01 Rosenwinkel

1
Abfalltechnik
Institute for Sanitary Engineering and Waste
Management
VODNI DNEVI 2012 17.10.2012
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Karl-Heinz
Rosenwinkel
Dipl.-Ing. Emma Haun
Institute for Sanitary Engineering
and Solid Waste Management
Leibniz University of Hanover
Technologies and Development
of Small and Medium Wastewater Treatment Plants
2
1. Basics and Requirements
for Small and Medium WWTPs
2. Applied Technologies
Activated Sludge, SBR, CAST, acBR, Membran Technology
Basics, Calculation, Key figures, Examples
Biofilm Technology, Ponds, Constructed Wetlands
Basics, Calculation, Key figures
Small WWTPs and Situation in Lower Saxonia
Examples
3. Summary and Future Technologies
Outline
3
Basics and Requirements
Classification depending on
BOD-load of the raw sewage
COD*
mg/L
BOD
5
*
mg/L
NH
4
-N*
mg/L
N
tot
*
mg/L
P
tot
*
mg/L
Class 1 < 60 kg/d BOD
5
150 40 - - -
Class 2 60 - < 300 kg/d BOD
5
110 25 - - -
Class 3 300 - < 600 kg/d BOD
5
90 20 10 - -
Class 4 600 - < 6.000 kg/d BOD
5
90 20 10 18 2
Class 5 < 6.000 kg/d BOD
5
75 15 10 13 1
German Wastewater Discharge Regulation,
Appendix 1 for domestic and municipal sewage:
* 2 h - composite cample or qualified spot sample
Requirements of discharged wastewater for
domestic an municipal waste water
4
PE load [g/(PE*d)]
Influent
f (Influent quantity [L/PE*d])
[mg/L]
Effluent requirement
f (Size of the WWTP)
mg/L
COD 120 400 - 100 75 - 150
BOD
5
60 200 - 500 15 - 40
DS 70 250 - 600 n.s.
NH
4
-N 11 40 - 80 n.s. - 13 (10)
N
tot
~5 - 6 20 - 50 n.s. - 10
P
tot
2 10 n.s. - 1,0
Overview to typical concentrations of influent to WWTPs and
conforming requirements of discharged wastewater at the
point of emission in the water body:
n.s. - no standard
( ) - European Standard
5
German rules and standards for design of small and medium
WWTPs:
ATV-A 200 Principles for the Disposal of Wastewater in Rurally
Structured Areas (1997E)
DWA-M 210 Activated Sludge Plants as Sequencing Batch Process
(SBR) (2009)
DWA-A 222 Dimensioning of Small activated Sludge Plants up to
1,000 PE (2011)
DWA-A 226 Principles for Activated Sludge Plants 1,000 PE with
aerobic Sludge Stabilization (2009)
6
Activated Sludge System: DWA A 131
Mechanical Treatment Biological treatment
Screen
Primary
Settling
Activated Sludge Tank
Grit chamber
Sedimentation
Activated Sludge Recirculation
Stabilisation
aerobic / anaerobic
Dewatering
Incineration
Usage
Disposal
2. Technologies
7
1. Activated Sludge Tank
Sludge Retention Time (SRT) Volume Activated Sludge Tank (V
AT
)
SRT including Safety Factor (SF)
2. Final Clarifier
q
A
- Surface Loading
Clarifier Surface area
] d [
SS Q
SS V
SRT
ES ES
AT AT
=
] m [
SS
M
V
3
AT
AT , SS
AT
=
Activated Sludge System: Calculations
8 , 1 45 , 1 ) size ( f SF
Deni for SRT Anoxic 103 , 1 4 , 3 SF SRT
) T 15 (
min
= =
+ =

) h m /( L 650 500 q
] h / m [
SS SVI
q
q
SV
AT
SV
A
~

=
] m [
q
Q
A
A
h , WW
ST
=
SS
AT
= Suspended Solids in Aeration Tank [kg/m]
SS
ES
= Suspended Solids of Excess Sludge [kg/m]
Q
ES
= Volume flow of Excess Sludge [m/d]
SP
d
= Daily waste activated sludge produtction [kg/d]
= Q
ES
* SS
ES
M
SS,AT
= Mass of Suspended Solids in Aeration Tank [kg]
q
A
= Surface overflow rate [m/h]
q
SV
= permitted sludge volume loading rate [L/(m*h)]
SVI = Sludge Volume Index [L/kg]
Q
WW,h
= Dimensioning peak flow rate with wet weather [m/h]
A
ST
= Surface Area of the secondary settling tank [m]
] kg [ SS Q SRT M
ES ES AT , SS
=
8
Activated Sludge System: Key figures
Treatment objective
BOD-removal,
Nitrification and
Denitrification
Simultaneous sludge
stabilization
Primary
sedimentation
- Y / N N
BOD
5
-volume
loading rate
kg/(m
.
d) 0,25 - 0,35 0,25
SS
AT
kg/m 3,3 / 5,0 5,0
F/M kg/(kg
.
d) 0,1 0,05
SRT d 8 - 15 25
PE/m
VAT
E/m 4 - 6 4
Specific loading rates and volume
9
One-Step
Pre-Denitrification
Bio-P Mainstream
750.000 PE
Q
d
96,000 m
3
/d
LR
COD
90,000 kg/d
SRT 16 d
V
act.sludge
106.000 m
3
Spec.Vol 141 L/PE
Exampels of large WWTP:
WWTP Hannover-Gmmer, Germany
10
Simulataneous Denitrification
BioP in Sidestream
110,000 PE
Q
d
7,000 m/d
B
d,COD
9,800 kg/d
B
d,N
1,300 kg/d
B
d,P
200 kg/d
SRT 15 d
V
act. sludge
11,000 m
Spec.Vol 100 L/PE
C
e,COD
28.0 mg/L
C
e,BOD5
4.0 mg/L
C
e,NH4-N
0.37 mg/L
C
e,P
0.32 mg/L
Exampels of media WWTP:
WWTP Husum, Germany
11
aqua compact-System
Activated Sludge System in
continuous flow
WWTP in touristic area with
variety of loads and amounts
of Wastewater
50,000 PE
V
act. sludge
7,500 m
Spec.Vol 150 L/PE
WWTP Colakli, Turkey
[Source: aquq consult Ingenieur GmbH]
12
[Source: ATV-M 210 (1997)]
Activated Sludge System: SBR, DWA-M 210
Influent
Filling Mixing Aeration Settling Decant Idle
Excess
Sludge
Sequencing Batch Reactor Process Cycles
Pre-storage
Discharge Equipment
Air
Excess Sludge
Mixer
CAST Technology
Cyclic Activated Sludge Techn.
Special Application of SBR
Filling is Reaction Time
13
Cyclic Activated Sludge Technolgy
Activated Sludge System: CAST
CAST - Cycles
Special application of SBR-technology
Maximization of co-current treatment objectives
Decreased energy consumption
[Source: G. Demoulin et al., 1996 ]
14
Activated Sludge System: acBR
aqua compact Batch Reactor
an optimisation
of the SBR process
a combination
of discontinuous and continuous
processing
15
aqua compact Batch Reactor
Plant Units of acBR Treatment Plant
Unit 1:
Mechanical stage
Unit 2:
Storage Tank for peak flows
Unit 3:
Biological stage: acBR
Inflow
Outflow
Outflow
Activated Sludge System: acBR
16
1. Calculation of SRT and M
SS,AT
identic to Activated Sludge Tank
2. Mass of Suspended Solids in Aeration Tank [kg]
3. Volume of SBR [m]
SBR: Calculations
R
cycle
AT , SS SBR , SS
t
t
M ] kg [ M =
] m [
SS n
M
V
3
SBR
SBR , SS
SBR
=
decant settling cycle R
t t t t =
] kg [ SP SRT M ] d / kg [ SP SP SP
d AT , SS P , d C , d d
= + =
SP
d
= Daily waste activated sludge produtction [kg/d]
M
SS,SBR
= Mass of suspended solids in SBR [kg]
SS
AT
= Suspended solids in Activated Sludge Tank [kg/m]
SS
SBR
= Suspended solids in SBR [kg/m]
t
cycle
= cycle time [h]
t
R
= reaction time [h]
n = number of reactors
f
A
= Exchange wastewater volume
V = Removed wastewater volume whyle one cycle [m]
Q
m
= max. volume loading rate [m]
DSV = Diluted sludge volume [l/m] = SVT * SS
AT
] m [
f
V
f
) n / t ( Q
V
3
max , A
SBR
max , A
cycle m
SBR
A
= =
1 . 0
1000
DSV
1
V
V
f
SBR
SBR
max , A

|
.
|
\
|
=
A
=
Deni Nitri R
decant settling filling cycle R
t t t
t t t t t
+ =
=
t
R
for CAST-Technolgy:
t
R
for SBR-Technolgy:
[DWA-M 210, 2009]
[calculated]
17
CAST-System
Co-current de-/nitrification
BioP Mainstream
90,000 PE
Q
d
21,000 m
3
/d
LR
COD
9,000 kg/d
4 moduls integrated in
2 circular basins
t
cycle
= 4 h
V
R
40,000 m
C
e,P
0.38 mg/L
WWTP Potsdam, Germany
[Source: G. Demoulin et al., 2001]
[Source: www.industry-data.net]
[Source: www.swp-potsdam.de]
18
acBR-System
Size 36,000 PE / 105,000 PE
Q
d
5,400 m/d / 16,000 m/d
Buffer tank: 1,050 m / 3,067 m
Preconditioning: 413 m / 1,107 m
Aeration/sedimentation: 4 x 514 m / 4 x 1,536 m
Sludge treatment: 504 m / 594 m
Spec. Vol 98 L/PE / 98 L/PE
WWTP Shrinigar/Kashmir, North India
C
e,COD
75 mg/L
C
e,TN
5.0 mg/L
C
e,P
3.0 mg/L
19
Membran technology: membrane types
Plate membrane (Kubota)
Municipal WWTP Seelscheid
11,500 EP (356 m/h)
12,480 m Membrane surface area
Parameter Minimum
requirement
Permission Operating
values
COD [mg/L] 90 40 < 40
BOD [mg/L] 20 10 n.n
NH
4
-N [mg/L] 10 3 < 1
N
tot
[mg/L] 18 18 < 5
P
tot
[mg/L] 2 0.8 < 0.5
AOX [g/L] n.n 50 < 50
[Source: http://www.aggerwasser.de/]
[Source: ZENON Membrane Solutions]
Hollow fiber membrane (Zenon)
20
Membran technology: membrane types
Rotation membrane (Huber)
WWTP at Sntis (ca. 780 EW)
[Quelle: http://www.huber.de/]
Influent Effluent
COD mg/L 233 8
NH
4
-N mg/L 44,4 0,01
NO
3
-N mg/L 1,2 29,5
NO
2
-N mg/L 2,1 0,01
P
tot
mg/L 17,6 7,6
21
Biofilm technology
Q
O
2
O
2
Q
Trickling Filter Rotating Disc Contactor
O
2
Submerged fixed bed
Q
O
2
Moving Bed
Q Q
Biofilter Fluidised Bed
Q
O
2
O
2
O
2
Q
22
Biofilm technology DWA A 222
Trickling Filter
Carriers
for
Moving Bed
and
Fixed Bed
Rotating Disc Filter
23
German rules and standards for design of biofilm reactors for small
and medium WWTPs:
ATV-DVWK-A 281 Dimensioning of Trickling Filters and Rotating
Biological Contactors (2001)
DWA-A 222 Dimensioning of Small activated Sludge Plants up to
1,000 PE (2011)
Biofilm technology
Size of the WWTP
Biofilm technology 50 PE 1.000 PE
Trickling Filter L/PE 267 - 534 100 - 200
Rotating Disc Contactor m/PE 10 - 20 5 - 11
Submerged fixed bed L/PE 56 - 150 28 - 90
Moving Bed L/PE 20 - 40 10 - 20
24
Excuvation for the wetland
Isolation, distribution in 4 parts
and construction of under
drainage piping
Distribution water spread pipies
and vegatation works Filling with gravel filter material
Constructed Wetlands DWA A 262 , Lagoons
25
Specific Area and Volumina for different Technologies for Smal
WWTPs after german rules: DWA-A 262 Constructed Wetlands,
DWA-A 201Lagoons (2006, 2005)
Specific data Area/PE [m
2
] Volumen/PE [m
3
] Retention Time Nitrifikation
Undergroundinfiltration 4 - 20 7 - 12 - +
Construct.wetland, horizontal 7 - 12 3 - 6 4 - 10 d

Construct.wetland, vertikal
> 4 > 4
-7 d +
Nonaerated pond 10 10 - 15 > 20 d -
Aerated Pond 3 4 - 7 < 3 - 6 d

Simultan. Stabilisation AS 0,12 - 0,25 0,3 -0,5 1 - 3 d +
SBR 0,1 - 0,25 0,3 - 0,5 1 - 3 d +
Tricklingfilter nitrifiin 0,17 - 0,3 0,25 - 0,35 6 - 10 min * +
Tricklingfilter, nonnitrifiing 0,05 - 0,08 0,13 - 0,18 3 - 6 min * -
Fixed Bed nitrifiing 0,005 - 0,01 0,03 - 0,05 30 - 50 min +
Fixed Bed nonnitrifiing 0,004 - 0,01 0,013 - 0,03 20 - 40 min

[BOLLER 1995]
26
COD P
tot
N
tot
small 56 7 35
media 54 3 19
small 54 9 31
media 51 3,5 28
small 40 5 21
media 32 2,5 12
small 54 3 19
media 50 2,5 20
small 43 3 19
media 41 3 20
small 48 2,5 10
media 48 2,5 11
Constructed Wetland small 49 3 25
Types of plants
Ponds, aereted
Ponds,
with Trickling Filter or
Submerged Fixed Bed
Ponds, unareted
Effluent (average concentration)
[mg/L]
Trickling Filter
Submerged Fixed Bed
Activated Sludge
Size of the
WWTP
[Source: K. Bucksteeg, 1997]
Distribution and Efficiency of different
treatment systems
Performance of small and media WWTPs
~ 250 municipal WWTPs > 1.000 PE and
~ 200.000 individual WWTPs exist in Lower Saxony
[Source: K. Flasche, 2002]
Hygienisation by UV or Membrane?
27
Inflow concentration: ~ 560 mg COD/L
Design population 1.000.000 PE
Temperature wastewater > 20C
Anaerobic UASB Technology, saving Energy
Ona, Brasil
Problem:
Methanemission,
if low concentrated and
cold wastewater
T >20-25 C
Ccsb > 500-600 mg/l
SO4-conc, C/S >15
28
Low-Cost: Anaerobic Open Pond Reactor
For tropical and subtropical regions
Effluent = Irrigation water with nutrients
Energy production ~ 1.2 kWh of electricity/kg COD
removed
Energy consumption of an aerobic wastewater treatment plant: 0.5-0.7 kWh
of electricity/kg COD
removed
Inflow
Outflow
Influent Distributor
Three Phase Separator
Gasholder
Effluent Collector
Energy from Biogas
Additional pre- and/or post-treatment if necessary
[UCY-Concepts]
29
Pre-Denitrification
4,300,000 PE
Q
d
1,000,000 m
3
/d
LR
COD
SRT 8-10 d
V
act.sludge
298,140 m
3
Spec.Vol 70 L/PE
Design Temp. 15C
Exampels of large WWTP:
WWTP Psyttalia, Athens, Greece
30
N NH
4

N NH
4

N NO
2

N NO
3

2
N
N NH
4

AOB
aerobic
Planctomycetes
anoxic
Process realisation: aerobic/anoxic in two reactors, in two phases or in two layers
Division: spatial timewise diffusion
saving energy (lower oxygen supply): ~ - 60%
no use for organic carbon source : - 100%
reduced sludge production
Future technologies: Deammonification process
1. Approximately half of the ammonium load has to be converted to nitrite
2. Nitrite, together with most of the ammonium is converted to molecular
nitrogen whereby a small amount of nitrate is build up
3. Future technologies
31
Layout II:
Large primary clarifier
+ conventional activated sludge
+ separate reject water
treatment
E
demand
= ( 12.5 1.1 9) + 15
= 7.6 kWh
el
/(PE a)
Layout I:
Small primary clarifier
+ conventional activated sludge
E
demand
= ( 17 9) + 11
= 15 kWh
el
/(PEa)
Final
clarifier
digester
aeration tank
CHP
4.5
N
BOD
5
+ 11
kWh
el
PE a
- 17
kWh
el
PE a
preliminary
clarifier
HRT
0.5 h
CH
4
+ 15% 20%
N
Final
clarifier
digester
aeration tank
CHP
3.7
N
BOD
5
+ 15
kWh
el
PE a
- 12,5
kWh
el
PE a
preliminary
clarifier
HRT
2.0 h
CH
4
- 1,1
kWh
el
PE a
Partstream treatment
Energy-balance (demand and yield)
32
1. Basics and Requirements differ from Size and Technologies
2. Different Technologies proven, some fullfill higher Standards:
Proven: AS, SBR, Biofilm, Ponds, Constructed Wetlands
Higher Stand.: Membrane, Disinfection
3. Future Technologies for Consideration:
Digest.ES up to 20,000 PE, Anaerobic, Deammonification,
4. Most importand points for Systemdecision:
Wastewatercharacteristics, Requirements, Sludgedisposal,
Strong, Stable and Sure Technology, Energysaving
Summary and Future Technologies
33
PAC-Dosage
(Micropollutants)
(Option Sandfiltration)
10 g/m
3
PAC SF
Filtration
downstream
(Disinfection)
(Optional PAC-Dosage)
MF / UF / NF
UV-Treatment,
Ozonization
(alternative AOPs)
(Disinfektion + Micopollutants)
2-15 mg/l O
3
SF
GAC-Filtration
GAC
PAC = Powdered-Activated Carbon
GAC = Granulated Activated Carbon
SF = Sandfiltration
Elimination of Micro Pollutants, Pharmaceutics, Personal Care Products, Virus, Pathogenes
MF/UF/NF = Micro-, Ultra-, Nanofiltration
Advanced Solutions Fourth Step of Treatment
34
Abfalltechnik
Institute for Sanitary Engineering and Waste
Management
Thank you for your attention
WWTP Changi in Singapur

01 Rosenwinkel

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