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γ := 1.333
... Ratio of specific heat
J
Cp := 1147 ... Specific heat of air standard at constant
kg⋅ K pressure
kJ := 1000J
r := 18.5
ASSUMPTIONS
1 rcγ − 1
η := 1 − ⋅ = 0.569
r
γ− 1 γ⋅ ( rc − 1 )
STAGE 1:
P1 = 0.16 MPa
T1 = 300 K
kJ
u1 := 214.07
kg
υr1 := 621.2
3
R ⋅ T1 m
υ1 := = 0.538
P1 kg
1 kg
ρ1 := = 1.858
υ1 3
m
STAGE 2:
υr1
υr2 := = 33.578
r
υr2 − 34.31
T2 := 900K + ⋅ ( 920 − 900 ) ⋅ K = 906.87 K
32.18 − 34.31
kJ υr2 − 34.31 kJ kJ
h2 := 932.93⋅ + ⋅ ( 955.38 − 932.93) ⋅ = 940.641
kg 32.18 − 34.31 kg kg
T2
P2 := P1⋅ ⋅ r = 8.948 MPa
T1
3
R ⋅ T2 m
υ2 := = 0.029
P2 kg
1 kg
ρ2 := = 34.379
υ2 3
m
STAGE 3:
T3 := rc⋅ T2 = 1813.739373 K
From table T-9
kJ T3 − 1800K kJ kJ
h3 := 2003.3⋅ + ⋅ ( 2065.3 − 2003.3) ⋅ = 2020.336823
kg ( 1850 − 1800) ⋅ K kg kg
T3 − 1800K
υr3 := 3.944 + ⋅ ( 3.601 − 3.944) = 3.849748
( 1850 − 1800) ⋅ K
P3 := P2 = 8.948 MPa
3
R ⋅ T3 m
υ3 := = 0.058
P3 kg
1 kg
ρ3 := = 17.189
υ3 3
m
STAGE 4:
r
υr4 := ⋅ υr3 = 35.61
rc
kJ υr4 − 36.61 kJ kJ
u4 := 657.95⋅ + ⋅ ( 674.58 − 657.95) ⋅ = 665.179
kg 34.31 − 36.61 kg kg
T4
P4 := P1⋅ = 0.474 MPa
T1
3
R ⋅ T4 m
υ4 := = 0.538
P4 kg
1 kg
ρ4 := = 1.858
υ4 3
m
Overall performance:
u4 − u1
η_diesel := 1 − = 0.582
h3 − h2
η = 0.569
CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR - TURBOCHARGER
D := 92mm
Stroke := 93.8mm
N := 4
... Number of cylinders
2
D 3
V1_2 := π⋅ ⋅ Stroke⋅ N = 2494.183293 cm
4
V1_2 3
V2 := = 142.525 cm
r−1
3 3
V1 := V2⋅ r = 2636.708052 cm 2494cm = 2.494 L
3
V1 − V2 = 2494.183293 cm
RPM := 3000rpm
RPM kg
m_exhaust := ρ4⋅ ( V1 − V2) ⋅ = 0.728
2 s
kg
mf := m_exhaust = 0.728 ... The mass flow rate
s
P1
PR13 := = 1.579 ... Pressure ratio of compresor
1atm
rdt := 55mm
... The diffuser throat radius
rperR := 0.5 ... (r/R) The ratio of hub to shroud diameter at the
eye
ηt := 0.82 ... Overall efficiency
m
W3max := 90 ... Maximum outlet velocities
s
αa3max := 11° ... The maximum included angle of the vaned
diffuser passage
m
Umax := 460 ... Maksimum tip speed
s
M1Wmax := 0.8 ... Suggested maximum Mach number at inlet
impeller - W1 direction
Tmax := 400K ... Maximum static temperature
1. CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR calculaon using MATHCAD
1.a. The optimum speed of rotation for the maximum mass flow rate condition if
the mass flow is 0.728 kg/s and
Using Eq (4-22) the appropriate known data are subtituted, nothing that all conditions apply at
the eye tip or shroud.
2
k := 1 − rperR k = 0.75
i := 0 .. 11 ... index
β1 := β1 ° β1 = 60⋅ °
7
π⋅ k⋅ γ⋅ Po1⋅ γ⋅ R⋅ To1
ω := ⋅ RHSmax ω = 47510.874429⋅ rpm
mf
Po1 kg
ρo1 := ρo1 = 1.225
R⋅ To1 3
m
Ca1 := C1
1
γ− 1
⋅
Po1 T1 kg
ρ1 := ρ1 = 1.132
R⋅ To1 To1 3
m
γ
γ−1
P1 := Po1⋅
T1
P1 = 91.203⋅ kPa
To1
mf
R1t := R1t = 45.630499 ⋅ mm
π⋅ ρ1⋅ k⋅ Ca1
RPM m
U1t := π⋅ D1t ⋅ U1t = 226.974699
rev s
β1t := atan
Ca1
β1t = 30.006⋅ °
U1t
RPM m
U1r := π⋅ D1r⋅ U1r = 113.48735
rev s
β1r := atan
Ca1
β1r = 49.113096 ⋅ °
U1r
γ− 1
To1 γ
To3 := To1 + ⋅ PR13 − 1 To3 = 330.632 K
ηt
From Eq (4-9)
( To3 − To1) ⋅ Cp m
U2 := U2 = 236.877
ψ⋅ σ s
U2⋅ rev
D2 := D2 = 95.242⋅ mm
π⋅ RPM
2
U2 ⋅ ψ⋅ σ
To3 := + To1 To3 = 330.632 K
Cp
γ− 1
γ
To1⋅ PR13 − 1
ηt := ηt = 0.82
To3 − To1
mf
ϕ2 := ϕ2 = 0.352109
2
ρo1⋅ π⋅ r2 ⋅ U2
0.63⋅ π
Z := Z = 11.642
1 − .83
Z := 12
0.63⋅ π
σ := 1 − σ = 0.835 ... Will be used re-calculate
Z
1.c. Velocity at exit and the the losses in the impeller and diffuser are the same, The
axial depth of the impeller is:
First guess M2 = 0.8 and iteration. The overall loss is proportional to (1 - ηc) = (1 - 0.82). Half of
the overall loss is therefore 0.5(1 - 0.82) = 0.09 and therefore the effective efficiency of the
impeller in compressing from Po1 to Po2 is (1 - 0.09) ...
M2 := 1
ηc := 1 − 0.5⋅ ( 1 − ηt ) ηc = 0.91
To2
T2 := T2 = 283.373 K
2
M2 ⋅ γ⋅ R
1+
2 ⋅ Cp
γ
γ− 1
( To2 − To1)
PR12 := 1 + ηc ⋅ PR12 = 1.655
To1
γ
γ− 1
T2
P2 := Po1⋅ ⋅ PR12 P2 = 90.456⋅ kPa
To2
P2
ρ2 := kg
R⋅ T2 ρ2 = 1.112
3
m
P2
Po2 := Po2 = 94.009⋅ kPa
γ−1
γ
T2
To2
And TOTAL enthalphy rise (Hrev) at exit of impeller
2
m
H_adiabatic := Cp⋅ ( To2s − To1) H_adiabatic = 44341.039968
2
s
ϕ2
ns := 1.773 ns = 1.255
3
4
μ
m
Cax2 := U2⋅ σ Cax2 = 197.808
s
m
C2 := M2⋅ γ⋅ R⋅ T2 C2 = 329.257
s
2 2 m
Cr2 := ( C2) − ( Cax2) Cr2 = 263.216
s
mf −3 2
A2 := A2 = 2.487 × 10 m
ρ2⋅ Cr2
A2
b2 := b2 = 8.311479 ⋅ mm
π⋅ D2
D_shroud = 91.261⋅ mm
β1t = 30.00568⋅ °
D_hub = 45.63⋅ mm
β1r = 49.113096 ⋅ °
D2 = 95.242⋅ mm
b2 = 8.311479 ⋅ mm
U2 − Cax2
β2 := atan β2 = 8.443⋅ °
Cr2
Cr2 m
W2 := W2 = 266.099
cos( β2) s
m
C2 = 329.257
s
m
Cax2 = 197.808
s
m
Cr2 = 263.216
s
α2 := acos
Cr2
α2 = 36.925⋅ °
C2
Z = 12
ϕ2 = 0.352
σ = 0.835
2. DIFFUSER
In the vaneless space between the impeller outlet and diffuser vanes the flow is that of a free
vortex which at any radius requires that Cx.r = constant.
At the diffuser vane leading edge the radius is (r2 + 10)mm = (47.62 + 10) mm = 57.62 mm
D2
r2 := r2 = 47.621⋅ mm
2
r2v := r2 + Svaneless r2v = 52.621175 ⋅ mm
C2⋅ r2 m
Cx3i := Cx3i = 297.972
r2v s
To find the radial velocity Cr at the diffuser vane entry start by assuming the value at the impeller
exit, i.e. 263.216 m/s. Then
m
Cr3i := Cr2 Cr3i = 263.216
s
m
Cx3i = 297.972
s
2 2 m
C3i := Cr3i + Cx3i C3i = 397.58
s
If we assume that no losses across he vaneless space, the other half of the total losses takes
place in the diffuser itself. The P0,2 at the impeller tip equals the stagnation pressure at the
diffuser vane inlet P0. Therefore ...
PR12 = 1.655
2
C3i
T3i := To2 − T3i = 261.726 K
2 ⋅ Cp
γ
γ−1
P3i := Po1⋅
T3i
⋅ PR12 P3i = 65.809⋅ kPa
To2
P3i kg
ρ3i := ρ3i = 0.876
R⋅ T3i 3
m
With reference to Figure, the area of flow in the radial directioon at radius r2v = 52.621 mm (inlet
diffuser) is
2
Ar3i := 2 ⋅ π⋅ r2v⋅ b2 Ar3i = 0.002748 m
mf m
Cr3i := Cr3i = 302.407
ρ3i⋅ Ar3i s
by ITERATION ...
m
Cr3i := 302.407 ... change this value for iteration
s
2 2 m
C3i := Cr3i + Cx3i C3i = 424.543
s
2
C3i
T3i := To2 − T3i = 252.063 K
2 ⋅ Cp
γ
γ−1
P3i := Po1⋅
T3i
⋅ PR12 P3i = 56.608⋅ kPa
To2
P3i kg
ρ3i := ρ3i = 0.783
R⋅ T3i 3
m
2
Ar3i := 2 ⋅ π⋅ r2v⋅ b2 Ar3i = 0.002748 m
mf m
Cr3i := Cr3i = 338.5755428
ρ3i⋅ Ar3i s
No further iterations are necessary. Thus at the inlet to the vanes Cr,3,i = 246.2013186 m/s.
α3i := atan
Cx3i
α3i = 41.350188 ⋅ °
Cr3i
Moving to the radius at the diffuser throat, at the throat radius, 343 mm
C2⋅ r2 m
Cx3t := Cx3t = 285.084
rdt s
m
Cr3t := Cr3i ( Cr3t) = 338.576
s
m
Cr3t := 1308.0100793 ... change this value for iteration
s
2 2 3m
C3t := Cx3t + Cr3t C3t = 1.339 × 10
s
2
C3t
T3t := To2 − T3t = −450.608 K
2 ⋅ Cp
γ
γ−1
P3t := Po1⋅
T3t
⋅ PR12 P3t = ( 579.136 + 5.464i) ⋅ kPa
To2
P3t kg
ρ3t := ρ3t = ( −4.478 − 0.042i)
R⋅ T3t 3
m
2
Ar3t := 2 ⋅ π⋅ rdt ⋅ b2 Ar3t = 0.002872 m
mf m
Cr3t := Cr3t = ( −56.5986266 + 0.5339793i)
ρ3t⋅ Ar3t s
It may be seen that there is no change in the new values so the radial velocity at the diffuser
throat = 184.0268017 m/s
α3t := atan
Cx3t
α3t = ( −78.770868 − 0.103249i ) ⋅ °
Cr3t
Ar3t⋅ Cr3t 2
A3t := A3t = ( −0.000121 + 0.000001i ) m
C3t
A3t
Throat_width := Throat_width = ( −0.974021 + 0.009189i ) ⋅ mm
Ndif ⋅ b2
2 ⋅ r2v = 105.242 ⋅ mm
rdt ⋅ 2 = 110 ⋅ mm
Svaneless = 5 ⋅ mm
Moving to the radius at the diffuser outler, at the outlet radius, 550 mm
C2⋅ r2 m
Cx3 := Cx3 = 241.225
rdo s
m
Cr3o := Cr3t Cr3o = ( −56.599 + 0.534i)
s
m
Cr3o := 87.84762 ... change this value for iteration
s
2 2 m
C3o := Cx3 + Cr3o C3o = 256.723
s
2
C3o
T3o := To2 − T3o = 301.902 K
2 ⋅ Cp
γ
γ− 1
P3o := Po1⋅
T3o
⋅ PR12 P3o = 116.559 ⋅ kPa
To2
P3o kg
ρ3o := ρ3o = 1.345
R⋅ T3o 3
m
2
Ar3o := 2 ⋅ π⋅ rdo⋅ b2 Ar3o = 0.003394 m
mf m
Cr3o := Cr3o = 159.4398561
ρ3o⋅ Ar3o s
It may be seen that there is no change in the new values so the radial velocity at the diffuser
throat = 87.84762 m/s
α3o := atan
Cx3
α3o = 56.536926 ⋅ °
Cr3o
Ar3o⋅ Cr3o 2
A3o := A3o = 0.002108 m
C3o
A3o
Throat_width_outlet := Throat_width_outlet = 16.909629 ⋅ mm
Ndif ⋅ b2
At inlet:
r2v = 52.621⋅ mm
α3i = 41.350188 ⋅ °
At throat:
rdt = 55⋅ mm
α3t = ( −78.770868 − 0.103249i ) ⋅ °
At outlet:
rdo = 65⋅ mm
α3o = 56.536926 ⋅ °
Throat_width_outlet = 16.909629 ⋅ mm
Ndif = 15
TURBINE - TURBOCHARGER
P4 = 0.474 MPa
T4 = 888.694 K
kg
m_flow := m_exhaust = 0.728 ... The mass flow of exhaust gas available to the turbine
s
Assumptions :
P2 := .725⋅ Po1 = 0.344 MPa ... Static pressure at exit from nozzles
P3 := 0.5⋅ Po1 = 0.237 MPa ... Static pressure at exit from rotor
Analysis:
Cx3 := 0 Cx2 = U2
m
U2 := Cp⋅ ( To1 − To3) = 370.99
s
U2⋅ rev
D2 := = 149.166 ⋅ mm
RPM ⋅ π
c). The enthalphy loss coefficient for the nozzles and rotor rows
γ− 1
γ
T2s := To1⋅
P2
= 820.093 K
Po1
T2 − T2s
ζN := = 0.064736
To1 − T2
m
U3 := U2⋅ r3av_r2 = 185.495
s
2
m 2 m
C3 := 2 ⋅ Cp⋅ ( To3 − T3 ) = 59.328 C3 = 3519.754213
s 2
s
2
2 2 m 2 m
W3 := C3 + U3 = 194.752 W3 = 37928.205778
s 2
s
( γ−1)
γ
2
h3_h3s := Cp⋅ T3 −
P3 m
⋅ T2 = 18314.248869
P2 s
2
h3_h3s
ζR := = 0.966
2
r3av_r2⋅ W3
d). The blade outlet angle at the mean diameter β 3,av, and
β3av := acot
C3
= 72.264⋅ °
U3
1
ηt_t := = 0.858558
1 1 2
− ⋅ ( r3av_r2⋅ cot( β3av) )
ηt_ts 2
P3
Po3 := = 238.888 ⋅ kPa
γ
γ−1
T3
To3
γ−1
Po3 γ kJ
ho1_ho3ss := Cp⋅ To1⋅ 1 − = 160.353 ⋅
Po1 kg
P3 kg
ρ3 := = 1.076
R⋅ T3 3
m
3
m_flow m
Q3 := = 0.676
ρ3 s
( 2
Q3 = π⋅ r3t − r3h ⋅ C3
2
)
Q3 = 2 ⋅ π⋅ r3av⋅ h ⋅ C3
h = r3t − r3h
r3t + r3h
r3av =
2
m
C3 = 59.328
s
D2
r2 := = 0.075 m
2
D2
r3av := r3av_r2⋅ = 0.037292 m
2
Q3
h := = 0.049 m
2 ⋅ π⋅ r3av⋅ C3
Hub diameter:
h
r3h := r3av − = 0.013 m
2
Tip diameter:
h
r3t := r3av + = 0.062 m
2
2
Wturb := m_flow⋅ U2 = 100.205185⋅ kW
i). The rotor exit blade angles at the hub and tip
At tip
r3t m
U3t := U2⋅ = 306.516
r2 s
β3t := atan
U3t
= 79.046⋅ °
C3
At hub
r3h m
U3h := U3⋅ = 32.237
r2 s
β3h := atan
U3h
= 28.519⋅ °
C3
m
C2 := 2 ⋅ Cp⋅ ( To1 − T2 ) = 384.452
s
α2 := asin
U2
= 74.793176 ⋅ °
C2
k). The ratio of rotor width at inlet to its inlet tip diameter
b2 m_flow
=
D2 2
π⋅ ρ2⋅ D2 ⋅ W2
m
U2 = 370.99
s
α2 = 74.793⋅ °
m
W2 := U2⋅ cot( α2) = 100.843
s
P2 kg
ρ2 := = 1.453
R⋅ T2 3
m
m_flow
b2_D2 := = 0.071103
2
π⋅ ρ2⋅ D2 ⋅ W2
b2 := b2_D2 ⋅ D2 = 10.606131 ⋅ mm
- END of CALCULATION -
v = 52.621 mm (inlet