Automated Irrigation System Using Solar Power Main Project Report 2014

Automated irrigation system using solar power
Main Project Report 2014
1. INTRODUCTION
The continuously increasing demand of the food necessitates the rapid improvement in food production technology. In most of the developing countries such as Bangladesh, national economy mainly depends on the Agriculture. But these countries do not able to make proper use of agricultural resources due to the high dependency on rain . Nowadays different irrigation systems are used to reduce the dependency of rain and mostly the existing irrigation systems are driven by electrical power and manually N! "" scheduling controlled . "armers usually control the electric motors observing the soil, crop and weather conditions by visiting the sites . These manually controlled irrigation systems cannot ensure a proper level of water in the site . #ue to the lack of electricity and mismanagement in the manually controlling systems, sometimes their fields become dry and sometimes flooded with excess water. These unplanned and manually controlled irrigation systems also cause a significant amount of water waste. Automatic irrigation system is usually designed for ensuring the proper level of water for growing up the plants all through the season. $ven when the farmers are away,these automatic irrigation systems always ensure the proper level of water in the sites . In addition, it provides maximum water usage efficiency by monitoring soil moistures at optimum level. %everal research works have reputed aspects of development of automated irrigation system. &ith the development of technology in water saving irrigation and automation, automatic irrigation is going to be more popular in the farms. "or example, a '%( based automatic irrigation water control is proposed. A mobile irrigation system has been developed which improves water efficiency by saving the water. Artificial Neural Network )ANN* based intelligent control system is proposed for effective irrigation scheduling in paddy fields . In the past, most of the proposed irrigation models are driven by electricity and their corresponding automated hardware are fixed rate. And these models are highly expensive as those were made of expensive devices. Thus, due to higher cost, the general farmers cannot buy it for their use+ usually these models are used in the farms only for experiment or demonstration funded by government or any private organi,ation. n the other hand, the variable rate automated controlling approach improves the overall irrigation system reducing the total cost and increases the production of crop yield. Dept. of EEE 1 A ! E"gg. #ollege
Therefore, low price, alternative source of electricity and variable rate automated operation are the key concerns in the design of an irrigation system for the common farmers. In this paper, we propose a solar power controlled automated irrigation system. %ensors collect the information about the water level of paddy fields and update the farmer as well as the microcontroller. The farmer can switch N and "" the motor based on the water level even from distant places using a cell phone. -owever, if the water level reaches to the danger level, then the motor will automatically start to ensure the proper water level in the paddy field.
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2. BLOCK DIAGRAM
Fig No:1
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2.1 WORKING
The area of paddy field usually may cover up several hundreds of hectares+ to cover the whole area we need to place different sensors in the paddy field like humidity densor,tempersture sensor and water level sensor.The water sensors is simply a metal electrode. &e are using such . electrodes made up of steel for sensing . levels. These . electrodes are connected to /# 0112 amplifier circuit. &hen water molecules come into contact with these terminals, /d 0112 senses it and amplifies the signals to give a measurable output.It will always sense the water level of the field and will send a message to the user3s cell phone to inform the condition of irrigation. "armer will control the motor sending assigned code to the microcontroller through a cell phone and a gsm module. (icrocontroller is used as interface between the cell phone and sensor,it is through the microcontroller which cell phone interface and sensor sends singals and messages upon sensing the water level and feedback from the farmer.-ere we use a pic type microcontroller 4I/256.. -ere we use a gsm module '.11 as cell phone interface,gsm module is used for sending message to the cell phone upon receving singal from microprocessor and sens back singal from cell phone to microprocessor. A 4hoto 7oltaic )47* cell is the only source of energy to drive this type microcontroller pinproposed system. The energy will be stored in the #/ Battery through power supply. The sensors, microcontroller and cell phone interface are driven by #/ power. -owever, pump is driven by A/ power+ inverter is used to convert #/ to A/ power, and A/ power interface ensures the proper A/ power supply to the pump. A dc centrifugal pump is used to water the field by receiving assigned code to the microprocessor through gsm module. 4ump is operated through a relay controlled by the microprocessor ,relay work as a switching device allowing turn on and turn off of pump by receiving signal from gsm module triggering microcontroller. The energy from pv cell is stored in a dc 28v battery which is inverted using an inverter and powers the whole system.
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3. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
"ig No98
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3.1 WORKING
In this section, different circuit components of proposed model areillustrated.Normally, sensor is a device that measures a physical :uantity and converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer! instrument. In this paper, we propose a model of designing sensor as presented . Two metal plates such as A and B are used to form a sensor+ at where ;7 #/ power is attached with plate A, and plate B is connected with a microcontroller. Normally plate A and plate B are isolated from each other and no voltage signal passes to the microcontroller. &hen the water fills the gap, the metal plates A and B gets connection and voltage signal passes to the microcontroller. According to our design model, if the water level reaches to 1cm, the microcontroller will automatically start the pump through A/ interface according to the command of the pin <A0 as depicted . The farmer will be confirmed by a message+ for example, 4=(4 %TA<T$#. A/ interface usually consists of a relay which is operated by the microcontroller and used to control the pump as presented . The pump will remain switched N until the water level reaches to the secured level 21cm. &hen the sensors sense the water level is above 21cm, microcontroller will make the pump to be switched ""+ as it is receiving the status of water level from the sensors. At the secure level )21cm* the microcontroller will not operate. -owever, if the water level goes down to mid level ).cm* the sensors will send a signal to the microcontroller through the pin 28 )<B5* as depicted. After receiving the signal the microcontroller will send a message )for example, &AT$< >$7$> > &* to the user3s cell phone through the cell phone interface. The cell phone interface usually consists of an optocoupler which is connected with the keypad of the cell phone as depicted. The microcontroller will seek the decision from the farmer through a message+ whether he wants to start the pump or not. In our propose model, an individual code is assigned for each user. If the farmer wants to start the pump, he will send a message with the assigned code to the microcontroller through the #T(" decoder. The circuit detail of a balanced?line mode #T(" is illustrated. To re@ect the common?mode noise signals,a balanced differential amplifier input is used. The circuit also provides an excellent bridging interface across a properly terminated telephone line.
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&henever the farmer presses any key on his mobile phone keypad, the delayed steering )%td* output of the I/ )Integrated /ircuit* goes high on receiving the tone?pair, and glow the >$#2; )connect with pin2; of I/ via resistor <2;* for a duration depending on the value of capacitor and resistor connected with pins 25 and 26. The >$#s connected with resistors <22?<20 at pins 22?20, indicate the output of the I/. The tone pair of #T(" generated by pressing the telephone button is converted into binary values internally in the I/.
3.2 PCB LAYOUT
Fig No: 3
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A printed
circuit
board
)4/B* mechanically
supports
and
electrically
connects electronic componentsusing conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non?conductive substrate. 4/BAs can be single sided )one copper layer*, double sided )two copper layers* or multi?layer. /onductor on different layers are connected with plated?through holes called vias. Advanced 4/BAs may contain components ? capacitors, resistors or active devices ? embedded in the substrate. 4rinted circuit boards are used in all but the simplest electronic products. Alternatives to 4/Bs includewire wrap and point?to?point construction. 4/Bs are more costly to design but allow automated manufacturing and assembly. 4roducts are then faster and cheaper to manufacture, and potentially more reliable.(uch of the electronics industryAs 4/B design, assembly, and :uality control follows standards published by the I4/ organi,ation. &hen the board has only copper connections and no embedded components it is more correctly called a printed wiring board )4&B* or etched wiring board. Although more accurate, the term printed wiring board has fallen into disuse. A 4/B populated with electronic components is called a printed circuit assembly )4/A*, printed circuit board assembly or 4/B assembly )4/BA*. The I4/ preferred term for assembled boards is circuit card assembly)//A*, for assembled backplanes it is backplane assemblies. The term 4/B is used informally both for bare and assembled boards. 4rinted circuit board artwork generation was initially a fully manual process done on clear mylar sheets at a scale of usually 8 or 0 times the desired si,e. The schematic diagram was first converted into a layout of components pin pads, then traces were routed to provide the re:uired interconnections. 4re?printed non?reproducing mylar grids assisted in layout, and rub?on dry transfers of common arrangements of circuit elements )pads, contact fingers, integrated circuit profiles, and so on* helped standardi,e the layout. Traces between devices were made with self?adhesive tape. The finished layout BartworkB was then photographically reproduced on the resist layers of the blank coated copper?clad boards.
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4. COMPONENTS
4.1 TEMPERATURE SENSOR LM 35
Temperature sensors are used in diverse applications such as food processing, -7A/ environmental control, medical devices, chemical handling and automotive under the hood monitoring )e.g., coolant, air intake, cylinder head temperatures, etc.*. Temperature sensors tend to measure heat to ensure that a process is either+ staying within a certain range, providing safe use of that application, or meeting a mandatory condition when dealing with extreme heat, ha,ards, or inaccessible measuring points. There are two main flavors9 contact and noncontact temperature sensors. /ontact sensors include thermocouples and thermistors that touch the ob@ect they are to measure, and noncontact sensors measure the thermal radiation a heat source releases to determine its temperature. The latter group measures temperature from a distance and often are used in ha,ardous environments. The >(.; series are precision integrated?circuit temperature sensors, whose output voltage is linearly proportional to the /elsius )/entigrade* temperature.%ince it has >inear C 21.1 m7!D/ scale factor it is very easy to calculate temperature value.
Fig o: 4 "ull?<ange /entigrade Temperature %ensor Dept. of EEE ) A ! E"gg. #ollege
The >(.; thus has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in D Eelvin, as the user is not re:uired to subtract a large constant voltage from its output to obtain convenient /entigrade scaling. The >(.; does not re:uire any external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of F2G0D/ at room temperature and F.G0D/ over a full H;; to C2;1D/ temperature range. >ow cost is assured by trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The >(.;3s low output impedance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration make interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. It can be used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As it draws only 51 IA from its supply, it has very low self?heating, less than 1.2D/ in still air. The >(.; is applied easily in the same way as other integrated?circuit temperature sensors. 'lue or cement the device to a surface and the temperature should be within about 1.12D/ of the surface temperature.This presumes that the ambient air temperature is almost the same as the surface temperature. If the air temperature were much higher or lower than the surface temperature, the actual temperature of the >(.; die would be at an intermediate temperature between the surface temperature and the air temperature, which is especially true for the T ?J8 plastic package where the copper leads are the principal thermal path to carry heat into the device, so its temperature might be closer to the air temperature than to the surface temperature.To minimi,e this problem, ensure that the wiring to the >(.;, as it leaves the device, is held at the same temperature as the surface of interest. The easiest way to do this is to cover up these wires with a bead of epoxy which will insure that the leads and wires are all at the same temperature as the surface, and that the temperature of the >(.; die is not affected by the air temperature.The T ?05 metal package can also be soldered to a metal surface or pipe without damage. f course, in that case the 7H terminal of the circuit will be grounded to that metal. Alternatively, mount the >(.; inside a sealedend metal tube, and then dip into a bath or screw into a threaded hole in a tank. As with any I/, the >(.; and accompanying wiring and circuits must be kept insulated and dry, to avoid leakage and corrosion. This is especially true if the circuit may operate at cold temperatures where condensation can occur. 4rinted?circuit coatings and varnishes such as -umiseal and epoxy paints or dips are often used to insure that moisture cannot corrode the >(.; or its connections.These devices are sometimes soldered to a small light?weight heat fin to decrease the thermal time constant and speed up the response in slowly?moving air. n the other hand, Dept. of EEE 10 A ! E"gg. #ollege
a small thermal mass may be added to the sensor, to give the steadiest reading despite small deviations in the air temperature.
TEMPERATURE SENSOR LM 35 Fig o:5
4.1.1 F!"#$%!&
K /alibrated directly in D /elsius )/entigrade* K >inear C 21.1 m7!D/ scale factor K 1.;D/ accuracy guaranteeable )at C8;D/* K <ated for full H;;D to C2;1D/ range K %uitable for remote applications K >ow cost due to wafer?level trimming K perates from 0 to .1 volts K >ess than 51 IA current drain K >ow self?heating, 1.1LD/ in still air K Nonlinearity only F2G0D/ typical K >ow impedance output, 1.2 & for 2 mA load Dept. of EEE 11 A ! E"gg. #ollege
4.2 'UMIDITY SENSOR SY 'S 22(

-umidity sensors relying on this principle consists of a hygroscopic dielectric material sandwiched between a pair of electrodes forming a small capacitor. (ost capacitive sensors use a plastic or polymer as the dielectric material, with a typical dielectric constant ranging from 8 to 2;. In absence of moisture, the dielectric constant of the hygroscopic dielectric material and the sensor geometry determine the value of capacitance. At normal room temperature, the dielectric constant of water vapor has a value of about L1, a value much larger than the constant of the sensor dielectric material. Therefore, absorption of water vapor by the sensor results in an increase in sensor capacitance. At e:uilibrium conditions, the amount of moisture present in a hygroscopic material depends on both the ambient temperature and the ambient water vapor pressure. This is true also for the hygroscopic dielectric material used on the sensor. By definition, relative humidity is a function of both the ambient temperature and water vapor pressure. Therefore there is a relationship between relative humidity, the amount of moisture present in the sensor, and sensor capacitance. This relationship governs the operation of a capacitive humidity instrument. -umidity is the presence of water in air. The amount of water vapor in air can affect human comfort as well as many manufacturing processes in industries. The presence of water vapor also influences various physical, chemical, and biological processes. -umidity measurement in industries is critical because it may affect the business cost of the product and the health and safety of the personnel. -ence, humidity sensing is very important, especially in the control systems for industrial processes and human comfort. /ontrolling or monitoring humidity is of paramount importance in many industrial M domestic applications. In semiconductor industry, humidity or moisture levels needs to be properly controlled M monitored during wafer processing. In medical applications, humidity control is re:uired for respiratory e:uipments, sterili,ers, incubators, pharmaceutical processing, and biological products. -umidity control is also necessary in chemical gas
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purification, dryers, ovens, film desiccation, paper and textile production, and food processing. In agriculture, measurement of humidity is important for plantation protection
)dew prevention*, soil moisture monitoring, etc. "or domestic applications, humidity control is re:uired for living environment in buildings, cooking control for microwave ovens, etc. In all such applications and many others) humidity sensors are employed to provide an indication of the moisture levels in the environment. These module convert the relative humidity to the output voltage.This sensor module converts relative humidity).1?J1N<-* to voltage and can be used in weather monitoring application. (ost commonly used units for humidity measurement are <elative -umidity )<-*, #ew!"rost point )#!" 4T* and 4arts 4er (illion )44(*. <- is a function of temperature, and thus it is a relative measurement. #ew!"rost point is a function of the pressure of the gas but is independent of temperature and is therefore defined as absolute humidity measurement. 44( is also an absolute measurement. #ew points and frost points are often used when the dryness of the gas is important. #ew point is also used as an indicator of water vapor in high temperature processes, such as industrial drying. (ixing ratios, volume percent, and specific humidity are usually used when water vapor is either an impurity or a defined component of a process gas mixture used in manufacturing.
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Basic structure of capacitive type humidity sensor is shown below9
Fig No: * -umidity %ensor %O -% 881 Dept. of EEE 14 A ! E"gg. #ollege
4.2.1 S+!,i-i,"#io &:

<AT$# 7 >TA'$ /=<<$NT / N%=(TI N 4$<ATIN' T$(4$<AT=<$ <AN'$ 4$<ATIN' -=(I#ITO <AN'$ %T <AB>$ T$(4$<AT=<$ <AN'$ %T <AB>$ -=(I#ITO <AN'$ %TAN#A<# =T4=T <AN'$ A//=<A/O <$(A<E% #/ ;.17 P?..1mA 1?51D/ .1?J1N<?.1D/ Q L;D/ within J;N<#/ 2.JL1 m7 )at 8;D/, 51N<-* F ;N <- )at 8;D/, 51N<-* 4/B unit containing driving circuit
4.2.3 A++.i,"#io :
/ / / / -umidifiers M dehumidifiers. Air conditioners. -umidity data logger. Automatic climate control.
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4.3 MICROCONTROLLER PIC1*F03
Mi,%o,o #%o..!% PIC1*F03 Fig o:0
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4I/ is a family of modified -arvard architecture microcontrollers made by (icrochip Technology, derived from the 4I/25;1 originally developed by 'eneral InstrumentAs (icroelectronics #ivision. The name 4I/ initially referred to B4eripheral Interface /ontrollerAB. 4I/s are popular with both industrial developers and hobbyists alike due to their low cost, wide availability, large user base, extensive collection of application notes, availability of low cost or free development tools, and serial programming )and re?programming with flash memory* capability.
The 4I/ architecture is characteri,ed by its multiple attributes9 %eparate code and data spaces )-arvard architecture*. A small number of fixed length instructions (ost instructions are single cycle execution )8 clock cycles, or 0 clock cycles in L?bit models*, with one delay cycle on branches and skips ne accumulator )&1*, the use of which )as source operand* is implied )i.e. is not encoded in the opcode* All <A( locations function as registers as both source and!or destination of math and other functions.R5S A hardware stack for storing return addresses A small amount of addressable data space ).8, 28L, or 8;5 bytes, depending on the family*, extended through banking #ata space mapped /4=, port, and peripheral registers A>= status flags are mapped into the data space The program counter is also mapped into the data space and writable )this is used to implement indirect @umps*.
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D"#" &+",! 1RAM2 4I/s have a set of registers that function as general purpose <A(. %pecial purpose control registers for on?chip hardware resources are also mapped into the data space. The addressability of memory varies depending on device series, and all 4I/ devices have some banking mechanism to extend addressing to additional memory. >ater series of devices feature move instructions which can cover the whole addressable space, independent of the selected bank. In earlier devices, any register move had to be achieved via the accumulator. Co3! &+",! The code space is generally implemented as < (, $4< ( or flash < (. In general,external code memory is not directly addressable due to the lack of an external memory interface. The exceptions are 4I/26 and select high pin count 4I/2L devices.
Wo%3 &i4!
All 4I/s handle )and address* data in L?bit chunks. -owever, the unit of addressability of the code space is not generally the same as the data space. "or example, 4I/s in the baseline )4I/28* and mid?range )4I/25* families have program memory addressable in the same wordsi,e as the instruction width, i.e. 28 or 20 bits respectively. In contrast, in the 4I/2L series, the program memory is addressed in L?bit increments )bytes*, which differs from the instruction width of 25 bits. In order to be clear, the program memory capacity is usually stated in number of )single word* instructions, rather than in bytes.
S#",5&
4I/s have a hardware call stack, which is used to save return addresses. The hardware stack is not software accessible on earlier devices, but this changed with the 2L series devices. -ardware support for a general purpose parameter stack was lacking in early series, but this greatly improved in the 2L series, making the 2L series architecture more friendly to high level language compilers.
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Automated irrigation system using solar power I &#%$,#io &!#
A 4I/As instructions vary from about .; instructions for the low?end 4I/s to over L1 instructions for the high?end 4I/s. The instruction set includes instructions to perform a variety of operations on registers directly, the accumulator and a literal constant or the accumulator and a register, as well as for conditional execution, and program branching. %ome operations, such as bit setting and testing, can be performed on any numbered register, but bi?operand arithmetic operations always involve & )the accumulator*, writing the result back to either & or the other operand register. To load a constant, it is necessary to load it into & before it can be moved into another register. n the older cores, all register moves needed to pass through &, but this changed on the Bhigh endB cores. 4I/ cores have skip instructions which are used for conditional execution and branching. The skip instructions are Askip if bit setA and Askip if bit not setA. Because cores before 4I/2L had only unconditional branch instructions, conditional @umps are implemented by a conditional skip )with the opposite condition* followed by an unconditional branch. %kips are also of utility for conditional execution of any immediate single following instruction. It is possible to skip skip instructions. "or example, the instruction se:uence Bskip if A+ skip if B+ /B will execute / if A is true or if B is false. The 2L series implemented shadow registers which save several important registers during an interrupt, providing hardware support for automatically saving processor state when servicing interrupts.
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Automated irrigation system using solar power 4.3.1 B.o,5 Di"g%"6
Fig o:7 4.3.2 F!"#$%!& 4.3.2.1 'ig8 P!%-o%6" ,! RISC CPU:

-igh performance <I%/ /4= nly .; single word instructions to learn All single cycle instructions except for program branches which are two?cycle 20 A ! E"gg. #ollege
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perating speed #/ ? 81 (-, clock input #/ ? 811 ns instruction cycle
4.3.2.2 S+!,i". Mi,%o,o #%o..!% F!"#$%!&:

4ower?on <eset )4 <* 4ower?up Timer )4&<T* and scillator %tart?up Timer ) %T* &atchdog Timer )&#T* with its own on?chip </ oscillator for reliable operation 4rogrammable code protection 4ower saving %>$$4 mode Timer19 L?bit timer!counter with L?bit prescaler Timer29 25?bit timer!counter with prescaler, can be incremented during %>$$4 via external crystal!clock
4.3.3.3 P!%i+8!%". F!"#$%!&:
Timer89 L?bit timer!counter with L?bit period register, prescaler and postscaler
4.3.3.4 CMOS T!,8 o.og9: >ow power, high speed /( % ">A%- technology "ully static design &ide operating voltage range9 8.1 7 to ;.; 7 -igh %ink!%ource /urrent9 8; mA
4.4 SOLAR PANEL

A &o."% +" !. is a set of solar photovoltaic modules electrically connected and mounted on a supporting structure. A photovoltaic module is a packaged, connected assembly of solar cells. The solar panel can be used as a component of a larger photovoltaic system to generate and supply electricity in commercial and residential applications. $ach module is rated by its #/ output power under standard test conditions )%T/*, and typically ranges from 211 to .81 watts. The efficiency of a module determines the area of a module given the same rated output ? an LN efficient 8.1 watt module will have twice the area of a 25N efficient 8.1 watt module. A single solar module can produce only a limited amount of power+ most Dept. of EEE 21 A ! E"gg. #ollege
installations contain multiple modules. A photovoltaic system typically includes a panel or an array of solar modules, an inverter, and sometimes a battery and!or solar tracker and interconnection wiring.
Fig o:: %olar modules use light energy )photons* from the sun to generate electricity through the photovoltaic effect. The ma@ority of modules use wafer?based crystalline silicon cells or thin?film cells based on cadmium telluride or silicon. The structural )load carrying* member of a module can either be the top layer or the back layer. /ells must also be protected from mechanical damage and moisture. (ost solar modules are rigid, but semi? flexible ones are available, based on thin?film cells. These early solar modules were first used in space in 2J;L. $lectrical connections are made in series to achieve a desired output voltage and!or in parallel to provide a desired current capability. The conducting wires that take the current off the modules may contain silver, copper or other non?magnetic conductive transition metals. The cells must be connected electrically to one another and to the rest of the system. $xternally, popular terrestrial usage photovoltaic modules use (/. )older* or (/0 connectors to facilitate easy weatherproof connections to the rest of the system. Bypass diodes may be incorporated or used externally, in case of partial module shading, to maximi,e the output of module sections still illuminated. Dept. of EEE 22 A ! E"gg. #ollege
%ome recent solar module designs include concentrators in which light is focused by lenses or mirrors onto an array of smaller cells. This enables the use of cells with a high cost per unit area )such as gallium arsenide* in a cost?effective way. -ere we use 28volt ;watt solar panel.
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4.5 WATER PUMP
W"#!% P$6+ DC 12; Fi&8 T" 5 S$<6!%&i<.! P$6+& W"#!%+%oo- Fi&8 C$.#$%! Mo3!. P$6+ Fig o:1(
It is a centrifugal pump,rotodynamic pump that uses a rotating impeller to increase the pressure and flow rate of a fluid. /entrifugal pumps are the most common type of pump used to move li:uids through a piping system. The fluid enters the pump impeller along or near to the rotating axis and is accelerated by the impeller, flowing radially outward or axially into a diffuser or volute chamber, from where it exits into the downstream piping system. /entrifugal pumps are typically used for large discharge through smaller heads. /entrifugal pumps are most often associated with the radial?flow type. -owever, the term Bcentrifugal pumpB can be used to describe all impeller type rotodynamic pumps including the radial, axial and mixed?flow variations.
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4.* GSM SIM 3(( MODULE

This is a plug and play '%( (odem with a simple to interface serial interface. =se it to send %(%, make and receive calls, and do other '%( operations by controlling it through simple AT commands from micro controllers and computers. It uses the highly popular %I(.11 module for all its operations. It comes with a standard <%8.8 interface which can be used to easily interface the modem to micro controllers and computers. The modem consists of all the re:uired external circuitry re:uired to start experimenting with the %I(.11 module like the power regulation, external antenna, %I( -older, etc.
Fig o:11
4.*.1 F!"#$%!&

=ses the extremely popular %I(.11 '%( module 4rovides the industry standard serial <%8.8 interface for easy connection to computers and other devices
4rovides serial TT> interface for easy and direct interface to microcontrollers 4ower, <IN' and Network >$#s for easy debugging nboard .7 >ithium Battery holder with appropriate circuitry for providing backup for the modules3 internal <T/
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/an be used for '%( based 7oice communications, #ata!"ax, %(%,'4<% and T/4!I4 stack /an be controlled through standard AT commands /omes with an onboard wire antenna for better reception. Board provides an option for adding an external antenna through an %(A connector The %I(.11 allows an ad@ustable serial baud rate from 2811 to 22;811 bps )J511 default*
(odem a low power consumption of 1.8; A during normal operations and around 2 A during transmission
perating 7oltage9 6 T 2;7 A/ or #/ )board has onboard rectifier.
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4.0 BATTERY
'(0111 is a well designed battery bank for most of portable signal shield. It provides 287 !0ah output power and with 0111mah capacity, which enable signal preventor to work for 8?. hours.
Fig o:12 '(0111 power bank contains . pcs built?in 0111mah li?battery cores. $xcept three circuit protection plates, it also intergrates over charging protection circuit chips )that adopt I/ from %ei,aikan )Uapan* and A ( % cube*. /%BAs -<28.0& is a 28 volt J Ah sealed lead acid battery with "8 "ast?on tab terminals. -<28.0& is designed for e:uipment that re:uire short term bursts of high rate power such as =4% systems.-<28.0& will deliver up to 81N more energy output density at .0 watts per cell, or up to 810 watts for 2; minutes to 2.56 volt per cell at 66 degrees in "ahrenheit.-<28.0& is also excellent for general applications as it will provide up to 851 cycles at 211N depth of discharge and has a design life of up to five years of stand?by usage.
4.0.1 F!"#$%!&
Big
capacity li?battery cores offers long working time 2' A ! E"gg. #ollege
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%uitable /ontrol &ith
for all of the 287 P8A electronic devices charge and discharge via ( % cube protection available
over charge ! over discharge ! current protection functions
%hort?circuit
4.7 RELAY
A %!."9 is an electrically operated switch. (any relays use an electromagnet to operate a switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. <elays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low?power signal )with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits*, or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits, repeating the signal coming in from one circuit and re?transmitting it to another. <elays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations. A type of relay that can handle the high power re:uired to directly control an electric motor or other loads is called a contactor. %olid?state relays control power circuits with no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching. <elays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults+ in modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital instruments still called Bprotective relaysB.
Fig o:13 Dept. of EEE
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A simple electromagnetic relay consists of a coil of wire wrapped around a soft iron core, an iron yoke which provides a low reluctance path for magnetic flux, a movable iron armature, and one or more sets of contacts )there are two in the relay pictured*. The armature is hinged to the yoke and mechanically linked to one or more sets of moving contacts. It is held in place by a spring so that when the relay is de?energi,ed there is an air gap in the magnetic circuit. In this condition, one of the two sets of contacts in the relay pictured is closed, and the other set is open. ther relays may have more or fewer sets of contacts depending on their function. The relay in the picture also has a wire connecting the armature to the yoke. This ensures continuity of the circuit between the moving contacts on the armature, and the circuit track on the printed circuit board )4/B* via the yoke, which is soldered to the 4/B.-ere a ;7 relay is used.
4.: LCD1*=2
>/# )>i:uid /rystal #isplay* screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of applications. A 25x8 >/# display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments and other multi segment >$#s. The reasons being9 >/#s are economical+ easily programmable+ have no limitation of displaying special M even custom characters )unlike in seven segments*, animations and so on.lcd is used to indicate the present status of parameters and the respective A/ devices )simulated using bulbs*.The information is displayed in two modes which can be selected using a push button switch which toggles between these two modes. Any display can be interfaced to the system with respective changes in driver circuitry and code.
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Fig No:13 1*=2LCD A 1*=2 LCD means it can display 25 characters per line and there are 8 such lines. In this >/# each character is displayed in ;x6 pixel matrix. This >/# has two registers, namely, /ommand and #ata. The command register stores the command instructions given to the >/#. A command is an instruction given to >/# to do a predefined task like initiali,ing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be displayed on the >/#. The data is the A%/II value of the character to be displayed on the >/#. /lick to learn more about internal structure of a >/#.
Fig o:14 Pi 3i"g%"6 Dept. of EEE $0 A ! E"gg. #ollege
4.:.1 Pi 3!&,%i+#io
4.1( IN;ETER
A power inverter, or inverter, is an electronic device or circuitry that changes direct current )#/* toalternating current )A/*.The input voltage, output voltage and fre:uency, and overall power handling, are dependent on the design of the specific device or circuitry.A power inverter can be entirely electronic or may be a combination of mechanical effects )such as a rotary apparatus* and electronic circuitry. %tatic inverters do not use moving parts in the conversion process. A typical power inverter device or circuit will re:uire a relatively stable #/ power source capable of supplying enough current for the intended overall power handling of the inverter. 4ossible #/ power sources include9 rechargeable batteries, #/ power supplies operating off of the power company line, and solar cells. The inverter does not produce any power, the power is provided by the #/ source. The inverter translates the form of the power from direct current to an alternating current waveform. Dept. of EEE $1 A ! E"gg. #ollege
The level of the needed input voltage depends entirely on the design and purpose of the inverter. In many smaller consumer and commercial inverters a 287 #/ input is popular because of the wide availability of powerful rechargeable 287 lead acid batteries which can be used as the #/ power source. An inverter can produce s:uare wave, modified sine wave, pulsed sine wave, or sine wave depending on circuit design. The two dominant commerciali,ed waveform types of inverters as of 8116 are modified sine wave and sine wave. There are two basic designs for producing household plug?in voltage from a lower? voltage #/ source, the first of which uses a switching boost converter to produce a higher? voltage #/ and then converts to A/. The second method converts #/ to A/ at battery level and uses a line?fre:uency transformer to create the output voltage. 4.1(.1 T9+i,". "++.i,"#io & -o% +o>!% i ?!%#!%& i ,.$3!
4ortable consumer devices that allow the user to connect a battery, or set of batteries, to the device to produce A/ power to run various electrical items such as lights, televisions, kitchen appliances, and power tools.
=se in power generation systems such as electric utility companies or solar generating systems to convert #/ power to A/ power.
=se within any larger electronic system where an engineering need exists for deriving an A/ source from a #/ source.
4.1(.2 F!"#$%!& utput 4ower /apacity?511 &atts ! 2111 7A (ax /onfigurable 4ower?511 &atts ! 2111 7A Nominal utput 7oltage?8.17 utput 7oltage #istortion?>ess than ;N at full load utput "re:uency )sync to mains*?06 ? ;. -, for ;1 -, nominal, ;6 ? 5. -, for 51 -, nominal Topology?>ine Interactive &aveform Type?%tepped approximation to a sinewave
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4.11 WATER LE;EL SENSOR

It is simply a metal electrode. &e are using such . electrodes made up of steel for sensing . levels. These . electrodes are connected to /# 0112 amplifier circuit. &hen water molecules come into contact with these terminals, /d 0112 senses it and amplifies the signals to give a measurable output.
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5. SOFTWARE DETAILS
5.1 MPLAB IDE@Fo% PIC Mi,%o,o #%o..!% +%og%"66i g
(4>AB I#$ is a software program that runs on a 4/ to develop applications for (icrochip microcontrollers. It is called an Integrated #evelopment $nvironment, or I#$, because it provides a single integrated .environment. to develop code for embedded microcontrollers. A development system for embedded controllers is a system of programs running on adesktop 4/ to help write, edit, debug and program code . the intelligence of embeddedsystems applications . into a microcontroller. (4>AB I#$ runs on a 4/ and contains all the components needed to design and deploy embedded systems applications. The typical tasks for developing an embedded controller application are9 2. /reate the high level design. "rom the features and performance desired, decide which 4I/micro (/= or ds4I/ #%/ device is best suited to the application, then design the associated hardware circuitry. After determining which peripherals and pins control the hardware, write the firmware . the software that will control the hardware aspects of the embedded application. A language tool such as an assembler, which is directly translatable into machine code, or a compiler that allows a more natural language for creating programs, should be used to write and edit code. Assemblers and compilers help make the code understandable, allowing function labels to identify code routines with variables that have names associated with their use, and with constructs that help organi,e the code in a maintainable structure. 8. /ompile, assemble and link the software using the assembler and!or compiler and linker to convert your code into .ones and ,eroes. . machine code for the 4I/micro (/=s. This machine code will eventually become the firmware )the code programmed into the microcontroller*. .. Test your code. =sually a complex program does not work exactly the way imagined, and .bugs. need to be removed from the design to get proper results. The debugger allows you to see the .ones and ,eroes. execute, related to the source code Dept. of EEE $4 A ! E"gg. #ollege
you wrote, with the symbols and function names from your program. #ebugging allows you to experiment with your code to see the value of variables at various points in the program, and to do .what if. checks, changing variable values and stepping through routines. 0. Burn. the code into a microcontroller and verify that it executes correctly in the "inished application.
5.2 C17@,o6+i.!%A'I@TEC C @Co6+i.!%

-I?T$/- / compilers know exactly which registers will be used for any interrupt, they can determine the context si,e dynamically, based on the state of the program at the time of compilation. /ode generated by /' compilers may not need to save any registers during an interrupt routine, thereby saving cycles that are wasted by non? /' compilers. "ewer instruction cycles means the (/= can spend more time in sleep mode.
D! &!% Co3!) B!##!% P!%-o%6" ,!

=nused 7ariables. The all?seeing nature of /' enables the compiler to determine if
a variable is being used in the program. =nused variables are removed, thus saving <A(. Auto 7ariables. If two functions are never active at the same time, their auto variables can be overlapped. The function call graph that /' constructs means that the exact usage of the functions is known and this techni:ue can be effectively applied. <egisters. The compiler will also know exactly which registers are in both interrupt and mainline context, so it can generate code accordingly, minimi,ing both the code si,e and cycles re:uired to switch contexts. Automatic Bank (anagement. /' allows automatic allocation of data into <A( banks eliminating the need for the programmer to specify the location of the variables. /ustomi,ed printf. /' has the ability to generate a printf function that is customi,ed for the program at hand. It does this by scanning the user3s code and only
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Automated irrigation system using solar power memory but also saves you valuable <A( space.
includes those features of printf that were detected. This results in a huge saving in program
Fo,$& 6o%! o 9o$% go".& " 3 .!&& o 9o$% ,o3! peration. (ost embedded / compilers re:uire special linker scripts and numerous command line options to be used to cater for differing device architectures. &ith full knowledge of the device and the ability to determine where all ob@ects will be linked, much of this work is reduced or eliminated with -I?T$/- / compilers. $liminates the Need for (emory %pace Vualifiers. Because the compiler knows how fre:uently each variable is used and which variables are dependent, it can optimi,e pointers and position ob@ects in the most efficient memory spaces, eliminating the need for the programmer to do this manually with non?standard / language extensions. #ebugging with ptimi,ations. %ince a lot more of the optimi,ations are performed at the compilers allows
/ level, rather than at the assembly or linker level, -I?T$/- / 4<
more comprehensive debugging of code, even with the optimi,ations turned on. As a rule, code compiled with full optimi,ation can be difficult or impossible to debug, making it very difficult to identify bugs that may be causing the system to function incorrectly. The /' compiler automatically preserves all the relationships between the ob@ect code and the original /?code, enabling the :uick and simple debugging of optimi,ed code. $ven / library code in your pro@ect can be debugged at the source level.
5.2.1 F!"#$%!&
Integrates into (4>ABW I#$ and fully compatible with all (icrochip debuggers and emulators "ully AN%I?compliant Includes >ibrary source ? for standard libraries and sample code for I! drivers Includes macro assembler, linker, preprocessor, and one?step driver <uns on &indows X4 and 7ista )versions J.61C also run on &indows 6*, >inux and (ac % X
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5.3 P%o#!$&AP%o#!. BFo% PCB 3!&ig i g

P%o#!. stands for B4rocedure riented Type $nforcing >anguageB. It is a programming language created by Nortel Networks and used on telecommunications switching systems such as the #(%?211. 4rotel?8 is the ob@ect?oriented version of 4rotel. 4< T$> languages were designed to meet the needs of digital telephony and is the basis of the #(%?211 line of switching systems 4< T$> is a strongly typed, block? structured language which is based heavily on 4A%/A> and A>' > 5LS with reverse polish notation style of variable assignment. The designers of 4< T$> significantly extended 4A%/A> of the day by adding external compilation and extending the data structures available in the language.
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*. AD;ANTAGES AND DISAD;ANTAGES

*.1 AD;ANTAGES
%ensors used have high sensitivity and are easy to handle. /losed loop design prevents any chances of disturbing the greenhouse environment. =ser is indicated for changes in actuator state thereby giving an option for manual override. >ow maintenance and low power consumption. The system is more compact compared to the existing ones, hence is easily portable. /an be used for different plant species by making minor changes in the ambient environmental parameters. /an be easily modified for improving the setup and adding new features. >abour saving
*.2 DISAD;ANTAGES
/omplete automation in terms of pest and insect detection anderadication cannot be achieved. No self?test system to detect malfunction of sensors. <e:uires uninterrupted power supply. "acility to remotely monitor the greenhouse is not possible.
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0. CONCLUSION
The primary ob@ective of this pro@ect was the development of an effective M reliable irrigation system that could have applications in domestic as well as large scale premises, operated in any weather conditions. Automated irrigation system in both domestic and large scale agricultural field re:uires correct sensing of humidity and temperature for irrigation. "or such systems, solar controlled automated irrigation system are ideal because they do not re:uire a person monitoring the agricultural field or checking the humidity and temperature level and it can be operated in any time with the help of '%( module by sending and receiving messages through cell phone. Through well directed effort a solar based automated irrigation system is developed, which is capable of measuring humidity level of soil and temperature level of environment in the range of given specification and sending message to the farmer through '%( module, thus enabling farmer to respond back with message signal and pumping water to the field without farmer visiting the field. In the model developed as part of the pro@ect provisions are also provided to supply energy from a solar panel which charges the battery system and provide re:uired current supply to water pump and whole system, in the event of urgent and immediate re:uirement of water to a large agricultural land were monitoring by the farmer is difficult, such effective solar powered automated irrigation system can be implemented. verall the developed system provides a basic solution for all type of irrigation systems.
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REFERENCES
2. >. 4risilla, 4.%.7. <ooban and >. Arockiam, YA novel method for water irrigation system for paddy fields using ANN,Z *nternational +ournal of #omputer ,cience ater and "etwor-, 7ol.2, No. 8, April 8128. 8. >. >ongchang and &. Oan@un, Y4ipeline &ater #elivery Technology,Z#.ina Power Press, pp. ..?.;, (arch 2JJL. .. )8128* Banglapedia. R nlineS. Available http9!!www.banglapedia.org!httpdocs!-T!I[11J;.-T( 0. 0(.A. %alam, A. Ahmed, -. \iedan, E. %ayed, (. Amery and (. %wifyYA %olar? &ind -ybrid 4ower %ystem for Irrigation in Toshka Area,Z *EEE +ordan #onference on Applied Electrical Engineering and #omputing /ec.nologies0 pp. 2?5, #ec. 8122. ;. (. #ursun and %. *nternational 5. ,den, YA 4rototype of 4/ Based <emote /ontrol of Irrigation,Z on En1ironmental Engineering and Applications , #onference
%ingapore, pp. 8;;?8;L, %ept. 8121. N.(. %heikh, Y$fficient=tili,ation of %olar $nergy for #omestic ApplicationsZ 2nd *nternational #onference on Electrical Engineering0>ahore, 4akistan, pp. 2?., (arch 811L. 6. '. Oang, O. >iu, >. \hao, %. /ui, V. (eng and -. /hen, YAutomatic Irrigation %ystem Based on &ireless Network,Z (t. *EEE *nternational #onference on #ontrol and Automation0 pp. 8281?828;, Uune 8121. L. U. Xiaohua and T. "angpin, YThe study and development of system for automatic irrigation,Z *rrigation and Drainage, 7ol.82, No.0, pp. 8;?86, #ec. 8118. J. /. Oi, YTechnology and Application of &ater %aving Irrigation,Z #.emical *ndustry Press, Bei@ing, /hina, pp. .0;?.0J, 811;. 21. )8128* 'arden0less. R nlineS. Available http9!!www.garden0less.co.uk!automatic[watering[systems.asp 22. B./. >ailhacar, (.#. #ukes and '.>. (iller, Y%ensor?Based /ontrol of Irrigation in Bermuda grass,Z A,AE Annual *nternational Meeting0A%A$ Tampa /onvention /enter, Tampa, "lorida, pp. 2?20, Uuly 811;. Dept. of EEE 40 A ! E"gg. #ollege
28. O. 'enghuang, '. Eairong, and >. Oawei, Y#evelopment of controller for automatic irrigation based on '%( network,Z +ournal of ,.enyang Agricultural 2ni1ersity, 7ol..5, No.5, pp. 6;.?6;;, #ec. 811;. 2.. -. &u?:uan, /. (ing?ke, &. Ou?bao and &. Xiao?@ian, YAutomatic &ater %upply /ontrol %ystem of 'raded /onstant 4ressure by 7ariable "re:uency %peed and Its Application to 4ipeline Irrigation,Z 2nd 7ol.2, pp. .L;?.LL, #ec. 8121. 20. >.&enyan, Y#esign of &ireless &ater?%aving Irrigation %ystem Based on %olar $nergy,Z *nternational #onference on #ontrol0 Automation and ,ystems Engineering0 pp. 2?0, Uuly 8122. 2;. R nlineS. Available9 http9!!www.scribd.com!doc!6L50;8J;!'%(? Based?Automatic?Irrigation?&ater?/ontroller. 25. %.\eng, '. Vi, V. >iu and \. &ang, Y(obile irrigation systems for arid areas of Northeast /hina,Z *nternational #onference on ,ustaina4le 2se of ater5,a1ing Agriculture and ater and 6and Resources, %haanxi, /hina, ct. 811.. R* 3lo4al #ongress on *ntelligent ,ystems0
26. %.(.=mair and <. =saman, YAutomation of Irrigation %ystem =sing ANN based /ontroller,Z *nternational +ournal of Electrical and #omputer ,ciences, 7ol.21, No.8, pp. 02?;2, April, 821. 2L. &. -uang, T.\eng, >. Oe and \. >i, YA self?acting water pump control system for residential buildings based on resonance water level sensor,Z *nternational #onference on Electric *nformation and #ontrol Engineering0 pp. 2228?222;, April 8122.
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APPENDIC
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PROGRAM
]define sensor1 portc.f1 ]define sensor; portc.f2 ]define sensor21 portc.f8 ]define motor portc.f. char t^1,i,tmp2,tmp8,cnt+ !!]define one 1 void readsms)char n*+ void listen[uart)*+ !! void readsms)char*+ void smsmediumlevel)*+ void receive[sms)*+ void lcd[disply)*+ !! >/# module connections sbit >/#[<% at <B8[bit+ sbit >/#[$N at <B.[bit+ sbit >/#[#0 at <B0[bit+ sbit >/#[#; at <B;[bit+ sbit >/#[#5 at <B5[bit+ sbit >/#[#6 at <B6[bit+ sbit >/#[<%[#irection at T<I%B8[bit+ sbit >/#[$N[#irection at T<I%B.[bit+ sbit >/#[#0[#irection at T<I%B0[bit+ sbit >/#[#;[#irection at T<I%B;[bit+ sbit >/#[#5[#irection at T<I%B5[bit+ sbit >/#[#6[#irection at T<I%B6[bit+ !! $nd >/# module connections Dept. of EEE 4$ A ! E"gg. #ollege
Automated irrigation system using solar power char txt2RS ^ Bmikro$lektronikaB+ char txtR0S+ char ringRS^B<IN'B+ !! >oop variable
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DATAS'EET 07(5 REGULATOR IC
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Automated Irrigation System Using Solar Power Main Project Report 2014

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Automated irrigation system using solar power

Main Project Report 2014