GLOSSARY OF GEOTECHNICAL TERMS ENGLISH TO CHINESE

GEO REPORT No. 148

Association of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Specialists (Hong Kong) Ltd, Department of Civil and Structural Engineering of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Geotechnical Division of The Hong Kong Institution of Engineers, and Geotechnical Engineering Office

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING OFFICE CIVIL ENGINEERING AND DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT THE GOVERNMENT OF THE HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION

GLOSSARY OF GEOTECHNICAL TERMS ENGLISH TO CHINESE

GEO REPORT No. 148

Association of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Specialists (Hong Kong) Ltd, Department of Civil and Structural Engineering of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Geotechnical Division of The Hong Kong Institution of Engineers, and Geotechnical Engineering Office

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The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

First published, July 2004 Prepared by: Geotechnical Engineering Office, Civil Engineering and Development Department, Civil Engineering and Development Building, 101 Princess Margaret Road, Homantin, Kowloon, Hong Kong.

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PREFACE In keeping with our policy of releasing information which may be of general interest to the geotechnical profession and the public, we make available selected internal reports in a series of publications termed the GEO Report series. The GEO Reports can be downloaded from the website of the Civil Engineering and Development Department (http://www.cedd.gov.hk) on the Internet. Printed copies are also available for some GEO Reports. For printed copies, a charge is made to cover the cost of printing. The Geotechnical Engineering Office also produces documents specifically for publication. These include guidance documents and results of comprehensive reviews. These publications and the printed GEO Reports may be obtained from the Governments Information Services Department. Information on how to purchase these documents is given on the last page of this report.

R.K.S. Chan Head, Geotechnical Engineering Office July 2004

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FOREWORD Use of Chinese in oral and written communication on geotechnical and related subjects is getting common in Hong Kong. This Glossary contains a comprehensive collection of the Chinese translations of about 6,500 terms frequently met by geotechnical professionals in Hong Kong in their work. In some cases, a geotechnical term may be translated into Chinese in more than one way due to different local usage, language style, or personal preference. The different translations are listed in the Glossary for reference by readers. The Glossary was jointly produced by the Association of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Specialists (Hong Kong) Ltd., the Department of Civil and Structural Engineering of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, the Geotechnical Division of the Hong Kong Institution of Engineers, and the Geotechnical Engineering Office of the Civil Engineering and Development Department. A Steering Group, comprising Dr C.K. Lau, Dr Victor K.S. Li, Dr David X.C. Li, Mr H.N. Wong and Professor J.H. Yin, oversaw the compilation of the Glossary. Professor John Wang prepared a glossary for terms used in Geotechnical Manual for Slopes; these terms have also been incorporated in this Glossary. Mr Philip W.K. Chung and Mr Jerry L. P. Ho assisted in the final phase of compilation of the Glossary. Many other geotechnical professionals in Hong Kong and elsewhere have provided invaluable advice, suggestions and assistance. We hope that the Glossary will facilitate the use of Chinese in the geotechnical profession and help standardize the Chinese translation of the commonly used geotechnical terms in Hong Kong. Comments and suggestions for improvement to this Glossary are most welcome. These should be addressed to Chief Geotechnical Engineer/Planning Division of Geotechnical Engineering Office, 11/F, Civil Engineering and Development Building, 101 Princess Margaret Road, Homantin, Kowloon. A proforma to facilitate provision of feedback is given at the end of this report.

Y.C. Chan Deputy Head, Geotechnical Engineering Office (Planning and Standards)

- 5 EXPLANATORY NOTES 1. 2. The Glossary provides the Chinese equivalent of about 6,500 geotechnical terms in English which are listed bilingually in alphabetical order. For an English term which can be translated into two or more Chinese terms with similar meanings, the Chinese translations are separated by a coma, e.g. bulking For an English term which can be translated into two or more Chinese terms of different meanings, the Chinese translations are separated by semicolons, e.g. fill For an English term which can be translated into a Chinese term with different Chinese characters, the alternative Chinese characters are placed in square brackets, e.g. oscillograph [] For a term where there are optional words that elaborate on the term, the optional words are placed in brackets, e.g. meteoric water () Words that define the context in which a term is used are placed in parentheses before the Chinese translation, e.g. pinhole test ()

3.

4.

5.

6.

- 6

1.

bulking fill oscillograph [] meteoric water () pinhole test ()

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

- 7 A
abrasion action abrasives absolute age absorbed layer absorbed water () absorption limit absorption loss abutment abutment wall abysmal deposit Accelerated Landslip Preventive Measures Project acceptable wave condition acceptance of tender accident investigation accident loading condition accident report [] accident statistics []() accredited private laboratory accumulated deformation accuracy acidic corrosion [] acidic igneous rock acidity and alkalinity test acidity test acid-pickling Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler, ADCP [] acoustic emission monitoring acoustic exploration acoustic frequency geo-electric field method acoustic piezometer acoustic prospecting acquisition () acrylamide grouting active clay active earth pressure, pa active fault active intensity forecasting active isolation [] active mitigation strategies active period active pile active stabilizer active state active state of plastic equilibrium active water () active zone activity activity index, A additional stress additive constant adhesion adhesive adjusted value adjustment () adjustment item administrative procedure Admiralty Chart admissible load admixture advance works adverse geological condition [] Advisory Council on the Environment Advisory Letter (on slope maintenance) () aeolian soil aeration zone aeration zone water aerated water aerial camera/air camera aerial mapping aerial photogrammetry aerial photograph interpretation, API [] aerial photograph (vertical or oblique) () aerial photographic survey aerial survey/air survey aerobe age-dating (of rock) () ageing agglomerate aggregate () () aggregate abrasion value aggregate impact value agitator A-horizon A AIEG (Association of International Engineering Geology) air compressor air content, ac air jet air permeability [] air permeability test [] air space ratio, Ga air test air void ratio, Gv air voids (of a soil) ()() air-curtain method

- 8 air-dried soil air-lift equipment air-lock Airport Core Programme, ACP air-water alert criteria alert level alignment (pipe alignment) () alignment survey A-line () A all round pressure [] allocation condition allocation plan allowable amplitude allowable bearing capacity allowable bearing pressure allowable bearing value allowable deformation allowable error allowable load allowable movement allowable pile bearing load allowable settlement allowable soil pressure allowable vibration acceleration allowance for corrosion loss alluvial (clay, silt, sand) () alluvial plain alluvial soil alluvial terrace alluvium all-weather alternating load alternating strain alternating stress alternation alternative design altimeter altitude aluminum octahedron ambient pressure [] ambient temperature [] amendment Amenity () [] amenity area American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Standard American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standards amplification factor amplitude magnification factor amplitude of vibration amplitude ratio anaerobe anaerobic sulphate-reducing bacteria anchor (in slope works) () anchor block anchor bolt anchor cable anchor pile anchor plate anchor rod anchor wall [] anchorage [] anchorage area anchorage force anchorage shear test anchored bulkhead [][] anchored sheet piling [] anchoring ancillary works andesite andesite tuff anemometer ANFO blasting agent angle of contact () angle of dilatancy angle of external friction angle of inclination angle of internal friction, angle of obliquity angle of reach angle of repose angle of rupture angle of shearing resistance angle of shearing strength angle of skin friction angle of slope angle of true internal friction angle of wall friction, angular angularity chart angularity factor anidrite anion adsorption anion exchange anisotropic consolidation anisotropic hardening anisotropic medium anisotropic soil

- 9 anisotropy anthropogenic anticline anti-flocculation anti-slide pile anvil A-parameter A aperture size aplite apparent angle of internal friction apparent cohesion apparent preconsolidation pressure apparent shearing strength apparent velocity approach channel approach road approach velocity approved concrete mix approved contractor approved plan approved project estimate approved suppliers of materials apron aquiclude aquifer aquitard arch action (in soil) () Archaeozoic Archean () () arching Area Committee area load area ratio () argillaceous rock () arid region arithmetical check armour () armour layer armour rock artesian aquifer artesian basin artesian ground water artesian water artesian well articles of agreement artificial ground as-constructed drawing as-constructed plan aseismatic design aseismic region asphalt asphalt mix design asphalt paver aspirator assembly Assessment Panel Association of Consulting Engineers of Hong Kong, ACEHK Association of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Specialists (Hong Kong) Ltd. Association of Government Land and Engineering Surveying Officers, AGLESO Association of Government Local Land Surveyors, AGLLS Association of Government Technical and Survey Officers, AGTSO associative flow rule astronomical tide atmospheric water attenuation Atterberg Limits attitude () auger auger bit auger boring auger drill auger pile Authorized Person, AP authority authority concerned authority for approval authorization Authorized Land Surveyor authorized marine borrow area autograph autographic record automatic raingauge automatic ram pile driver auto-telemetering availability of land avalanche average maximum wave height average stress axial axial bearing capacity [] axial compression axial extension test axial load axial pressure

- 10 axial strain axial stress axial symmetry azimuth

- 11 B
back analysis back drain back osmotic pressure back pressure () back-calculation backfill backfilling background noise level backing concrete back-up area backward erosion backwater effect bad land bagged concrete bailer balance cone () balance in water quantity ballast balloon densimeter balloon volumeter band drain banded clay band-shaped prefabricated drain bank (of channel) () banquette barge barging point barium sulphate test barrel () barrette barrier effect () Barrons consolidation theory basal conglomerate basalt basalt dyke base course () base exchange capacity base exchange base heave failure base level base shearing resistance base tilt factor () baseline basement wall basic igneous rock basic intensity basin basin-range landform batching and mixing plant(concrete) () batching plant batholith bathyal deposit bathymetric survey bathymetry batter leader pile driver batter pile batter Baumehydrometer beach sand beacon beam under foundation bearing () bearing capacity bearing capacity factor () bearing course bearing graph () bearing layer bearing pile bearing plate bearing stratum bearing test bedded rock slope bedding bedding error () bedding layer bedding plane bedrock belled pile belling bucket benched foundation benchmark bending moment bending schedule bending strength benefit analysis benthic seabed grab survey benthic bentonite bentonite liner bentonite slurry berm (on a slope) () berm () bermstone berth configuration coefficient berth berthing berthing and landing facilities berthing condition berthing energy () berthing load

- 12 berthing reaction best-estimate parameter B-horizon B () B bias bias of risk biaxial state of stress bilinear model bills of quantities binder course () Bingham model biological weathering Biots consolidation theory biota tissue biotite birds-eye view Bishops simplified method of slice bitumen bitumen grouting blanket blanket grouting blast blast cleaning blasting (e.g. rock blasting) () blasting by abrasive (e.g. sand blasting) () blasting certificate blasting compaction method blasting site blasting works bleeder well blind catch basin blind drain blinding () blinding layer block diagram block sample blockage blockage of drain blocking leaking blockwork seawall blockwork wall blow count blow-in blown sand blown tip pile blows (in SPT) () blow-up () bluff boat hoist body force body wave bog bog peat boiling bollard bolt bolting bond bonding bondsman bonus payment book clay bookhouse fabric border pile bored pile borehole borehole camera borehole direct shear device borehole extensometer borehole log borehole periscope borehole spacing borehole specimen borehole surveying borescope () boring (for ground investigation) () boring bit boring by percussion boring casing boring frame boring log boring machine boring rig boring rod borrow area borrow pit Boston blue clay bottom dump bottom heave bottom pressure bottom-dump barge boulder boulder clay boulder fall boulder fence Boulder Field Inventory bouldery colluvium bound water boundary condition boundary element boundary element method boundary mark

- 13 boundary wall Bourdon gauge Boussinesq solution Boussinesq theory box caisson box culvert box foundation box pile B-parameter B braced excavation braced sheeting bracing bracing arrangement () Brazilian test break damage break line breakdown pressure breaking strain breaking stress breaking wave breakwater breast wall breccia bridge abutment briefing session briefly frozen soil British Standards, BS British Standards Institution, BSI brittle failure brittle fracture brittleness index brooming ()() Brownian movement bucket bucket auger bucket dredger bucket ladder dredger buckling Building (Administration) Regulations () Building (Construction) Regulations () Building Authority building code Building Management Committee, BMC Buildings Ordinance built-in component bulb pile bulging (of ground) () bulk check bulk compressibility bulk density bulk explosives bulk modulus bulk sample bulk shrinkage bulk unit weight bulk weight bulk volume bulkhead bulking factor bulking bulldozer bund buoy buoyancy buoyant density, ' buoyant foundation buoyant pile buoyant unit weight, ' burette Burgers model buried karst buried pile cap buried structure buried water-carrying services bursting bus bay bus lay-by butt buttress buttressed retaining wall buttressed wall by-pass seepage

- 14 C
cable percussion boring cable tool drill cadastral plan cadastral survey cage of reinforcement caisson caisson foundation caisson wall calcareous concretion calcareous tufa calcite calculated self-weight collapse calculation model calculous soil calendar day calibrate/calibration [] calibration test [] California Bearing Ratio, CBR calling for tender calorimetric method Cambrian () () Cambridge Model () camkometer cantilever footing cantilever pile cantilever retaining wall cantilever sheet piling cantilevered footpath cap cap model high capacity road capblock capillarimeter capillarity capillary action capillary fringe capillary head capillary height, hc capillary migration capillary pressure capillary rise, hc capillary tension capillary water () capital cost capital works contract Capital Works Reserve Fund, CWRF capital works capped yield model capping () capping piece capture fisheries carbonaceous mudstone Carboniferous () cardboard drain cardhouse fabric cargo working/handling area Carlson stress meter cartographic Casagrandes soil classification case history case study cased borehole cased pile casing cast iron cast-in fixing bolt casting casting yard/basin cast-in-place pile cast-in-situ cast-in-situ pile cataclasis cataclasite cataclastic Catalogue of Slopes catastrophic prediction catch-drain catchment catchment area [][] catchpit catchwater categories of cost cathodic protection cathodic protection system cation exchange cation exchange capacity causative fault cavern Cavern Project Study, CAPRO cavernous marble cavernous rock caving cavity () cavity expansion theory cell pressure () () ( ) cellular bulkhead cellular cofferdam

- 15 cellular retaining wall cellular steel sheet pile cellular texture cement cement grouting cement injection [] cement mortar cementation cemented soil cementing agent cement-stabilized soil cement-treated-soil grout () Central Tender Board centrifugal model test centrifuge moisture equivalent, CME centrifuge test ceramic filter certificate of completion certified true copy chain bucket dredger chain sounding chainage chainman chalk chalky clay chamber channel channel of flow channelization ratio channelized debris flow characteristic characteristic compressive strength characteristic load characteristic strength Chart Datum, CD chartered engineer charting chaser checking of design record checking certificate checklist chemical churning pile chemical grouting chemical injection process chemical stabilization chemical weathering chequer plate chimney drain () chloride content chopping bit C-horizon C chunam () chunam cover () chunk sample churn drill churn drilling cinder circle of stress circular arc analysis circular foundation circular frequency circular road circular slip surface () circulation classical earth pressure theory classification and index tests classification test () clastic flow clastic structure clay binder clay blanket () () clay content clay fraction clay grouting clay loam clay mineral clay onion-skin bond clay partings clay platelet clay puddle clay shale clay stratum clay-cement grouting clayey sand clayey silt claystone clean-out auger clearance clearance application clearance programme cleavage () () cliff climatic effect climatic environment clinometer clogging closed conduit closed system closing error closure of road cloup cluster structure

- 16 coagulant coagulation coagulator coal gangue coal tar epoxy coarse aggregate coarse ash tuff coarse fraction content coarse grained soil coarse particle coarse sand coastal habitat coastline coated pile coaxiality cobble code code of practice coefficient of active earth pressure, Ka coefficient of adhesion coefficient of attenuation coefficient of collapsibility coefficient of compressibility, av coefficient of consolidation, cv coefficient of consolidation for radial flow coefficient of correlation coefficient of curvature coefficient of deformation coefficient of dynamic viscosity coefficient of earth pressure at rest, Ko coefficient of elastic non-uniform compression coefficient of elastic shear coefficient of elastic uniform compression coefficient of foundation ditchs rebound coefficient of friction, coefficient of horizontal consolidation, ch coefficient of internal friction coefficient of kinematic viscosity coefficient of passive earth pressure, Kp coefficient of permeability, k coefficient of resilience coefficient of restitution coefficient of rigidity coefficient of secondary consolidation coefficient of seismic effect coefficient of self-weight collapsibility coefficient of shrinkage coefficient of softening coefficient of sorting coefficient of stiffness coefficient of subgrade reaction, ks coefficient of swelling coefficient of thaw coefficient of thaw compression coefficient of thaw-subsidence coefficient of thermal conductivity coefficient of thermometric conductivity coefficient of thermometric transmission coefficient of uniformity coefficient of vertical consolidation, cv coefficient of viscosity, coefficient of volume change coefficient of volume compressibility cofferdam cofferdam-bracing cohesiometer cohesion, c cohesionless soil cohesive soil collapse collapse post collapse settlement collapsibility collapsibility grading index collapsible loess collapsible soil collar (of a drill hole) () collection station collector well colloid fraction colloidal particle colluvial fan colluvial lobe colluvium colonnade foundation colonnade foundation process colour code [] column column pile columnar joint columnar structure combined footing combustible/flammable liquid commercial explosives

- 17 commissioned Commissioner of Mines commitment communal drain communal service compacted depth compacted fill compacted lift compacted refuse compacted soil compactibility compacting factor compacting fraction value compaction compaction by rolling compaction by vibrating roller compaction characteristic compaction curve compaction device compaction mould compaction pile compaction test compactive effort compactness compactor compactor pass () compass compatibility equation compensated foundation completely decomposed rock completion certificate complex landslide compliance criteria compliance monitoring compliance test composite columnar section composite pile composite sliding surface composite slope Comprehensive Development Area, CDA () Comprehensive Feasibility Study comprehensive geophysical method comprehensive prediction compressed-air caisson compressed-air hammer compressed-air method () compressed-air tamper compressibility (of soil or rock) () compressibility ratio compressible soil compression compression and recovery test compression curve compression index, Cc compression test compression wave, P-wave P compression zone compressive deformation compressive strain, c compressive strength compressive stress, c compresso-crushed zone computation simulation concentrated load concentration concentration factor () conceptual design concrete concrete batching plant concrete blockwork wall concrete buttress concrete corer concrete cutter concrete design concrete gravity platform concrete groover concrete mix concrete mixer concrete paving concrete paving train concrete pile concrete pump concrete tubular pile condensation water condensed water conditions of contract conditions of tender conduit conduit jacking cone bearing test cone foundation cone of depression () cone of groundwater influence cone penetration test, CPT cone penetration test with pore pressure measurement cone penetrometer () cone resistance, qc confined aquifer

- 18 confined compression test confined scar confined water confining pressure, 3 () conformable bedding conglomerate connate water connection consequence of failure consequence consequence to life category () Conservation Area, CA Considerate Contractor Site Award Scheme consistency consistency index, CI consistency limits consistency test consolidated anisotropically undrained test, CAU-test consolidated isotropically undrained test, CIU-test consolidated undrained triaxial compression test, CU-test consolidated-drained direct shear test, CD-test consolidated-drained triaxial compression test, CD-test consolidation consolidation apparatus consolidation by electro-osmosis consolidation curve consolidation deformation consolidation grouting consolidation settlement consolidation test consolidation test under constant loading rate consolidation test under constant rate of strain consolidometer constant gradient test constant head permeability test constant head permeameter constant head test constant pressure device constant rate of penetration test, CRP-test () constant rate of uplift test, CRU-test () constant volume test constant-force-amplitude excitation constitutive equation constitutive law constitutive relation constrained diameter constrained modulus construction and demolition[C&D]material construction and demolition[C&D]material sorting facility construction and demolition[C&D]waste construction cost index construction fabrics construction fibers construction joint construction load Construction Noise Permit construction sequence Construction Site Safety Handbook construction standard consultancy agreement consultancy brief consultant consultant management consultants fees Consultants Remuneration Index, CRI consulting engineer contact erosion contact pressure contact scouring contaminated contaminated dredged material contaminated mud contaminated mud pit continental shelf contingency action contingency sum continual loading test, CL-test continuing professional development continuous footing continuous medium continuous sampling contour contour interval contract contract administration contract adviser contract document contract management contract number contract payment

- 19 contract period contract price fluctuation contractile skin contractive soil contractor contractors superintendence contractual arrangement contractual claim control countermeasure control of geological hazard control station[mark][point] control survey controlled blasting (of rock) () () controlled gradient () controlled-stress test conversion factor conversion works convex wall conveyor belt conveyor screw coordinates coping core core barrel core drill core drill rig core drilling core of the breakwater core recovery core sample core sampler core wall corehole corestone corner-points method () correlation analysis corrigendum corrosion corrosion protection corrosive water [] cost estimation cost reimbursable item Coulombs earth pressure theory Coulombs law counter drain counter ion counter-bore counterfort counterfort drain counterfort retaining wall counterweight fill coupled vibration covalent bond covered conduit covered footbridge covering layer crack crack deformation cradle craftsman crane credible debris flowpath [] [] creep creep limit creep rate creep rupture creep settlement creep strain creep strength creep test creep value creep-path length () crest crest level Cretaceous () () crevice karst () crevice-water crib cofferdam crib retaining wall Crisis Communications Centre of GEO criteria critical critical acceleration critical angle of refraction critical circle critical damping critical density critical depth critical duration critical edge pressure critical factor critical failure surface critical flow velocity critical frequency critical height of slope critical hydraulic gradient, ic critical load critical slide curve critical slope critical stable state critical state

- 20 critical state energy theory critical state line critical state locus critical state model critical state soil mechanics critical state strength critical surface critical void ratio crooked zone crop cross bedding cross border control facilities cross mouthed drill cross section cross sensitivity cross-flow force crosshole method cross-sectional area cross-sectional shape cross-stratification Crown Land Ordinance crown (of landslide) () crushed stone crushing and screening plants crushing failure crushing strength crust crustal stability cryogenic sampler cryogenics cryology cryopedology crystal lattice crystal structure crystal water cubic dilatation cubical triaxial test apparatus Culmann construction () culvert cumulative impact monitoring cumulative rainfall cumulose soil cuplock joint scaffold curing curing compound current current measurement current meter curtain grout curtain wall curvature curve fitting cushion custody cut cut and cover method () cut-and-fill cut-off drain cut-off level cut-off trench cut-off wall cut slope (soil cut slope, rock cut slope) ( ) cutter suction dredger cutting edge cutting jet cutting ring cuttings of boring cycle of vibration cyclic change cyclic degradation cyclic load test cyclic loading cyclic simple shear test cyclic strain softening cyclic stress cyclic triaxial test cyclone pump cylindrical rubber fender

- 21 D
daily site record [] dam damage index damp damp proof course damping damping factor damping ratio dampproofing Dangerous Goods Licence Dangerous Goods Ordinance dangerous goods Dangerous Hillside Order dangerous rockmass dangerous slope dangerous terrain Darcys law dashpot data acquisition data processing system data reduction datum station daywork rate dead load dead load test (on soil) () deadman deaired water debris () debris avalanche debris flood debris flow debris flow deposit debris flow fan debris run-out debris slide debris torrent decay time decision theory deck ( ) declared emergency decompaction decomposed granite decomposed volcanics (volcanic rock) decomposition decompression decompression curve decreasing axial pressure fracture test deep compaction deep consolidation deep densification deep displacement deep excavation deep foundation deep foundation pit deep fracture zone deep mixing method deep pumped well deep rotational failure deep seated landslide deep settlement gauge deep sounding test deep well method deeply weathered deep-seated slide deep-sea sediment deep-well pump deflected pile deflection deflection curve deflection inclinometer [] deflectometer deformation deflocculating agent deflocculation deformeter deformation body deformation calculation deformation parameters test deformation petrofabric deformation resolution () defrosting degradation degradation index degradation parameter degree of compaction degree of consolidation, U degree of freedom degree of roundness degree of saturation (of a soil), Sr () degree of sensitivity degree of shrinkage dehydration test delegation delegation of power delta deltaic deposit Demec gauge dense sand densification

- 22 density, density bottle density index, ID , Dr density meter density of collapse detonating fuse detonating relay detonator detrimental settlement detrital sediment detritus devegetation development clearance development programme deviator stress deviatoric state of stress Devonian () () dewatering D-horizon D diagenesis diagonal eyepiece dial gauge diaphragm diaphragm pump diaphragm wall [][] diatomaceous earth dielectric constant dielectric dispersion diesel pile hammer differential frost heave Differential Global Positioning System, DGPS differential heave differential settlement differential thermal analysis differential-acting steam hammer difficult ground diffraction diffuse double layer diffuse flow () diffusion layer diffusion potential digital echo sounder digital map digital map data digital tape digital terrain model digitizer dike dilatancy dilatancy test dilatation dilatational wave, P-wave P dilate dilation dilation rate

d density of saturated soil, sat density of soil, density of solid particles, s density of submerged soil, ' density of water, w
density of dry soil, density probe densometer dentition (on a rock slope) () denudation deposition point () deposit depression cone depth factor () depth of foundation depth of frost penetration depth of penetration depth of scour depth ratio () derived plan derrick barge desertification desiccation desiccator design design and construction design assumption design calculation model design calculation design code design criteria design event design life design load design mix design stage design strength Designated Area desilting material desk study deswamping detailed design detailed exploration detailed geotechnical investigation [][] detailed survey

- 23 dilative soil dilatometer diluvial fan diluvial soil diluvium dimension plan dimensional analysis diorite dip dip angle dip direction () dipmeter dipole direct approach direct shear apparatus () direct shear test direct simple shear test, DSS-test disaggregation disaster reduction discharge discharge of drilling water discharge orifice discharge velocity disclaimer () disconformeable plane discontinuity (plane) discontinuous structure [] discretization disintegration disk pile disklike rock core dislocation () dislodge dispersant dispersed structure dispersing agent dispersion dispersion coefficient dispersive soil displaced material () displacement (slope) () displacement gradient field displacement increment displacement pile disposal disposal dump dissipation dissipation test () dissolved oxygen dissolved salts distilled water distortion settlement distortional wave, S-wave S distress distress light () distress signal () distributed load distribution distributor road district distributor road District Lands Conference District Lands Office, DLO District Open Space , DO () District Survey Office, DSO disturbance disturbed sample disturbed soil disturbed terrain disturbed-terrain failure disturbing force disused tunnel ditch diversion diversion of existing utilities diving bell diving inspection dock dolerite dolerite dyke doline dolly dolomite dolphin dolphin sanctuary domain fabric dome foundation Doppler Effect dot recording system double amplitude double diaphragm pressure cell double layer double shear test double track tunnel double tube core barrel sampler double-acting steam hammer double-specimen oedometer test double-wall sheet pile cofferdam dowel bar dowel pile dowelled () down drag pressure downdrag () downhole geophysical test []

- 24 downhole method downhole T.V. camera draft () draft plan drag force draghead () drain drainage drainage area drainage blanket drainage by electro-osmosis drainage channel drainage gallery drainage line drainage material drainage path drainage provision drainage reserve drainage system drainage well drained shear test drained triaxial test drawdown (of groundwater) drawdown curve drawdown ratio dredge level dredge loss dredgeability dredged material dredging () dressed block drift drill bit drill cutting and dust drill rig drilled caisson drilled pier drilled shaft driller drilling drilling fluid drilling hole drilling log drilling mud drilling record drilling rig drilling rod drilling machine drillrod drive head () drive sampler [] driven cast-in-place pile () driven pile driving band () driving cap driving formula driving record driving stress driving test drop hammer drop-impact penetrometer dropping test Drucker-Prager criterion - dry compaction dry density, d dry film thickness dry oven dry rodding () dry sieving dry strength, sd dry tamping () dry unit weight, d dry-drilled pile duct duct friction ductile iron ductility Dumping Licence dumping site dumping truck dune Dupuits equation durability duration dust dustpan dredger Dutch cone penetrometer Dutch cone test
dye and tracer study

dye test dyeing dynamic analysis dynamic compaction dynamic cone penetrometer dynamic consolidation dynamic effective stress method dynamic elastic modulus, Ed dynamic load dynamic load test of pile dynamic magnification factor dynamic oedometer dynamic penetration test dynamic pile-driving formula dynamic point resistance, qd

- 25 dynamic reciprocity dynamic resistance, rd dynamic response dynamic sounding dynamic strain dynamic stress dynamic subgrade reaction dynamic survey dynamic triaxial test dynamic viscosity dynamite

- 26 E
earth earth anchor earth auger earth backing earth beam test earth borer earth cofferdam earth crust earth dam ageing earth drill earth embankment earth excavation earth fill earth fill cofferdam earth load earth pile earth pressure () earth pressure at rest, K0 earth pressure cell earth pressure coefficient earth science earth stress earthenware pipe earthfill slope earthflow earthquake earthquake centre earthquake damage earthquake engineering earthquake epicenter earthquake fault earthquake focus earthquake force earthquake hazard evaluation earthquake hypocenter earthquake intensity earthquake liquefaction earthquake magnitude earthquake prediction earthquake proof construction earthquake proof foundation earthquake proof joint earthquake resistant design earthquake resistant structure earthquake response spectrum earthquake scale earthquake subsidence earthquake wave earthquake zone earth-rock dam earth-rockfill dam earth slump earthwork () easement eccentrically loaded footing eccentricity coefficient eccentricity () echo sounder echo sounding economic benefit economic consequence economic risk economical loss edge-to-face flocculation eductor well point effect of surcharge effective angle of internal friction, ' effective cohesion intercept, c' [] effective diameter, d10 () effective drainage porosity () effective (grain) size, d10 () effective normal stress,

' effective overburden pressure, '

vo

effective porosity effective pressure effective stress parameters effective stress path, ESP effective stress, ' effective surcharge effective unit weight efficiency formula () efficiency index of curing compound ejector well point elastic beam elastic compression elastic constant elastic deformation elastic distortion elastic equilibrium elastic foundation elastic half-space theory elastic heave elastic limit elastic line elastic medium elastic modulus elastic semi-infinite body elastic settlement elastic state of equilibrium elastic strain energy elastic subgrade reaction

- 27 elastic theory elastic visco-plastic model elastic wall () elastic wave elastic-plastic behavior elastic-plastic model elastic-plastic solid elastic-plasticity of soil elastomer elasto-plasticity theory electric bar bender and cutter electric detonator (instantaneous/delayed) () electric crane electric double layer electric logging electric profiling electrical analog method electrical piezometer electrical prospecting electrical resistivity electrical sounding electrochemical effect electrochemical hardening electrochemical process electrochemical stabilization electrokinetic coupling electrokinetic phenomena electrokinetic potential () electrolyte electrolytic corrosion electromagnetic attraction electromagnetic oscillator electromagnetic prospecting electromagnetic subsurface probing electron microscope electronic chart electronic distance measurement electronic distance meter electronic equipment electronic map electro-osmosis electro-osmotic drainage electro-osmotic stabilization electro-osmotic transmission coefficient electrophoresis electrostatic force element elevated interchange elevated sliproad elevated structure elevation elevation of borehole elevation tint eligible tenderer ellipsoid e-log p curve e-log p elongate channelized scar () ( ) elongate scar ()() elongation elutriation test eluvial soil eluviation eluvium embankment embankment collapse embankment dam embayment and channel embeded construction embeded depth embedment emergency barging point Emergency Control Centre of GEO Emergency Monitoring and Support Centre, EMSC emergency services emergency vehicle emergency works empirical correlation empirical method end resistance (of pile) end restraint effect end-bearing pile endochronic theory endorsement end-tipping end-tipping of fill end-tipped fill slope energy ratio engineer inspection (for slope maintenance) ( ) engineer inspection for maintenance engineered fill engineering analysis Engineering and Associated Consultants Selection Board, EACSB engineering geological condition engineering geological evaluation engineering geological exploration engineering geological investigation ()

- 28 engineering geological map engineering geological mapping engineering geological problem engineering geological prospecting engineering geology engineering judgement Engineering News formula () engineering practice engineering property Engineering Supervisor (for Graduate training) engineering survey engineering treatment engineering works Engineers Registration Board enlarged base () entire optimization entrained material entrainment factor [] entrapped air entropy entrusted project entrustment envelope of failure Environment,Transport and Works Bureau Technical Circular environmental effect environmental geology environmental pollution environmental protection Environmental Contractors Management Association environmental data environmental engineering geology environmental factor (in slope engineering) ( ) environmental hydrogeology environmental impact assessment, EIA environmental implication Environmental Pollution Advisory Committee, EPCOM environmentally sensitive industries eolian deposit e-p curve e-p epeirogenic movement epeirogeny epicenter epoxy coated epoxy mortar epoxy resin equation () equipotential lines equipressure lines equivalent angle of internal friction equivalent consolidation pressure equivalent damping ratio equivalent diameter ()() equivalent fluid equivalent footing analogy equivalent grain size equivalent lumped system equivalent soil layer method () equivalent specific heat equivalent stress equivalent time equivalent weight replacement method () equivoluminal wave erosion erosion activity erosion gully erosion surface erratic soil profile especially difficult areas establishment period estavelle () estimate estimated cost estuarine deposit estuary Eurocode European Standards, EN excavation Excavation Permit excavation works excavator excavator(wheeled/tracked) excess pore water pressure, ue excessive deformation exchange capacity () exchange complex exchangeable ion excitation exciting force executive summary exhausted exit angle exit gradient exogenic geological hazard exogenous process

- 29 expanding auger expandability expansion apparatus expansion index () expansion joint expansive soil expenditure exploded pile exploitation exploration exploratory adit exploratory bore-hole exploratory phase exploratory pit exploratory point exploratory shaft exploratory trench explosive compaction [] explosives depot explosives stores exposed extension of contract period extension of tender validity period extension test extensometer extreme sea level external distribution road external instability external water pressure extract extractor () extrapolation extra-sensitive clay extreme event extreme loading condition extreme rainstorm extruder extrusion test extrusive rock

- 30 F
fabric analysis fabric anisotropy fabric form fabric peak strength fabric () ; () facing stone facing factor factor of reduction () factor of safety against overturning factor of safety against sliding factor of safety (global, partial), F ( ) Factories and Industrial Undertakings Ordinance fail failure failure criterion failure envelope failure load failure mechanism failure plane failure scar failure strain, Fellenius method of slices fen fence diagram fencing fender () fender pile fender restraint beam fendering fendering system Ferett triangle () ferrohydrite fetch length fetch limited fibrous soil fiducial mark field bearing test field book field data [] field density test field identification field inspection [][] field investigation [] field loading test field measurement [] field moisture equivalent field recompression curve field sheet field survey field test field vane test fill fill compaction test fill material fill placement technique fill platform fill resources fill slope () fill source fill structure filter filter blanket filter mat filter material filter paper drain filtration final penetration () final set () final settlement final sounding survey Finance Committee, FC Financial and Accounting Regulations

failure stress, f failure surface failure wedge failure volume fairway fall () () falling cone method () falling head permeability test falsework fault fault block fault breccia fault creep fault displacement fault gouge fault line fault zone feasibility feasibility design feasibility study feature code () fee proposal feeler inspection feldspar feldspar porphyry dyke

- 31 fine aggregate fine gravel fine sand fine-grained soil fines (silt and clay-sized particles) () finger pier finite difference method finite element method, FEM () firm clay fissure fissure water fissured clay fitting fixed boundary condition fixed piston sampler fixed price lump sum contract fixed-ring consolidometer flaky constituent flame cleaning flat dilatometer flat jack flexible conduit flexible foundation flexible load flexible pavement flexible retaining structure flexible structure flexible wall flexural rigidity flexural stress flexure floating crane floating dock on-shore facility floating foundation () floating pile foundation floating plant floating refuse boom float-ring consolidometer floc flocculated clay buttress bond flocculation flocculent soil flocculent structure flood peak flooding floodplain floodplain deposite () flow flow amount flow channel flow curve () flow function flow index flow lines flow monitoring flow path flow rule flow slide flowing artesian water flownet () flowmeter fluid mud fluidised bed fluvial deposit fluvial erosion fluvial soil () fluvial terrace fluvio-marine deposit flyash stabilized soil foaming foil sampler fold foliation [] follower follow-up action footing footing analogy footing beam footpath footway force force polygon forced vibration forecast foreshore foreshore and seabed Foreshore and Sea-bed (Reclamations) Ordinance () forging hammer foundation form of tender formation (in geological sense) () formation of land formwork fossil channel fossil landslide fossil soil foul drainage foul sewer system foulwater sewer foulwater system foundation () () foundation dredging

- 32 foundation embedment foundation engineering foundation isolation foundation modulus foundation pile foundation pressure foundation slab foundation stability foundation trench foundation vibration foundation works fraction fracture Fracture Index, FI fracture zone fragment frame foundation Franki pile free surface free vibration free water free water elevation free water surface freeboard () () freeze-thaw test freezing method freezing process freezing zone French drain () frequency friction angle friction circle method friction coefficient friction damping friction pile friction resistance frictional soil frog-rammer frost action frost boil frost depth frost heave frost line frost penetration frost resistance frost strength frost susceptibility frost zone frost-heave capacity frost-heaving soil frost-proof depth frost-susceptible soil frozen heave test apparatus frozen soil frozen-heave force fry-dry method full scale test functional analysis functional requirement fundamental frequency fungal decay fuzzy clustering fuzzy pattern distinction

- 33 G
gabbro gabion wall gallery galvanized coating galvanized iron galvanized mild steel pipe galvanized steel galvanizing gap gradation gas content gaseous phase gazette Gazette Notice gazette plan gazetted area GCO probe GCOGCO gel () General Conditions of Contract, GCC general layout (plan) general specification General Specification for Civil Engineering Works generalized procedure of slices general shear failure genetic condition genetic mechanism genetic type gently dipping gently dipping fault gently dipping joint GEO Emergency Manual geochemical data geodetic survey geodrain Geographical Information System, GIS geographical mapping geogrid Geoguide geo-hazard geohydrology geoid geologic age geologic feature geological background geological column geological condition geological environment geological hazard geological log geological map geological mapping geological model geological memoir geological profile () geological section () geological structure geological survey geological survey memoir geological texture Geology Society of Hong Kong geology geomagnetism geomechanics geomembrane geometric parameter geometrical damping geomorphological map geomorphological model geomorphology geophone geophysical exploration geophysical logging geophysical survey [] geophysical technique geoscience database geostatic pressure geosynthetics geotechnical appraisal Geotechnical Area Study Programme, GASP geotechnical consultants geotechnical control geotechnical design geotechnical engineer geotechnical engineering Geotechnical Engineering Office, GEO geotechnical investigation [] Geotechnical Land Use Map, GLUM Geotechnical Manual for Slopes geotechnical specialist geotechnical standard geotechnical study [] geotechnical supervision geotechnique geotechnology geotextile filter , geotextile global collapse

- 34 global factor of safety Global Positioning System, GPS global position survey glycol adsorption gneiss gouge government explosives depot Government Secretariat Tender Box government slope government/institution/community facilities, GIC grab grab dredger grab sample gradation gradation test grade grade strength graded filter graded soil grader grade-separated interchange gradient grading grading analysis (of a soil) () grading curve grading envelope grading test graduated cylinder grain grain boundary grain size grain size accumulation curve grain size analysis grain size distribution grain size distribution curve grain size frequency curve grand summary to the bills of quantities granite granite facing granitic rock granitic saprolite granitoid granodiorite granular granular filter granular soil granularity granularmetric analysis granulometric composition gravel gravel pack gravel pile gravelly sand gravelly soil gravel-sand cushion gravitational exploration gravity gravity corer gravity cores gravity cover gravity dam gravity retaining wall gravity structure Green Belt, GB greenhouse effect grey clustering grey iron pipe and fitting grid grid of steel bar grid-mat foundation grillage foundation grit gritstone gross analysis gross error gross loading intensity ground ground anchor ground collapse ground condition ground deformation ground engineering ground fissure/fracture ground investigation ground investigation field work ground level ground movement ground pressure ground profile ground settlement [] ground slope factor () ground stabilization ground stress ground surface ground survey ground treatment groundwater groundwater catchment groundwater conditions groundwater connectivity test

- 35 groundwater control groundwater depletion groundwater discharge groundwater divide groundwater drainage works groundwater elevation groundwater flow direction groundwater level, GWL groundwater lowering groundwater monitoring groundwater pollution groundwater pressure measurement groundwater quality model groundwater recharge groundwater regime groundwater reservoir groundwater resource model groundwater resource groundwater seepage groundwater steady flow groundwater surface groundwater table, GWT groundwater tracer test groundwater unsteady flow groundwater withdrawal groundwater-related hazard group action group index () grout grout curtain grout mix grout spreading range groutability grout-bleeding [] grouted cut-off wall grouted pile grout-flow cone efflux time [] grouting grouting pressure guard wall Guidance Notes for the General Specification for Civil Engineering Works guide pile guide runner Guide to Cavern Engineering (Geoguide 4) () Guide to Retaining Wall Design (Geoguide 1) () Guide to Rock and Soil Descriptions (Geoguide 3) () Guide to Site Investigation (Geoguide 2) () Guide to Slope Maintenance (Geoguide 5) () guide trench guide wall gully (soil erosion) () () gully erosion gunite gustiness factor gypsum

- 36 H
hair crack half-space halloysite hammer hand augering hand boring hand rammer hand tool hand-dug caisson handing-over of site handling stress () hand-operated auger/hand auger handrail hanging rock harbour limit harbour siltation hard surfacing hard water hardening hardening modulus hardening rule () hardpan hardwood harmonic vibration Harvard miniature compaction test haul road haul route haulage device hazard hazard assessment hazard effect hazard geology hazard intensity hazard model hazard potential hazard risk prediction head (of landslide) () () head wave heat capacity heat of hydration heat radiation heat treatment heave heave compensation heave force heave stake heavy foundation heavy metal heavy metal contamination heavy plant heavy rainstorm heavy tamping height height above mean sea level Heims hypothesis helical auger herringbone drain heterogeneity heterogeneous heterogeneous material heterogeneous soil hidden fault hidden karst high air entry piezometer tip high density polyethylene, HDPE high intensity pumping high permeability high pressure grouting high risk structure high speed landslide high stress high water High Water Mark, HWM Higher High Water HHW Higher Low Water HLW highly decomposed rock () high-order elastic model high-rise building highway Hiley formula () hillside historical and archaeological sites history of instability HKIE Scheme A Training A hoarding hoggin hoist hollow cylinder apparatus hollow cylinder test hollow cylinder Holocene () () homogeneity homogeneous homogeneous layer homogeneous soil honeycomb structure honeycomb weathering

- 37 Hong Kong 1980 Geodetic Datum, HK80 1980 Hong Kong 1980 Grid, HK 1980 Grid 1980 Hong Kong Association of Property Management Companies Hong Kong Construction Association Ltd. Hong Kong Drillers Accreditation Scheme Hong Kong Institute of Biotechnology Hong Kong Institution of Engineers Hong Kong Institution of Surveyors Hong Kong Institution of Engineers (Civil Division) () Hong Kong Institution of Engineers (Geotechnical Division) () Hong Kong Laboratory Accreditation Scheme, HOKLAS Hong Kong Principal Datum, HKPD Hong Kong Quality Assurance Agency, HKQAA Hookes law Hookean body Hookean model hopper hopper of recovery horizon () horizontal alignment horizontal angle horizontal coordinate horizontal distance horizontal drain horizontal drainage horizontal component of force horizontal filter well horizontal load horizontal plate gauge hornblende hot rolled bar and steel wire hovering pressure humus Hvorslev parameter Hvorslev soil model Hvorslev surface hydration water hydrauger hole hydraulic conductivity hydraulic excavation hydraulic extruder () hydraulic failure hydraulic fill hydraulic fill dam hydraulic fracture hydraulic gradient, i hydraulic head hydraulic jack hydraulic load cell hydraulic modeling hydraulic overflow settlement cell hydraulic physical and mathematical models hydraulic piezometer hydraulic piston sampler [] hydraulic stress-path triaxial cell hydro-chemistry hydrocompaction hydroconsolidation hydrodynamic dispersion hydrodynamic pressure hydro-electric power station hydrofracture hydrogen bond hydrogen peroxide hydro-geologic model hydrogeological condition hydrogeological investigation hydrogeological parameter hydrogeology hydrographic survey hydroisohypse hydrological survey hydrology hydrolysis hydrometer hydrometer analysis hydrophile hydrophilic colloid hydrophobic colloid hydroscopic coefficient hydroscopic moisture hydroseeding () hydrostatic load hydrostatic pressure hydrostatic profile gauge hydrostatic state of stress hygrometer hygroscopic capacity

- 38 hygroscopic water content hyperbolic model hyperconcentrated stream flow hyperelastic law hypocentre hypoelastic law hysteresis loop hysteresis modulus

- 39 I
idealized pressure distribution Idel Sonde igneous rock ignition loss illite immature residual soil immediate and obvious danger immediate compression immediate settlement immersed tube tunnel immersion test impact block impact factor impact load impact strength index imperial unit impermeability impermeable boundary impermeable layer impermeable cover impervious base impervious blanket impervious boundary impervious layer imported fill imposed load impression packer survey improvement works impulse load in situ in situ CBR test in situ density in situ density test in situ soil test in situ stress in situ test in situ testing in situ thrust test inception report incipient failure inclement weather inclination correction factors, ic, iq, ir () inclination method () inclination of load inclined shaft inclinometer inclusion (in a soil) () increment load method increment of plastic strain incremental stiffness indemnity form independent audit independent inspection authority Independent Review Panel on Fill Slopes Independent Safety Audit Scheme index properties indirect approach individual footing induced geological hazard inertia infill infill material infiltration () infiltration capacity infiltration point infiltration rate infiltration test infiltration velocity infiltration well infiltrometer inflection-point method influence chart influence value infrared analysis infrastructure inhomogeneity inhomogeneous soil initial collapse pressure initial compression initial consolidation initial moisture content initial placement condition initial pore water pressure initial settlement [] initial shear stress ratio initial sounding survey initial stress initial tangent modulus initial void ratio injection grout injection test inorganic soil in-place density in-principle objection criteria inshore region inside clearance ratio () inspection inspection pit () inspection well

- 40 instability instability and consequence scores instant time line instantaneous load instantaneous pore pressure Institution of Civil Engineers, ICE institution and community use instruction manual instrumentation instrumented pile instrument intact clay intact displaced mass () intact displaced material () intact rock intact specimen intake chamber intake culvert integrity testing () intensity intensity of collapse intensity of earthquake intensity of pressure interactive interatomic bonding force interbedded strata interbedding interburden layer intercalation interface interfacing projects intergranular pressure interim road improvement interim survey interlayer bonding intermediate deposit () () intermediate principal plane intermediate principal strain, 2 intermediate principal stress, 2 intermediate water intermittent load intermolecular bonding force internal combustion crane internal scour International Organisation for Standardization, ISO International System, SI interparticle attractive force interparticle force interparticle friction interparticle repulsion interpolation interpretation ( ) intersection interslice force () intertidal intertidal zone interval intrinsic property intrinsic shear strength curve intrusive rock inundation inventory of slopes inverted arch foundation inverted arch inverted filter inverted T-shaped cantilever retaining wall T investigation investigation assignment ion diffusion ion exchange ion hydration ionic bond ISO 9001 certified quality management system ISO 9001 isobar isochromatic photograph isochrone isogeotherm isogram isohyet isolated foundation isolation trench isolation () isopach isostacy () isostatic curve isostatic movement isotach isotherm isotope isotropic consolidation isotropic deposit isotropic hardening isotropic line isotropic semi-infinite solid isotropic stress

- 41 isotropy iteration method iterative

- 42 J
jack jacked pile jacked-in sampler jack-up rig Janka Indentation Test jet boring jet pump jetty jib joint () () joint filler () joint grouting [] joint opening joint plane joint system joint tongue and groove joint venture jointing (in rock) () jointing Joosten process jumper Jurassic () ()

- 43 K
kaolin kaolinite kaolinitic clay kaolinized zone karst karst aquifer karst base level () () karst basin karst breccia karst cave () karst collapse karst cone karst deposit karst depression karst environment karst geomorphology karst hydrology karst infill karst lake karst plain karst valley karst water inflow karstic karstic channel karstic earth cave karstic water karstification kasten cover (box cover) kataclasite kataclastic kataclastic structure katatectic layer kelly bar Kelvin model () kentledge Kepes model kern col kernbut kettle basin kewal key (in a retaining wall) () key horizon key observation well key pile key plan key wall kinematic hardening kinematic viscosity kinetic friction kneading compaction knee ()

- 44 L
laboratory laboratory soil test laboratory test/testing laboratory test method lacustrine deposit lag pile lagging lake marl lamina laminar flow laminated clay land boundary index record land boundary plan land collapse land crossing land deformation Land Development Policy Committee land formation Land Information Centre, Lands Department Land Information System, LIS land mark land matter land subsidence land surveyor land upheaval land uplifting land-based borrow area landfill landform unit landing facility Lands Administration Office Instruction [] Lands Department landscape landscape works/landscaping landslide landslide body landslide control landslide debris landslide disaster prevention [] landslide erosion feature () landslide hazard [] landslide mass landslide revival landslide scar landslide spatial prediction landslide study [] landslide surface [] landslide temporal prediction landslide trail [] landslip Landslip Preventive Measures, LPM Landslip Preventive Measures Committee Landslip Preventive Measures Programme landslip preventive works [] landslip warning landslip warning system [] large scale soil test lateral compression test lateral deflection lateral deformation lateral deposit () []() lateral earth pressure lateral load lateral load test lateral movement lateral movement stake lateral pile load test lateral pressure lateral pressure apparatus lateral restraint lateral shrinkage lateral strain lateral strain indicator lateral stress lateral support lateral yield laterite lateritic soil lattice beam lattice charge lattice clay lattice structure lava lava flow law of similarity lay-by layer layered aquifer layered media layered strata layer summation method ()

- 45 Laymans Guide to Slope Maintenance layout layout plan leach water leachate leaching leading pile leakage leakage loss lean clay least squares length height ratio lens () letter of invitation to tender levee levee safety level () level course levelling levelling staff levelling stone liable to become dangerous licence licensed lift thickness () lifting appliance and lifting gear light sounding test blow count, N10 () lighter likelihood of failure [] liman limb lime column lime pile lime soil lime stabilization lime-soil column lime-soil compaction pile lime-soil cushion lime-soil pile limestone limit limit analysis limit equilibrium (slope stability analysis) ( ) limit equilibrium method limit pressure limit state limit state design limit state method line load line of creep () linear (Airy) wave theory (Airy) linear elastic continuum model linear expansion linear interpolation linear shrinkage linear strain, linear strain rate linear transition linear variable differential transformer, LVDT lining liquefaction liquefaction index liquefaction of sand liquefaction potential liquefaction slide liquid limit liquid limit device liquid phase liquid state liquidated damages liquidity index, LI lithic lithification lithofraction lithological composition lithology lithosol lithosphere littoral deposit live load load load cell load combination load factor load gauge load increment ratio load transfer mechanism load transfer method () load-bearing capacity loaded draft () loaded filter loader loading loading berm loading frame loading function loading gauge

- 46 loading history loading plate loading platform loading test load-settlement curve loam () () Local Open Space, LOS () local pneumatic process () local shear failure local side friction () localized landslip [] [] locality location correction factor location plan locus Lodes angle Lodes number Lodes parameter loess log book logarithm of time fitting method logarithmic decrement logarithmic spiral logging long term settlement longitudinal crack longitudinal joint longitudinal profile longitudinal section longitudinal wave longshore long-term load long-term stability long-term strength loop loose debris loose fill loose rock loose sand loose zone loosening pressure loss or leakage of grout () loose deposit Love wave low air-entry (ceramic) disk low plasticity clay low speed landslide Low Water, LW Low Water Mark, LWM lower bound theorem Lower High Water, LHW Lower Low Water, LLW lower specified bound lowest tender L-shaped cantilever retaining wall L Lugeon test lump sum contract lump sum fee lumped mass lumped parameter method

- 47 M
macropore macroporous coefficient macroporous soil macroporous structure macrostructure macrovoid ratio made ground magazine magmatic octahedron magmatic rock magnetic declination magnetic exploration magnetic probe extensometer magnetic prospecting magnetite magnitude () magnification factor main contract main points of control main scarp () main span maintained load test () maintenance maintenance authority maintenance certificate maintenance dredging [] maintenance inspection maintenance management maintenance manual maintenance period maintenance records maintenance works major landslip [] major principal plane major principal strain, 1 major principal stress, 1 major study major works man-day Mandel-Cryer effect mandrel () mangrove swamp manhole man-hour manmade slope manometer mantle friction mantle of soil manual boring manual handling manufacturer mapping () () marble marble cavern marchetti marcofabric margin of safety marginal quay marginal terrain mariculture zone mariculturist marine barging point marine borer marine borrow area marine clay marine contained disposal marine deposit marine deposit displacement marine deposit removal marine dumping site marine ecology marine fill Marine Fill Committee, MFC marine ground investigation () marine growth marine mud (silt/clay) marine sand marine sediment marine services support area marine soil marine soil mechanics marine sources of fill marine spoil ground marine structure marine works marine-based port facility maritime engineering marker dolphin marl marsh marsh soil masonry masonry block masonry retaining wall masonry skinwall masonry wall mass concrete retaining wall mass concrete wall mass density mass force

- 48 mass movement/transport () mass permeability mass ratio mass strength (of a soil or rock layer) massive and rigid structure mass-spring-dashpot system -- master layout plan master plan master ranking list (for LPM) () mastic mat foundation material damping [] material parameter [] material property [] material strength [] material testing [] mathematical model matrix matrix material matrix suction maximum converted bulk density maximum dry density maximum dry unit weight, dmax maximum gust maximum hourly rainfall maximum molecular water content maximum particle size maximum principal effective stress maximum rolling rainfall maximum void ratio, emax Maxwell model mazier barrel mean diameter mean effective stress, 'm Mean Higher High Water, MHHW Mean Higher Low Water, MHLW mean hourly wind speed Mean Lower High Water, MLHW Mean Lower Low Water, MLLW mean principal stress, Mean Sea Level, MSL () measurement measurement (quantity surveying) () measurement procedure measuring accuracy mechanical analysis () mechanical analysis curve mechanical cleaning mechanical denudation () mechanical erosion mechanical joint mechanical stabilization () mechanics of landslide mechanism of deformation mechanism of deformation and failure mechanism of landslide median humidity mediation medical lock () medium dense sand medium diameter, d50 medium sand medium-grained membrane () membrane correction () membrane penetration effect () membrane potential meniscus Mercator map projection mesh Mesozoic () () metamorphic rock metamorphism metastable structure meteoric water () meteorological factor method of funding method of measurement method of moments method of slices method of superposition method statement methodology metric camera Metroplan Landscape Strategy for the Urban Fringe and Coastal Area Metroplan Meyerhofs formula () marine geophysical survey mica micro-aggregate microclimate microfabric microfracturing () micrograph micrometer micron micro-pile microrelief

- 49 microstructure micro-texture microwave moisture apparatus microwave oven drying method migration potential Mine Blasting Certificate mine tailings mineralogical analysis Mines (Safety) Regulations () minimum principal effective stress minimum void ration, emin mining Mining (General) Regulations () mining lease Mining Licence Mining Ordinance mining subsidence mini-pile minor component minor drainage minor fault minor fold minor landslip minor principal plane minor principal strain, minor principal stress, 3 minor works minor-scale strain Miocene () () misalignment miscellaneous fill misclosure misorientation mitigation measures mitigation strategy mixed-in-place-pile mixing plant mixing ratio mobility (in slope failures) mobilization mode of failure mode of movement mode of vibration model model footing test model law model scale model specification model test modelling modelling gradation modelling research moderately soluble salt test moderately decomposed modification of the alignment modular modular design modulus of compressibility, K modulus of deformation modulus of dilation modulus of elasticity, E modulus of elasticity in shear, G modulus of linear deformation modulus of resilience modulus of rigidity, Gr. modulus of shear deformation, G modulus of soil erosion modulus of subgrade reaction, Ks Mohrs diagram Mohrs circle Mohrs envelope Mohrs theory Mohr-Coulomb criterion - Mohr-Coulomb envelope - Mohr-Coulomb model - Mohr-Coulomb theory - moist rodding () moist tamping () moisture can moisture content, moisture equivalent moisture index moisture migration moisture probe moisture-density curve moisture-density nuclear gauge moisture-density test molecular cohesion moment moment of rupture money of the date, MOD monitoring monitoring and audit monitoring and prediction network monitoring manual monitoring schedule monitoring survey monitoring system monolithic retaining wall montmorillonite mooring mooring pile

- 50 moorpeat moraine moraine deposit morphogenesis morphologic structural configuration mortar mound breakwater movement mPD () muck mucky soil mud (silt/clay) mud avalanche mud disposal area mud flat mud flow mud flush drilling mud pit mud wave mudcake mudding mudding action muddy intercalation mudflat mudflow mudslide mudstone multi-directional shear multiphase system multiple piezometer () multiple point extensometer ( multi-purpose triaxial test apparatus multi-section pile multi-stage well point system muscovite mylonite

- 51 N
narrow gradation () native soil natural angle of repose natural arch natural disaster natural electric field method natural exposure natural freezing method natural frequency, fn natural hillside natural moisture content natural oscillation natural slope natural soil natural strength natural terrain () natural terrain hazard mitigation measures ( ) natural terrain landslide Natural Terrain Landslide Inventory natural terrain landslide risk management nature terrain landslip hazard study, NTLHS nature terrain landslide investigation, NTLI natural vegetation navigation channel navigation dredging neap tide nearshore necking needle beam () needle hole test () needle penetrometer negative pore pressure negative skin friction () Neocene(Neogene) () () neotectonic movement net balance net foundation pressure net-like texture neutral point () neutral pressure neutron moisture meter New Austrian Tunneling Method () () New Priority Classification Scheme Newmark chart Newton model Newton, N () Newtons theory of collision Newtonian liquid node noise assessment survey noise barrier noise control noise cover () nominal load nominal maximum aggregate size nominal size nominal surcharge nominated sub-contractor nomograph non-associative flow rule non-clay mineral non-cohesive soil non-compliance () () non-consolidated sediment non-coring drilling non-steady groundwater flow noncrystalline clay mineral non-destructive analysis () non-destructive test non-destructive testing Non-Development Clearance, NDC Non-Development Clearance Liaison Group non-displacement pile () nonhomogeneous soil nonlinearity non-plastic non-plastic soil non-scouring velocity non-seismic region non-slaking clay nonwoven heat-bonded geotextile nonwoven needle-punched fabric normal consolidation line normal fault normal force normal loading condition normal strain, n normal stress, n normal-circulation rotary drilling normality condition normality law normalization

- 52 normally consolidated soil, NC soil North Dakota cone test () Notes for Tenderers nuclear densometer number of blows number of roller passes numerical analysis

- 53 O
observation observation target observation well observational method observed profile Occupational Safety and Health Ordinance occurrence condition ocean engineering ocean structure oceanic deposit octahedral layer octahedral normal stress octahedral shear stress odometer oedometer oedometer test offset offshore offshore deposit offshore engineering offshore platform offshore soil mechanics offshore structure offshore terrace one-dimensional consolidation one-way drainage ooze open cut open cut tunnel open ditch drainage open hillslope landslide open hydraulic (Casagrande) piezometer () open joint open piled jetty open pit () open seafloor mud disposal area Open Space () Other Specified Uses, OSU () () open tender open well open-end-pipe pile opening opening size optical plummet optical square optimization optimum density optimum development optimum moisture content, OMC optimum water content ordinary levelling ordinary Portland cement ordinary tide Ordovician () () organic clay organic content organic matter organic soil orientation oriented sample orifice for injection original piezometric level O-ring seal orogenic process/orogensis orogeny orthophoto map oscillation oscillation pickup oscillograph [] oscillometer [] oscilloscope [] Oslo point osmosis osmotic pressure outcrop () outfall outfall block outflow outlet Outline Development Plan, ODP Outline Zoning Plan, OZP outside clearance ratio () outwash oven-dried soil over consolidation ratio, OCR overall exploitation overall shear failure overall stability overbreak overburden overburden layer overburden pressure overcompaction overconsolidated soil, OC soil over-coring method overdamping overdredging overdriving ()

- 54 overdue payment overfall overfill overflow overflow weir overhanging rock overhead walking link overload over-rolling oversaturated overshoot oversized materials overstrain overstress overtopping overturning (retaining wall) () overturning failure overturning moment oxy-acetylene cylinders ()

- 55 P
pack drain packed bed packer (permeability) test () () packer packing by hand pad foundation Palaeogene () () palaeokarst Palaeozoic () () paper drain paraffin wax () paralic swamp parallax parameter parametric study parent rock partial completion certificate partial factor partial load factor partial material factor partial safety factor partial saturation partial upgrading partially penetrating well partially weathered rock [] particle particle size particle size distribution, PSD () particular preambles particular specification passive earth pressure, pp passive isolation passive mitigation strategies passive pile passive resistance passive state () passive state of plastic equilibrium passive zone path of percolation pattern recognition paved area pavement Pay for Safety Scheme payment schedule pea gravel peak cluster () peak critical void ratio peak discharge peak flow rate peak forest () peak pore pressure ratio peak spectral period peak strength Pearl River Estuary peat peat bog pebble pedalfer pedestal pedestrian underpass pedestrian/cycle bridge pedocal pedology pelite pell mell rubble pellicular water peneplain peneplaination penetration cone penetration resistance penetration sounding penetration test penetrometer percent fines percentage air void percentage of core recovery percentage of particle breakage perched water perched water level/table percolation percussion and grabbing method percussion boring percussion drilling perforated drain pipe perforated stone performance criteria period of vibration periodic inspection periodic load periphery beam permafrost permanent deformation permanent structure permanent works permeability permeability coefficient permeability criterion permeability test permeable permeable layer

- 56 permeameter Permian () () permissible bearing capacity permissible hydraulic gradient permissible soil pressure permissible stress perpendicular offset pervious blanket pervious layer petrifaction petrology phase phase angle phase difference Phase I phase-plane photo mosaic () photoelasticity photogrammetric plot photogrammetry photographic inclinometer photolineament (photogeological lineament) phreatic line phreatic (water) surface phreatic water Physical Constraints Map physical model physical modelling physical weathering physiographic form pick-axe pier pier foundation piestic water piezocone test piezometer piezometer data piezometer tip piezometric head piezometric level pile pile bent pile cage pile cap pile capacity pile cluster pile cushion pile diameter pile drain pile driver pile driving pile driving analyser pile driving formula pile driving resistance pile extension pile extraction pile follower pile foundation pile frame pile group pile hammer pile head pile hoop pile jetting pile load test pile monkey pile pulling test pile redriving test pile shaft pile shoe pile spacing pile splice pile tip piled jetty piling works pillar pilot pile pinhole test () pipe casing pipe jacking method pipe pile pipe sinking pipe thrusting method pipeline pipette method piping (in soil) piping ratio piston sample piston sampler pit pit sampling pitched slope breakwater pitching pit-run gravel pitting placement placement water content plain concrete plain fill plain soil cushion planar failure plane of equal settlement () plane of rupture

- 57 plane of shear plane of sliding plane of weakness plane slide plane strain plane strain compression plane strain extension plane stress plane wave planimeter () plank pile planning plant cover plastic deformation plastic equilibrium plastic failure plastic flow plastic injection [] plastic limit, PL plastic modulus plastic potential plastic range plastic state plastic strain plastic volumetric strain plastic zone plasticity plasticity chart plasticity index, PI plastic-viscous flow - plastification plasto-elasticity plastometer plate loading test plate tectonic plate-bearing (loading) test Pleistocene () () Pliocene () () plot plugging plumb line plumb meter pluvial climate pluvial erosion pluviation () pluviograph pluviometer pluvium pneumatic caisson pneumatic drill pneumatic hammer pneumatic piezometer pneumatic settlement cell pneumatic tyred roller pneumatic breaker/drill / pneumatic chipping hammer/chisel / pocket shear meter point bearing pile point bit point load point load index () point load index test point load test point resistance force pointed squared-rubble wall pointing (masonry) () poise, P () Poissons ratio, polarized shear wave velocity polarizing microscope poling board polyamide polyester polyethylene polyethylene sheeting polymer polymer grid polymer stabilization polypropylene polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE polyvinyl chloride, PVC ponding ponding test ponor () poor aquifer poorly graded soil pore pore air pressure pore pressure dissipation pore pressure distribution pore pressure parameters pore pressure ratio pore pressure, u pore size distribution analysis pore water pressure, uw pore water tension, ut porewater porosity, n porous media porous soil porous stone

- 58 Port and Airport Development Strategy, PADS Port and Maritime Board Port Development Plan and Programme port works Port Works Manual portable dipmeter Portland pulverised-fuel ash cement, PPFAC position fixing positive pore pressure potential drop potential energy potential failure surface potential function potential geological hazard potential logging () potential recharge () potential volume change potentiometric recorder pounder pounding practical porosity Prager model Prandtl bearing capacity theory precast building method precast concrete casting yard precast concrete pile precast concrete sheet pile precast concrete unit precast unit precise levelling precision precompression preconsolidated soil preconsolidation pressure [] pre-contract measurement predeterminated predictability predicted settlement preferential flow path preferred fracture surface preglacial deposit preliminary design preliminary evaluation preliminary project appraisal preliminary project plan preliminary prospecting preliminary stage preliminary survey preliminary tremor preloading preloading method prepakt concrete preprocessing prequalification prequalified contractor prescriptive design prescriptive measure pre-selected site preshearing pressure pressure arch pressure bulb pressure cell pressure chamber pressure decay pressure decline test pressure gauge pressure grouting pressure test pressure transducer pressure wave pressuremeter pressuremeter limit pressure pressuremeter modulus pressuremeter test pressure-void ratio curve prestressed concrete pile prestressed ground anchor prestressed reinforcement prestressed soil anchor presumptive bearing pressure pre-tender meeting preventive maintenance work preventive measure preventive works prewetting primary consolidation primary time effect primary valence bond primary wave, P-wave P prime cost sum primer primer detonator () principal datum principal earthquake principal effective stress principal plane principal strain

- 59 principal stress principal stress ratio principal stress space private slope probabilistic design probabilistic uncertainty probability probability of earthquake probability of exceedance probability of failure probe probing processed rock processor Proctor compaction test [ ] Proctor needle moisture test professional assessment professional engineer professional experience and judgement profile profile mark program programming progress chart progress report progressive failure progressive settlement project () Project Administration Handbook for Civil Engineering Works, PAH project approval () project estimate () Project Management Information System project plan () project planning () project signboard project site plan projection proluvium proof load () prop property proportional error proportional loading proportionality propping proprietary material prospecting pit Prospecting Licence prospecting protecting roof Proterozoic () () prototype foundation test prototype test proving ring proving test provision provision of land provisional item provisional sum public fill Public Fill Committee, PFC public filling area public filling barging point, barging point public filling strategy Public Health and Municipal Services Ordinance public land public nuisance public pier public road public safety public sector [] public utilities public works Public Works Programme, PWP Public Works Sub-Committee, PWSC Public Works Tender Board puddle clay pull-out capacity pull-out test pulp pulse generator pulse load pulverized fuel ash, PFA pumice pumping station pumping test punch shear test punching failure punching shear PVC, polyvinylchloride PVC split liner PVC PWP Category A Projects pycnometer pyrite pyrolith

- 60 Q
Q-test, quick shear test quake quake-resistant qualitative evaluation quantitative assessment quantitative evaluation quantitative polarizing microscope quantitative risk assessment quarry quarry face [] quarry floor quarry spall quarry stone quarrying quartering () quartz quartz syenite quartzite quasi-natural terrain quasi-preconsolidation pressure quasi-saturated soil quasi-static Quaternary () () Quaternary deposit quay quay wall quick clay quick condition quick lime quick shear test quick soil classification quicklime pile quicksand quick-setting () Q-value () Q

- 61 R
radial consolidation radial deformation radial shear radial well radiant heat radioactivity logging radioactivity prospecting radiographic technique X radius of circular arc radius of influence raft foundation rag () rail link rail reserves railing rainfall rainfall intensity rainfall infiltration rainfall record raingauge raking pile raking drain ram ram guide rammed clay rammer ramp random analysis random error random process random rubble armoured structure random rubble fill random rubble wall random vibration range of pressure Rankine states of stresses Rankines earth pressure theory ranking list ranking system [] [] rapid hardening Portland cement () rapid recharge () rapid drawdown raster data rate of consolidation rate of creep rate of descent rate of loading rate of secondary consolidation rate of settlement rate process theory Rayleigh wave, R-wave R reaction force react-to-known-hazard principle realignment reamed well reamer rear face () rebound curve rebound modulus recementation recementing recently deposited soil recharge recharge well recharging () reciprocating machinery reclaimed land reclamation reclamation area reclamation level recolonization recompacted fill recompaction recompaction of fill recompression reconnaissance reconnaissance survey reconsolidation reconstituted specimen reconstruction record drawing record photograph record sheet recovery of elasticity recovery ratio () Recreation () recrystallization rectangular foundation recurrent cost recurrent cost estimates recurrent expenditure recurrent vote red earth redriving () reduced natural frequency reduced scale prototype model test reduction factor reduction factor of pile group

- 62 reference point reference time reference time line reticulate drainage reflection reflective condition reflector refracted wave refraction refraction survey refuse region regional earthcrust stability regional estimation regional geological environment Registered Professional Engineer (Geotechnical), RPE(G) Registered Professional Surveyor, RPS Registered Structural Engineer, RSE regolith regarding of slope regression regression analysis regular checks of buried water-carrying services regular maintenance regular monitoring of special measures regulation rehabilitation reinforced concrete reinforced concrete retaining wall reinforced earth (fill) reinforced fill proprietary product reinforced fill structure reinforcement reinforcing bar reinjection reinstatement of site relative compaction [] relative compressibility relative consistency relative density relative humidity relaxation () reliability analysis relict joint relict scar () relict structure relief relief platform relief well reload modulus reloading remeasurement remeasurement contract remedial works remote sensing remote sensing image remote sensing technique remoulded clay remoulded landslide debris [] remoulded property remoulded soil remoulded sample remoulded undrained shear strength remoulding () () remoulding gain remoulding loss Rendulics plot Rendulics surface renewal of drains repair repeated load replacement method () report reporting re-possession representation representative sample reproduce reprographic reprovision research and development resection reservation of site reserve reservoir reservoir bank collapse reservoir bank stability reservoir impounding induced seimicity reservoir induced seismicity reservoir leakage reservoir sedimentation reservoir silting reservoir storage resident engineer, RE []

- 63 resident site staff on-cost multiplier resident site staff [] residual angle of internal friction residual clay residual cohesion intercept [] residual deformation residual factor residual pore pressure residual settlement residual shear strength residual soil residual strength residual stress resilience resistance to fracture resisting moment resistivity survey resiting resoiling resonant column method resonant column triaxial test apparatus resonant frequency response spectrum method restoration works restricted tendering resultant resultant force resultant intensity resultant load resumption retained percentage retaining structure retaining wall retaining wall failure retarded subsidence retention criterion retention money retractable core bit retrogressive landslide return period reverse fault reverse-circulation rotary drilling reversible deformation reversing shear box test revetment review Reynolds number rheological model rheological test curve rheology rhyolite rhyolitic lava flow ribbon clay ridging riffle box rig rigid rigid foundation rigid retaining wall rigidity factor rigidity index rigid-plastic model rigorous analysis ring foundation ring shear apparatus ripper riprap riprap protection riser rising head test risk very high risk high risk moderate to high risk moderate risk low to moderate risk low risk negligible risk risk categorization system [] risk category risk of landslip [] risk region risk-to-life category river deposit river terrace roadbase road logger road material road realignment road reserve Roads (Works, Use and Compensation) Ordinance () rock rock anchor rock blasting rock bolt rock burst rock debris dam rock deformation parameter rock dowel rock fall rock fall fence rock fill

- 64 rock flour rock joint rock joint shear strength test rock mass rock mass quality rock mass rating () rock mechanics rock mound rock outcrop rock permeability rock pressure rock product Rock Quality Designation, RQD rock quality index rock slope rock socket rock strength parameter rock structure rock texture rock weathering rock weathering index rockburst rockfill dam rockfill slope rod extensometer rod sounding rolled fill dam roller roller compaction rolling () root hole root pile Roscoe model () Roscoe surface rotary boring rotary drilling rotary percussion boring rotary sampler rotational scar rotational slide rotting rough angular quarrystone rough-cast finish roughness roundabout roundness routine inspection routine maintenance routine maintenance inspection routine maintenance works routine soil test Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors rubber arch fender rubber cell fender rubber extension modulus rubber sheath rubber-tyred roller rubble rubble dam rubble drain rubble filling rubble layer rubble masonry rubble mound rubble stone footing rubble structure rugged terrain rule of thumb rule run-out() runoff rupture rupture circle rupture diagram rupture envelope rupture line rupture strength rupture stress Rural Planning & Improvement Strategy, RPIS rust inhibitor rust stain

- 65 S
sacrificial anode safe bearing capacity safe load safe working load safe yield of groundwater safeguard area safety accessory safety audit clearance of squatters on safety ground safety factor SHANSEP approach safety induction training safety initiative safety officer safety policy safety promotion programme safety margin saline land saline soil salinity salt content sample sample splitter sampler sampling sampling bias sampling disturbance sampling spoon sampling tube sand sand asphalt sand asphalt facing sand bath sand blast () sand blanket sand boil sand bulking sand column sand compaction pile sand cone method sand content sand cushion sand drain sand fill sand fraction sand island method sand mat sand pile sand pump Sand Removal Permit sand replacement test sand sampler sand stratum sand trap sand wick sand-gravel cushion sandstone sandy clay sandy clay loam sandy gravel sandy loam () () () sandy silt sandy soil sanitary landfill saprolite satellite image satellite photograph saturated sample saturated unit weight, sat saturation saturation curve/line () saturation moisture content saturation swelling stress saturation zone saturator scabbling scaffold scaffolding scale scale effect scale-down test scaling ( of loose rocks ) scalping method () scanning electron microscope scar scarp schedule of fees () schedule of proportions schedule of rates schedule of rates contract Scheduled Area () schematic scheme schist schistosity Schwedoff model scour scouring ()

- 66 scraper () scree () screen screen effect () screen guide screen opening screw auger screw pile screw plate test sea channel sea embankment seabed seabed pipeline seabed reinstatement seafloor foundation seafloor soil sealant sea-level change sealing seam seasonal creep seawall seawater intake seawater intrusion secant modulus secondary clay secondary compression secondary compression index secondary consolidation secondary consolidation settlement secondary kaolin secondary mineral secondary sliding body secondary time effect section section modulus sectional core-barrel sectional drill rod security fence Security Regulations sediment sediment discharge sediment loss sediment plume sediment toxicity sediment transport sedimentary compaction sedimentary discontinuity sedimentary rock sedimentary soil sedimentation sedimentation analysis () seepage seepage analysis seepage discharge seepage exit seepage failure seepage flow seepage force seepage gradient seepage line seepage loss seepage path seepage point seepage pressure seepage velocity segregation seismic acceleration seismic active period seismic coefficient seismic effect seismic engineering seismic focus seismic force seismic geophysical method seismic hazard analysis seismic intensity seismic load seismic microzonation seismic shear seismic strain energy seismic survey seismic wave seismogenic fault seismogram seismograph seismology seismophone selected granular material selected value self healing soil () self weight self-boring pressuremeter, SBP self-boring type torsion shear apparatus self-compensating pressure system () self-jetting wellpoint self-propelled self-weight stress selvage semi-arid region semi-diurnal tide

- 67 semi-gravity wall semi-infinite body semi-solid state sensitive clay sensitive receiver (of pollution) () sensitivity sensitivity analysis sensor spectrum analysis sequence of events sequence of strata service conduit service factor () service instruction service life service pipe serviceability limit state serviced land services servo-accelerometer [] setting setting out setting out plan settlement settlement basin settlement cell settlement correction factor settlement gauge settlement joint settlement observation settlement plate settling pit set-up () sewage pipe sewage treatment system sewage treatment works sewer [] sewerage outfall sextant shackle (U) shaft shaft-sinking (for caisson work) () / shake table shaking test shale shallow failure shallow foundation/footing shallow freezing shallow sea deposit shape factor shear box shear box clearance shear box test shear coefficient of viscosity shear crack shear failure shear force shear key shear modulus shear plane shear strain shear strain rate shear strength shear strength envelope shear strength parameter shear strength test shear stress shear wave, S-wave S shear zone shearing resistance sheepfoot roller sheet erosion sheet pile sheet pile cofferdam sheet pile cut-off sheet pile wall sheet retaining structure sheet slide sheet mineral sheeting Shelby tube sampler shell auger shell foundation shell pile shell-perm process shield method shielding effect shifting sand dune shipping channel shipping shoaling shock absorber shock pulse shock wave shockproof shore deposit shore station shoring works shoring shot firer

- 68 shortlist shortlisting short-term measure shotcrete shotcrete lining shrinkage shrinkage crack shrinkage degree shrinkage index shrinkage joint shrinkage limit shrinkage limit apparatus shrinkage ratio shrinkage settlement shrinkage test shrub side drain () side friction side scan sonar survey side scanner side slope side-scan sonar sieve sieve analysis () sieve aperture size sieve curve sieve shaker signatory significant wave height significant wave period signs of distress silencer silica fines silica sheet silica tetrahedron silicification silo effect silo pressure silt silt curtain silt fraction siltation siltation rate silting method siltstone silty clay silty clay loam silty fine sand silty loam silty sand silty sandy loam Silurian () () similitude simple shear simulated condition simulation experiment single amplitude single shot grouting single span single stage single-acting hammer single-grained structure Sinian () () sinkhole () sinkhole formation () sinusoidal wave siphon method site site agent site boundary site characterisation study site condition site diary [] site formation site formation works site history site inspection site instruction book [] site instruction [] site investigation site magazine [] site measurement site measurement book [] site meeting [] site monitoring site observation site office [] site plan [] site preparation work site reconnaissance site record [] site safety [] Site Safety Management Committee [] site safety plan [] site staff [] site supervision [] site supervisory staff [] site survey [] site trial [] site work [] siting (site selection) size effect size grading

- 69 size ratio () skarn Skempton and Bjerrums method - sketch plan skin friction of pile skin wall skirt () slab slab-foundation slack tide slag fill slake slaking () slaking test slaking water content slate sleeve grouting slenderness ratio slickenside slide/sliding sliding boundary sliding failure sliding mass sliding plane sliding resistance sliding zone slightly weathered slime slip circle slip indicator slip road slip scar slip surface slipway () slope slope angle slope circle slope crest slope cutting slope failure Slope Information System, SIS slope maintenance slope maintenance audit slope registration slope regrading slope remedial works Slope Safety Hotline Slope Safety Technical Review Board, SSTRB slope stability slope stability analysis slope stabilization works slope surface protection works slope toe slope upgrading works slope wash sloping core sloughing bank slow moving landslide slow shear test/slow test sludge sluice gate sluiced fill sluicing slump slurry slurry method (of excavation) slurry drilling method slurry replenishing hole slurry sampler slurry flow slurry-trench method slurry-wall slushing smear smooth-faced rubble armoured structure smooth wheel roller socket and spigot joint socket socketed pile sod soffit soft clay soft cohesive soil soft ground foundation soft soil softening coefficient soil soil acidification soil aggregate soil anchor soil auger soil binder soil bitumen soil cement processing soil classification soil colloid soil composition soil deformation parameter soil deterioration soil dynamics soil engineer

- 70 soil engineering soil erosion soil exploration soil improvement soil investigation soil lathe soil layer soil map soil mass soil matrix soil mechanics soil mineralogy soil moisture soil nail soil nailing soil particle soil permeability soil physics soil profile soil pulverizer soil sample soil sampler soil shredder soil skeleton soil slope soil stabilization soil stabilizer soil structure soil suction soil survey soil technology soil test soil texture soil variability soil-cement soil-forming factors soil-structure interaction solar radiation intensity soldier pile () solid content solid core recovery, SCR solid phase solid waste solidification solidifying and stabilizing effect solifluction solifluction deposit solution grout sonic logging sonic test sorted landslide debris sorting sotch sounding sounding lead sounding plan sounding survey source of collapse source of fill source volume () space diagonal space distribution spacing spader spalling spatial analysis Special Conditions of Contract, SCC Special Conditions of Tender Special Residential area, RS () specialist contractor specialist contractors for public works specialist subcontractor specialist works specific gravity specific heat specific penetration resistance specific surface specific volume specific yield specification specification clause specimen mould specimen specimen size spectral analysis speed hump speleology spherical stress spherical wave sphericity spike tooth roller spike spiling spillage spilling spillway spiral drill spiral deformation spirit level splash zone

- 71 splice split spoon sampler [] split test split tube sampler spoil and wastewater spoil disposal spoiling spongy soil spoon bit spot height spot level sprayed concrete spread footing spread foundation spring spring constant spring shock absorber spring tide sprinkler SPT blow count, N SPT cone SPT spud vibrator square footing square root of time fitting method Squatter Area Improvement Squatter Village Reinspection Programme squeeze test St. Venant model () stability stability analysis stability assessment stability checking computation stability evaluation stability factor stability investigation stability number stability study stabilization works stabilization stabilizer stabilometer () stack structure stage stage compaction staggered piling () stagnation pressure stalactite () stalagmite () standard clauses standard compaction test standard form of tender standard frost penetration Standard Method of Measurement for Civil Engineering Works, SMM standard method of measurement standard mix concrete standard panel length standard penetration test, SPT standard sand standard sieve stand-by equipment Standing Committee on Concrete Technology Standing Committee on Slope Safety, SCOSS standing sea level standing wave standpipe state of elastic equilibrium state of limit equilibrium state of plastic equilibrium statement of final account state-of-the-art report static cone penetration test static formula (pile design) () static point resistance, qc static sounding stationary concrete mixer stationary-piston sampler statistical error statistical soil mechanics statutory checking system statutory notification statutory order statutory plan statutory requirement steady drag force steady flow steady state steady state seepage steady water level steady-state vibration steam pile hammer steel H-pile H steel jacket platform steel pile steel pipe pile steel rail steel sheet pile steep slope

- 72 steeply dipping steering committee stepped channel stepped gradient stepped wall footing stereometry stereoplot stereoscope stereoscopic monitoring stiff clay stiffening [] stiffness stochastic model stockpile Stokeslaw stone column stone footing stone forest () stone pitching stone tie stone-filled drain stopboard storm surge stormwater drain stormwater drainage stormwater system strain strain amplitude strain control strain deviator strain ellipsoid strain gauge strain influence factor strain invariant strain path strain rate strain resolution () strain sensitivity () strain softening strain tensor strain-hardening strand () strategic landfill strategic planning stratification stratified soil stratigraphic stratigraphy () stratum streamline streamline flow street furniture strength strength characteristics strength envelope strength parameters stress stress amplitude stress analysis stress and strain response stress concentration stress control stress deviator stress difference stress dilatancy theory [] stress dispersion stress distribution stress ellipsoid stress field stress history stress invariant stress level stress path stress path method stress ratio stress redistribution stress relaxation stress relief stress space stress state stress tensor stress-strain behavior - stress-strain curve - stress-strain relationship - strike () strike-slip fault strip footing strip foundation strip load stripping stroke structural cohesion () structural design structural geology structural integrity structural member Study of Existing Slopes - Stage I General Review stulm subangular particle subaqueous slump sub-artesian ground water subterranean river subbase course ()

- 73 sub-bottom profiler subcatchment sub-contract sub-contractor subcritical subcrop subdrainage subgrade subgrade reaction subgrade restraint submarine outfall submarine pipeline submarine sampling submerged density submerged soil submerged unit weight submerged zone submersible deep well pump subrounded particle subsidence subsidence rate subsidiary legislation subsidiary procedure subsoil subsoil drain subsoil drainage sub-standard slope substantially completed sub-station (electric) () substratum substructure substructure works subsurface subsurface construction subsurface erosion subsurface excavation subsurface exploration subsurface runoff subsurface seepage flow subway suction suction force suction pipe suction plate apparatus suction plate suction pressure sudden drawdown () suffosion () sulphate content Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement sulphate sulphuric acid sulphuric cement pile coupling summer monsoon sump gallery sump sunk shaft foundation superficial deposit [] superimposed load/surcharge Superintendent of Mines superplasticizer super-saturation superstratum superstructure supervision scheme support elements [] surcharge surety surface channel surface course () surface cover surface depression surface displacement vector surface drainage channel () surface drainage system surface erosion surface flow surface force surface infiltration surface preparation surface protection surface roughness surface runoff surface rupture surface settlement surface soil surface stripping surface tension surface texture surface treatment surface water surface wave surplus material surplus sliding force survey surrounding rock () survey control () survey instrument survey mark survey plan survey record plan

- 74 suspended deck structure suspended solid suspension suspension grout swallow hole () swamp Swedish circle method swell () swell index swelling swelling clay swelling index, Cs () swelling limit swelling pressure swelling soil swelling test syenite sympathetic vibration synchronic synchronous syncline synthetic fibres synthetical strength systematic error Systematic Identification and Registration of Slopes in the Territory, SIRST Systematic Identification of Maintenance Responsibility of Slopes in the Territory, SIMAR Systematic Inspections of Features in the Territory, SIFT

- 75 T
tachometric tailings tailings dam talus taluvium tamped backfill tamper tamping machine tamping plate tamping roller tangent modulus tangent pile tangential dislocation tangential stress tapered pile taper-foot roller tapping method () tarpaulin taxiway Taylor`s stability chart () technical audit technical proposal technical specification [] technical supervision technical/fee weighting technician apprentice tectonic discontinuity tectonic earthquake tectonic joint tectonic stress field tectonic clastic telemetry telescoping tube settlement gauge television borehole camera tell-tale temperature effect temperature gradient template temporary bench mark temporary drain temporary excavation temporary loading condition temporary measures temporary staging temporary structure temporary support [] temporary works temporary works design tendency forecasting tender tender addenda tender board tender documents tender drawing tender negotiation tender period [] tender price index tender procedure tender rate tender report tenderer tensile crack tensile failure tensile strength tensile stress tensile test tensiometer tension tension crack tension pile tension zone tentative specification teredo term contract term contractor terminal deposit () () terms of reference terrace terrain terrain classification map terrain evaluation terrain evaluation mapping terra-probe terrestrial terrestrial deposit terrestrial photogrammetry terrigenous sediment Territorial Development Strategy, TDS of HK Tertiary () () Terzaghis bearing capacity theory Terzaghis consolidation theory test boring test data test embankment test fill test load test material preparation test method test panel

- 76 test pile test pit test result test shaft test specimen test trench testing accuracy textural porosity thalassogenic sedimentation () the engineer designate the engineer for the contract the lowest tender thematic map thematic mapping theodolite theoretical time curve () thermal conductivity thermal geotechnics thermal gradient thermal stability thermal stabilization thermo-capillary movement thermo-osmosis thermoplastic material thickening of mud thin wall sampler thinning out thin-section (of a rock) () thixotropic fluid thixotropic hardening thixotropy three dimensional consolidation three-phase diagram three-way split former thrust thrust shaft tidal action tidal current tidal flow () tidal lag tidal model tidal range tidal variation/difference tidal zone tide tide gauge tide staff/pole tide table tie back wall tie point tie rod tieback tilt table () tilted terrace tilting tiltmeter timber crib cofferdam timber fender timber pile timber runner timbering () time effect time factor time lag time of slaking () time sequence time-charge multiplier time-charge time-distance graph () time-settlement curve - tip resistance title record plan title survey toe blocks toe circle toe drain toe drainage toe protection toe weight tolerable settlement topographic map topographic survey topography topple toppling toppling mass topsoil torrent torsional shear test torsional vibration torsional wave torvane total collapse Total Core Recovery total normal stress, n total settlement total shaft resistance, Qs total station total stress analysis total stress path total stress strength parameter total stress , town plan

- 77 town planning Town Planning Ordinance toxic material tower crane trachyte trail () trailer suction (hopper) dredger trajectory of boulder fall transcurrent fault transducer transformed flow net transgression transgression of sea-water transient flow transient load transitional belt translational failure translational scar () transmission of pressure transmissivity transported soil transverse crack transverse extensometer transverse joint transverse wave trash grill traverse distance traverse () tree ring tree survey plan [] tremie () tremie concrete trench trench excavation trench works Tresca criterion trestle pile trial trial pit trial trench trial wedge method triangulation survey Triassic () () triaxial apparatus triaxial cell triaxial compression test triaxial shear test triaxial state of stress triaxial test tributary trigonometric heighting trigonometric station trilateration survey trimming triple tube core barrel triple rod extensometer tropical hardwood trough () U() truck-mounted rig true angle of internal friction true cohesion true-triaxial apparatus trunk road trunk sewer tube sampler tubular pile tuff tuffaceous rhyolite tuffite tufflava tug boat tunnel tunnel lining tunnelling turbidity turbulence turbulent flow turfing twenty-foot equivalent units, TEU twin box culvert two-dimension flow two-dimensional consolidation two-fluid process () two-shot grouting ()

- 78 U
ultimate bearing capacity ultimate limit state ultimate load ultimate pile load ultimate strength value ultimate stress state umber unbalanced load unbiased estimate uncemented fault uncertainty uncharged structure unconformable fault unconfined aquifer unconfined compressive strength [] unconfined compression test [] unconformity unconsolidated material unconsolidated-undrained triaxial test, UU-test uncontaminated mud [] unda undamped natural frequency undercoat underconsolidated clay undercut slope underground engineering underground erosion underground exploration underground mining underlayer underloaded stream underlying stratum undermining underpinning (of foundation) under-reamed bored pile undertaking form Undertermined () undissolved residue undisturbed sample undisturbed soil undrained shear strength undrained shear test undrained test unfavourable condition uniaxial state of stress uniaxial tensile strength uniaxial tensile strength test uniaxial tension test Unified Soil Classification System, USCS uniform deposit () uniform soil uniformity uniformity coefficient uniformly-distributed load unit unit cost unit mass unit shaft resistance unit skin friction unit weight of water, unit weight, universal testing machine Universal Transverse Mercator Grid, UTM Grid unloading unloading joint unloading modulus unpaved area unplasticised polyvinyl chloride, UPVC unsaturated sample [] unsaturated soil unsteady flow unsuitable material unsupported height unsurfaced road upgrade (a slope) () upgrading works uplift pile uplift pressure uplift test () upper bound theorem upper elastic limit urban geological hazard urban geology ustert utilities utility company uvala

- 79 V
vacuum preloading vacuum pump vacuum sampling tube vadose vadose water discharge Van der Waals force vane borer vane shear test vane shear strength variable head permeability test variable module model variance variation variation order varved clay varvity vegetation vegetation cover vegetation succession vein (in a rock) velocity field verification vertical alignment vertical angle vertical seawall vibrating compactor vibrating extractor vibrating pile-driver vibrating plate compactor vibrating roller vibrating wire cell vibrating wire extensometer vibrating wire strain gauge vibration absorber vibration isolator vibration screen vibratory pile hammer vibrex pile vibrocorer vibrocoring vibro-densification vibroflot vibroflotation method vibro-pile driver vibro-pile vibro-rammer vibro-replacement stone column vibro-roller Village Type Development () () virgin compression curve virgin isotropic consolidation line virginal overburden pressure viscoelastic behavior viscoelasticity viscosity viscous damping viscous flow visual assessment visual examination visual inspection void(s) void water void ratio, e volcanic ash volcanic hazard volcanic rock volcanic saprolite volcanics volcano volume of entrainment volumetric apparatus volumetric flask volumetric heat capacity volumetric shrinkage volumetric specific heat volumetric strain, Von Mises criterion vortex V-shaped valley V

- 80 W
Wakefield sheet pile waling wall adhesion wall foundation wall friction wandering dune warning level warning system wash boring wash drilling washout waste disposal site waste reception facility water absorption water acidification water affinity water bath water bearing formation water contamination water content ratio water content/moisture content water distribution system () water divide water flush boring water glass water head water injection test hole water jet water level water main water of crystallization water pressure [] water proofing admixture Water Quality & Hydraulic Mathematical Models, WAHMO water reducing admixture water repellent additive water resources water sample water sampler water table water-bearing service water-carrying services () watercourse water-film theory waterfront water-pressure test waterproofing measures waterproofing system waterstop watertight watertight screen watertight shutter watertightness test watertightness waterworks wave climate wave crest wave equation analysis wave force wave front wave length wave number wave prediction curve wave prediction wave run-up wave spectrum wave uplift pressure wave velocity wave wall wave-cut platform wax sealing method wax-sealed sample weak intercalation weak plane weak rock weak seismicity region weak subsoil weakness wearing pad wearing surface () weathered zone weathering () weathering grade () weathering profile () web wedge wedge aquifer wedge theory weep hole (in retaining wall or on surface protection of slope) () Weibell distribution weighbridge weighted average weighted filter weighting weld welding machine well eruption well function well logging well shooting well washing

- 81 well-graded soil well-point method well-pumping test Westergaards theory wet compaction wet density, wet season wet sieving wet unit weight, wetting band approach wharf wheeled/tracked/lorry mounted crane // whole rock age wick drain wind load wind rose wind stress factor wind-laid deposit wingwall Winkler model () (Winkle) Winklers assumption wire gage wire mesh wire saw withdrawal of casing without prejudice to work site workability () work-hardening working chamber of pneumatic caisson working day working face working stress working stress design working stress method workmanship works area Works Bureau Technical Circular, WBTC works order work-softening World Geodetic System 84, WGS84 1984 worst credible groundwater condition

- 82 X
xenolith X-ray diffraction analysis X X-ray identification X X-ray photograph X X-ray powdered crystal diagram method X X-ray powdered crystal diffraction method X xylophyta

Y
yield criterion yield locus yield point yield stress yield stress model yield surface yield value Youngs modulus, E

Z
Zener model zenith distance zero air void curve zero air void ratio Zeta potential, zoic zonal embankment () zonality zone of aeration zone of capillarity zone of capillary saturation zone of saturation zoned dam

- 83 -

Glossary of Geotechnical Terms (English to Chinese) ( )

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