Journal of Education and Practice ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper ISSN 2222-2!!" (#nline $ol.%& No.

13& 2'13

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A Critical Discourse Analysis of the Left and Right Wing Ideologies in Pakistani English Newspaper Editorials
(e)na* +a,assu.epart-ent of Englis) /inguistics& 0o1ern-ent 2ollege 3ni1ersit4& 5aisala,ad& Pa6istan Sa4ed 7a*i- S)a) /ecturer& .epart-ent of Englis) /inguistics& 0o1ern-ent 2ollege 3ni1ersit4& 5aisala,ad& Pa6istan E-ail8 6a*i-6a*-i9g-ail.co(u)a--ad :ilal /ecturer& .epart-ent of ;pplied /inguistics& 0o1ern-ent 2ollege 3ni1ersit4& 5aisala,ad& Pa6istan E-ail8 -,ilal7!79g-ail.coAbstract +)e present stud4 ,asicall4 anal4*es t)e /eft and <ig)t =ing ideologies in Pa6istani Englis) newspapers regarding #sa-a :in /aden>s deat) and PNS (e)ran ,ase attac6. +)e stud4 conducts t)e content anal4sis of t)e editorials of two Pa6istani Englis) newspapers? t)e .ail4 .awn and t)e .ail4 Nation fro- 3rd (a4& 2'11 to 3rd June& 2'11. Editorials )a1e t)e potential to s)ape opinion& create realit4 and con1e4 ideologies. In order to in1estigate t)e issues t)is stud4 e@plore t)e ideologies in t)e discourse t)roug) certain le1els of anal4sis as social anal4sis& cogniti1e anal4sis and particularl4 discourse anal4sis w)ic) consists s4ntactic structure& le@icon& glo,al and local se-antics and r)etorical structures of t)e discourse ,4 using 1an .iA6>s -odel(1BB3 of critical discourse anal4sis. 5or t)is purpose ,ot) Cualitati1e and Cuantitati1e -et)ods of data collection and anal4sis were used. 5inall4 it ,rings t)e results t)at editorial writers construct realit4& ad1ance t)e ideologies of t)e ingroup and are influenced ,4 t)eir own ideological leanings and t)ose of t)e newspaper owner. +)e anal4sis of selected 2' editorials fro- ,ot) t)e dailies re1eals t)at editorials cannot ,e treated as o,Aecti1e opinion pieces ,ut as representati1e do-inant ideologies. eywords! #sa-a :in /aden& PNS (e)ran attac6& 3S& Pa6istani defense& Intelligence failure& (ilitar4& +ali,an& Newspaper editorials. "# Introduction Editorials perfor- a 1er4 i-portant role in our societies. In t)e editorials t)e editor )as t)e opportunit4 to organi*e see-ingl4 disparate e1ents in suc) a wa4 t)at t)e reader can interpret t)e- in a co)erent fra-ewor6. Incidents li6e #sa-a :in /aden>s .eat) and PNS (e)ran :ase ;ttac6 raised Cuestions a,out current ideologies. In order to -a6e sense of t)e two issues people turned to -edia for infor-ation and interpretation. In t)is stud4 I )a1e interpreted -edia>s role in s)aping ideologies as a result of t)e e1ents of #:/>s deat) and PNS (e)ran :ase ;ttac6. I )a1e focused on t)e newspaper editorials ,ecause it functions not onl4 to report t)e news ,ut also to interpret t)e news for t)e readers. +)e anal4sis is centered on t)e editorials data gat)ered fro- t)e .ail4 .awn and t)e .ail4 Nation two Pa6istani Englis) newspapers representing /eft =ing and <ig)t =ing respecti1el4. /eft =ing generall4 refers to -ore li,eral and progressi1e 1iews ,ased on t)e ,elief t)at people are ,asicall4 good and t)e go1ern-ent )as a responsi,ilit4 to care for all of its citi*ens to so-e degree. <ig)t =ing usuall4 refers to -ore conser1ati1e or regressi1e 1iews& t)e status Cuo and tradition& as in wanting t)ings to sta4 t)e sa-e or return to )ow t)e4 used to ,e (;non4ous& 2'1' . <ig)t =ingers tend to ,e toug)er on law and order t)an t)e /eft. +)e specific focus will ,e t)e representation and e1aluation of t)e social actors& t)e e1ents t)e-sel1es and t)e sc)e-atic structure of t)e editorials. +)e print -edia continue to ,e integral to Pa6istan>s pu,lic life. 2i1il societ4 organi*ations acti1el4 participate in t)e -edia discourse in Pa6istan. +)e two t4pes of pla4ers are& /eft-=ing organi*ations de1oted to t)e e@pansion of -edia freedo-s& and t)e -ore conser1ati1e organi*ations wor6ing towards t)e protection of traditional 1alues seen as deteriorating and ,elongs to <ig)t =ing. +)ese two wings& often at odds wit) one anot)er are generall4 free to participate in t)e de,ate& ,ut at ti-es suffer set,ac6s induced ,4 go1ern-ent concerns t)at -ig)t t)reaten t)eir aut)orit4 or political agenda. Pa6istani -edia got nota,le freedo- after 1BBB. +)e electronic and t)e print -edia de1eloped t)e-sel1es rapidl4. It proAected t)e feelings of t)e -asses t)at were entirel4 contradictor4 to t)e policies of t)e Pa6istani go1ern-ent. +)e perceptions a,out 3S a-ong different nations are generall4 not positi1e and 3S is se1erel4 facing t)is pro,le- especiall4 in t)e (usliworld (;s)raf & 2'1' . ;-erica )as do-inantl4 negati1e i-age in Pa6istan. =)et)er Pa6istan>s Englis) or 3rdu Press& t)e4 did not fa1or ;-erican policies. +)e issues w)ic) are )ig)l4 critici*ed ,4 t)e -edia are t)e war on terror& nuclear issue& Palestine issue& relations)ips wit) Israel& ;-erica>s anti Pa6istan acti1ities& 3nited State>s

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in1ol1e-ent in Pa6istan>s internal policies. It is felt t)at 3rdu press is -ore aggressi1e against 3S t)an Englis) press. +)e .awn so-eti-es adopted neutral or positi1e attitude towards ;-erica ,ut +)e Nation is not willing to trust on t)e ;-erican>s (i,id . +)is stud4 atte-pts to s)ed lig)t on t)e /eft =ing and <ig)t =ing ideologies in Pa6istani Englis) newspaper editorials as represented ,4 +)e .awn D +)e Nation respecti1el4. $# %heoretical &ackground ; )istorical o1er1iew of t)e news -edia is i-portant as newspapers )as pla4ed an i-portant role since its e-ergence in t)e world. It ,rings social &econo-ic and political c)ange to societies ,ecause of its a,lit4 to send t)e sa-e ideological -essage to -an4 people at one ti-e. News is defined ,4 <ea) as Einfor-ation a,out recent e1ents t)at are of interest to a sufficientl4 large group& or t)at -a4 affect t)e li1es of a sufficientl4 large groupF (<ea)& 2''2& p.% . Producers of t)e news are responsi,le for selecting w)at news t)e4 feel is newswort)4 and constructing it fro- t)eir perspecti1e. 5owler points out t)at t)is -eans t)at t)e news is not a 1alue-free representation of t)e facts ,ecause it i-poses a structure of 1alues& social and econo-ic in origin& on w)ate1er is represented 1ia t)e language used to represent t)e world (5owler& 1BB1 . In t)is stud4 t)is is particularl4 clear as opinions of t)e #sa-a :in /aden>s .eat) and PNS (e)ran ,ase attac6 represent t)e world1iew of t)e editorial writer and t)e institutions t)e4 support. .iscourse is an e@tre-el4 powerful instru-ent used ,4 t)ose in do-inant positions to disse-inate t)eir ideologies. +)e esta,lis)-ent of -edia outlets in Pa6istan was a response to a ,road nationalistic proAect& w)ere so-e of t)e -ost renowned figures in t)e -o1e-ent for a politicall4 independent Pa6istan were also 1er4 close to& and so-eti-es part of t)e owners)ip structure of t)e first national newspapers. +)e concept of a non-aligned -edia was t)erefore co-pletel4 -issing in t)e pre-independence period. ;fter independence& t)e nationalist proAect continued and it was graduall4 per-eated ,4 Isla-ic ideolog4 as well (Sial& 2'1' . +)e print -edia continue to ,e integral to Pa6istan>s pu,lic life. 2i1il societ4 organi*ations acti1el4 participate in t)e -edia discourse in Pa6istan. +)e two t4pes of pla4ers are& /eft-=ing organi*ations de1oted to t)e e@pansion of -edia freedo-s& and t)e -ore conser1ati1e organi*ations wor6ing towards t)e protection of traditional 1alues seen as deteriorating and ,elongs to rig)t wing. +)ese two wings& often at odds wit) one anot)er are generall4 free to participate in t)e de,ate& ,ut at ti-es suffer set,ac6s induced ,4 go1ern-ent concerns t)at -ig)t t)reaten t)eir aut)orit4 or political agenda. Pa6istani -edia got nota,le freedo- after 1BBB. +)e electronic and t)e print -edia de1eloped t)e-sel1es rapidl4. It proAected t)e feelings of t)e -asses t)at were entirel4 contradictor4 to t)e policies of t)e Pa6istani go1ern-ent. +)e perceptions a,out 3S a-ong different nations are generall4 not positi1e and 3S is se1erel4 facing t)is pro,le- especiall4 in t)e (usliworld (;s)raf & 2'1' . +)e .awn newspaper gi1es fa1ora,le co1erage to t)e Pa6 G ;-erican issues and t)e de1elop-ental acti1ities of 3nited States in Pa6istan. +)e .awn news is also critical of ;-erican policies towards Pa6istan and t)e (usli- world ,ut to so-e e@tent it adopts neutral polic4. ;s t)e neutral portra4al of 3nited States i-age will ,e e@plicit in t)e anal4sis section of t)is researc). =)ile t)e .ail4 Nation does not spare ;-erica at an4 cost. +)e fa1ora,le portra4al of ;-erica in t)e dail4 Nation is Cuite low in percentage. Stud4ing editorials is of special significance w)en anal4*ing t)e ideological role of news -edia ,ecause editorials are e@pressions of Et)e ,roader ideological stance of t)e newspaper>s owners and -anagersF (Henr4& 2''2& p. 55 . ;n editorial can ,e defined as an article in a newspaper t)at gi1es t)e opinion of t)e editor or pu,lis)er on a topic or ite- of news (Sinclair& 1BB5& p.B3 . +)e ac)ie1e-ent of t)e ideological roles of editorials is a function of persuasi1e -o1es& of w)ic) se-antic content is t)e -ost direct for- (.iA6& 1BB5 . ;ccording to 1an .iA6& ot)er strategies include t)e use of polari*ed 1oca,ular4 to descri,e political actors and e1ents and specific r)etorical structures of discourse. +)ese r)etorical structures include i-ager4& o1erstate-ents& understate-ents& )4per,ole (e@aggeration & eup)e-is-& and -itigation. +)ese tec)niCues are used to -a6e infor-ation t)at is unfa1ora,le to E3sF less pro-inent and to e-p)asi*e negati1e infor-ation a,out E+)e-.F '# %he portrayal of (sa)a &in Laden*s death and PN+ ,ehran base attack in the )edia +)e -ost recent sc)olarl4 studies concerning t)e -edia and ,ot) t)e e1ents of #:/>s deat) and PNS (e)ran traged4 t)at sprung up fairl4 Cuic6l4 after t)e e1ents addressed two central issues of -4 own researc) na-el4& t)e di1ision ,etween E3sF and E+)e-F? and t)e social actors w)o pla4ed significant role in t)ese )appenings. +)e ,road patterns of 1iolence in Pa6istan )a1e serious i-plications for Pa6istan>s future& for regional sta,ilit4& and for core 3S interests. Pa6istan re-ains a central node in glo,al terroris-. #sa-a :in /aden was 6illed deep inside Pa6istan in an area t)at raises deep suspicion a,out w)at Pa6istani intelligence officials& senior

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-ilitar4 officers and go1ern-ent officials did and did not 6now a,out )is presence G and t)e presence of ot)er -aAor terrorists and e@tre-ists li6e (ulla) #-ar and t)e Iuetta S)ura +ali,an (2ordes-an& 2'11 . #t)er t)an t)at t)e c)allenges of internal 1iolence& t)e c)allenges of e@ternal relations especiall4 wit) t)e 3nited States and India is discussed. Pa6istan>s current policies not onl4 feed a -aAor ar-s race wit) India& and tensions wit) ;fg)anistan and t)e 3S& t)e4 also waste critical resources in t)e na-e of securit4& to t)e e@tent t)at t)e4 )a1e ,eco-e a t)reat to t)e state and t)e future of t)e Pa6istani people. In t)e after-at) of t)e e1ent& t)e print -edia )as anal4*ed t)e flaws in ,ot) ci1il go1ern-ent and -ilitar4 esta,lis)-ent w)ic) fell s)ort of fulfilling its responsi,ilit4. +)e newspapers selected for -4 own stud4 re1iew t)is incident as +)e Nation is ada-ant on pro1ing an e@ternal )and in t)e attac6 pointing towards India and 3S;& ot)ers )a1e dis-issed suc) clai-s. +)e .awn in its editorial points out t)at Pa6istan needs to co-e out of its denial -ode and need to identif4 t)e ene-ies wit)in itself (State of Denial, May 27, 2011, The Dawn . +)e PNS (e)ran attac6 ser1es as a wa6eup call for t)e Pa6istani esta,lis)-ent to co-e out of its deep slu-,er and introspect. +)e attac6 was a result of Pa6istan>s own flawed securit4 polic4 pre-ised upon portra4ing India as arc) ene-4 and de1ising policies suc) as creating religious e@tre-ist -ilitants to fig)t pro@ies in India& a 5ran6enstein>s -onster t)at )as co-e ,ac6 to it. It is ti-e for Pa6istan to ta6e radical steps to cur, suc) for-s of 1iolence w)ic) are ,ased on religious e@tre-is- and w)ic) in future can )a1e disastrous conseCuences for Pa6istan and t)e w)ole world. It is e1ident t)at t)e -edia is a powerful contri,uting force ,e)ind t)e creation of group identities. In an effort to understand t)e attac6s t)e -edia )as en)anced t)e di1ision ,etween E3sF and E+)e-F and& in t)e case of Pa6istan& ;-erica and India& t)e -edia )as used patriotis- to furt)er t)is di1ide. +)e anal4sis of -4 selected editorials will re1eal t)e e@tent to w)ic) t)is di1ision is e@ploited and )ow t)is -a6es t)e difference ,etween ,ot) t)e dailies& t)e .ail4 .awn and t)e .ail4 Nation c)osen for t)e anal4sis. :4 encapsulating -4 re1iew of t)e rele1ant literature& it is firstl4 e1ident t)at t)e newspaper& since its origin& )as alwa4s& t)roug) t)e social and indi1idual functions it perfor-s& ,een a powerful disse-inator of do-inant ideological interests. +)e role of t)e owner& in particular& is )ig)l4 significant in deter-ining w)at ideological perspecti1e t)e reader is e@posed to. Secondl4& t)e editorial as a genre )as a uniCue role wit)in t)e newspaper as it consists of pro1iding opinions and e1aluations on news e1ents. Its production is influenced ,4 t)e ideological interests and perspecti1e of t)e writer and& depending on )ow criticall4 acti1e t)e reader is& t)e editorial )as t)e potential to spread do-inant ideologies. +)irdl4& t)e editorial is considered to ,e a t4pe of opinion discourse& and t)is is significant ,ecause it is t)roug) opinions t)at ideologies can ,e e@pressed. +)e ideologies in -edia discourse& li6e t)e editorial& are particularl4 powerful as suc) discourse is a,le to reac) large populations at one ti-e. ;fter #:/>s deat) and PNS (e)ran ,ase attac6 t)e -edia ,eca-e a 1ital source of infor-ation and opinion and as -4 researc) focuses on t)e role of t)e editorial after t)e attac6s concerning t)e portra4al of t)e selected e1ents ,4 t)e -edia. +)e portra4al of ,ot) t)e selected incidents in t)e -edia )ig)lig)t t)e wor6ings of ideological strategies in t)e -edia>s representation of ,ot) t)e e1ents& particularl4 in t)e e@ploitation of E3sF and E+)e- Eand specificall4 ,4 representing /eft =ing and <ig)t =ing ideologies in t)e selected newspapers. -# Present Research 1. +)e present paper ai-s to in1estigate t)e /eft =ing and <ig)t =ing ideologies of Pa6istani Englis) newspapers ,4 focusing on two representati1e Englis) dailies& t)e .ail4 .awn and t)e .ail4 Nation. It studies t)at )ow t)e opposing ideologies of /eftJ<ig)t =ing are reflected in t)e selected editorials. It also focuses on t)e ideological structures e@)i,ited t)roug) in-group and out-group in t)e discourse of t)e two selected Englis) newspapers dailies. +)e 6e4 Cuestions of t)is stud4 are as follows8 =)at t4pes of .iscourse Strategies )a1e ,een adopted for t)e representation of /eft and <ig)t =ing ideologiesK .oes t)e 1oca,ular4 of t)e selected editorials reflect t)e e@tre-ist c)oices of <ig)t =ing and li,eral -ind set of /eft =ingK How -edia can educate t)e people especiall4 in Pa6istani conte@t 6eeping in 1iew t)e )istorical perspecti1e of t)e c)osen incidentsK .# ,ethodology +)e focus of -4 researc) anal4sis is t)e first editorial response to t)e #sa-a :in /aden>s 6illing ,4 t)e 3.S. in ;,,ota,ad and PNS (e)ran attac6 in 7arac)i. +)e data collection for -4 researc) consisted of retrie1ing t)e first 5 da4s editorials after ,ot) t)e incidents fro- two Pa6istani Englis) newspapers dailies& t)e .ail4 .awn and t)e .ail4 Nation. 5ro- a total of %' editorials I selected 2' editorials for a close critical anal4sis. :4 -a6ing a corpus of t)e 2' editorials freCuenc4 of t)e words and concordance lines are c)ec6ed t)roug) ;ntconc 3.2.%.

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+)e approac) I use for re1ealing t)e features of t)ese editorials and t)eir ideological assu-ptions is 2ritical .iscourse ;nal4sis (2.; . 2.; sees language as part of social practice and it ai-s to unco1er power relations and associated ideologies in te@ts and )ow t)ese are reflected ,4 t)e socio-)istorical conte@t of t)e te@t (Jan6s& 1BB7 . +)e anal4sis of a te@t& firstl4& in1ol1es anal4*ing t)e structure of t)e te@t and t)e linguistic c)oices -ade ,4 t)e writer. Secondl4& t)e anal4sis includes e@a-ining t)e process of production of t)e te@t ,4 t)e writer and t)e process of interpretation w)ere,4 t)e reader -a6es sense of w)at t)e te@t is a,out. +)irdl4& t)e anal4sis considers t)e social conditions t)at possi,l4 influence and possi,l4 are influenced ,4 t)e processes of production and interpretation of eac) of t)e editorials. Not surprisingl4& i--ediatel4 after #:/>s deat) and PNS (e)ran attac6 a distinction ,etween E3sF and E+)e-F was e@ploited ,4 -an4 editorial writers in order to reinforce group identit4& for e@a-ple t)e Pa6istani identit4. +)e e-otions and ,e)a1ior of social actors ,elonging to ,ot) E3sF and E+)e-F groups is e1aluated eit)er positi1el4 or negati1el4 to create solidarit4 wit) t)e reader as also are t)e interte@tual references included to co-pare and interpret t)e e1ents for t)e reader. +)roug) t)e approac) of 2.;& I e@a-ine )ow language is used to construct realit4 and -ade distinctions for t)e /eft =ing and <ig)t =ing -edia ideologies. +)e findings of -4 researc) are presented in t)e following section. /# Research 0indings :ot) t)e selected Englis) newspapers> editorials define t)eir particular ideologies in ter-s of t)e E3sF 1s. E+)e-F t)eories. So one of t)e -ost stri6ing ideological structures -anifested in 1irtuall4 all selected editorials in t)e .ail4 Nation and t)e .ail4 .awn is ,latant nationalis- and et)nocentris-. 3S-+HE( polari*ation c)aracteri*es& understanda,l4& not onl4 t)e opposition ,etween 3S (Pa6istani& (usli-s& Eastern and +HE( (;-ericans& 3S Intelligence& 5oreign Hand & ,ut -ore generall4 ;-ericans and t)e rest of t)e world. In-group& out-group distinction& differentiation and polari*ation& w)ic) ,4 our definition of ideologies as ,asic self-group sc)e-ata of social cognition& are t)e central c)aracteristic of all ideologies& are -ar6ed in discourse structure first of all ,4 personal and possessi1e pronouns ( we & t)e4 & us & t)e- & our & t)eir & etc. ,ut also ,4 deictic& suc) as )ere and t)ere. E@a-ples fro- t)e editorials in the Daily Nation are as under8 %able "# %er)s used to differentiate between 1us2 and 1the)2 3s %he) Stunning deat) toll in Pa6istan ;-erican intrusion "# .ocile puppet in t)e )ands of ;-erica 3S -ilitar4 aggression $# 3nilateral stri6es against Pa6istan (ain ,ac6er t)e 3S; '# +ur,ulent ti-es for Pa6istan 3S is pro1ing a treac)erous friend -# Hig)est 1alued target #sa-a :in /aden Hostile forces and untrustwort)4 friends .# :latant 1iolation of our so1ereignt4 .el)i our sworn ene-4 /# +)is region is ric) wit) energ4 sources #,a-a>s inad1isa,le policies of glo,al concerns 4# 0rie1ous ,low to our na1al capa,ilit4 .ocile puppet in t)e )ands of ;-erica 5# (e-,ers of t)e in-group are identified as 1icti-s of t)e #t)er and collecti1i*ed t)roug) generic ter-s into groups t)at s)are t)is fate& t)e c)oice of words for ,ot) t)e sections of in-group and out-group s)ow t)e tendenc4 of t)e newspaper editorial towards t)e <ig)t =ing as it does not support t)e policies w)ic) are e1en slig)tl4 against t)e ideological stances of t)e nation. E@a-ples fro- the Daily Dawn are as follows8 %able $# %er)s used to differentiate between 1us2 and 1the)2 "# 3s %he) +op -ilitar4 acade-4 ;-erican interference in t)e (usli- world .en4 Pa6istani in1ol1e-ent in t)e operation ;-erican in1asion $# 7illing of an unar-ed -an e1en if a cri-inal ;-erican -istrust and negati1e perception Self glorification does not -ean t)at t)ere is ne1er an4 self critiCue. Ironicall4 enoug)& )owe1er& e1en suc) critiCue often presupposes good c)aracteristics. 5or our anal4sis& t)is suggests t)at one of t)e -aAor ideological strategies of suc) discourse is& indeed& to focus on or e-p)asi*e E+)eirF 1iolence and to de-e-p)asi*e or si-pl4 ignore or den4 our own in1ol1e-ent in state terror a,road. +)at is t)e co-ple-ent of positi1e self presentation. :ut e@a-ples fro- t)e .ail4 .awn e-p)asi*e it as co-parati1el4 li,eral and le@ical c)oice is also not as a )ardliner for t)e out-group. +)e -ost repeated t)e-e was 3S policies towards t)e out-group. +)at>s w)4 in order to define +HE( in ter-s of Pa6istan>s out-group t)e social actors are defined as8 1. +)e group responsi,le for causing t)e attac6s on Pa6istani soil. 75

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2onstructed as an un6nown& de1iant& i--oral group w)o do not support in-group ideolog4. In t)e .ail4 Nation E+)e4F specificall4 identifies ;-erica& India and -ilitants and )eld responsi,le for t)e two sad incidents ,ut does not e-p)asi*e et)nic or religious classifications. %. /astl4& t)e representation of t)e #t)er in t)e .ail4 .awn is also constructed as a group pre4ing on t)e out-group& particularl4 as a result of ;-erica>s raid in ;,,ota,ad episode. :4 6eeping in 1iew t)e a,o1e points we can see so-e instances fro- t)e editorials as )ow t)e social actors are represented to e-p)asi*e t)e <ig)t =ing ideolog4. In (a4 L& 2'11 editorial E+)reat to nuclear assetsF India>s anti- Pa6istan e-otions are )ig)lig)ted asMMthe India army chief threatens they would not hesitate to launch a surgical operation in Pa istan on the pattern of the Pentagons and !oasts that their armed forces ha"e the capa!ility to do so# In t)e (a4 2L& 2'11 editorial ESecurit4 concernsF it is recorded for t)e terrorist group t)atMM.in the meantime, terrorists ha"e once again shown that they ha"e an upper hand !y launching an attac at a $ID office%#

2. 3.

+)e .ail4 .awn ,eing in t)e /eft =ing group e-p)asi*e o1er t)e need of recogni*ing a co--on ene-4 of Pa6istan& 3S and ot)er nations of t)e world i.e. +errorists. In (a4 2%& 2'11 editorial EPNS (e)ran attac6F it is -entioned in result of -ilitants> attac6 on PNS (e)ran ,ase asM..!y !reaching the defenses of a na"al installation, as they did on Sunday with such ease, or of the &'( in )cto!er 200*, the militants ha"e wantonly displayed their power to attac and ill and destroy at will, where"er and whene"er they wish#

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Journal of Education and Practice ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper ISSN 2222-2!!" (#nline $ol.%& No.13& 2'13

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"- (6erall 7eneric +tructure of all selected Editorials +)roug) t)e construction of E3sF and E+)e-F groups& readers in all twent4 editorials are positioned to align wit) t)e in-group in support of Pa6istan ,eing a 1icti- of #t)er>s atrocities and to de-oni*e t)e #t)er ,4 )ig)lig)ting t)e ,ad points of out group. +)e ideological interests of t)ose in t)e in-group are articulated ,4 t)e inclusion of ot)er discourses w)ic) not onl4 )elp to support t)e opinions surrounding t)e perception of realit4 created ,4 t)e writer ,ut also to e@plain local political and social issues. In ot)er words& t)roug) co-parison wit) ot)er )istorical e1ents& t)e writer e@plains t)e -eaning of ,ot) t)e selected e1ents and -4 anal4sis re1eals t)at -o1ing furt)er fro- t)e site of t)e attac6s& t)e editorials use t)e e1ents to e@plain and tr4 and c)ange issues at t)e local and go1ern-ental le1el. +)e use of interte@tualit4 includes a range of e@plicit and i-plicit alternati1e 1oices ,4 w)ic) t)e writers support t)eir argu-ents. ;n anal4sis of t)e use of interte@tualit4 is not co-plete wit)out e@a-ining t)e influence of t)ose in1ol1ed in t)e production of newspaper editorials and )ow social& political and institutional conditions pro-ote do-inant ideological interests. 5irstl4& -4 anal4sis re1eals t)at t)e power of t)e newspaper owner and t)e influence of t)e writer>s own ideologies )a1e a significant effect on t)e construction of E3sF and E+)e-F groups and t)e c)oice of interte@tual discourses used to e@plain t)e attac6s in Pa6istan. +)us it differentiates t)e /eft =ing and <ig)t =ing ideolog4 t)roug) t)e selected representati1e newspapers. Secondl4& an e@a-ination of social conditions at t)e ti-e of t)e attac6s dictates& to a certain degree& t)e writers> -anipulation of t)e editorial discourse in t)e support of do-inant interests& for e@a-ple& ;-erica>s decision of wit)drawing its forces fro- ;fg)anistan ,efore t)e raid in ;,,ota,ad to 6ill #sa-a :in /aden. ;nd PNS (e)ran attac6 in 7arac)i ,4 t)e terrorists to a1enge t)e deat) of #sa-a :in /aden. +)e sc)e-atic structure of t)e editorial consists of a 1er4 ,rief introduction of t)e issue& an e1aluation and a reco--endationJprag-atic conclusion. #-ission of a proper su--ar4 of e1ents at t)e start of t)e editorial could possi,l4 ,e a result of t)e enor-it4 of t)e e1ents ,eing co1ered. +)e paragrap) gi1en ,elow& in fact& encapsulates t)e -ain conclusion of t)is stud48 It is ,eing anal4*ed t)roug) t)e stud4 t)at so-e newspapers li6e +)e .ail4 Nation are ada-ant on pro1ing an e@ternal )and in t)e attac6 pointing towards India and 3S;& ot)ers )a1e dis-issed suc) clai-s. =)ile t)e .ail4 .awn in its editorial points out t)at Pa6istan needs to co-e out of its denial -ode and need to identif4 t)e ene-ies wit)in itself. 4# Conclusion Newspaper editorials are traditionall4 seen as t)ose articles t)at not onl4 pro1ide infor-ation ,ut also ai- to e@plain and interpret 1arious& often contentious& issues fro- an o,Aecti1e& Ne@pert> point of 1iew. (4 researc)& )owe1er& )as re1ealed t)at t)is is not t)e case and despite t)e 1iews in t)e editorial ,eing attri,uted to one particular indi1idual& t)ese opinions and ideologies are influenced ,4 a nu-,er of factors and are representati1e rat)er of t)e newspaper as an institution. +)e4 are also not No,Aecti1e>& as editorials e-,od4 not onl4 t)e ,eliefs of t)e writer& ,ut also t)ose of t)e owner and t)ose on editorial ,oards of t)e particular newspapers. Powerful indi1iduals w)o often own entire newspaper c)ains use t)eir do-inant positions to ad1ance t)eir ideological 1iews and agendas. In addition& -4 interpretation and e@planation of t)e situational 77

Journal of Education and Practice ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper ISSN 2222-2!!" (#nline $ol.%& No.13& 2'13

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conte@t of eac) of t)e editorials in -4 stud4 re1eals )ow local social and political issues affect t)e writer>s construal of e1ents in t)e interests of in-group ideolog4 and do-inant local interests. Howe1er& in 6eeping wit) -4 suggestions for future researc)& I feel a structural anal4sis of t)is genre deser1es -uc) ric)er e@ploration& as researc) to date is li-ited. /astl4& ,ased on t)e findings in -4 stud4& I ,elie1e t)at t)ere is a need to raise t)e awareness of learners in Pa6istani societ4 a,out -edia discourse and t)e interests it pro-otes. It is onl4 t)roug) suc) awareness and& particularl4& t)roug) ,eco-ing critical readers t)at suc) learners can c)allenge -edia representations and w)at lies ,e)ind t)e-& ,ecause as 5aircloug) e@plains& Epower relations wor6 increasingl4 at an i-plicit le1el t)roug) language& and gi1en t)at language practices are increasingl4 targets for inter1ention and control& a critical awareness of language is a prereCuisite for effecti1e citi*ens)ip& and a de-ocratic entitle-entF (5aircloug)& N.& 1BB2&p.12 . References ;nt)on4 H. 2ordes-an& ;. ;. (2'11& June 7 . Pa6istan8 $iolence 1s. Sta,ilit4& ; National Net ;ssess-ent. =as)ington .2& 3S;. .iA6& +.; (1BB3 . Principals of 2ritical .iscourse ;nal4sis. .iscourse D Societ4& $ol %(2 2%B-2!3. .iA6& +. ;. (1BBL . I.E#/#0I2;/ .IS2#3<SE ;N;/OSIS. +ni"ersity of ,msterdam & $ol 5(2 p.135-13L. 5aircloug)& N. (1BB2 . EIntroductionF. In 5aircloug)& N. In N. 5aircloug)& Discourse and Social $hange# (pp. 13' . 2a-,ridge8 Polit4 Press. 5owler& <. (1BB1 . -anguage in the .ews/ Discourse and Ideology in the Press# /ondon D New4or68 <outledge. Henr4& 2. +. (2''2 . Discourse of domination/ 0acial !ias in the $anadian 1nglish2language press# +oronto8 3ni1ersit4 of +oronto Press. Jan6s& H. (1BB7 . E2ritical discourse anal4sis as a researc) toolF. Discourse/ Studies in the $ultural Politics of 1ducation# & 32B-3%1. (u)a--ad ;s)raf 7)an& ;. S. (2'1' . I-age of 3.S. in Pa6istani Elite Newspaper Editorials after BJ11. Pa istan 3ournal of social sciences & 325&33B. <ea)& .. (2''2 . The -anguage of .ewspapers# /ondon D New4or68 <outledge. S)a)& H. (2'1' . Pa6istani (edia. $SIS . Sial& (. (. (2'1'& #cto,er . (edia and 0o1ernance in Pa6istan8 ; 2ontro1ersial 4et Essential <elations)ip. Initiati"e for Peace 4uilding . Sinclair& J. (1BB5 . $ollins $)4+I-D 1nglish -anguage Dictionary# /ondon8 Harper 2ollins. =oolard& 7. ;. (1BB% . /anguage Ideolog4. ,nnual 0e"iews ,nthropology .

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