events o# the Cell C2cle itosis 1. :ro.hase 2. eta.hase !. Ana.hase '. +elo.hase C2to3inesis

E.

Cell Cycle
includes

Interphase

M phase (Mitosis)

is divided into

is divided into

G1 phase

S phase

G2 phase

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

G- growth, S- synthesis

Followed by cytokinesis

Chromosomes ( Genetic in#ormation is .assed on #rom one generation to the next in the chromosomes. ( Chromosomes are made o# DNA and .roteins. ( Chromosomes are not visi,le in most cells exce.t d%ring cell division. ( +he2 ,ecome visi,le at the ,eginning o# cell division and consist o# two identical sister chromatids. ( Each .air o# chromatids is attached at the area called the centromere. +he Cell C2cle ( +he .eriod o# cell growth in ,etween cell divisions is called inter.hase. ( +he cell c2cle itsel# is the series o# events 8mitosis and inter.hase9 that cells go thro%gh as the2 grow and divide. ( itosis is the division o# the cell n%cle%s d%ring the .hase o# the cell c2cle. ( D%ring the cell c2cle- a cell grows- .re.ares #or division- and divides to #orm two da%ghter cells- each o# which then ,egins the c2cle again. Events o# the Cell C2cle ( /nter.hase is a long .rocess and mitosis ha..ens ;%ic3l2. ( /nter.hase is divided into ! .hases) G1- $- and G2. ( G1.hase0 cells do most o# their growing- increasing in si1e and s2nthesi1ing new .roteins and organelles. ( $ .hase0 Chromosomes are re.licated and the s2nthesis o# DNA molec%les ta3es .lace. Also- 3e2 .roteins associated with the chromosomes are s2nthesi1ed. ( G2 .hase0 an2 o# the organelles and molec%les re;%ired #or cell division are .rod%ced.

:"O:<A$E0 the longest .hase o# mitosis 8=>0?>@9 1. +he chromatin condenses into chromosomes and the2 ,ecome visi,le. 2. +wo tin2 str%ct%res called centrioles se.arate and ta3e %. .ositions on o..osite sides o# the n%cle%s. !. A s.indle ,egins to #orm. /t is a #anli3e microt%,%le str%ct%re that hel.s to se.arate the chromosomes. '. +he n%clear envelo.e ,egins to ,rea3 down. E+A:<A$E 1. +he chromosomes line %. across the center o# the cell. 2. Each chromosome is connected to a s.indle #i,er at its centromere. ANA:<A$E 1. +he sister chromatids se.arate into individ%al chromosomes. 2. +he chromosomes move %ntil the2 #orm two gro%.s near the .oles o# the s.indle. +ELO:<A$E 1. +he chromosomes gather at o..osite ends o# the cell and lose their distinct sha.es. 2. A n%clear envelo.e re0#orms aro%nd each cl%ster o# chromosomes. !. +he n%cleol%s ,ecomes visi,le in each da%ghter n%cle%s. CA+OB/NE$/$0 the division o# the c2to.lasm 1. /n animal cells- the cell mem,rane is drawn inward %ntil the c2to.lasm is .inched into two nearl2 e;%al .arts. 2. /n .lant cells- a str%ct%re 3nown as the cell .late #orms midwa2 ,etween the divided n%clei. !. Each da%ghter cell has an identical set o# d%.licate chromosomes. 10' A. 7. C. (egulating the Cell Cycle Controls on Cell Division Cell C2cle "eg%lators 1. /nternal "eg%lators 2. External "eg%lators Cncontrolled Cell Growth

Controls on Cell Division ( Cells grow and divide at di##erent rates. ( Cell division .rovides new cells to re.lace those that wear o%t or ,rea3 down. ( +his can ,e o,served in the la, ,2 .lacing some cells in a .etri dish. ( Normal cells grow %ntil the2 #orm a thin la2er covering the ,ottom o# the dish. ( /# some cells are removed growth res%mes %ntil the2 cover the ,ottom o# the dish again.

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$omething similar ha..ens when a c%t or ,rea3 occ%rs in the ,od2. Cells at the edges o# the inD%r2 are stim%lated to divide ra.idl2- starting the .rocess o# healing. Ehen the healing .rocess near com.letion- the rate o# cell division slows downcontrols on growth are restored- and ever2thing ret%rns to normal.

Cell C2cle "eg%lators ( Ehat controls the cell c2cleF ( :roteins called c2clins reg%late the timing o# the cell c2cle in e%3ar2otic cells. ( +he discover2 o# the original c2clin led to the discover2 o# do1ens o# closel2 related .roteins all called c2clins. ( +here are two t2.es o# reg%lator2 .roteins) those that occ%r inside the cell and those that occ%r o%tside the cell. ( $nternal regulators are .roteins that res.ond to events inside the cell. ( Exam.les0 $ome .revent cells #rom entering mitosis %ntil DNA re.lication occ%rs and others .revent ana.hase %ntil all chromosomes are attached to a s.indle. ( ( ( ( )*ternal regulators0 .roteins that res.ond to events o%tside the cell. +he2 can direct cells to s.eed %. or slow down the cell c2cle. Growth #actors are among the most im.ortant external reg%lators ,eca%se the2 stim%late the growth and division o# cells. +he2 also .revent excessive cell growth and 3ee. the tiss%es o# the ,od2 #rom disr%.ting each other.

Cncontrolled Cell Growth ( Cancer0 a disorder in which some o# the ,od24s own cells lose the a,ilit2 to control growth. ( Cancer cells don4t res.ond to the signals that reg%late growth. ( Cancer cells #orm masses o# cells called t%mors. ( Cancer cells can ,rea3 loose and s.read thro%gho%t the ,od2. ( Cancer is a disease o# the cell c2cle.