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𝑆ℎ 𝑙𝑡
V h=
𝑆 𝑐
𝑆𝑣 𝑙𝑣
Vv=
𝑆 𝑏
Vh=0.52
Vv=0.033
Effective dihedral:
Γeff = 3-4⁰
Effective dihedral:
Γeff = 3-4⁰
Simple approach
Simple approach
… especially so if we plan to go to
production. In which case we need
to bite the bullet and adopt a more
fundamental approach.
Certification/compliance
Certification/compliance
Military specifications
Tools
Panel methods
Free stuff
Mil 8785C
Longitudinal
fwd aft
Centre of gravity
Tail size
hmin
fwd aft
Centre of gravity
Tail size
hmin
fwd aft
Centre of gravity
Tail size
hmin
fwd aft
Centre of gravity
Tail size
hmin
fwd aft
Centre of gravity
Tail size
hmin
fwd aft
Centre of gravity
Tail size
hmin
Static margin
fwd aft
Centre of gravity
Tail size
hmin
fwd aft
Centre of gravity
fwd aft
Centre of gravity
Tail size
hmin
fwd aft
Centre of gravity
fwd aft
Centre of gravity
fwd aft
Centre of gravity
fwd aft
Centre of gravity
fwd aft
Centre of gravity
fwd aft
Centre of gravity
fwd aft
Centre of gravity
fwd aft
Centre of gravity
fwd aft
Centre of gravity
fwd aft
Centre of gravity
Longitudinal
dynamics
Longitudinal modes
Longitudinal modes
• Phugoid
Stuck with what you get?
• Short period
Longitudinal modes
• Phugoid
• Short period
Governs longitudinal response perceived by pilot.
Can be used to set target static margin.
3.6
Mil 8785C
CAP
0.085
𝐴 = 𝑓 𝐼𝑦 , 𝑊, 𝑐
𝐵 = 𝑓 𝐼𝑦 , 𝜌, 𝑙𝑡 , 𝐶𝑙𝛼ℎ
Tail size
fwd aft
Centre of gravity
Directional
Directional requirements
• Positive weathercock stability - 23.177 (a).
• X-wind take-off and landing.
• Spin damping & recovery.
• Counter adverse yaw.
• Counter engine-out yaw.
Directional requirements
• Positive weathercock stability - 23.177 (a).
• X-wind take-off and landing.
• Spin damping & recovery.
• Counter adverse yaw.
• Counter engine-out yaw.
Directional requirements
• Positive weathercock stability - 23.177 (a).
• X-wind take-off and landing.
• Spin damping & recovery.
• Counter adverse yaw.
Directional requirements
• Positive weathercock stability - 23.177 (a).
• X-wind take-off and landing.
• Spin damping & recovery.
Directional requirements
• Positive weathercock stability - 23.177 (a).
Fokker M5
Directional requirements
• Positive weathercock stability - 23.177 (a).
• X-wind take-off and landing.
Directional requirements
• Positive weathercock stability - 23.177 (a).
• X-wind take-off and landing.
• Spin damping & recovery.
Spin recovery
Spin recovery
Spin recovery
Spin recovery
Spin recovery
Spin recovery
Spin recovery
Lateral stability
Accepted criteria??
Effective dihedral:
Γeff = 3-4⁰
(Clβ= -0.0006 to -0.0008)
Lateral requirements
• Lateral stability must be positive – 23.177 (b).
With limited exceptions.
Lateral requirements
• Lateral stability must be positive – 23.177 (b).
With limited exceptions.
Lateral requirements
• Positive lateral stability – 23.177 (b).
• ‘Get home’ with roll control failure. – 23.147 (c).
Lateral requirements
• Positive lateral stability – 23.177 (b).
• ‘Get home’ with roll control failure. – 23.147 (c).
Imposes minimum dihedral
Alternative means of compliance:
Rudder-aileron interconnect
Roll trim override
Lateral-Directional
Lateral-Directional modes
• Roll
• Spiral
• Dutch roll
Lateral-Directional requirements
• Roll
• Spiral Mil 8785C
• Dutch roll
Lateral-directional design
1. Set target for max X-wind angle: βmax x-w
2. Design fin and rudder for:
Steady sideslip at βmax x-w
Spin recovery
Lateral-directional design
3. Check rudder moment +ve at βmax x-w (rudder lock)
Increase fixed area of fin?
Add dorsal strake?
Reduce rudder authority (& X- wind limits)?
Lateral-directional design
4. Check fin does not stall at 150% βmax x-w.
Reduce aspect ratio?
Increase sweep?
Add dorsal strake?
Add vortex generators?
Reduce rudder authority (& X-wind limits)?
Lateral-directional design
5. Set dihedral to achieve acceptable spiral mode:
e.g. Tdouble>20s
6. Check effective dihedral is positive:
Increase geometric dihedral?
Increase dihedral by other means?
Rudder-aileron interconnect?
Roll trim override?
Lateral-directional design
7. Check Dutch roll mode (Mil 8785C):
Increase fin size?
Add ventral strake(s)?
Add yaw damper?
Ventral strake
Lateral-directional design
8. Design roll control for:
Mil 8785C time constants, T-30⁰/+30⁰, or 𝑝𝑏
2𝑉
= 0.07.
Lateral-directional design
8. Check remaining requirements of:
FAR23/EASA CS-23
Mil 8785C
Power effects
Ribner
ESDU 06012
References
1. Airplane Performance, Stability and Control,
Perkins & Hage, 1949
2. A Survey of Handling Criteria, ARC CP 833,
Leyman & Nuttall, 1966.
3. Wind-tunnel procedure for determination of
critical stability and control characteristics of
airplanes, NACA R781, Goett et al., 1944.
4. Choice of Fin Area and Dihedral, Baker, Aircraft
Engineering and Aerospace Technology, Vol. 20
No. 3, pp.87 – 88, 1948
Light Aircraft Stability and Control
Light Aircraft Design 2011
References
5. Use of short period frequency requirements in
horizontal tail sizing, Moorhouse & Jenkins,
Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 12 No. 6, 1975.
6. USAF DATCOM, USAF, 1975.
7. ESDU data sheets, IHS London.
8. Mil 8785C: Flying Qualities of Piloted Airplanes,
1980.
9. A Criterion for the Prediction of the Recovery
Characteristics of Spinning Aircraft, Kerr, CP195,
1955.
Mil 8785C