PHYSICS 12 HONOURS

[AP UNIT] Simple Harmonic Motion

For more information, refer to. 1. Physics: Principles with Applications (5th Edition): Chapter 11 Oscillations and Waves; Chapter 12 Sound 2. Materials about AP Physics B & C as well as other resources. Hookes Law
Applied force acting on the spring F = F is applied force on the spring (N) k is spring constant (N/m) x is the extension of the spring (m) The force which the spring exerts back is given by F = This is Hookes Law. From Newtons Second Law, = = ()
Fs
frictionless For a spring, slope = k (spring constant)

Springs and energy E = 2 2

1

= 2 2

W = Area under graph

= =
x

1 2 1

( )()
1

( )() = 2 2 2

Physics 12 Honors Notes Simple Harmonic Motion V1.1 (KWP) Page 1 of 6

v x

frictionless

E = +
Amplitude

1 1 = 2 + 2 2 2

At the ends, given that x = A (maximum displacement) then Conservation E = + of energy 1 1 = 2 + 2 2 2 1 2 = 0 + 2 Since total mechanical energy conserves, 1 1 1 (2 2 ) 2 + 2 = 2 2 = 2 2 2 = 2 2 When x=A then v=0 When x=0 (equilibrium) then v= vmax = 2 02 = 2 2 2 2 = = 1 2 2 = 1 2 2

Question An object of mass 0.10kg is attached to a spring with spring constant k = 200N/m. If the object oscillates between x = 0.05m and 0.05 m, calculate (a) ETOTAL ; (b) Max.| v | ; (c) aMAX

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(a)Since total mechanical energy conserves, we could calculate E total at any point of the motion. The simplest way is to calculate Etotal at x=A, at which v =0, which gives:
1 1 1 E = 2 + 2 = (200 ) (0.05)2 + 0 = 0.25 2 2 2

(b) Maximum v occurs when x = 0; hence,

200/ | | = | | = 0.05m = 2.2 m/s 0.10

(c) Maximum a occurs when x = A; hence, = () = (

200 / 0.10

)(0.05)= 100 / 2

x is opposite of a
1 2 1 4

S.H.M. as sinusoidal waves

dy derivative of y with respect to of x dx (Calculus) 3 4

T: Period; t: time. x

= (

2 )

A t -A T

v
2A

t
2A

2 2 = ( )

2 2 2 = =( ) ( ) ( ) 2 2 2 =( )( ) ( ) = ( 4 2 2 ) ( ) 2

42 A 2 42 A 2

t T

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 = () 4 2 2 = ( ) ( ) 2 compare with 2 = ( ) From the x and a graphs, = 4 2 2

= ()

But from the spring equation, = So 4 2 = 2

4 2 =
2

= 2 This is the relationship between period of oscillation of a mass on a spring, the mass and the spring constant.

Angular velocity (rad/s) = 2 = 2

Question (Half of the test in one big question!)

A mass of 4kg is attached to a horizontal spring with k = 100 N/m. The object is displaced 10cm and released. Assume a frictionless surface. Determine a) The amplitude b) The period c) The frequency d) The total mechanical energy e) The maximum velocity f) The maximum acceleration g) The velocity and acceleration when the object is 5cm from the equilibrium position. a) Amplitude b) Period = 2 c) Frequency = d) Total mechanical energy = 10 = 0.1 4 = 2 = 1.26 100 / 1 1 = = 0.79 1.26

= A (max. disp.)(v = 0)

1 1 = 2 = (100 ) (0.1)2 = 0.5 2 2

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e) Maximum velocity

x = A (v = 0) 1 1 = 2 = 2 2 2

x = 0 (v = ) (Conservation of Mechanical Energy)

1 0.5 = (4) 2 2 f) Maximum acceleration = ( )

2 = 0.25 => = 0.5 /

100 / = ( ) = ( ) (0.1 ) = 2.5 / 2 4

g) The velocity and acceleration when the object is 5cm from the equilibrium position 100 / = 2 2 = (0.1)2 (0.05)2 = 0.4 / 4 100 ) (0.05) = 1.25 / = ( ) = ( 4

Comparing SHM to circular motion

2 2

= 2 2 = 2 2 =

2 2 2 , where vo is maximum velocity and since = 2 Or ( ) 2 2 = 1 2 1 = 2 2 2 2 2 2 = 2 2 = = = But comparing this to = 2 2 shown earlier = 2 =
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 = 2

This is the relationship between the period, mass and spring constant of a mass attached to a spring in Single Harmonic Motion.

Natural frequency, f0, and Resonance

. That spring has a corresponding frequency called natural (or resonant) frequency, f0: A mass oscillating on a spring does so with a specific period given by = 2 0 = 1 1 = 2

All material and structure have a natural frequency. In fact that have more than one natural frequency. harmonics or overtones fundamental f0

vibrating string

If an external force acting on the structure has a frequency close or equal to f0 this causes the vibration of the structure to be amplified. This is called resonance. To prevent catastrophic damage, the frequencies in contact with the structure must be different from f0.

Music
For extra information on the topic of music, sound and waves, read the following sections in your textbook Physics: Principles with Applications (5th Edition)

11.7-11.12 on waves (esp. 11.11, 11.12) 12.1-12.7 on sound (esp. 12.5, 12.6, 12.7) Test Date
April 7th, 2014 (Monday), Block C (for Honours Class).

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