BEAM COMPOSITE

DR.MOHD IRWANBINJUKI F JKSB , i ( ,i S UTHM

INfRODUCTION
in civilengineering struciures isolwoys The'tenn,'fcomposite construclion" referred lo ihe useof sieelond concreteformedlogetherinio o orrongemeni con functionos componeniin sucho woy ihot the resulting item (Figure l.) o single for steelstructures isbuckling. Mojorweoknesses the compression the steelbeom by encosing Concreleisusedto reslroin section. steelflongeond become composite
In-Situ Concrete

Conprcssion Flange Unr\crsal Beam

F i g u r el . l C o m p o s i l eS e c t i o n s

Composite girder

Steel'beam composito slab or RC-slab

Composite column

Steel profiles embedded in or filled wirh concrele

,
Composite slab

Holorib @ sheeting + concrete

Figure2 Composite elements for building

Compositebeam
' }ncompositeconstruciion, the mostcommonlyusediscomposite beoms. . Composite ond only flexure beom - definedos elemenlresisiing connecied components longitudinol two thot comprise sheor of discreieconnectors or by o series togeihereithercontinuously The qdvonloges of composite beoms : . increosed moment copocity ond stiffness. . for the some moment copocity reduced steelsizes . economicol - throughreduced moteriols, floor more slender depth ond quickerconstruction.

Competitivefor medium or long-sponslruclures:

. where o concrete slobisneeded for o premiumof ropid construction . low or mediumlevelof fireproteciionto sieelwork issufficieni

Typical multi-storey steelcomposite framed building during execution

practice for commercial and Theusual industrial buildings is to construct the floors using metal decking whichis embossed to provide composite action

' . Tfiebosiclimitstotedesign of compositesteelconcrele isgivenin BS5950: structures Port3 . Momentcopocily of o beom ismost composite colculoted oppropriotely usingplostictheoryin the stress form of rectongulor blocks. . Figure the useof 3 shows shopesond types different or of steelbeom {rolled together welded sections) with in situconcreie.

4T:l--'.'""

llJL
T - Bean Haundred slab

i_:ffi

Ittl

JL
St*l box grder
PI9651 @nselo unrts

Figure 3 Typicalbeamcross-sections

consist of o steel to bending, subjeclmoinly beoms, Composite concrete. with flongesof reinforced sectionocting composilely by meonsof mechonicol Theiwo moieriols ore interconnected - heoded studs, welded to semi-outomoticolly sheorconnectors 4. the steelflonge,see Figure

Figure 4 : Welding of headedstuds

Sheoi C'on'nectors . frAechonicolconnectors ore usedlo develop the composite 5). oction between steelbeomsond concrete (seeFigure . Sheorconnector functions os the holderbetween the concrete bondingbetween slobond steelbeom due io the inodequoie concreieslobond steelbeom. ' Alsobehove to resist horizontol sheorbetween concreteslobond steelbeom where ihe boitom port of ihe sheorconneclorwill ond the top porl of the sheor the horizontolsheor lronsfer to hold lhe concreteslobfrom the steel connectorisfunctioning beom. ' Sheorconneciorshove io fulfil os o numberof requirements, follows: - ihey musltronsfer directsheorof theirbose. - they mustcreoie o iensile linkintothe concrele. - they mustbe economic lo monufocfure ond fix.

Figure 5: Types ofshearconnectors

. . . . .

betweenthe steelsectionond the lf slioisfree to occur of the interfoce concreteslob,eoch componentwilloct independently or ot leostreduced,the slobond the lf slipof the inierfoceiseliminoted, unit. o composite os will together oct steelmember willdepend on the exlentto which in resistcnce increose Theresulting isprevented. slip to the useof heoded studsheorconneclors' Figure 6 refers dependsmoinlyon the degree of sheor Thedegree of interqction connectionused.

s -T
No interadron Padial antoradron Como16b inc.adron

-.+

rl-# -l :

rt/|-

?:
ea

t7

El

-/l .Z-J

.at

al

beaminteraction Figure6: Composite

. Composifebeoms do not need ony folsework or timber shuttering. ' construction methods,- "propped"ond "unpropped". Construction composite versusUnpropped Propped . In proppedconstruction, by supported the beom istemporory propsduringthe costing ond curingof the concreteslob. . In unproppedconstruction, the beom isnot supported.
( astirtri ttf \\iel.couctef e

[.nproppt'rl (lonstruction

Propprd (:onstruction

. Disodvontoges Comporedlo Construction of Unpropped Construction: Propped beom during mustbe checkedos o NON-composite o. Becrm in thot it con corrythe concreteself-weight io ensure construction loods. odditionto the construction b. Hoso higherdeod lood deflection. loods. stoteduringservice stress fovoroble hove o less c. Generolly . At ultimote beom isthe SAME lood,lhe copocityof the composile techniques ore whetherpropped or unproppedconstruction used. . Unpropped usedthon propped isMORE commonly conslruction due to speedond economicreqsons. construciion

Behoviour of o ComposileBeom Fundomenlol

composite beom is formed from three componenTs
^+^^t - ) tuut ^^^+;^^ )u\- il(Jt I

- sheorconnectors - concreteslob Thefundomentol of o behoviour composite beom isbest exploined by ossessing to lood. ilsresponses
A tyeical compoEite and '60lar6d floor 6'n9le Ehowrng oompo6ite an 'deal'6d

olone ore . Fornon-composite the sieelseclions construction. plus the selfweight floor designedto corrythe lood octing on the B. of the slob,os shownin Figure . Thesteelseciion oboutitsmid depth ond hoso issymmetric of thisPoint. neuiroloxis . Thesectionstroins oround thisneulroloxisond both the ouier fibre ore idenlicol. stresses ond compressive lensile moy in the steelsection . Thesiresses ond in compression in tension theory. bending simple be evoluotedusing ond . Theconcreteslobisnot connectedio the steelsection independently' behoves therefore to . Asii isgenerolly bendingil deforms veryweok in longitudinol neutroloxis. its own hos ond the sieelsection of ihe curvoture . Thebottom surfoceof the concreleslobisfree to slideover the slipoccurs ond consideroble top flonge of the steelsection between the two. thot it is . Thebendingresistonce of the slobisoftenso smoll ignored.

tF"o
tr_-_..4
Load

NE
Shear force

Deflected shape

\Bending moment

8 Figure

Non-composite beam

Behoviour Slructurol
. Thewoy in which o compositebeom behoves underthe oction of low lood,mediumlood ond ihe finolfoilurelood is bestdescribedin stoges. . Thelood, the bendingmomentond sheorforce ond stresses stroins deformotion, diogroms, ore ollshownin withinthe section diogrommoticform for the ihree siogesond in relotedto the lood deflectionresponse 9-l l. Figures

Stogel-Figure9 . Forvery low loodsthe steelond concretebehovesin on woy. lineor opproximotely . Theconnectionbetween lhe two corries very low sheorstresses willoccur. longitudinolslip ihot opprecioble ond it isunlikely . Thebeom deforms of mid sponis distribution so thot lhe stroin isolsolineor' stress 9, ond the resulting os in Figure lineor, . ll con be seenfromthe stroin diogromlhol, in thiscose,the slob lieswithinthe concrete' neulrol oxis mustbe deep os the . As o resull someof the concreteisin tension . lt hos been ossumed thot thisconcretecrocksond therefore stress. coniesno iensile ' lf the slobwos thinit ispossible thot the neutroloxiswould be in the sieelond lhen ihe oreo of sieelobove the oxiswould be in compression. . This in fhe sogging lood situotion to the service stoge corresponds prociicolcomposite beoms. momentregionof most

Connectors

a a

Sloge2-Figurel0 sieel between ihe slobond siress sheor the increoses Asthe lood in the connection' sectiongivesriseto J"i'tnotion io the overoll ond coniributes deformotionisknownos'slip' This of the beom' deformotion siroinond stress tne eifect of slipon the Figure10shows distribulion. isverysmollondmoy be beomsslip Formony composile neglected. of lood sioge for thoi tloss service the lo corresponds stoge This portiolly hosbeen designedos compositebeoms*f itft connected.

10

Connectors

l)-aaG*I Load

*=q
Shear force

\7
Bending moment

'tr--ff--*Figure10: Composite beam -staqe 2

' Sloge3 - Figures 11ond 7 ln ' Eventuolly io couseyieldstroins the lood becomessufficient moteriols. the more of or one plosticity . In ihe coseof yieldoccurring develops in the steel, 1 1. Figure in shown os develops block ond the stress . ll is normolly thot, for the ultimotelimitsiote,the plostic ossumed moy suchthot the wholesieelsection blockdevelops siress II' in Figure line yield ihe dotted by os shown reoch eventuolly . Concreteisnol o ploslic moieriol. . lf stroins it is potentiolly develop suchos io couseoverstress possible of the slobwould occur. brittlefoilure thot explosive . This lo the brittlefoilureexpected in would be similor behoviour concretebeom. on over-reinforced . Thevolumeof concretein mostprocticolslobs meonsthot it is proctice. in orise ever could this situoiion thot unlikely

11

'i,.
.rii:

withinthe concrete, in stress Withincreose block the stress stroin, induced by increosing shopeshownin chongesfrom the triongulor 11. l0 to the shopeshownin Figure Figure in to represent Fordesignthisshopeisdifficult ore mothemoticolform ond opproximotions used. Forcomposiiebeomsthe mosicommon block stress isthe reciongulor opproximotion 'l shownby the doshedlinein Figure 1.

JF"o
F--..Load
Deflected

connectors ,

shape

\
Shear force

Bendingmoment

Strain

Figure11 :

Composite beam-staqe 3

12

Beom of Composiie Behoviour Elosiic of the composite . Themechonicolondgeometricolproperties ond stresses of service colculotion the for sectionore required deformotions. ond the sleel . At service the concretein compression levels, stress foshion' elostic lineorly to behove in o ore ossumed of the compositesectionfor . ln colculotingthe sectionproperties useismode of the concept of ihe tronsformed serviceobilifychecks, seclion. compositesectionisreploced . Using lhisconcept, ihe sieel-concrete sectionin steel' Ovo"nequivolenihomogeneous . Foro seciionsubjectedto positive bending,lhe concrete oreo, A. is of oreo, A./n, where n isthe flonge steel iictitious wiih o reploced rotio. modulor of . Modulorroiio,n isthe rotio ErlE., where E,isihe elosticmodulus concrete. the is thoi of E. ond steel, structurol for the lronsformed . Geometricol properties colculoted ore reodily for modulus elostic ihe using moy be obtoined ond slroins section,

Fullinterqclion
. Fullinteroctionof o composite beom con be defined when interfobe slip is toiolly prevenled, such os occurs when ihe two elementsore glued together or when lhe friciionolbond oi ihe interfoce hos not been overcome. . The two elementsthen behove os one. , In thiscose. lhe siroin of the concrete, e. is equol to stroinof the wos zero. sieel, e, ond the slip stroin,6s/,p . By used the concept of the tronsformed section, the neuirol oxis of ihe tronsformedsectioncon be colculoted. . Once the neutroloxis hos been locoted, the second momSnt of oreo of the tronsformedsection con be cqlculoted. ond . The flexurolrigidity,Elmoy thus be used to colculote ihe stresses beom, composite deformotioniof

13

Porliolinleroction

ii wos beom with,fullinieroction' . ln studying the composite wos zeroof everywhere' iftot stip ossumed the in pushout testshownthot even ol . Butihe result of studying isnol zero' sliP smollloods, io know how the behoviourof lhe necessory . li istherefore ol slip' 6."t ismodifiedby presence bose on o theoryof portiol by on onolysis ' This isillustroted interociion. by Newmork wos presented . A theorY for portiolinteroction

of CompositeBeom Anolysis UltimoleSlrength steelondconcretebeom con of o composiie . Theultimote strengih lood Theul'limote uring o rigidplosticonolysis' be determineO the i'pioit"o beom isdeterminedby of o simpiy resislonce of the criticolcross-section' momentof resislonce .Thedeierminotionofthemomeniofresistonceofthecross.sectionis ossumplions: bosedon the following 0'g( of ffif 'ond the yield strenglh effective be to is concrete o. The strength' P, in both the iensionond to be fullyio iti Oesign steelis zones. comPression the forcesocqurring ore oble to tronsfer b. Thesneorconnectors foilure {fullsheor betweenthe steelond the concreie of connection). the concreie (complete c. No slipoccursbetweenthe steelond inleroction) in concreteisneglected' d. Tension e'Thesiroinscousedbybendingoredirect|yproportionoltothe

;rrffi;;;;rir]..

plonecross-sections words, in orher oxis; ^Lrrrot

L4

monner' to behove in o perfectlyplosiic ore ossumed Boihmoteriols ore not limited' the stroins ;;;i;"iore, in termsof copocity isrepresenied colculotionof ptosticmoment of the relevontelement (R)'which is the p,robuct elementresislonce os shownin Figurel2' oreo ond tfre motlriolsslrength' lo oct of the centroidof slress isossumed Theelemeniresistonce thiswillbe of elements' block,ond for|.ttiln"n''tioi'y*ttt'icol block' of the stress holf-dePth beom isobtoinedby , Ploslic momentcopocilyof ihe composiie token of ony re{erence the firstmomentof the elements' summing level. con be determined' . However, before the plosticmomentcopocity be determined' needsto ihe locotionof the plosticneutroloxts

E b.F
B"h9*7f.

cross-section of a composite resistance Elements Figure'72:

e.tf #.

o.L+\ lt : 0.r+L. 4,,,: oj3-f.

0-.tl

1s

Degreeof sheorconnection ore governedby the relotive strengih of . Thelongitudinolresultonts the longiiudinolsheor ih; tieJ element,ihe concrete elemenlond of the sheorconnector' strength o{ the steel will definethe oxiolsirength . Therelotive strength element(R,= A'Pv). = of the concrele element (R" 0'67A"f'u) . the oxiolstrength .ondthe|ongitudino|sheorstrengthofthesheorconnector,Rois.the by the numberof conneilor multiplied of the inOividuot strenglh spon' in ihe sheor connector .Thereoretwopossibleconditionsthotconoccurincomposite beomsof theirmoximumstrength' .Thecondiiionswerereferredtofu|lsheorconnectionondPoriio|* conneclion' sheor .Theindividuo|equi|ibriumofcompositebeomsisshowninFigurel3.

Equilibrium IndiVidual
Concreteequilibrium

o n c r e t ee l e m e n t

(iv) R"< Ro - neutral axisin concreteelement

beams of composite equilibrium Figure T3lndividual

16

(iv))'neuirol R,o {cose(ii)ond |'on vice for tne cose R. ond R,smoller verso' if R'< R' ond !"xt ii.t in steeielemeht lo full conditionisreferred this does lf eitherc<lse(ii)or (iv)issolisfied' the shecrr conneclors sheorconnectiontt ir'tl"Jit"gih 9i in the composiiebeom' iesuttont not offect frrestrerigffr Rt (cose(i)ond liii)l'two lh"l sieelond concrete Forthe cose R. ond R,greoter liesin oxesh'"uJ io exist' neutroloxis element. to condilionisreferred sotisfied'Jhis ore. 'the , lf both, cose (i)ond (iii) sheor of the.strength portiolsheor.onnJtlion' since the compositebeom' of slrength now;;;;;ifi; connectors be ochievedto full of the sheorconnectioncon . Thestrength of R' ond to the smoller noit sheorconnection]il;;;;;; "o*r Rc. of q definedos the sirength . Thedegree of sheorconnection' is the of proportion spon' '?:ir the sheor.onn"ttion in o sheor "'/ connection 'l tir."gtft requiredfor fullsheor
Ru11,1

t7

BEAMS OFCOMPOSITE OFDESIGN BASIS o Composite in o concreteflongeond o sleel beomsconsist section. . Theconcreteflongeisin compression . Thesteelsecfion islorgely in tension. . Sheorconnectorsmoke possible the forces to tronsfer between the two moteriols. . Sheorconneciors - very importoni,becousewith them it is possible to hove o compositebehoviour.

CONDITION CONSTRUCNON . Firsi of ollthe compositebeom hosto be designto supporlthe conditions. construction . In unproppedconstruction, the to support the steelbeomissized loods. weightof the concreteslobond otherconstruction self . Thedifference presented of thisstoge,is in proppedconstruction isthe distonce between thot the soonof the beom considered whichcon be propsor edge supports, iwo consecutive supports of thebeom. ond notthetotolspon . A lood of 0.5kN/m2 isossumed to be oppliedto the eniireoreo of ond it would be logicolto toke thissomeload qs steeldecking oppliedto the becrn. . lt istreotedos on imposed lood.

ThesteelbeomislhendesignedinoccordoncewithBS5950:Port t. lo lhe beoms,thoi ore the beomsperpendiculor Secondory ore.lolerolly deckingond the oneswillbe coveredby thisstudy' full their develop con ond decking, by the steel restroin"ed momentresistonces. is providedontyby the beom In primorybeomsthe loterolresiroint on is-based loE""r'"onnections ond iheirbucklingresi,stonce polnls' lhese the effectivelengthof the beom between

Width Effective
concrele The composite beom octs likeo T-beom in reinforced structures. Duetheeffectofsheor|og,thesiressesinconcretes|obobove ihe UBwill be higher thon thot owoy from the UB' over the width of of stresses The resultis o nor lineordistrlbution the slob. ore ossumedto hove o lineor the siresses Foreose of desir;:"r, of the slob' width oVf , i sectionthe distribuiion t sectionis co ed the EffectiveWidth' Be This 4'6] 3:CL of The effective wi'l1h Be, is given by the minimum [Pt

Be = 2*(L/B)
.nd) Be = (L/B+ 1,' = Be O.Bb be=o

for end sPon to beom for sponperPendiculcr to beom for sponPorollel

W h e r e L i st h e b ' , : m s p o n .

.a

=
't

".:) tta

-<, v.

t I I I t I I I I

C* 5 .;;

4.

i.

.'i

Lr.,,.',LE

l--H

f
I

ACTION O F COMPOSITE ANATYSIS PTASTIC . Once the steetond concrete ore ociing compositely' beoms ore designed PlosticollY' stress . Plosiicstress blocks ore rectongulor'unlikeelostic b|ockswhichoretriongulor,ondihep|osticmomen l (i'e' of the sequence of looding isinOepeno"ent resistonce Likei'tisindependeni construc'tion)' propped or unpropped 'tooOing' the moment resisionceof the to ihe sequence of moment opplied sectionls compo[o tL illJrotolfoclored to the beom. . Moteriolsstrengthsto be used in the plostic onolysi*ore: I '5) . Concrete: 0.67f .r/Y. (Y.= = O.45fc, . Steel:fv

. cornpressiveresislonceof the concrete s/ob is lherefore: R.=0.45'frr'8"'h, . Where : h. is the depth of lhe concrete slob obove the profileddecking

of the steelsectionis: resislonce Iensile

Rr=frxAo

Where:Aoisthe orec of the steelbeom moment copocify of composilebeom, M" Plqstic of R. ond R, which . M. dependson the relotive mognitude position PNA. the of the determines Port3 AppendixB' . Design equotionore givenin BS5950:

In n cc,mpc,ail*;ecticn xirh jul] *h*sr c*Rn*ctirln. rvhece th* steel b*ara 1:ace'i'lal fiangt; th* pl*'*tic sro$rex{ c*parit3' .lfg f(r }*rit:'.'e :lrs$lents i'e gio-"en b:,"ths fuL3ot'ing: of Rw =Resistonce C*ae 1: -&, *:.11* lplalric r*utrnl ar::-':n i';*bi
{! d

*?&or*{.

l$t

l*fi,-

{L*u qq.rrflct}
p7 tl 4

overollwebdePth (855950: Port 3 Appendix B)

&f"-[lrtB.

n..

-:

lic ne utral asti in llangel Ca;* l: Sr "' firr.{plae at S* ;, "R1iplaetic n.ulr'.:, ani; in ;tee.l ila:rgel l8r-f,cl: T lD.,'.'. 0 M - -^ $- f f . 1 a f . _ - t? u : R1 4 XCITE TbIR:tretnra:J!.: . "::.::itllt5 grnelallr:grll---+C"n,,':Y^"ll,V neglecreo bt En "t -S,rtplaatic ::*uiri'1 ;ix:e :$ tsx!t!*t* tlang*.t. Mr* fft bu

a, {Os-Op} I -:*l + O'. rlc 2 |

SheqrResiltonce
ef t h e w e b i s Pure s h e o rt:h e s h e o r e s i s t o n co t o k e nc s = C 6frAu - Cl.4.2'3, Port BS595O: Pu > 0.5Pu, the moment forceFu Wherethe sher:r copocityshou , be reducedto ollowfor the of she,or. influence Thereduced momentcopocityM.ushouldbe expression: fromthe following determined M . u= M c - l M . - M r ll e F , I P , l - t ) l -^ . - cl 5 .3.4

Con; Copocityof Sheor . Theobove formuloticI for bending ossumed the concrete slobisfullycomPosii'w i t h t h e U B . . This ocliorrcon onlydevelopif thereore mechonicol composite sheorbetweenthe slobond UB. thc interfoce meonsto lronsfer . Heodedsheorstudl ' :'ovides meon. sucho mechonicol . Chorocteristic resisl: - . - a J , o f h e n c l e r ^ ls h e o r c o n n e c t o r s i n n o r m o l w e i g hc i o n c : l e o r e g i v e n i n T o b l e5 ( C l .5 . 4 . 6 ) . Thesheorcopocily r the heoded sheorstudsin concrete is obtoinedfromexp' nents (seebelow).
.,, qk f)r':d l+ >l

Full l)f of trrlion $(kl. (irric(l o!t n.iug lp$id \.iding giln.

. Cl. 5.4.3- design copocity of sheorconneclors,Qp = 0.BQk . Forfull composite oction, the totol number of sheor studs,No, ond M = 0 is therefore requiredbeiween M,.no,
\ _ -tp

F". !, 0Se"

_Cl5.4.4.1

where Fo is totol sheorforce, developed beiween Mro*ond M . Note'thot the BScode only ollows 80% of the copocity of the sheorstudsto be used in design. . This conservoiismis to ensurethot the composite oction do not foilbefore ochieving ihe moment copocity.

Sheor StudsSpocings . The totol number of studs,No,con be uniformlydistributedin the beoms spon between M.o* ond M=O- [CL5.4.5] . The longitudinolspocing, s, between the studsmust sotisfy CL 5 . 4 . 8 .o 1n d 5 . 4 . 8 . 1 5 d s s , < ( 4 D ,o r 6 0 O m m ) r * ,, I

Fj! f*i [ .@_Lu,."'l*, *L

;ffi'

. Thetronsverse muslsotisfy spocing. s,,betweenthe studs ) s ,) 4 d C L5 . 4 . 8 . 4 .1 . Thedistont of the studs fromthe edge of flongeto lhe centerline mustbe more thon 20 mm [CL5.4.8.2]

Degreeof sheorconnection the longitudinolsheor . ln the plostic designof composite,beoms' points of zeroond moximum ihe between force to be tronsf6rred R'' or R. of smoller the be moment,Ro should isprovided' . lf so,fullsheor conneciion
. Ro = NoQp

be the beom should of R. or Rr, . lf R^isless the the smoller sheorconnection' deiignedfor portiol conneciionmoy be definedos: . ln thiscose the degreeof sheor f o,r (No )R '< R ' i No)=(Ro/R fo rR ' ' R ' /No)=(Ro/R .) {No by the sheorconneclors . R^isthe toiol sheorforce tronsferred moment of zeroond moximum oBtw"un the points .Noislhenumberofsheorconnectorsforfu||sheorConnect|on providedoverthe relevont connectors . Noisthe numberof sheor oorl of the sPon.
os in Cl' 5'5'2 . Limiis ore ploced in degree of sheorconnection

of o composileseicionwifh porliolsheor Momenl Resistonce connecfion B (823 Port3 Appendix . Obtoinedfrom BS5950:
Part:a.l tb*ar (ofr!!*N!lon rh*n bnrh &. and .4r' appli;: wh*n J?q !l lt'rr In a c*n:pe;it* ;tction r.l'rth palt:'1l ;h?ar . wl*re thre steel Les:rr hr; l4rral flangt'l "ooou*ro*, p*;tr:;e f+r" ,1I, {3p4.!t:i p1*:tic trlt:snr:t rh* ' r: gi"tn bi' the fr}'o:" ing uouent; j':r web t axia ':: ipla;ti.c n*utrc'l :t* ftn 3: Cal*

n, 1,r,76*o, 1*a49?
I r

rwlbconptrrl

rt' it;fi;t-

r"+brrotcor:rpactl'

1-8ciA$

Mc'Mr.^ol2.pr-t"
,.*oo{ fr{

tb -

':'of.dl2 |
;.,:

r,rc=irr*"olt-r!,-F"
+ {Fu-F..',.fi,-.;ln
'qv

te

ofltldlz
6
ll

-2fro1

CaiE ':: fiq :':' 6-'rluttic

neutrnl aria in ltrange Ao tOr-DOl1 !) -***1: Z I. . , , ! 0 . - ; '4' t ,..? nf .tc {l1r-Ro}; 1 R1 {

foctorfor deck shoPe Reduclion . Reduction foctor,k - tokingoccount of the deck shope, per trough. conneclors ond numberof sheor orientotion
o f v-rl' A i l s - 1 . : r ' p i r i , i l : ; . ; c r l o l . l ; t6 c q : ' r , T i : e c n p ' r c i t i.l.l,l ;lah-' rvith the r:!l ,;i heatieC ttuis :n ccupoi:te runnlEg perpe!t l i c u : a r t s t h e b e a a r L c q l d b e t a ] ; e n iait:: 1n a lrl:d :lab i :'ee S' { 3 ; u ultip Le i "e,.th eir c.iaF b;; the raductrqn factor A gruen hl- the follor'ing expression:: {or one :tud per r:b ' i = 0 's:, rbroir!r{i,i,Jl)pr - li }:ut 'h for trxs rtuds per r:b & = Q.6 rbr.t'pj'ih/np! fcr ihree 1

- 1) but i ::: 0 $

0r mor atuds Per rib. ,b = O.5t r8.rn'.,li,t-r'D'l - 1] but A :-i ll.rj cf the concrete r:b: of rhe proiile;i :rtrl

'rhere i:, rs lhe hreadrh

J)1 i: the o-''erall deprh sheer.

'L rs rhe c"'+rall heigi:t oi ti:e ;tud I shoali rrct b+ taken aB ucire thaa ?D, iese. altiloug! ,flF + i; ::ru 'vh:,:he.:er:s great?r'!reiglt ua1- be uged.

cr :t*d: c'j

pcrc;Jel Tl:e,:ipafit:,'cf tct,4c &eur':. i,t,i.3 ft:i's x'irhtheribi sleb; it'*dlin *oupo;ite he.rded s, iho';ldbetsken Io thebe.sn runElBg Farallel b;; 5.,1.3r mult:pled 'dab i:: a solid tsee rbelrrapacit5 th* following factcr i gitenb,r: thereduction !ic:!s: expre; $!e* ir,,rp .r f .i .Ir=1 < 1.a rheab;Dn jl: ir.0 ri/rtr{rlil,,, - ljiur jr 1 0 n:he1e as:n 5,1"?,1 Dr. I, ardii are

{d Orn

vrca!

p@tllr 6, . }.

{!) fr.rnter

tro.e.

N.qtn}tr

r !b

kt flqnddtrl

ld

figr-rre tr*

Ererdrh

of *oner*l

rilr b

orcement Reinf Ironsverse be . Thelongitudinolsheor of the concreteslobshould strength from sheor force of tronsfer to ensure in order checked the concrete' splitting into the slobwithout connectors reinforcement . This provision of tronsverse moy require perpendiculor to the beom.
. C|.5.6.2
eht*r fqrre per unir lengrh t' lor.gitudinal to be lesi:red it an:r pD:nt tn ths apan of rhe beau freur the spacing uf rhe iherr ;houlC be detircraed bi- the fcllorvlng exFr<EEron: iozzecto!; The tctal | =.\'Qre .rhera .'. :r lhe niiuber qf:herr col:ecror; in a gr>up o{
cfthe , r,'r irt!: tube :tven*h :-., :: rl:: :r:,r f,*,rrnn-. thr!4o DorP hr,r -ot .,.11',,.",. '.:;r*"':. bc E^irl!..stht e'r: :1ishet a lttrru :ir,r.r1,:r.r ? i = 1 r - 1i ) y nnlual .teig):t ctnct'etci fle ^t'ea 3':i: eer rhcar unir rnrt rurftct of

:pacug s i: the iong:tuiinai group: :f shear rDnneclor: Q i; either

centte-to'celtre

reEistisg

Qp or Q, ior rieaL tarraeltor; Foritlve El negair. $3Eeat; eeee 5..1.3t. resoe*ivelr

concrere n = ir S aia l:ght',seis'}t -4r, r; r)'e rre'r::':rr:;-eectioEal iersrl. u:rJer af the ri ri,e ltr:l .orL:r 1r:r-.b:

ansrete

.{.1. i,. tir.

&re* }er .rt,:t :.,:ritnai ,rf rhe ..rxbincd top and bottcn tne l:rr.r rs{cce the shcu croEsing r*rnri'rtturent i;ie Figurt:). :tee! +f the prrled r o i: the lrnrr:'lurror iirr rli:.''rI. r:er 5.6.Jt :!a:r1.,:

]ensrh

Serviceobilityconditions . Serviceobility limitstotesconcerns two differcrrtospects: o) Control of defleciions b) Vlbrotionresponse . lt is common to bose ossessments of the limitslote sludy on elosticbehoviour. of posi-elostic . To do not be necessory to toke consideroljons in beoms existing s!.-.s ore usuollyploced on the slre effects,limits limitstote. of ihe serviceobilitv ' (o) Control of deflections . Deflections ore colculoted usingthe second rlomeni of oreo of 'thecomposile section bosed on elosticproperties' . so firstof oll the second moment of cre.oi'rcrs 1o be colculoled.

. Underpositive to be momentthe concretemoy be cssumed uncrocked. section Tocolculoiethe secondmomentof orec,the composite steelsection. os o tronsformed isconsidered seclion, expressed Thesecondmomentof oreo of the composite is: steelsection, os o tronsformed
l tslipti 8 , 3 , 1 l i r r r s r l r * : t :s for a c,:uta:ita sertiln ir q.h!c!:hr ;tarl bf,re hnr equai ihnge;. thr grurr illu* rf atccnd sromt:rt 1-!f *r*a J, *i the u::r:vrr.Led ceetian i; g,';*:: b.r' the lr lr:: cr:a :ils ':':c':rltl 1: lltcrac}:ed anithe 3roll exprE;;r;,{ ; e , i : , i l ! : ! : f . i r ) ' . . ;: r i l r T l i e r i r l t h ; ' g o f t h t t l r r s t l c r 'l" iie JrF tht rrncretei}rge tr aiclr t Dp)lo'Df DpJt 6.{an-oolr l, . ,. r ,1 ' -+ 1: .: ::Ji-''i: j: r "-I-n . . . . . : . . --.*:. t l 9. " a r2oo lao.+Acitr-tpl!

ratio ;t, - Cl. 4.,1 The etectir,+rsodulav

'r" -lTi'nJo, oJf?hr

lr tj:u.e gj:e;:

aculDi20rlr8.l01.

Oolr

- Foroffice-type building:
concrete l0 for normol weight u l5 for lightweightconcrete

"la:ric

:.r,::i,: o r:::julu: i'or rht rllcr*re ilaagt

l.,1.ih.r a:iI,r.:::-*ir

r ':1t1!;t I r- '"ii'-' i "':'

,.:'x1,. ileil r$n.sbcfi

u . , , . ..,. . r t i r i 1 ' . i l ' : u i . , t : i .

g : l ' , .

'-

r . . I . r r r : .i . r . . . , E . : i . l

cc,,,rcction Inlluenceon deflectionsof portiolsh. -;.i' . This effecl is very importont becouse deflcclionsincreosedue to the effect of slipin the sheorconnectors. . H o w e v e rt h e s ee f f e c i so r e i g n o r e d; n c o n o o s i * e b e o m s designed for fullsheor connection. . Forcoses of oortiol sheor connecti^lr uslnct sheor conneciors,the d e f l e c t i o n6 , , i s ( C l .6 . 1 . 4 1 :
fc,r pr cpped consrl'ucriorr i = Jr+{1".5t1-troi\rii--i-r for unprl:pp e d c,rnslructrnn : . i= i l c + 0 . 3 r 1 - i ' " J'.rri'1,

';r-i: the d*fler:tian fsr th* eteel 1.,.,, ,,t ii. :: the deflection ,:{ a couposit- 1.,erur sh.ear ccnnection {s}r t}re iarne Ica:iing.

Compore thisdefleclion with o limll of L / 3 1 0t y p i c o lo f b u i l d i n g s

of normol

10

Vibrolionresponse to be check . Potentiolvibrotion moy bc necessory response - lcnger ihon l2 m. o r l o n gs p o nb e o m s e s p e c i o l lfy . Noturolfrequenc oy f o b e o mi s :

(inmm) cousedby the dei,ection 6r* isthe instontoneous Where: looC' on to the selfweightof ihe floorond otherp rmonent beom. composite os 4 cycles/sec isproposed limiton noturolfrequency A minimum vibroting where is except opplicotions most building for for cor porks. or 3 cycles/sec mochinery, such for speciolbuildings io 5 cycles'sec Thelimitmoy be roised os sooriholls.

?0 rrl'

-_.1

l_

st){'l-l()\
'l

x-\

. , r| $ ! : t { t l c 9 r\'ill! r' i' 1i' :t I t'rrlt$lrtrlrg r\ c(ru!lr,i<ira' .l'tl'.' trt t1l. {lr11.l l.lrit elr!)\trr 1rl).,\'.'. L1 ltil\lrIi.lrl lorr.l{ r!1t' !rt!: trril:tel1,r" 'l rd,l)r't{'tl 1.5 Ll':l I o;r.ll lr|1tjc*({l Tlcrrrl 'l l) lil'{ .'rr(l: lrrrl;ovcil I rr'c'l {'t'tlrs 1}qlr'-$!.rSlrl llt!' il(11r! -;5(.rnr:rr t l;r) { tb) ( 'lr.'. l. ( l1{.li l)unrri lelr-!llr d qirr lit lruglGr:ls1l t)!'Irt1. tirl slr*rt lrrrl Lc;t.l I l1q ir,,r, 1i,.;r! dlrtllr nts rltrili'r rlrla' nlro$q(l fli

'tt'!ltt' .L^:rgrr

I lr! ;tbi'\ rlr!: lttr\l

!l{"\t*r!

11