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Introductio n
Epilepsy is a disorder that disrupts the transmission of electrical signals inside the brain. Although you may assume that epilepsy always causes episodes of uncontrolled movements and loss of consciousness, the condition is actually quite variable. Symptom episodes known as seizures are often subtle, causing strange sensations, emotions and behavior. Some people with epilepsy simply stare blankly for a few seconds when having a seizure, while others have full fledged
Introductio n
About one in !"" people in the #nited States has e$perienced an unprovoked seizure at some point in life. %owever, a solitary seizure doesn&t mean you have epilepsy. 'any people for e$ample, children with high fevers e$perience one seizure and then never have another one. (ut after you&ve had two seizures, the chance that you&ll have additional seizures increases dramatically. At least two unprovoked seizures are required for a diagnosis of epilepsy.
Introductio n
)he onset of epilepsy is most common during childhood and after age *+, but the condition can occur at any age. )reatments may leave you free of seizures, or at least reduce their frequency and intensity. 'any children with epilepsy even outgrow the condition with age
(ecause epilepsy is caused by abnormal activity in brain cells, seizures can affect any process your brain coordinates. A seizure can produce temporary confusion, complete loss of consciousness, a staring spell, or uncontrollable ,erking movements of the arms and legs. Symptoms vary depending on the type of seizure. -n most cases, a person with epilepsy will tend to have the same type of seizure each time, so the symptoms will be very similar from episode to episode. (ut some people have many different types of seizures, with different
Signs & Symptoms .octors classify seizures as either partial or generalized, based on how the abnormal brain activity begins. /hen seizures appear to result from abnormal activity in ,ust one part of the brain, they&re called partial or focal seizures. Seizures that seem to involve all of the brain are called generalized seizures. -n some cases, seizures can begin in one part of the brain and then spread throughout the rest of the
Partial Seizures
Simple partial seizures. )hese seizures don&t result in loss of consciousness. )hey may alter emotions or change the way things look, smell, feel, taste or sound. Complex partial seizures. )hese seizures alter consciousness, causing you to lose awareness for a period of time. 0omple$ partial seizures often result in staring and nonpurposeful movements such as hand rubbing, lip smacking, arm positioning, vocalization or swallowing.
Generalized Seizures
Absence seizures (petit mal). )hese seizures are characterized by staring, subtle body movement and brief lapses of awareness. Myoclonic seizures. )hese seizures usually appear as sudden ,erks of your arms and legs. Atonic seizures. Also known as drop attacks, these seizures cause you to suddenly collapse or fall down. Tonic-clonic seizures (grand mal). )he most intense of all types of seizures, these are characterized by a loss of
Causes
Several types of epilepsy have been linked to defective genes that regulate how brain cells communicate with each other, but only a few rare types of the disorder are known to arise from specific gene defects. 1therwise, it appears that abnormalities in any of several hundred genes may play a role in the development of epilepsy. Although some forms of epilepsy tend to run in families, genetic inheritance plays only a partial role in causing epilepsy perhaps by making a person more susceptible to environmental factors that cause seizures. -n many cases, the onset of epilepsy can be traced to an accident, disease or medical trauma such as a stroke that in,ures your brain or deprives it of o$ygen. -n rare
Risk Factors
If you have a family history of epilepsy, you may be at increased risk of developing a seizure disorder. Head injuries are responsible for many cases of epilepsy. You can reduce your risk by al ays earing a seat belt hile riding in a car and by earing a helmet hile bicycling, skiing, riding a motorcycle, or engaging in other activities ith a high risk of head injury. !troke and other vascular diseases can lead to brain damage that may trigger epilepsy. You can take a number of steps to reduce your risk of these diseases, including limiting your intake of alcohol, follo ing a healthy diet, managing your eight, e"ercising regularly and avoiding cigarettes. #ther epilepsy risk factors include brain infections, such as meningitis, and prolonged seizures in childhood due to high fevers.
Electroencephalogram (EE )
An EE5 records the electrical activity of your brain via electrodes affi$ed to your scalp. 7eople with epilepsy often have changes in their normal pattern of brain waves, even when they&re not having a seizure. )o prepare for an EE5, avoid elaborate hair styling, metallic hair spray or greasy hair dressing. 2efrain from caffeine for si$ hours before the test. )he procedure itself is painless and usually lasts about 8" minutes. %owever, it can take as long as an hour to place the electrodes on your scalp.
Electroencephalogram (EE )
-n some cases, your doctor may recommend video EE5 monitoring. )his can be helpful because it allows your doctor to compare second by second the behaviors that occur during a seizure with your EE5 pattern from e$actly that same time. )his helps your doctor pinpoint e$actly where your seizures originate, which aids treatment decisions. 9ideo EE5s are e$pensive because you usually must stay at the testing facility for several days. )he EE5 electrodes stay attached for that entire time, and you are videotaped continuously.
Complications
-f you fall during a seizure, you may sustain a head in,ury. .rowning is a very real risk if you have a seizure while swimming or bathing. A seizure that causes either loss of awareness or control can be dangerous if you&re driving a car or operating other equipment. .rugs used to control seizures also can cause drowsiness, which may affect your driving ability. 'any states have
Complications
Seizures during pregnancy pose dangers to both mother and baby, and certain anti epileptic medications increase the risk of birth defects. -f you have epilepsy and you&re considering becoming pregnant, talk to your doctor. 'ost women with epilepsy can become pregnant and have a healthy baby, but many need to ad,ust their medications and be carefully monitored throughout pregnancy. -t is very important to work with your doctor and to plan your
Complications
6ife threatening complications from epilepsy are uncommon, but do occur. 7eople who have severe, prolonged or continuous seizures ;status epilepticus< are at increased risk of permanent brain damage and death. 7eople with epilepsy, particularly people with poorly controlled epilepsy, also have a small risk of a condition called sudden une$plained death in epilepsy ;S#.E7<. 3our risk of S#.E7 increases if you4 $ (egan having seizures at an early age $ %ave frequent seizures that involve more than one area of your brain
(nti)epileptic drugs
'ost people with epilepsy can become seizure free by using a single anti epileptic drug. 1thers can decrease the frequency and intensity of their seizures with medication. 'ore than half the children with medication controlled epilepsy can eventually stop medications and live a seizure free life. 'any adults also can discontinue medication after two or more years without seizures.
(nti)epileptic drugs
@inding the right medication and dosage can be comple$. 3our doctor likely will first prescribe a single drug at a relatively low dosage, and may increase the dosage gradually until your seizures are well controlled. -f you&ve tried two or more single drug regimens without success, your doctor may recommend trying a combination of two drugs. All anti seizure medications have some side effects, which may include mild fatigue, dizziness and weight gain. 'ore severe side effects include depression, skin rashes, loss
(nti)epileptic drugs
)o achieve the best seizure control possible, take medications e$actly as prescribed. Always call your doctor before switching to a generic version of your medication or taking other prescription medications, over the counter drugs or herbal remedies. And never stop taking your medication without talking to your doctor. -f anti epileptic medications don&t provide satisfactory results, your doctor may suggest other treatment options such as surgery, vagus nerve stimulation or a ketogenic diet.
Surgery
Surgery is most commonly done when tests show that your seizures originate in a small, well defined area in the temporal lobes or the frontal lobes of your brain. Surgery is rarely an option if you have seizures that start in several areas of the brain or if you have seizures originating from a region of the brain that
Surgery
.uring the procedure, your surgeon makes an incision in your scalp and removes a piece of the skull bone. %e or she then cuts into or removes the area of the brain that&s causing the seizures. Although many people continue to need some medication to help prevent seizures after surgery, you may be able to take fewer drugs and reduce your dosages. -n some cases, surgery for epilepsy can cause complications such as permanently altering your cognitive abilities. )alk to your surgeon about his or her e$perience, success rates
+etogenic #iet
Some children with epilepsy have been helped by adopting a rigid diet that&s high in fat and protein and low in carbohydrates. )he goal of the diet is to get the body to produce ketones, which cause the body to use fat instead of glucose for energy. )he e$act way in which the ketogenic diet works is unclear.
Sel )care
#nderstanding your condition can help you control it. (e sure to take your medication correctly. .on&t take it upon yourself to ad,ust your dosage levels. -nstead, talk to your doctor if you feel something should be changed.
Sel )care
-t&s also important to keep a detailed seizure record. )his record can help your doctor better understand your condition and direct your treatment. Each time a seizure occurs, write down the time, the type of seizure it was and how long it lasted. Also make note of any unusual circumstances, such as changes in medication, increased stress or other events that might trigger seizure activity. Seek input from people who may observe your seizures including family, friends and co workers so that you can record information you may not know.
Sel )care
As with many chronic conditions, maintaining your overall health is an important step in controlling epilepsy. Sleep deprivation is a powerful trigger of seizures. (e sure to get adequate rest every night, and make a conscious effort to eat a balanced diet, e$ercise and manage stress effectively. E$cessive alcohol consumption may trigger seizures. -f you have difficulty avoiding alcohol and cigarettes, ask your doctor for help. /ear a medical bracelet to help emergency personnel. )he bracelet should state who to contact in an