172 FLUID MECHANICS

(b) Sketch velocity vectors at several locations in the upperright quadrant for x 0 m to 4 m and y 0 m to 4 m; qualitatively describe the flow field. 440 Consider the steady, incompressible, two-dimensional velocity field of Prob. 439. (a) Calculate the material acceleration at the point (x 2 m, y 3 m). Answers: ax 8.50 m/s2, ay 8.00 m/s2 (b) Sketch the material acceleration vectors at the same array of x- and y-values as in Prob. 439. 441 The velocity field for solid-body rotation in the ruplane (Fig. P441) is given by ur 0 u u vr

Specifically, draw curves of constant speed V 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 m/s. Be sure to label these speeds on your plot. 443 The velocity field for a line source in the ru-plane (Fig. P443) is given by ur m 2pr uu 0

where m is the line source strength. For the case with m/(2p) 1.5 m2/s, plot a contour plot of velocity magnitude (speed). Specifically, draw curves of constant speed V 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 m/s. Be sure to label these speeds on your plot.
y

where v is the magnitude of the angular velocity (v points in the z-direction). For the case with v 1.5 s1, plot a contour plot of velocity magnitude (speed). Specifically, draw curves of constant speed V 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 m/s. Be sure to label these speeds on your plot.
uu uu = vr

ur = m 2pr r u x

FIGURE P443

FIGURE P441
442 The velocity field for a line vortex in the ru-plane (Fig. P442) is given by ur 0 uu K r

where K is the line vortex strength. For the case with K 1.5 m2/s, plot a contour plot of velocity magnitude (speed).
uu K uu = r

444 A small two-dimensional circular cylinder is placed in a large wind tunnel with air at 300 K and wind speed = 0.015 m/s. The cylinder is either heated or cooledthis flow is classified as mixed convection (both natural and forced convection effects are important). Run FlowLab with the template Convection_mixed_temperature. Vary the cylinder temperature from Tc = 290 K (cooled cylinder) to 310 K (heated cylinder). For each case, generate a temperature contour plot (Post-Contour-Activate) and a streamline plot (Post-Streamlines-Activate). Print out both plots for at least two cases (at the two extreme cylinder wall temperatures). Discuss. 445 A very small circular cylinder of radius Ri is rotating at angular velocity vi inside a much larger concentric cylinder of radius Ro that is rotating at angular velocity vo. A liquid of density r and viscosity m is confined between the two cylinders, as in Fig. P445. Gravitational and end effects can be neglected (the flow is two-dimensional into the page). If vi vo and a long time has passed, generate an expression for the tangential velocity profile, uu as a function of (at most) r, v, Ri, Ro, r, and m, where v vi vo. Also, calculate the torque exerted by the fluid on the inner cylinder and on the outer cylinder.

FIGURE P442

173 CHAPTER 4
Liquid: r, m

vo

Ro vi Ri

Duct_inlet_velocity, with the inlet velocity set to 2 m/s. Generate a pressure contour plot (Compute Results, and then Post-contour-Activate; the default is a pressure contour plot). File-Print Graphics, select the destination as File, specify a file name, and Accept. Generate a velocity contour plot by Modify-Edit the contour plot, select velocity-magnitude, and Apply. Save as a different file name. Print out both the pressure and velocity contour plots and discuss and compare (e.g., when pressure is high, is velocity also high?). 450 We again consider the flow of water through a convergingdiverging duct. Here we compare the streamlines between a 2-D and an axisymmetric duct flow of the same wall geometry. Run FlowLab with the template Duct_inlet_velocity, with the inlet velocity set to 2 m/s. Generate a streamline plot (Post-Deactivate the contour plot if it is active, then streamlines-Activate). Modify, and Edit the contour plot, change the number of intervals to 10, and Apply. File-Print Graphics, select the destination as File, specify a file name, and Accept. Repeat for the axisymmetric case (use template Duct_axisymmetric) at the same velocity and same number of streamline intervals. Be sure to save the plot as a different file name. Print out both streamline plots and discuss and compare.

Inner cylinder Outer cylinder

FIGURE P445

446 Consider the two concentric rotating cylinders of Prob. 445 with Ri 0.006 m, Ro 0.600 m, r 1259.9 kg/m3, and m 10.0 kg/ms. For vi vo 100 rpm, calculate and plot uu as a function of r. Run FlowLab with the template Concentric_solid at the same rotation rate. Plot the tangential velocity profile (XY Plots-Velocity profile at different radial locations-Plot.) Save the data to a csv (comma separated values) spreadsheet file for post-processing (File-Export data, type in the file name ending with .csv, and Export data). Plot the CFD results on the same plot as the analytical calculations and compare. 447 Consider the same two concentric cylinders of Prob. 445. This time, however, the inner cylinder is rotating, but the outer cylinder is stationary. In the limit, as the outer cylinder is very large compared to the inner cylinder (imagine the inner cylinder spinning very fast while its radius gets very small), what kind of flow does this approximate? Explain. After a long time has passed, generate an expression for the tangential velocity profile, namely uu as a function of (at most) r, vi, Ri, Ro, r, and m. Hint: Your answer may contain an (unknown) constant, which can be obtained by specifying a boundary condition at the inner cylinder surface. 448 Consider the two concentric rotating cylinders of Prob. 447, with Ri 0.006 m, Ro 0.600 m, vi 500 rpm, vo 0, r 1259.9 kg/m3, and m 10.0 kg/ms. Calculate and plot uu as a function of r. Run FlowLab with the template Concentric_small_inner at the same inner cylinder rotation rate. Plot the tangential velocity profile (XY Plots-Velocity profile at different radial locations-Plot). Save the data to a csv (comma separated values) spreadsheet file for post-processing (File-Export data, type in the file name ending with .csv, and Export data). Plot the CFD results on the same plot as the analytical calculations and compare. 449 Consider the flow of water through a 2-D convergingdiverging duct. Run FlowLab with the template

Motion and Deformation of Fluid Elements; Vorticity and Rotationality

451C Name and briefly describe the four fundamental types of motion or deformation of fluid particles. 452C Explain the relationship between vorticity and rotationality. 453 Converging duct flow (Fig. P417) is modeled by the steady, two-dimensional velocity field of Prob. 417. Is this flow field rotational or irrotational? Show all your work.
Answer: irrotational

454 Converging duct flow is modeled by the steady, twodimensional velocity field of Prob. 417. A fluid particle (A) is located on the x-axis at x xA at time t 0 (Fig. P454). At some later time t, the fluid particle has moved downstream

Fluid particle at some later time t y A x A

Fluid particle at time t = 0

FIGURE P454