KS DK 07 001 en

ISSN 1725-4566
Pocketbooks
Energy, transport and environment indicators
2007 edition
EUROPEAN COMMISSION
ISSN 1725-4566
Pocketbooks
2007 edition
EUROPeAN COMMISSION
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More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://europa.eu). Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2007 ISBN 978-92-79-07044-0 ISSN 1725-4566 Cat. No. KS-DK-07-001-EN-N (Cat. No. printed publication KS-DK-07-001-EN-C) Theme: Environment and Energy Collection: Pocketbooks European Communities, 2007 Cover photo: philippe leridon @ fotolia.com
EUROSTAT L-2920 Luxembourg Tel. (352) 43 01-1 website http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat
Eurostat is the Statistical Office of the European Communities. Its mission is to provide the European Union with high-quality statistical information. For that purpose, it gathers and analyses figures from the national statistical offices across Europe and provides comparable and harmonised data for the European Union to use in the definition, implementation and analysis of Community policies. Its statistical products and services are also of great value to Europes business community, professional organisations, academics, librarians, NGOs, the media and citizens. Eurostat's publications programme consists of several collections: News releases provide recent information on the Euro-Indicators and on social, economic, regional, agricultural or environmental topics. Statistical books are larger A4 publications with statistical data and analysis. Pocketbooks are free of charge publications aiming to give users a set of basic figures on a specific topic. Statistics in focus provides updated summaries of the main results of surveys, studies and statistical analysis. Data in focus present the most recent statistics with methodological notes. Methodologies and working papers are technical publications for statistical experts working in a particular field. Eurostat publications can be ordered via the EU Bookshop at http://bookshop.europa.eu. All publications are also downloadable free of charge in PDF format from the Eurostat website http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat. Furthermore, Eurostats databases are freely available there, as are tables with the most frequently used and demanded short- and long-term indicators. Eurostat has set up with the members of the European statistical system (ESS) a network of user support centres which exist in nearly all Member States as well as in some EFTA countries. Their mission is to provide help and guidance to Internet users of European statistical data. Contact details for this support network can be found on Eurostat Internet site.
Introduction
Energy, Transport and Environment Indicators Since its first edition, this publication presents facts and figures from the Energy, Transport and Environment sectors, all in a single volume. Where available, data for EU-27 are included this year for the first time. The pocketbook contains three chapters of selected indicators for Energy, Transport and Environment issues. Energy indicators include energy supply, final energy consumption, renewable energy sources, and the structure of the energy industry, energy dependency, energy efficiency, and energy prices. Transport indicators cover infrastructure, equipment, transport of passengers and freight and road safety. The Environment chapter includes indicators on climate change and greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution, municipal waste, water use, biodiversity, toxic chemicals and pesticides, environmental protection expenditure and environmental accounts. In the majority of cases the indicators contain national data for the 27 EU Member States, the EFTA and candidate countries. Where aggregated data for EU-27 (or EU-25) are available, they are presented, in general, for the period from 1995 to 2005 (Transport, mainly from 2000 to 2005 and Energy prices from 1995 to 2007). The main data source for indicators is the harmonised EU Energy Statistics although other official Eurostat data sources such as the OECD/Eurostat Joint Questionnaire on the state of the environment have also been used. The bulk of data on emissions have been provided by the European Environment Agency while the most important data sources for transport indicators are the EU legal acts on transport statistics and the Eurostat/UNECE/ECMT Common Questionnaire. For detailed data please check: - free data available on the Eurostat web site at http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat - DG Energy and Transport web site (DG TREN pocketbook updated regularly at http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/energy_transport/figures/pocketbook/). - European Environment Agency (EEA) web site at http://eea.europa.eu
Project management: Ruxandra Roman Enescu, Eurostat
For further information: Energy indicators: Ruxandra Roman Enescu Transport indicators: Hans Strelow Environment indicators: Jean Klein
Publication management: Philip Siakkis and Konstantinos Angelis, Centre for Renewable Energy Sources Authors: Philip Siakkis and Konstantinos Angelis, Centre for Renewable Energy Sources Original language: English Translations: European Commission Translation Service Data requests: See list of datashops at end of publication.
Table of Contents
1 Energy Indicators
1.1 Energy Dependency
1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.1.4 Energy Energy Energy Energy Dependency Dependency Dependency Dependency All Products Hard Coal Oil Natural Gas 20 22 24 26 28
1.2 Energy Intensity 1.3 Energy Supply

1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 1.3.4 1.3.5 1.3.6 Primary Energy Production, by Fuel Gross Inland Consumption, by Fuel Imports of Energy Products by Country of Origin Net Imports of Solid Fuels and Oil Net Imports of Natural Gas Net Imports of Electricity
30 32 34 36 38 40
1.4 Final Energy Consumption

1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 1.4.4 1.4.5 Final Final Final Final Final Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Consumption, by Sector Consumption, by Industrial Sector Consumption in Industry, by Fuel Consumption by Mode of Transport Consumption in Transport, by Fuel 42 44 46 48 50
1.5 Energy Industry

1.5.1 Installed Capacity of Electricity Generation Plants, by Type 1.5.2 Power Station Generation, by Type 1.5.3 Thermal Efficiency of Power Stations 52 54 56
1.6 Renewable Energy Sources

1.6.1 Gross Inland Consumption from Renewables and Share on total Gross Inland Consumption 1.6.2 Installed Capacity for Electricity Generation from Renewables 1.6.3 Contribution of Electricity from Renewables to Total Electricity Consumption 58 60 62
1.7 Energy Efficiency

1.7.1 Gross Inland Consumption per Capita 1.7.2 Final Electricity Consumption per Capita 64 66
1.8 Energy Prices

1.8.1 1.8.2 1.8.3 1.8.4 1.8.5 Price of Brent Crude Oil Average Gas Import Prices VAT-free Industrial Fuel Prices Tax-inclusive Household Fuel Prices Retail Prices of Transport Fuels (tax-inclusive) 68 69 70 72 74
2 Transport Indicators
2.1 Infrastructure
2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4 2.1.5 2.1.6 Railway Density Motorway Density Inland Waterways Density Oil Pipelines Density Number of Main Sea Ports Number of Main Commercial Airports 78 80 82 84 86 88
2.2 Equipment
2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.2.5 Motorisation Rate of Passenger Cars Renewal Rate of Passenger Cars Motorization Rate of Lorries and Road Tractors Renewal Rate of Lorries and Road Tractors Airfleet by Operator Country 90 92 94 96 98
2.3 Freight Transport

2.3.1 Index of Inland Freight Transport Volume Relative to GDP 2.3.2 Index of Transport growth 2.3.3 Modal Split of Freight Transport Shares of Road, IWW, Rail and Oil Pipelines in Total Inland Transport 2.3.4 Tonnage of Freight Transport by Rail 2.3.5 Tonnage of Freight Transport by Road 2.3.6 Tonnage of Freight Transport by Inland Waterways 2.3.7 Tonnage of Freight Transport by Sea 100 102 104 106 108 110 112
2.4 Passenger Transport

2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.4.4 Passenger Transport by Rail Passenger Transport by Buses and Coaches International Passenger Transport by Air Passenger Transport by Sea 114 116 118 120
2.5 Safety
2.5.1 Persons Killed in Road Accidents 122
3 Environment Indicators
3.1 Air Pollution
3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.1.5 3.1.6 Emissions of Tropospheric Ozone Precursors by Country EU-27 Emissions of Tropospheric Ozone Precursors by Sector EU-27 Emissions of Tropospheric Ozone Precursors by Pollutant Emissions of Particulate Matter by Country EU-27 Emissions of Particulate Matter by Sector EU-27 Emissions of Particulate Matter by Pollutant 126 128 130 132 134 136
3.2 Climate Change

3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 3.2.5 Greenhouse Gas Emissions per Capita Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Agreed Reduction Targets Emissions of Greenhouse Gases by Country EU-27 Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector EU-27 Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Pollutant 138 140 142 144 146
3.3 Waste
3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.3.5 3.3.6 3.3.7 Municipal Waste Generated Municipal Waste Landfilled Municipal Waste Incinerated Energy Production from Incineration of Municipal Solid Waste Total Waste (Hazardous, Non-hazardous) for Year 2004 Treatment of Waste for Year 2004 Recycling Rate for PackagE Waste 148 150 152 154 156 158 160
3.4 Water
3.4.1 Renewable Fresh Water Resources per Year 3.4.2 Fresh Water Abstraction by Source 3.4.3 Population Connected to Urban Wastewater Treatment 162 164 166
3.5 Environmental Pressure Indicators

3.5.1 Estimated Used Quantities of Plant Protection Products 3.5.2 Production of Toxic Chemicals by Toxicity Class 168 170
3.6 Protection of Nature and Biodiversity

3.6.1 Protected Areas for Biodiversity 3.6.2 EU Common Bird Index 172 174
3.7 Environmental Accounts

3.7.1 Environmental Taxes by Revenue Type by Country 3.7.2 Energy Taxes as a % of Gross Domestic Product 3.7.3 EU-15 Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Economic Activity in 2003 Annex Annex Annex Annex A: Glossary of Terms used in the Energy and Environment sections B: Terms and Methodology used in the Transport Section C: Methodology for the Calculation of EU-wide Average Fuel Prices D: Calorific Values and Conversion Factors 176 178 180 182 190 192 194
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Table des Matires

1 Indicateurs de l'nergie
1.1 Dpendance nergtique
1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.1.4 Dpendance Dpendance Dpendance Dpendance nergtique nergtique nergtique nergtique Tous produits Houille Ptrole Gaz naturel 20 22 24 26 28
1.2 Intensit nergtique 1.3 Approvisionnement nergtique

1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 1.3.4 1.3.5 1.3.6 Production d'nergie primaire, par combustible Consommation intrieure brute, par combustible Importations de produits nergtiques par pays d'origine Importations nettes de combustibles solides et de ptrole Importations nettes de gaz naturel Importations nettes d'lectricit
30 32 34 36 38 40
1.4 Consommation nergtique finale

1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 1.4.4 1.4.5 Consommation Consommation Consommation Consommation Consommation nergtique nergtique nergtique nergtique nergtique finale, par secteur finale, par secteur industriel finale dans l'industrie, par combustible finale, par mode de transport finale dans les transports, par combustible 42 44 46 48 50
1.5 Industrie nergtique

1.5.1 Capacit installe de production d'lectricit, par type 1.5.2 Production des centrales lectriques, par type 1.5.3 Rendement thermique des centrales lectriques 52 54 56
1.6 Sources d'nergie renouvelables

1.6.1 Consommation intrieure brute d'nergies renouvelables et part dans la consommation intrieure brute totale 1.6.2 Capacit installe de production d'lectricit partir de sources d'nergie renouvelables 1.6.3 Contribution de l'lectricit produite partir de sources d'nergie renouvelables dans la consommation totale d'lectricit 58 60 62
1.7 Efficacit nergtique

1.7.1 Consommation intrieure brute par habitant 1.7.2 Consommation finale d'lectricit par habitant 64 66
1.8 Prix de l'nergie

1.8.1 1.8.2 1.8.3 1.8.4 1.8.5 Prix Prix Prix Prix Prix du ptrole brut Brent moyens du gaz l'importation hors TVA des combustibles industriels des combustibles mnagers, taxes comprises au dtail des combustibles pour les transports (taxes comprises) 68 69 70 72 74
2 Indicateurs des transports

2.1 Infrastructure
2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4 2.1.5 2.1.6 Densit ferroviaire Densit autoroutire Densit des voies navigables intrieures Densit des oloducs Nombre des principaux ports maritimes Nombre des principaux aroports commerciaux 78 80 82 84 86 88
2.2 quipement
2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.2.5 Taux de motorisation en vhicules particuliers Taux de renouvellement des vhicules particuliers Taux de motorisation en camions et tracteurs routiers Taux de renouvellement des camions et tracteurs routiers Flotte arienne par pays oprateur 90 92 94 96 98
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2.3 Transport de marchandises

2.3.1 Indice du volume du transport intrieur de marchandises par rapport au PIB 2.3.2 Indice de croissance des transports 2.3.3 Rpartition modale du transport intrieur de marchandises: parts du transport routier, du transport par voies navigables intrieures, par rail et par oloducs dans le transport intrieur total 2.3.4 Tonnage des marchandises transportes par rail 2.3.5 Tonnage des marchandises transportes par route 2.3.6 Tonnage des marchandises transportes par voies navigables intrieures 2.3.7 Tonnage des marchandises transportes par voie maritime 100 102
104 106 108 110 112
2.4 Transport de passagers

2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.4.4 Transport Transport Transport Transport de passagers par rail de passagers par autobus et autocars arien international de passagers maritime de passagers 114 116 118 120
2.5 Scurit
2.5.1 Nombre de personnes tues dans des accidents de la route 122
3 Indicateurs de l'environnement
3.1 Pollution de l'air
3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.1.5 3.1.6 missions de prcurseurs de l'ozone troposphrique, par pays missions de prcurseurs de l'ozone troposphrique dans l'UE-27, par secteur missions de prcurseurs de l'ozone troposphrique dans l'UE-27, par polluant missions de particules, par pays missions de particules dans l'UE-27, par secteur missions de particules dans l'UE-27, par polluant 126 128 130 132 134 136
3.2 Changement climatique

3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 3.2.5 missions missions missions missions missions de de de de de gaz gaz gaz gaz gaz effet effet effet effet effet de de de de de serre, par habitant serre et objectifs de rduction adopts serre, par pays serre dans l'UE-27, par secteur serre dans l'UE-27, par polluant 138 140 142 144 146
3.3 Dchets
3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.3.5 3.3.6 3.3.7 Production de dchets municipaux Mise en dcharge de dchets municipaux Incinration de dchets municipaux Production d'nergie partir de l'incinration de dchets municipaux solides Total des dchets (dangereux, non dangereux) en 2004 Traitement des dchets en 2004 Taux de recyclage des dchets d'emballages 148 150 152 154 156 158 160
3.4 Eau
3.4.1 Ressources en eau douce renouvelables, par anne 3.4.2 Prlvements d'eau douce par source 3.4.3 Population raccorde aux systmes de traitement des eaux urbaines rsiduaires 162 164 166
3.5 Indicateurs de pression sur l'environnement

3.5.1 Estimations des quantits de produits phytopharmaceutiques utilises 3.5.2 Production de substances chimiques toxiques, par classe de toxicit 168 170
3.6 Protection de la nature et de la biodiversit

3.6.1 Zones protges pour la biodiversit 3.6.2 Indice des oiseax communs pour l'UE 172 174
3.7 Comptes environnementaux

3.7.1 Taxes environnementales par type de recettes et par pays 176 3.7.2 Taxes sur l'nergie, en pourcentage du produit intrieur brut 178 3.7.3 missions de gaz effet de serre dans l'UE-15 par activit conomique en 2003 178 Annexe Annexe Annexe Annexe A: Glossaire des termes utiliss dans les sections nergie et environnement B: Section Transport - termes et mthodologie C: Mthodologie de calcul des prix moyens des combustibles lchelle de lUE D: Valeurs calorifiques et facteurs de conversion 182 190 192 194
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Inhaltsverzeichnis
1 Energieindikatoren
1.1 Energieabhngigkeit
1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.1.4 Energieabhngigkeit Energieabhngigkeit Energieabhngigkeit Energieabhngigkeit Brennstoffe insgesamt Steinkohle l Erdgas 20 22 24 26 28
1.2 Energieintensitt 1.3 Energieversorgung

1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 1.3.4 1.3.5 1.3.6 Primrenergieerzeugung nach Brennstoff Bruttoinlandsverbrauch nach Brennstoff Einfuhr von Energieprodukten nach Ursprungsland Nettoeinfuhr von festen Brennstoffen und l Nettoeinfuhr von Erdgas Nettoeinfuhr von Elektrizitt
30 32 34 36 38 40
1.4 Endenergieverbrauch
1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 1.4.4 1.4.5 Endenergieverbrauch Endenergieverbrauch Endenergieverbrauch Endenergieverbrauch Endenergieverbrauch nach Sektor nach Industriesektor der Industrie nach Brennstoff nach Verkehrszweig des Verkehrs nach Brennstoff 42 44 46 48 50
1.5 Energieindustrie
1.5.1 Installierte Leistung von Elektrizittserzeugungsanlagen nach Anlageart 1.5.2 Erzeugung von Kraftwerken nach Anlageart 1.5.3 Thermischer Wirkungsgrad von Kraftwerken 52 54 56
1.6 Erneuerbare Energiequellen

1.6.1 Bruttoinlandsverbrauch aus erneuerbaren Energiequellen und Anteil am Bruttoinlandsverbrauch insgesamt 58 1.6.2 Installierte Leistung fr Elektrizittserzeugung aus erneuerbaren Energiequellen 60 1.6.3 Anteil der Elektrizitt aus erneuerbaren Energiequellen am Elektrizittsverbrauch insgesamt 62
1.7 Energieeffizienz
1.7.1 Bruttoinlandsverbrauch pro Kopf 1.7.2 Endverbrauch an Elektrizitt pro Kopf 64 66
1.8 Energiepreise
1.8.1 1.8.2 1.8.3 1.8.4 1.8.5 Preise fr Brent-Rohl Durchschnittspreise fr Gaseinfuhren Brennstoffpreise fr die Industrie ohne Mehrwertsteuer Brennstoffpreise fr Haushalte inkl. Steuer Einzelhandelspreise der Kraftstoffe fr den Verkehr inkl. Steuer 68 69 70 72 74
2 Verkehrsindikatoren
2.1 Infrastruktur
2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4 2.1.5 2.1.6 Dichte des Eisenbahnnetzes Dichte der Autobahnen Dichte der Binnenwasserstraen Dichte der lfernleitungen Anzahl wichtiger Seehfen Anzahl wichtiger Frachtflughfen 78 80 82 84 86 88
2.2 Ausrstung
2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.2.5 Motorisierungsgrad bei Personenkraftfahrzeugen Erneuerungsrate bei Personenkraftfahrzeugen Motorisierungsgrad bei Lastkraftwagen und Straenzugmaschinen Erneuerungsrate bei Lastkraftwagen und Straenzugmaschinen Flugzeugflotte nach Betreiberland 90 92 94 96 98
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2.3 Gterverkehr
2.3.1 Index des innerstaatlichen Gterverkehrsvolumens im Verhltnis zum BIP 2.3.2 Index der Verkehrszunahme 2.3.3 Innerstaatlicher Gterverkehr nach Verkehrszweigen - Anteile des Straenverkehrs, der Binnenschiffahrt, des Schienenverkehrs und der lrohrfernleitungen am Binnenverkehr insgesamt 2.3.4 Schienengterverkehr - Tonnage 2.3.5 Straengterverkehr - Tonnage 2.3.6 Gterverkehr der Binnenschifffahrt - Tonnage 2.3.7 Seegterverkehr - Tonnage 100 102
104 106 108 110 112
2.4 Personenverkehr
2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.4.4 Schienenpersonenverkehr Personenbefrderung mit Linien- und Reisebussen Personenbefrderung im grenzberschreitenden Luftverkehr Personenbefrderung im Seeverkehr 114 116 118 120
2.5 Sicherheit
2.5.1 Zahl der Straenverkehrstoten 122
3 Umweltindikatoren
3.1 Luftverschmutzung
3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.1.5 3.1.6 Emissionen von Vorlufern fr troposphrisches Ozon nach Land Emissionen von Vorlufern fr troposphrisches Ozon fr EU-27 nach Sektor Emissionen von Vorlufern fr troposphrisches Ozon fr EU-27 nach Schadstoff Partikelemissionen nach Land Partikelemissionen fr EU-27 nach Sektor Partikelemissionen fr EU-27 nach Schadstoff 126 128 130 132 134 136
3.2 Klimanderung
3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 3.2.5 Treibhausgasemissionen Treibhausgasemissionen Treibhausgasemissionen Treibhausgasemissionen Treibhausgasemissionen pro Kopf und vereinbarte Reduzierungsziele nach Land fr EU-27 nach Sektor fr EU-27 nach Schadstoff 138 140 142 144 146
3.3 Abfall
3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.3.5 3.3.6 3.3.7 Kommunales Abfallaufkommen Deponierung kommunaler Abflle Verbrennung kommunaler Abflle Energieerzeugung aus der Verbrennung kommunaler fester Abfallstoffe Abfall insgesamt (gefhrlich, nicht gefhrlich), 2004 Abfallbehandlung, 2004 Recyclingraten fr Verpackungsabflle 148 150 152 154 156 158 160
3.4 Wasser
3.4.1 Erneuerbares Swasserdargebot pro Jahr 3.4.2 Swasserentnahme nach Quelle 3.4.3 An stdtische Klranlagen angeschlossene Bevlkerung 162 164 166
3.5 Umweltbelastungsindikatoren
3.5.1 Geschtzte Einsatzmengen von Pflanzenschutzmitteln 3.5.2 Produktion von toxischen Chemikalien nach Toxizittsklasse 168 170
3.6 Naturschutz und biologische Vielfalt

3.6.1 Schutzgebiete fr die biologische Vielfalt 3.6.2 Index der heimischen Vogelarten fur die EU 172 174
3.7 Umweltgesamtrechnungen
3.7.1 Umweltsteuern nach Art der Einnahmen, nach Land 3.7.2 Energiesteuern in % des BIP 3.7.3 Treibhausgasemissionen der EU-15 nach Wirtschaftszweig im Jahr 2003 Anhang Anhang Anhang Anhang A: Glossar der Begriffe in den Energie- und Umweltkapiteln B: Verkehr : Begriffe und Methodik C: Methodik zur Berechnung von EU-weiten durchschnittlichen Brennstoffpreisen D: Heizwerte und Umrechnungsfaktoren 176 178 180 182 190 192 194
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Symbols and abbreviations

: 0 % 1234 no data available figure less than half of the unit used Not applicable or real zero or zero by default percentage Estimates are printed in italic
Units of measurement ECU EUR GJ GWh kg km km2 m3 mio billion pkm tkm t toe TOP TOFP European currency unit, data up to 31.12.1998 euro, data from 1.1.1999 on Giga Joule Gigawatt hour kilogram kilometre square kilometre cubic metre million (106 ) 1 thousand millions passenger-kilometre tonne-kilometre tonne tonne of oil equivalent Tropospheric ozone precursors Tropospheric ozone forming potential
Chemical and related symbols CH4 CO2 HFC NH3 N2O NOx PFC SF6 SO2 Methane Carbon dioxide Hydrofluorocarbons Ammonia Nitrous oxide Nitrogen oxides Perfluorocarbons Sulphur hexafluoride Sulphur dioxide
Other abbreviations EEA European Environment Agency ECMT European Conference of Ministers of Transport GDP Gross Domestic Product GDP in PPS Gross Domestic Product in Purchasing Power Standard IEA International Energy Agency NACE Statistical Classification of economic activities in the European Community OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OJ Official Journal of the European Union OPEC Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries UIC Union International des Chemins de fer UN United Nations UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
16
Abbreviations of Countries
EU-27 EU-25 EU-15 EFTA BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK IS LI NO CH HR TR The twenty seven Member States of the EU The twenty five Member States of the EU (before the enlargement of the EU on 1st January 2007) The fifteen Member States of the EU (before the enlargement of the EU on 1st May 2004) European Free Trade Association Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Germany Estonia Ireland Greece Spain France Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Finland Sweden United Kingdom Iceland Liechtenstein Norway Switzerland Croatia Turkey
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ENERGY INDICATORS
ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS
Energy Dependency - All Products
Per cent (%)
EU-27 EU-25 Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Germany Estonia Ireland Greece Spain France Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Finland Sweden United Kingdom Iceland Norway Croatia Turkey
Data Source: Eurostat
1995 43.3 43.5 80.5 57.2 20.6 34.5 57.3 35.7 69.4 65.7 71.6 47.9 82.3 99.1 68.4 64.0 97.7 48.8 104.5 19.3 66.5 -0.2 89.0 30.9 50.1 70.6 53.1 37.5 -16.3 33.8 -642.9 41.0 59.1
2000 46.7 47.2 77.8 46.5 23.1 -33.7 59.8 30.8 84.5 69.3 76.5 50.9 87.3 98.8 57.0 60.5 99.8 56.0 100.8 38.6 65.6 11.1 87.2 21.8 52.5 66.5 55.8 39.0 -16.7 31.2 -735.8 53.3 65.4
2005 52.3 52.9 78.3 47.1 27.4 -51.6 61.6 25.8 89.5 68.5 81.2 51.6 84.4 100.7 56.0 58.4 98.0 62.9 100.0 37.8 71.8 18.0 88.2 27.4 52.2 64.6 54.7 37.2 13.9 28.8 -609.1 58.6 71.9
ENERGY 1.1.1
20
Energy Dependency - All Products, 2005

EU-27 EU-25 Denmark United Kingdom Poland Estonia Romania Czech Republic Sweden Netherlands Bulgaria France Slovenia Finland Latvia Lithuania Germany Hungary Slovakia Greece Austria Belgium Spain Italy Portugal Ireland Luxembourg Malta Cyprus
-60
-40
-20
20 Per cent (%)
40
60
80
100
EU-27 EU-25
Per cent (%) 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 43.3 43.9 44.9 46.0 45.0 46.7 47.3 47.4 48.8 50.1 52.3 43.5 44.1 45.1 46.4 45.5 47.2 47.8 47.9 49.3 50.5 52.9
Data Source: Eurostat Note: The quantities of fuels delivered to sea-going ships of all flags, including warships, are included. Negative dependency rate indicates a net exporter country. Positive values over 100% indicate stocks build-up during the reference year.
Currently, approximately 50% of the EU energy consumption is imported. The EU is highly dependent on oil (82%) and natural gas (58%) and the forecasts show the same trend for the next decades. Furthermore, there is an accelerating decline in the resources of fossil fuels which are concentrated in few producing countries In the last decade (1995-2005) total energy dependency rate of the 27 EU Member States increased by 9 percentage points. Eleven countries were in 2005 less dependent than in 1995, and other eleven countries increased their dependency by 0.4% to 9.6%. Hungary, Poland, Netherlands and Ireland experienced bigger increase of energy dependency by 14%-20%. As for the United Kingdom (which had in 1995 energy dependency rate of -16%), the situation was almost reversed in 2005. Among the EU-27, only Denmark had in 2005 a negative energy dependency of -51.6% while sixteen countries had higher energy dependency ratio than the EU-27 average. Norway, a very significant oil and gas supplier to Europe had six times more energy exports than their own consumption.
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ENERGY 1.1.1
Energy Dependency - Hard Coal and Derivatives
Per cent (%)
1995 28.2 26.9 109.3 73.0 -24.7 118.0 20.4 105.0 106.5 95.2 51.5 61.4 106.2 130.0 93.3 69.1 100.0 79.9 98.0 86.3 -36.6 108.7 79.8 41.0 92.6 90.7 103.3 22.9 100.0 84.0 81.2 75.2
2000 40.3 39.2 92.2 101.0 -21.7 94.9 44.4 123.6 93.2 105.8 64.9 87.3 104.2 102.0 84.8 101.6 100.0 96.0 102.3 92.0 -36.9 102.9 94.2 100.6 104.2 97.3 105.8 39.6 100.0 55.8 111.1 88.5
2005 53.0 51.9 101.2 95.2 -17.0 94.3 60.7 88.7 102.4 112.3 73.9 94.7 99.3 121.2 97.7 101.1 100.0 104.1 101.5 104.3 -29.4 96.3 102.8 93.6 104.6 102.0 105.9 71.9 100.0 -52.8 90.9 89.0
ENERGY 1.1.2
22
ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS Energy Dependency - Hard Coal and Derivatives, 2005
EU-27 EU-25 Poland Czech Republic Germany United Kingdom Spain Estonia Slovenia Denmark France Bulgaria Portugal Latvia Italy Luxembourg Lithuania Belgium Netherlands Finland Ireland Romania Hungary Austria Slovakia Sweden Greece Cyprus
-40
-20
20
40 Per cent (%)
60
80
100
120
EU-27 EU-25
Per cent (%) 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 28.2 29.9 32.5 34.5 36.3 40.3 44.9 44.8 47.0 51.2 53.0 26.9 28.8 31.0 33.4 35.4 39.2 43.8 43.5 45.9 49.8 51.9
Data Source: Eurostat Note: Negative dependency rate indicates a net exporter country. Positive values over 100% indicate stocks build-up during the reference year.
EU-27 energy dependency of hard coal and derived products was 28.2% in 1995 and almost double (53%) in 2005. Among the 27 Member States, only the Czech Republic and Poland are exporting countries, supplying mainly other EU countries. It must be noted that although 20 MS have a dependency ratio above 90%, the effect to the EU average is not significant. This is attributed to the exporting activity of Czech Republic and Poland and also to the high share of hard coal and derived products in the energy balances of both countries. The share of hard coal and derived products in the energy balances of Czech Republic and Poland amounts to 45% while the average share for the remaining countries is 11%.
23
ENERGY 1.1.2
Energy Dependency - Oil
Per cent (%)
1995 74.4 74.7 99.5 100.0 98.3 13.4 96.4 105.2 100.2 98.4 101.1 96.9 93.7 101.0 102.6 114.6 98.2 71.5 104.5 85.4 89.4 95.6 100.6 49.3 97.8 106.2 94.6 95.4 -57.3 100.1 -1 485.5 56.2 91.7
2000 75.8 76.3 100.1 96.1 95.4 -78.1 95.4 101.9 98.8 100.2 101.0 98.6 96.5 100.5 94.3 100.8 102.1 77.5 100.8 99.7 90.1 96.9 98.8 34.9 101.6 92.7 106.9 99.5 -54.6 104.3 -1 471.5 61.5 93.3
2005 82.2 82.7 100.9 102.6 97.4 -104.8 97.1 71.8 99.7 97.7 101.2 99.6 91.8 102.3 101.8 92.7 99.4 79.2 100.0 97.1 92.2 96.0 102.2 38.1 101.1 81.9 98.8 103.8 -2.6 102.0 -854.3 79.6 90.9
ENERGY 1.1.3
24
Energy Dependency - Oil, 2005

EU-27 EU-25 Denmark United Kingdom Romania Estonia Hungary Slovakia Italy Austria Lithuania Poland Netherlands Germany Czech Republic Greece Finland Luxembourg France Ireland Malta Belgium Slovenia Spain Latvia Portugal Cyprus Bulgaria Sweden
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
20
40
60
80
100
Per cent (%) Per cent (%) 2003 2004 2005 78.3 79.7 82.2 78.9 80.1 82.7
EU-27 EU-25
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 74.4 75.5 75.8 77.0 72.9 75.8 77.2 75.9 74.7 75.9 76.1 77.4 73.3 76.3 77.6 76.4
The EU-27 is highly dependent on imported oil. In 2007 the energy dependence rate for oil raised to 82.2% compared with 74.4% in 1995. At EU-27 level, primary production of crude oil decreased by 23% (39 Mtoe), while the imports increased by 12% over the period under consideration. In 1995, only the United Kingdom was net oil exporter and became simply oil independent with only 2 Mtoe net exports in 2005. On the other hand, Denmark which was net oil import country in 1995 developed to net oil exporter with more oil exports in recent years than the gross inland consumption. All Member States (except for: Romania, Estonia, Hungary, Slovakia and the two net exporting countries mentioned above) have an oil dependency rate greater than 90%.
25
ENERGY 1.1.3
Energy Dependency - Natural Gas
Per cent (%)
1995 43.6 43.9 98.2 99.5 98.0 -47.2 78.6 100.0 3.6 97.4 93.0 63.9 99.0 100.0 100.0 60.3 -77.4 84.8 64.6 24.9 100.6 86.8 100.0 100.0 1.0
2000 48.9 49.6 99.3 93.5 99.8 -64.8 79.1 100.0 72.1 99.1 101.6 100.0 81.1 101.9 100.0 100.0 75.4 -49.5 80.6 66.3 100.3 19.8 99.3 98.8 100.0 100.0 -10.7
2005 57.7 58.4 100.6 87.7 97.8 -113.9 81.3 100.0 86.7 99.1 101.4 99.3 84.7 105.6 100.6 100.0 81.1 -59.3 88.2 69.7 103.8 30.1 99.6 97.2 100.0 100.0 7.0
ENERGY 1.1.4
-716.4 11.6 97.9
-1 161.4 41.0 95.4
-1 378.3 23.6 97.1
26
Energy Dependency - Natural Gas, 2005

EU-27 EU-25 Denmark Netherlands United Kingdom Romania Poland Hungary Germany Italy Ireland Bulgaria Austria Slovakia Czech Republic Greece France Slovenia Estonia Luxembourg Finland Sweden Belgium Lithuania Spain Portugal Latvia
-120
-80
-40
0 Per cent (%)
40
80
120
EU-27 EU-25
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 43.6 43.5 45.2 45.7 47.9 48.9 47.3 51.1 43.9 43.5 45.5 46.0 48.6 49.6 48.0 51.8
Per cent (%) 2003 2004 2005 52.5 54.0 57.7 53.1 54.6 58.4
In 2005, the EU-27 energy dependency rate for natural gas was 57.7%, an increase of 14.1 points compared with 1995. While the primary production of EU-27 natural gas remained stable, the Gross Inland Consumption increased by one third compared to 1995. This increase is compensated by the 77% increase of imports. The top 3 import countries (Germany, Italy and France) increased their imports by 53% compared with 1995. In addition, Spanish market with 8.3 Mtoe net natural gas imports in 1995 grew intensely by 15% average annual rate to 34 Mtoe holding a 12% share of EU total imports in 2005.
Apart from the two net exporters mentioned above, the UK, Romania and Poland, the remaining Member States have an energy dependency rate for natural gas bigger than 80%.
27
ENERGY 1.1.4
The Netherlands and Denmark are the only EU-27 natural gas exporting countries, with energy dependency ratio of 59% and 114% respectively. The net exports of these countries amounted to 29 Mtoe, 23 for the Netherlands and 6 for Denmark.
Energy Intensity
(kgoe/1000 euro '95) 1995 EU-27 EU-25 Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Germany Estonia Ireland Greece Spain France Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Finland Sweden United Kingdom Iceland Norway 236 227 232 2 326 965 225 175 1 907 211 269 224 200 187 278 1 256 1 751 211 758 325 229 146 940 225 1 738 393 1 174 290 263 251 432 208 492 479 2000 213 207 230 1 936 886 185 160 1 198 176 264 220 188 182 279 800 1 134 170 602 222 194 136 656 227 1 457 333 979 258 213 228 474 191 459 492 2005 208 202 206 1 582 823 148 157 967 144 237 219 184 191 247 645 949 190 544 264 196 149 585 242 1 165 320 869 241 204 202 431 212 417 438
Index (1995=100) 1997 98 99 104 102 101 99 100 90 92 100 97 99 99 101 86 90 93 94 106 95 102 90 98 99 98 89 103 96 97 99 93 97 99 2000 90 91 99 83 92 82 91 63 83 98 98 94 97 100 64 65 81 79 68 85 93 70 101 84 85 83 89 81 91 110 92 93 103 2005 88 89 89 68 85 66 90 51 68 88 98 92 102 89 51 54 90 72 81 85 102 62 107 67 82 74 83 78 81 100 102 85 92
ENERGY 1.2
Croatia Turkey
28
Energy Intensity
260
240
kgoe/1000 euro
220
200
180
160 1995 1997 1999 EU-25 2001 EU-27 2003 2005
EU-27 EU-25
(kgoe/1000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 236 240 232 228 219 213 214 211 214 211 227 232 224 221 213 207 208 205 207 205
euro) 2005 208 202
EU-27 EU-25
Index (1995=100) 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 100 102 98 96 93 90 91 89 90 89 88 100 102 99 97 94 91 92 90 91 90 89
EU-27 energy intensity dropped from 236 kgoe per thousand euro in 1995 to 208 in 2005. Among the EU Member States, eleven countries had in 2005 less energy intensity than the EU-27 average. In 2005, nine new Member States had much higher values than the EU-27 average of that year (3 to 8 times more).
29
ENERGY 1.2
Primary Energy Production
(ktoe) 1995 EU-27 EU-25 BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK IS NO HR TR 939 808 897 473 10 939 10 191 31 373 15 544 140 786 3 483 4 020 9 702 31 207 126 024 29 219 42 1 561 3 709 47 13 456 65 909 8 493 97 931 2 602 32 143 3 020 4 808 13 151 31 512 248 934 1 565 181 635 4 146 26 524 2000 931 166 892 702 13 065 9 834 29 443 27 607 132 013 3 249 2 175 9 946 31 189 131 086 26 780 43 1 560 3 173 57 11 207 56 912 9 584 78 440 3 109 28 630 3 085 5 970 14 758 30 052 268 199 2 306 224 491 3 562 26 715 2005 890 026 852 022 13 913 10 553 32 368 31 168 134 858 4 219 1 650 10 290 30 126 135 232 27 597 50 2 290 3 682 74 10 321 61 834 9 447 77 721 3 578 27 451 3 479 6 547 16 203 34 337 201 037 2 636 233 565 3 779 23 612 72 0 6 0 7 Hard Coal 13 13 0 72 13 17 0 -
Year 2005, share of each fuel to total (%) Lignite 9 8 40 0 29 75 48 83 4 0 1 17 0 16 21 34 10 13 1 38 Oil 15 15 0 1 61 4 8 1 1 1 22 6 14 4 10 1 20 5 43 61 27 10 Gas Nuclear 21 21 4 0 30 11 28 0 1 36 23 91 15 5 35 0 2 39 33 49 3 29 29 88 46 20 31 49 86 72 35 2 5 44 70 37 54 10 RES 13 13 12 11 6 9 12 17 24 16 29 12 42 100 100 21 100 11 4 75 6 100 18 22 13 50 45 2 100 6 24 43 (Mtoe)
ENERGY 1.3.1
1995 1996 1997 EU-27 EU-25 940 897 969 926 960 919
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 938 899 940 904 931 893 932 894 933 894 925 886 921 882 890 852
30
ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS Primary Energy Production of 1995 & 2005 Breakdown by Fuel
9% 15% 13% 9% 9% 18%
20% 13% 24%
20%
21%
Oil Gas
29%
Nuclear Hard Coal RES Lignite
Total Oil Gas Nuclear Hard Coal RES Lignite

1995 941 169 189 223 187 85 88
(Mtoe) 2005 890 130 188 257 114 119 81
Change 95-05 -5% -23% 0% 15% -39% 40% -8%
Primary energy commodities may be divided between fuels of fossil origin, nuclear energy and renewable energy commodities. Fossil fuels are taken from natural resources, which were formed from biomass in the geological past. The definition of renewable energy sources (RES) includes energy generated from solar, wind, biomass (wood, municipal wastes, biofuels and biogas), geothermal, hydropower, and ocean resources. EU-27 primary energy production registered a steadily decreasing trend from 1995 to 2005, resulting to a 5.3% decrease over the whole period. Year by year, the fuel mixture of primary energy production changed in favour of nuclear energy and renewable energy sources. While the share into the total remained almost stable for Lignite, Natural Gas and Oil, the Hard Coal share decreased by 7%. In 2005, CO2 free sources (renewable energy sources and nuclear energy) had a share of 42% while the fossil fuels represented the remaining 58% of total primary production of energy.
31
ENERGY 1.3.1
Gross Inland Consumption
(ktoe)
Year 2005, share of each fuel to total (%)
1995 EU-27 EU-25 BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK IS NO HR TR
2000
2005 Hard Coal Lignite 13 13 10 13 45 19 13 0 13 1 14 5 9 1 2 2 2 5 10 11 45 13 7 5 18 10 5 16 3 2 7 15 4 4 0 21 0 11 57 5 28 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 1 14 15 16 5 5 1 0 11
Oil Gas Nuclear RES 37 37 37 24 22 42 36 20 55 57 48 33 45 96 29 32 66 27 40 42 24 58 26 35 21 30 28 36 24 44 51 35 25 24 26 14 17 23 23 14 23 8 21 15 38 29 29 25 43 44 24 13 14 36 13 31 10 2 37 16 27 27 14 14 22 24 14 12 10 42 31 13 1 4 21 24 17 36 9 7 7 4 6 4 16 5 11 3 5 6 6 6 2 36 9 2 4 3 21 5 13 13 11 4 23 30 2 73 40 10 12
1 650 394 1 711 983 1 811 317 1 579 981 1 656 306 1 752 287 50 459 23 304 40 800 20 248 338 250 5 481 10 844 24 174 102 207 239 896 161 262 1 970 4 763 8 686 3 335 25 864 808 73 374 26 721 100 019 19 611 47 108 6 103 17 692 28 959 50 446 218 011 2 317 23 688 7 087 62 027 57 168 18 610 40 304 19 662 340 143 4 635 14 319 28 140 122 698 258 985 172 537 2 381 3 947 7 069 3 628 25 000 769 75 712 28 726 90 777 24 108 37 067 6 415 17 483 32 483 47 849 231 368 3 230 26 071 7 819 77 374 54 952 19 884 44 795 19 538 345 451 5 563 15 121 31 240 143 486 275 438 186 766 2 461 4 718 8 592 4 698 27 920 953 80 963 33 980 93 935 26 677 39 146 7 305 19 407 34 515 51 555 232 259 3 610 32 190 8 914 85 159
- 100
ENERGY 1.3.2
(Mtoe) 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 EU-27 1 650 1 708 1 693 1 710 1 698 1 712 1 752 1 745 1 787 1 808 1 811 EU-25 1 580 1 637 1 627 1 649 1 643 1 656 1 696 1 688 1 728 1 750 1 752
32
ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS Gross Inland Consumption of 1995 & 2005 Breakdown by Fuel
4% 7%
13% 17%
5% 5%
37% 39%
14% 14% 20%
Oil
25%
Gas Nuclear Hard Coal RES Lignite
Total Oil Gas Nuclear Hard Coal RES Lignite

1995 1 652 642 333 223 275 85 89
(Mtoe) 2005 1 811 666 445 257 239 121 81
Change 95-05 10% 4% 33% 15% -13% 41% -9%
EU-27 gross inland consumption grew by 9.8% (161 Mtoe) over the 1995-2005 period. Natural gas recorded the highest absolute increase from 333Mtoe in 1995 to 445Mtoe in 2005, while nuclear energy grew by 15% to 257Mtoe. The increase of renewables was 41% over the 19952005 period yet, the share of renewables into the total remains still small (7% in 2005). On the other hand, gross inland consumption of solid fuels dropped by 12% and at the same time gross inland consumption of oil grew by only 4%, despite the fact that oil is strongly linked with the transport sector where significant growth is observed. Even with increasing energy efficiency and development of renewable energy, oil and gas will remain the most important fuels for the energy and transport sectors. As a consequence, the external dependence and the security of supply for these fuels will continue to be of great importance for the economic activities.
33
ENERGY 1.3.2
Imports of Energy Products, by Country of Origin
Imports of Natural Gas, by Country of Origin

(PJ) 2000 Russia Norway Algeria Nigeria Lybia Other Countries Total 4 540 1 985 2 203 172 33 224 9 157 2001 4 422 2 136 1 957 216 33 303 9 067 2002 4 555 2 602 2 132 218 26 353 9 885 2003 4 895 2 699 2 159 336 30 494 10 614 2004 4 951 2 802 2 042 410 48 865 11 118 2005 4 953 2 643 2 257 436 209 1 327 11 825
Imports of Crude Oil, by Country of Origin

(Mt) 2000 Russia Norway Saudi Arabia Lybia Iran Other Countries Total 118 115 65 46 35 163 542 2001 137 108 57 44 31 164 542 2002 155 103 53 39 26 158 534 2003 171 106 62 46 35 134 554 2004 189 109 64 50 36 127 575 2005 188 97 61 51 35 148 580
Imports of Hard Coal, by Country of Origin

(Mt) 2000 South Africa Russia Australia Colombia USA Indonesia Other Countries Total 40 15 29 23 20 9 22 158 2001 49 21 29 23 20 10 29 181 2002 54 23 29 21 14 11 20 173 2003 57 26 31 23 13 13 20 183 2004 54 40 31 24 15 14 24 203 2005 52 48 27 24 16 14 21 201
ENERGY 1.3.3
34
ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS Imports of Natural Gas, by Country of Origin
12 000 10 000 8 000 PJ 6 000 4 000 2 000 0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Other Countries Libya Nigeria Algeria Norway Russia
Imports of Crude Oil, by Country of Origin

600 500 400 Mt 300 200 100 0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Other Countries Iran Libya Saudi Arabia Norway Russia
Imports of Hard Coal, by Country of Origin

200
150 100
Other Countries Indonesia USA Colombia Australia Russia South Africa
Mt
50 0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
EU-27 imports of natural gas rose by 29% from 2000 to 2005. However imports from Russia rose by 9%, from Norway by 33% and from Algeria by 2.4% forming altogether 83% of total imports. Due to diversification efforts, imports from other countries increased more than four times, representing 17% of total imports in 2005. On the contrary, consolidation has been exhibited in crude oil imports, which grew by 7% over the last five years. In 2005, 32% of the imported crude oil came from Russia, up from 22% in 2000, and 17% from Norway, down from 21%. Saudi Arabia and Libya contributed significantly with 10% and 9% respectively while Iran maintained its spot as a Top-5 country of origin, with a 6% share. Hard Coal imports confirm Russia as a first-rate energy supplier to the EU. Although South Africa, with a share of 26% of the total hard coal supplied to the EU-27 in 2005, remains the main supplier, Russia has tripled its exports to EU over the period 2000 to 2005, reaching a 24% share, up from 9% in 2000.
35
ENERGY 1.3.3
Net Imports of Solid Fuels and Oil
(1000 tonnes) Solid Fuels EU-27 EU-25 BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK IS NO HR TR 1995 2000 2005 120 823 154 805 196 560 112 770 148 312 187 616 14 186 3 562 -12 318 13 031 17 239 1 492 2 888 1 421 14 654 13 514 19 114 26 250 266 753 2 167 13 942 3 910 -34 023 5 963 4 491 415 8 467 6 030 3 924 15 459 83 1 272 322 6 133 10 959 3 451 -8 025 6 340 34 917 1 275 2 756 1 165 21 042 19 748 19 408 60 88 134 183 1 720 13 201 4 527 -25 477 6 287 3 042 519 5 750 5 520 3 392 22 823 148 889 805 13 723 7 926 4 181 -5 760 5 911 39 855 147 2 968 583 24 282 20 830 24 777 64 120 320 119 1 944 13 152 5 884 -20 512 5 278 4 763 629 6 123 5 188 3 563 44 225 150 -617 1 064 17 774 Oil 1995 2000 2005 504 431 526 781 590 543 491 011 519 105 581 369 24 441 28 776 30 340 6 512 4 066 5 182 7 961 7 470 9 658 1 493 -7 806 -9 106 129 187 124 037 120 271 1 184 615 842 5 706 7 946 8 457 17 274 19 694 20 421 58 820 70 972 79 518 84 852 89 953 93 983 89 726 88 789 79 543 2 052 2 572 2 828 2 106 1 102 1 642 3 710 2 278 2 651 1 720 2 278 3 009 5 475 5 283 5 828 901 832 975 32 426 41 602 47 625 10 117 10 810 13 107 15 422 20 079 21 673 14 083 15 827 16 812 6 908 3 610 3 992 2 199 2 369 2 570 3 699 2 778 3 246 8 221 10 405 10 799 15 801 15 440 17 106 -47 565 -44 996 -2 429 752 949 983 -129 203 -150 750 -124 280 2 217 26 418 2 425 28 942 3 646 27 889
ENERGY 1.3.4
36
ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS Net Imports of Solid Fuels and Oil
600
500
mio tonnes
400 EU-27 Oil EU-25 Oil 300 EU-27 Solid Fuels EU-25 Solid Fuels
200
100
0 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 (mio tonnes) Solid Fuels EU-27 EU-25 Oil EU-27 EU-25 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 121 129 134 136 135 155 172 167 182 197 197 113 121 125 129 130 148 164 159 174 188 188 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 504 524 527 548 513 527 550 537 557 571 591 491 511 515 538 505 519 541 529 549 562 581
The decreasing trend in gross inland consumption of solid fuels, where a drop of 12% between 1995 and 2005 is observed, is not reflected in net imports of solid fuels. Actually, net imports of solid fuels have greatly increased, by over 60% during the same period. Net imports of solid fuels to the EU-27 in 2005 amounted to 196 thousand tonnes or 127 Mtoe. EU-27 total oil imports amounted to 591 thousand tonnes in 2005, 17% more than in 1995. It must be noted that finished products are only a small proportion of total oil imports which fluctuated between 2 to 5%. However, although only Denmark and UK are net oil exporters, many countries are net oil products exporters. Germany, Italy, France and Spain, the Top Four net oil importers in 1995 that formed 72% of total net imports, decreased their imports by 3.0%, dropping their contribution to total imports to 63%.
37
ENERGY 1.3.4
Net Imports of Natural Gas
EU-27 EU-25 Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Germany Estonia Ireland Greece Spain France Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Finland Sweden United kingdom Iceland Norway Croatia Turkey
1995 6 759 6 324 485 212 299 -70 461 27 4 350 279 327 46 94 26 257 227 251 270 0 223 35 211 132 35 30
2000 8 957 8 703 618 128 348 -134 2 645 31 115 79 720 1 664 2 187 52 96 31 339 -800 244 307 95 126 38 265 159 36 -433 -1 962 42 561
(PJ) 2005 11 948 11 638 660 114 351 -233 3 058 37 140 108 1 407 1 894 2 784 67 116 55 456 -974 339 397 181 195 43 268 167 39 278 -3 309 26 1 030
1 1
-1
ENERGY 1.3.5
-1 154 10 264
38
ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS Net Imports of Natural Gas

12 000
10 000
8 000 PJ 6 000 4 000 2 000 0 1995 1997 1999 EU-27 2001 EU-25 2003 2005
EU-27 EU-25
(PJ) 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 6 759 7 416 7 559 7 874 8 521 8 957 8 895 9 640 10 398 10 946 11 948 6 324 6 932 7 192 7 550 8 274 8 703 8 660 9 378 1 091 10 644 11 638
Natural gas net imports continue to exhibit a quite steady average annual increase of 6 %, having risen by 77% since 1995. Of the three traditional North Sea producers, (DK, NL, UK), the United Kingdom has recently become a net importer and the Netherlands have reduced their annual exports while Denmark on the other hand has expanded their net exports more than 3 times between 1995 and 2005. Germany, France and Italy remain the largest importers of EU-27; nevertheless, their total net imports share dropped from 75 to 65% within the period 1995-2005 despite substantial growth in net imports, as in the same period, other countries have expanded their consumption.
39
ENERGY 1.3.5
Net Imports of Electricity
EU-27 EU-25 Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Germany Estonia Ireland Greece Spain France Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovak Republic Finland Sweden United Kingdom Iceland Norway Croatia Turkey
1995 17 543 17 404 4 072 -160 418 -794 4 824 -760 -15 797 4 486 -69 841 37 427 2 256 -2 678 5 003 2 405 11 393 -2 470 -2 801 914 299 -1 652 1 383 8 405 -1 681 16 313 -6 666 3 496 -696
2000 19 614 24 930 4 326 -4 620 -10 017 665 3 057 -929 98 -11 4 441 -69 479 44 347 1 786 -1 336 5 722 3 440 18 915 -1 368 -6 373 931 -696 -1 321 -2 696 11 880 4 678 14 174 -19 055 4 000 3 354
(GWh) 2005 11 316 21 800 6 -7 -12 1 -4 -1 2 3 -1 -60 49 304 581 634 369 566 608 044 780 343 296 155 2 148 -2 966 3 261 6 227 18 293 2 665 -11 186 6 824 -2 903 -324 -3 265 16 989 -7 392 8 321
ENERGY 1.3.6
-12 043 5 112 -1 162
40
ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS Net Imports of Electricity

120
80
40
TWh
0 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005
-40
-80
-120 Top 5 Exporters EU-25 EU-27 1995 1996 1997 1998 17.5 -3.0 2.9 -0.9 17.4 -3.4 6.3 2.3 18.8 -1.6 7.8 13.1 -75.1 -77.5 -75.8 -73.2 63.7 58.0 64.5 64.0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 11.2 19.6 4.8 12.5 -1.7 -7.3 14.0 24.9 13.1 21.6 4.3 -0.2 23.7 42.4 34.3 45.9 32.6 26.9 -76.0 -91.8 -95.5 -108.3 -104.2 -99.9 73.5 82.9 87.9 90.7 86.2 82.0 (TWh) 2005 11.3 21.8 45.4 -94.7 97.0 Top 5 Importers EU-15
EU-27 EU-25 EU-15 Top 5 Exporters Top 5 Importers
Data Source: Eurostat Note: Top 5 EU-27 Exporters and Importers are drawn according to average activity levels of the last three years: Top 5 Exporting countries are France, Czech Republic, Poland, Lithuania and Bulgaria. Top 5 Importing countries are Italy, Netherlands, Finland, Hungary and Belgium.
The net electricity imports of the European Union vary during the period under consideration and there are considerable differences between Member States. This volatility must be seen in the context of trade in electricity rather than availability of local resources.
41
ENERGY 1.3.6
France exported about 11% of its production and the Czech Republic 18%. As a consequence, France is the largest net exporter of electricity in the EU-27. France has kept its historical top spot, followed by the Czech Republic, which became an important net electricity exporter. On the other hand the largest net importer is historically Italy that has maintained its status, followed by the Netherlands.
Final Enery Consumption, by Sector
(Mtoe) Total 1995 EU-27 EU-25 2000 2005 Industry 1995 2000 2005 326 305 323 310 326 313 Transport 1995 2000 2005 300 295 339 334 362 355 Other 1995 439 427 2005 480 467
1 066 1 108 1 169 1 027 1 077 1 135
BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK
34.5 11.4 24.1 14.7
36.9 8.6 22.4 14.6
36.4 9.5 25.8 15.3
12.1 6.0 11.1 3.0 62.0 0.8 1.9 4.1 20.5 37.0 36.4 0.4 0.7 1.0 1.2 3.8 0.0 12.7 6.5 22.7 4.2 14.9 1.2 4.4 10.0 12.6 35.1
13.6 3.6 8.5 2.9 57.7 0.5 2.3 4.4 25.5 36.6 39.5 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 3.5 0.0 13.8 7.6 18.9 5.5 9.1 1.4 4.0 12.1 13.1 35.9
11.6 3.7 9.4 2.8 56.1 0.7 2.5 4.1 31.0 37.4 40.7 0.3 0.8 1.0 0.9 3.4 0.0 14.6 8.8 16.4 5.7 9.8 1.7 4.5 12.1 12.6 33.9
8.5 2.0 2.8 4.4 62.9 0.5 2.3 6.4 26.1 44.1 37.6 0.8 0.7 1.0 1.3 2.7 0.3 12.4 5.2 8.3 4.9 3.1 1.3 1.5 4.2 7.7 46.9
9.7 1.8 4.7 4.7 66.0 0.6 4.0 7.2 32.9 51.6 41.3 0.9 0.7 1.0 1.9 3.3 0.2 13.8 6.0 9.2 6.5 3.4 1.3 1.5 4.4 8.1 52.3
9.9 2.6 6.6 5.3 62.0 0.7 5.0 8.1 39.4 49.8 43.6 1.0 1.0 1.4 2.7 4.2 0.3 15.1 8.0 12.1 7.0 4.2 1.5 1.8 4.8 8.6 55.2
14 3 10 7 97 1 4 5 17 60 40 0 2 3 1 9 0 23 9 33 4 9 1 5 8 13 60
15 3 10 7 100 1 5 9 27 71 50 1 2 2 1 10 0 22 10 29 6 11 2 4 8 12 62
222.4 218.2 217.9 2.5 7.9 15.8 63.5 2.4 10.7 18.5 79.4 2.8 12.3 20.7 97.2
141.2 152.1 158.2 113.7 123.3 134.1 1.4 3.8 4.6 3.2 15.7 0.5 47.7 20.9 63.5 13.0 26.7 3.9 10.9 22.0 33.7 1.6 3.3 3.7 3.5 15.8 0.4 50.1 23.1 55.1 16.9 22.5 4.4 10.5 24.2 34.4 1.8 4.0 4.5 4.4 18.1 0.5 51.6 27.3 57.2 18.7 24.5 4.9 10.6 25.2 33.7
142.4 151.7 151.6
IS NO
1.7 16.9
2.1 18.1
2.2 18.6
0.4 6.2
0.7 7.0
0.8 6.6
0.3 4.2
0.3 4.5
0.4 4.9
1 6
1 7
ENERGY 1.4.1
HR TR
4.5 44.7
5.3 54.8
6.3 62.3
1.3 13.2
1.4 20.4
1.6 21.6
1.2 11.9
1.5 12.2
1.9 13.3
2 20
3 27
42
EU-27 Final Energy Consumption, by Sector

1 400
1 200
1 000
800
Mtoe
600
400
200
0 1995 1997
Industry
1999
2001
Other
2003
2005
Transport
Full Color: New Member States, Texture: EU-25
EU-27 Industry Transport Other EU-25 Industry Transport Other
1995 1996 326 328 300 310 439 473 305 295 427 308 305 458
1997 1998 328 321 317 329 455 457 311 311 440 306 323 442
(Mtoe) 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 312 323 326 323 328 333 326 337 339 343 346 351 359 362 453 446 466 454 476 480 480 299 332 440 310 334 433 313 337 454 309 339 443 314 344 463 318 352 466 313 355 467
Observing the shares in final energy consumption, industrial consumption was higher in 1995 than the consumption of transport but as the years passed, the situation has reversed and in 2005 industrial consumption was 28% of total consumption, while transport sector consumption was 31%. The consumption of the other sectors remains the highest with a 41% share into EU-27 final energy consumption.
43
ENERGY 1.4.1
EU-27 final energy consumption increased by 9.7% over the period 1995-2005, a bit slower than EU- 25, which increased by 10.4%, since total consumption of the two new Member States (Romania and Bulgaria) decreased during the same period. EU-27 industrial consumption reversed to 1995 level after a slight dip around 1999. The greater part of the 27 MSs increase was due to the transport sector which grew by 21% from 1995 to 2005.
Final Energy Consumption, by Industrial Sector
(ktoe) Total industry 1995 EU-27 EU-25 2005 Iron and steel 1995 2005 Chemical 1995 2005 Glass, pottery 1995 2005
326 431 326 377 305 485 312 953
70 440 61 983 64 637 57 737
60 333 58 115 53 542 54 665
42 091 43 464 39 992 42 037
12 110 6 032 11 126 3 026 61 981 790 1 851 4 107 20 475 36 982 36 430 388 701 1 021 1 196 3 808 42 12 713 6 474 22 720 4 247 14 914 1 179 4 373 9 988 12 622 35 132
11 605 3 672 9 439 2 831 56 064 651 2 484 4 132 31 035 37 421 40 732 316 827 996 937 3 427 46 14 597 8 825 16 373 5 656 9 752 1 655 4 459 12 082 12 588 33 889
4 158 1 396 1 973 99
3 391 857 2 735 57
2 874 2 053 1 196 225
3 391 958 1 968 258
1 293 978 1 417 650 8 125 192 249 1 366 4 166 3 536 6 933 213 103 279 124 590 801 676 3 365 1 408 1 120 82 464 656 510 2 793
1 017 617 1 136 617 5 900 109 459 1 113 7 484 4 154 8 895 193 118 193 62 631 764 875 2 588 1 805 810 238 446 339 442 2 573
14 539 13 934 4 48 137 3 601 7 701 7 563 76 4 694 1 087 2 315 1 573 5 911 263 4 407 179 1 659 1 414 1 762 7 874 1 1 219 4 590 6 186 7 434 131 5 357 661 2 452 2 042 3 098 190 3 389 154 1 922 1 620 2 029 4 527
13 571 10 617 204 277 208 3 496 5 401 7 014 4 117 153 83 755 4 447 533 4 172 534 4 737 102 592 1 005 701 5 879 53 366 268 4 675 7 679 5 599 2 18 221 54 638 5 392 1 116 3 602 564 2 491 170 501 746 920 5 850
IS NO
435 6 179
764 6 606
106 1 235
176 992
12 861
2 1 018
9 350
13 388
ENERGY 1.4.2
HR TR
1 256 13 233
1 572 21 643
89 3 311
37 3 766
261 1 083
236 2 411
295 807
515 1 194
44
ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS Final Energy Consumption, by Industrial Sector
350
300
250
200 Mtoe 150 100 50 0 1995 2000 EU-27

Iron and steel Chemical
2005
1995
2000 EU-25
2005
Glass, pottery
Other
(Mtoe) 1995 326 70 60 42 154 EU-27 2000 323 64 55 43 160 2005 326 62 58 43 163 1995 305 65 54 40 147 EU-25 2000 310 61 52 42 156 2005 313 58 55 42 159
Total Iron and steel Chemical Glass, pottery Other Data Source: Eurostat
As mentioned before, the EU-27 final energy consumption in industry had in 2005 the same level as in 1995. The three big industrial sectors presented into the table, have kept almost the same share into total industrial consumption (53% in 1995 and 50% in 2005). The final energy consumption of 2005 compared with 1995 varies a lot among Member States, from 39% decrease in Bulgaria to 52% increase in Spain. Germany, the top energy consumer in the industrial sector, has reduced its consumption by 9.5%. Italy, Slovenia, Austria and Ireland are examples of significant increase (in relative terms) over the period under observation.
45
ENERGY 1.4.2
Final Energy Consumption in Industry, by Fuel
(ktoe) All products

1995 EU-27 EU-25 326 431 305 485 2005 326 377 312 953
Solid Fuels
1995 2005
Oil products
1995 55 338 53 085 2005 48 349 46 554
Gases
1995 2005
Electricity
1995 2005
57 608 42 487 55 351 40 410
105 776 111 829 96 008 106 303
82 234 96 940 79 181 94 057
12 110 6 032 11 126 3 026 61 981 790 1 851 4 107 20 475 36 982 36 430 388 701 1 021 1 196 3 808 42 12 713 6 474 22 720 4 247 14 914 1 179 4 373 9 988 12 622 35 132
11 605 3 672 9 439 2 831 56 064 651 2 484 4 132 31 035 37 421 40 732 316 827 996 937 3 427 46 14 597 8 825 16 373 5 656 9 752 1 655 4 459 12 082 12 588 33 889
2 962 742 2 180 352 11 215 149 74 1 026 2 008 5 885 3 895 13 9 26 367 501 1 426 1 088 11 420 546 1 515 72 1 664 1 252 1 188 6 030
1 933 671 2 943 197 8 753 67 164 435 1 593 4 326 4 213 36 26 94 81 440 1 482 1 304 4 681 16 1 406 80 1 435 936 1 345 3 831
1 806 513 1 404 864 8 716 240 852 1 843 6 368 7 391 6 427 341 253 352 143 400 1 060 1 178 1 123 1 954 1 740 179 435 1 056 2 023 6 676
1 070 748 475 762 4 469 93 1 061 1 787 5 471 6 658 6 947 229 85 94 73 273 1 498 1 481 1 756 1 553 1 047 230 312 1 660 1 821 6 813
4 034 1 767 3 457 785 22 300 151 368 6 5 533 11 506 15 584 206 218 402 2 083 6 637 2 022 3 553 40 8 001 413 1 457 1 464 464 13 324
4 494 924 2 844 716 21 906 109 427 426 13 570 13 404 16 865 295 290 421 1 436 6 242 2 837 3 467 956 4 602 541 1 387 1 081 542 12 047
2 975 1 046 1 583 811
3 390 846 1 990 882
17 603 19 957 151 496 1 037 5 211 186 660 1 240 9 031
10 628 11 513 10 277 12 447 34 123 233 272 721 42 3 167 1 640 3 647 1 137 2 007 425 786 3 119 4 472 47 146 244 342 797 46 3 576 2 082 3 553 1 477 2 036 617 949 3 720 4 949
8 591 10 218
IS NO
435 6 179
764 6 606
56 960
101 714
91 646
121 748
22
206
245 4 099
506 4 511
ENERGY 1.4.3
HR TR
1 256 13 233
1 572 21 643
104 4 481
136 8 812
355 4 126
499 4 062
469 1 515
530 3 431
236 3 074
301 5 217
46
ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS Final Energy Consumption in Industry, by Fuel
100 360
90 350 80 340
70
60 330 50 320 40 Mtoe 310 300 10 0 1995 1997 1999 2001

Oil Products Other
30
20
290 2003
Gases Total
2005
Solid Fuels Electricity
Total Solid Fuels Oil Products Gases Electricity Other
(Mtoe) 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 95-05 326 328 328 321 312 323 326 323 328 333 326 0% 58 57 57 52 46 47 45 44 44 44 42 -26% 55 53 53 52 49 48 51 48 49 52 48 -13% 106 109 107 106 106 112 111 111 114 112 112 6% 82 83 86 87 88 92 94 94 95 97 97 18% 25 26 25 24 24 25 25 26 27 27 27 5%
A clear trend observed in EU-27 industry is the significant reduction in the use of solid fuels, where a decrease of 26% during the period 1995-2005 is observed. However, a total of ten countries have increased the consumption of solid fuels, most notably being the Czech Republic and Italy. The picture is similar in the case of oil products. Increased consumption in nine countries has not been enough to counter the pan-European trend of oil replacement; hence EU-27 industrial consumption has decreased by 13% over the same period. An opposite trend is observed in the case of Natural Gas and Electricity where the majority of EU Member States increased their industrial consumption.
47
ENERGY 1.4.3
Final Energy Consumption, by Mode of Transport
(ktoe) Total transport 1995 EU-27 EU-25 2005 Road 1995 2005 Air 1995 2005 Rail 1995 9 425 8 811 2005 9 596 9 353
299 756 361 707 294 722 354 942
249 353 296 906 245 506 290 759
34 127 49 896 33 662 49 573
8 480 1 976 2 839 4 447 62 907 490 2 343 6 431 26 069 44 125 37 636 750 712 1 037 1 307 2 653 304 12 404 5 160 8 256 4 853 3 058 1 326 1 509 4 151 7 666 46 867
9 880 2 560 6 569 5 254 61 958 725 4 981 8 068 39 428 49 755 43 604 970 999 1 397 2 708 4 175 328 15 068 7 994 12 087 7 026 4 204 1 469 1 805 4 816 8 643 55 236
7 084 1 548 2 450 3 471 54 239 423 1 873 4 584 20 466 37 456 33 945 480 596 909 1 109 2 281 230 8 949 4 401 7 183 4 104 2 298 1 276 1 390 3 505 6 434 36 667
8 194 2 323 5 945 4 066 51 462 617 4 078 6 186 31 394 41 872 38 571 668 847 1 272 2 268 3 785 237 11 020 7 000 11 260 6 076 3 824 1 417 1 717 3 955 7 319 39 534
947 278 189 678 5 988 18 391 1 246 3 105 4 716 2 424 267 26 41 189 182 74 2 595 461 377 622 186 21 : 411 856
1 283 201 348 946 8 320 48 840 1 181 5 334 6 314 3 877 299 59 47 431 230 90 3 673 675 323 884 121 24 39 568 850
202 144 200 117 2 126 44 50 57 626 1 220 819 3 90 86 9 190 162 292 667 80 471 29 119 102 273 1 246
185 36 271 106 1 858 48 44 58 1 166 1 264 907 3 93 79 9 159 172 310 502 66 208 29 49 97 332 1 545
7 838 12 890
IS NO
272 4 202
360 4 924
185 2 825
213 3 314
76 561
141 637
176
147
ENERGY 1.4.4
HR TR
1 189 11 889
1 902 13 349
1 017 10 248
1 718 10 666
88 1 150
97 2 010
52 276
55 269
48
ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS Final Energy Consumption, by Mode of Transport
400
350
300
250
Mtoe
200
150
100
50
0 1995
Road
1997
1999
Air
2001
Rail
2003
2005
Other
EU-27 Total Road Air Rail Other
1995 300 249 34 9 7
(Mtoe) 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 95-05 310 317 329 337 339 343 346 351 359 362 21% 258 263 271 278 278 284 288 291 297 297 19% 36 37 41 43 46 44 44 45 48 50 46% 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 10 10 10 2% 7 7 7 6 6 5 5 6 5 5 -23%
The ten years between 1995 and 2005 have marked a 21% increase in consumption in transport, which is mainly driven by consumption for road transport, which has a predominant share (82%) of total transport consumption. The consumption for air transport exhibited the most important relative growth, increasing by 46% to a share of 14% of total transport consumption in 2005. The two new Member States, Bulgaria and Romania, exhibit substantial growth of road transport consumption between 1995 and 2005, well above the EU-27 average. However, the highest increase in energy consumption for transport was registered in the Czech Republic, Ireland and Luxembourg.
49
ENERGY 1.4.4
Final Energy Consumption in Transport, by Fuel
(ktoe) Total 1995 EU-27 EU-25 2005 Motor Spirit 1995 2005 Kerosenes 1995 2005 Gas/Diesel oil 1995 2005
299 756 361 707 294 722 354 942
133 845 114 302 131 643 112 102
34 014 49 744 33 546 49 430
121 475 182 049 119 432 178 390
8 480 1 976 2 839 4 447 62 907 490 2 343 6 431 26 069 44 125 37 636 750 712 1 037 1 307 2 653 304 12 404 5 160 8 256 4 853 3 058 1 326 1 509 4 151 7 666 46 867
9 880 2 560 6 569 5 254 61 958 725 4 981 8 068 39 428 49 755 43 604 970 999 1 397 2 708 4 175 328 15 068 7 994 12 087 7 026 4 204 1 469 1 805 4 816 8 643 55 236
2 979 1 140 1 725 1 957 31 444 259 1 091 2 883 8 969 14 857 17 938 192 430 619 541 1 500 126 4 276 2 345 4 525 1 988 1 062 864 530 2 034 4 474 23 099
1 854 573 2 162 1 933 24 131 309 1 801 4 086 7 640 11 274 14 153 318 352 352 510 1 552 71 4 309 2 102 4 147 1 903 1 628 685 688 1 966 4 063 19 739
945 276 185 675 5 975 18 390 1 226 3 105 4 690 2 418 267 26 41 189 182 74 2 589 461 371 620 192 20 : 408 849
1 281 200 346 944 8 304 42 836 1 181 5 323 6 291 3 863 299 59 46 431 230 90 3 670 675 319 881 113 23 39 565 846
4 252 483 706 1 755 23 992 201 831 2 009 13 186 23 537 14 788 288 240 345 567 883 104 4 581 2 098 2 757 2 219 1 560 427 861 1 627 2 070 15 107
6 450 1 394 3 745 2 300 26 101 365 2 315 2 448 25 614 30 508 23 105 350 548 765 1 756 2 259 166 6 558 4 893 5 576 4 167 2 265 745 1 008 2 183 3 110 21 358
7 822 12 847
IS NO
272 4 202
360 4 924
144 1 738
158 1 642
75 560
140 635
50 1 748
63 2 448
ENERGY 1.4.5
HR TR
1 189 11 889
1 902 13 349
586 4 550
730 2 779
88 1 150
96 2 010
473 6 020
1 029 6 904
50
ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS Final Energy Consumption in Transport, by Fuel
400
350
300
250
Mtoe
200
150
100
50
0 1995
Motor Spirit
1997
1999
Gas/Diesel oil
2001
2003
Kerosenes
2005
Other
(Mtoe) EU-27 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 95-05 Total 300 310 317 329 337 339 343 346 351 359 362 21% Motor Spirit 134 137 136 137 138 132 129 128 124 121 114 -15% Gas/Diesel oil 121 128 132 139 145 150 157 162 169 177 182 50% Kerosenes 34 35 37 41 43 45 44 44 45 48 50 46% Other 10 11 11 12 11 12 12 13 13 14 16 50% Data Source: Eurostat
Reacting to energy market and technological changes, the fuel mix of the transport sector has adapted. Despite a 19% increase in energy consumption by road transport between 1995 and 2005, gasoline consumption has dropped by 15% to a share of 32% in the fuel mix used in transport. On the other hand, diesel oil has for the first time exceeded the 50% share of total transport consumption, following a 50% increase between 1995 and 2005. It can be noted that high increase of energy consumption for the Czech Republic, Luxembourg and Ireland is mainly due to the very high increase of diesel oil consumption. Furthermore, all of the five largest transport fuels consumers (Germany, UK, France, Italy and Spain) exhibit important decrease in gasoline consumption in most cases in favour of diesel oil.
51
ENERGY 1.4.5
Installed Capacity of Electricity Generation, by Type
(MW) Total 1995

EU-27 EU-25 635 159 610 524
Thermal 1995 2005

371 871 430 006 355 593 411 370
Nuclear 1995 2005

128 314 135 097 128 314 131 668
Hydro 1995 2005

132 022 139 069 123 665 129 916
Others 1995 2005
2005
743 718 712 499
2 952 39 546 2 952 39 545
14 917 2 359 13 803 10 775 115 342 2 692 4 060 8 942 45 849 107 375 65 907 699 2 067 5 856 1 257 7 404 422 18 994 17 439 29 465 9 318 22 276 2 518 7 238 14 433 33 623 70 129
16 094 12 269 17 412 13 345 123 522 2 285 6 150 13 304 69 590 116 723 85 231 1 124 2 165 4 530 1 274 8 586 921 21 677 18 892 32 257 13 389 18 950 2 992 8 247 16 464 33 692 82 633
7 877 : 10 644 10 149 82 616 2 692 3 537 6 390 21 882 23 869 45 571 699 560 2 461 117 5 516 422 18 195 6 134 27 418 4 893 16 278 1 097 3 218 9 340 7 349 52 947
8 713 6 682 11 456 10 205 76 375 2 254 5 132 9 708 35 477 27 350 61 932 1 124 603 2 470 101 6 654 921 19 967 6 254 29 815 7 277 11 954 1 357 3 090 10 676 7 424 65 035
5 632 1 760 22 713 7 068 58 515 2 730 1 840 505 664 1 760 2 310 10 055 12 762
5 802 2 722 3 760 20 378 7 577 63 363 1 183 1 866 449 707 656 2 640 2 671 9 471 11 852
1 403 2 359 1 399 10 8 876 517 2 523 16 784 24 987 19 844 1 506 665 1 140 48 37 11 304 2 047 4 409 5 998 757 2 260 2 777 16 152 4 220
1 412 2 864 2 167 11 8 341 526 3 105 18 219 25 287 20 993 1 536 877 1 138 49 37 11 811 2 321 5 034 6 289 979 2 512 3 035 16 345 4 181
5 0 0 616
167 1 29 3 129
1 137 18 428 0 6 29 115 4 492 0 1 0 0 0 0 257 1 0 16 0 0 0 6 67 200 31 492 491 8 317 723 2 306 0 26 0 35 17 0 1 224 827 121 1 078 0 0 5 82 452 1 565
IS NO
1 081 28 055
1 538 28 924
146 -
143 301
884 28 052
1 163 28 358
51 3
232 265
ENERGY 1.5.1
HR TR
3 633 20 955
3 860 38 842
1 561 11 074
1 800 25 901
2 072 9 863
2 060 12 905
0 18
0 36
52
ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS EU-27 Installed Capacity of Electricity Generation, by Type
0.5% 20.8% 18.7%
5.3%
58.5% 57.8% 20.2 18.2%
1995 Thermal Nuclear Hydro Other RES
2005
(GW) EU-27 1995 2005 635 744 372 430 128 135 132 139 3 40 EU-25 1995 611 356 128 124 3 2005 712 411 132 130 40
Total Thermal Nuclear Hydro Other RES
The 27 Member States installed capacity of electricity generation plants rose by 17% the last decade. Thermal power plants continue to provide the majority of capacity, with a share of 58% in 2005. In addition, their growth rate was similar to that of total installed capacity. In 2005, on EU-27 level, solid fuels input to thermal power plants was 54% of total input followed by input of natural gas with a 29% share. Nuclear and Hydro capacity, on the other hand, both grew by only 5% and so their shares were in 2005 almost 2 percentage units less than in 1995, at approximately 18.5%. However, it is important to note that in Germany, Lithuania, UK, Bulgaria and Sweden more than 7GW of nuclear capacity has been decommissioned since 1995 i.e. more than 5% of the 2005 nuclear capacity.
53
ENERGY 1.5.1
Power Station Generation, by Type
(GWh) Total 1995

EU-27 EU-25
Thermal 1995 2005
Nuclear 1995 2005
Hydro 1995 2005
Other RES 1995 2005

31 799 157 610 31 796 157 602
2005
2 716 174 3 281 361 2 615 682 3 177 975
1 476 284 1 819 095 1 411 500 1 764 469
881 821 997 699 864 560 973 491
326 270 306 957 307 826 282 413
73 537 41 226 60 575 36 655 533 807 8 693 17 625 41 298 165 615 490 936 240 791 2 473 3 979 13 520 498 34 017 1 632 81 069 55 179 137 042 33 196 59 266 12 654 26 041 64 064 148 291 332 495
85 709 43 973 81 931 36 276 613 164 10 205 25 013 59 427 290 607 570 645 302 163 4 378 4 905 14 413 3 345 35 755 2 240 100 220 62 980 155 359 46 259 59 413 15 117 31 352 70 549 158 369 397 594
31 233 22 214 45 938 34 564 352 433 8 685 16 896 37 734 85 570 38 075 199 163 2 473 1 042 1 325 361 19 828 1 632 75 096 16 955 134 806 23 807 42 570 4 634 9 643 25 274 7 705 236 628
35 484 20 981 54 062 25 657 385 447 10 108 23 140 53 021 189 104 60 828 252 412 4 377 1 491 3 618 3 106 19 992 2 240 87 305 23 402 151 193 37 704 33 645 5 658 8 980 23 714 3 947 298 479
41 356 17 261 12 230 -
47 595 18 653 24 728 -
338 1 751 2 002 30 21 780 2 713 3 529 23 112 73 529 37 782 2 937 373 84 163 88 37 067 1 887 8 343 16 693 3 241 4 961 12 925 68 102 4 838
288 4 337 2 380 23 19 581 22 631 5 017 19 553 52 233 36 067 3 325 451 93 203 88 35 874 2 201 4 731 20 207 3 461 4 638 13 784 72 808 4 961
610 0 405
2 342 2 761
2 061 10 596 5 503 45 081 6 16 35 75 1 242 1 389
154 091 163 055 55 455 57 539
1 478 24 411 2 101 6 055
377 231 451 529 11 822 14 026 4 018 4 779 11 437 19 216 69 935 88 964 10 337 13 834 3 997 5 555 5 884 17 727 23 271 72 377 81 618
3 846 13 684 0 0 0 53 0 0 1 867 1 157 349 1 046 3 0 0 6 649 2 549 1 89 7 146 1 726 0 8 830 3 704 1 965 3 824 6 114 7 9 780 9 237
2 065 12 536
IS NO
5 271 122 055
10 344 137 332
299 389
1 663 651
4 682
7 019
290 323
1 662 885
121 343 135 796
ENERGY 1.5.2
HR TR
8 863 86 333
12 344 162 050
3 593 50 484
5 997 122 302
5 265 35 541
6 333 39 561
5 308
14 187
54
EU-27 Power Station Generation, by Type
12%
1% 9%
5%
56% 32% 55% 30%
1995 Thermal Nuclear Hydro Other RES
2005
(TWh) EU-27 Total Thermal Nuclear Hydro Other RES 1995 2 716 1 476 882 326 32 2005 3 281 1 819 998 307 158 1995 2 616 1 412 865 308 32 EU-25 2005 3 178 1 764 973 282 158
EU-27 total electricity generation increased by 565 TWh or 21% over the period under consideration. Electricity generation of Thermal and Nuclear plants registered higher increase than the one of their capacity. This is especially true for nuclear electricity generation, which increased by 13%, while the nuclear capacity increased by 5%. Hydro electricity generation in 2005 was by 6% down compared with the 1995 figure. Electricity generation of the other renewable energy technologies was in 2005 almost 5 times more than in 1995 but still their share to the total electricity generation was low (~5%).
55
ENERGY 1.5.2
Thermal Efficiency of Power Stations
Per cent (%)
1995 45.2 44.9 41.4 41.1 48.1 61.1 47.3 38.6 39.2 32.7 40.3 40.7 39.4 33.2 71.0 75.5 37.4 42.0 30.3 48.7 49.3 46.1 39.5 54.9 35.9 43.5 67.2 77.5 41.0 32.7 86.8 53.5 34.7
2000 46.0 45.8 46.3 41.4 46.8 64.6 45.8 40.3 40.6 36.7 41.4 35.1 40.5 32.8 71.1 76.7 68.5 50.1 33.4 55.5 57.9 46.8 44.2 54.4 43.7 44.2 73.3 83.2 43.9 25.3 86.2 49.9 39.7
2005 46.9 46.8 44.5 41.7 46.5 71.0 46.1 43.3 42.2 37.2 46.7 35.5 42.0 35.0 81.6 80.1 57.7 50.3 33.2 56.2 57.2 48.3 46.7 52.3 44.2 51.2 76.6 83.8 42.7 23.7 100.0 50.8 44.6
ENERGY 1.5.3
56
Thermal Efficiency of Power Stations, 2005

EU-27 EU-25 Malta Cyprus France Greece Bulgaria Italy Ireland United Kingdom Estonia Slovenia Belgium Germany Czech Republic Spain Portugal Poland Hungary Slovakia Romania Netherlands Austria Luxembourg Denmark Finland Lithuania Latvia Sweden
25
50 Per cent (%)
75
100
EU-27 EU-25
1995 45.2 44.9
1996 45.7 45.5
1997 46.3 45.9
1998 46.3 46.0
1999 2000 2001 46.4 46.0 46.2 46.2 45.8 46.1
2002 2003 45.7 46.1 45.6 46.0
Per cent (%) 2004 2005 46.4 46.9 46.4 46.8
The efficiency of thermal power stations is calculated as the ratio between the output of electricity and heat from electricity and CHP power plants and the input of fuels to these plants. The EU-27 average efficiency of thermal power stations has increased to 46.9% in 2005 up from 45.2% in 1995. Between 1995 and 2005, decrease in efficiency is observed in France, Romania, Czech Republic and Germany while Luxembourg, Latvia, Denmark, Finland and Hungary demonstrated a significant increase during the same period. In any case, it must be noted that average thermal efficiency at country level exhibit significant fluctuations, part of which due to the operation schedule of thermal power stations. The efficiency increase observed in the previous years continued in 2005 due to technological advances (cogeneration and combined cycle power plants) and investment, following the decommissioning of outdated power plants.
57
ENERGY 1.5.3
Gross Inland Consumption from Renewables and Share on Total Gross Inland Consumption
(ktoe) Total 1995 EU-27 EU-25 2005 Hydro 1995 2005 Biomass 1995 2005 Other 1995 2005
Per cent (%) Share 1995 2005 5.1 5.1 6.7 6.5
84 113 120 571 80 953 114 443
28 054 26 394 26 468 24 283
51 991 81 906 50 417 78 004
4 068 12 271 4 068 12 156
684 363 598 1 540 6 516 481 165 1 289 5 602 17 903 7 771 42 1 309 493 47 626 1 154 5 889 3 924 2 602 2 797 571 504 6 146 13 146 1 950
1 935 1 123 1 825 3 168 16 713 621 401 1 634 8 710 16 640 12 125 50 1 714 758 74 1 180 2 823 6 981 4 501 3 578 5 004 774 825 7 994 15 365 4 055
29 151 172 3 1 873 0 61 303 1 987 6 322 3 249 253 32 7 14 8 3 187 162 717 1 435 279 427 1 111 5 856 416
25 373 205 2 1 684 2 54 431 1 681 4 491 3 101 286 39 8 17 8 3 085 189 407 1 737 298 399 1 185 6 260 427
652 212 426 1 429
1 887 717 1 616 2 584
3 0 0 108 197 0 2 88 52 147 3 177 31 0 0 0 86 31 39 0 54 0 0 0 1 13 40
24 33 4 582 2 844 5 96 212 1 900 236 5 016 41 4 3 6 89 199 241 21 241 82 0 9 15 86 281
1.4 1.6 1.5 7.6 1.9 8.8 1.5 5.3 5.5 7.5 4.8 2.2 27.5 5.7 1.4 2.4 1.6 22.0 3.9 13.3 5.9 9.3 2.8 21.2 26.1 0.9
3.5 5.6 4.1 16.2 4.8 11.2 2.6 5.2 6.1 6.0 6.5 2.0 36.3 8.8 1.6 4.2 3.5 20.5 4.8 13.4 12.8 10.6 4.3 23.2 29.8 1.7
4 447 12 186 481 102 898 3 563 614 250 990 5 129
11 434 11 912 1 346 11 1 057 461 39 526 1 116 2 663 3 762 1 831 1 362 292 78 5 033 7 277 1 494 4 008 9 1 424 716 59 1 073 2 616 3 655 4 291 2 931 3 185 476 418 6 793 9 018 3 348
IS NO
1 565 11 575
2 636 13 015
403
604
1 1 140
3 1 295
1 162 1
2 030 44
67.6 48.9
73.0 40.4
10 434 11 676
ENERGY 1.6.1
HR TR
719 10 776
900 10 131
453 3 056
545 3 402
267 7 067
355 5 332
0 654
0 1 397
10.2 17.4
10.1 11.9
58
ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS Gross Inland Consumption from Renewables
130 120 110 100 90 80 70 5.5% 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1995 1997
Biomass
7.0%
6.5%
6.0%
Mtoe
5.0%
4.5%
4.0% 1999 2001

Hydro
2003
2005
Other
EU-27 Share
EU-25 Share (Mtoe) 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 95 99 103 101 107 115 121 59 63 64 66 71 76 82 29 30 32 27 26 28 26 6 6 6 8 10 11 12 5.6% 5.8% 5.9% 5.8% 6.0% 6.4% 6.7% 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 5.4% 5.7% 5.8% 5.7% 5.9% 6.3% 6.5%
EU-27 Total Biomass Hydro Others Share EU-25 Share
1995 1996 84 87 52 55 28 28 4 4
1997 1998 91 94 58 59 29 30 5 5
5.1% 5.1% 5.4% 5.5% 1995 1996 1997 1998 5.1% 5.1% 5.3% 5.4%
The contribution of renewables to total gross inland consumption rose from 5.1% in 1995 to 6.7% in 2005 with a relative growth of 31%. Total increase of RES was 36.5 Mtoe with a relative growth of 43% when during the same period gross inland consumption of all fuels almost reached 10%. In 2005, biomass retained its predominant share with 68%, having risen by 58% over the ten years period. Hydro average annual production during the last decade was 28.5 Mtoe within the range of 26-32 Mtoe per year. Other renewable sources, (solar, geothermal and wind) have tripled their value within the period 1995-2005 with wind energy being responsible for the greatest part of this increase; having risen from 350 ktoe in 1995 to more than 6 000 ktoe in 2005.
59
ENERGY 1.6.1
Installed Capacity for Electricity Generation From Renewables
(MW) Total 1995 EU-27 EU-25 2005 141 848 197 222 133 187 188 068 1 569 2 359 1 399 836 2 069 2 865 2 196 4 095 Hydro 1995 2005 132 022 138 999 123 665 129 846 Wind 1995 2005 Wood 1995 2005 4 837 9 581 4 533 9 581 Others 1995 2005 2 517 9 781 2 517 9 781
2 472 38 861 2 472 38 860
1 403 2 359 1 399 10 8 876 517 2 523
1 412 2 864 2 167 11 8 341 526 3 105
5 616
167 1 29 3 129
161 40
293 584
170
197 371
11 342 31 615 523 2 600 31 1 036 3 621
1 137 18 428 6 27 115 4 22 1 257 1 8 6 67 200 31 492 491 8 317 723 1 635 26 35 17 1 224 827 121 1 064 5 82 452 1 565
573 1 008 48 126 365 68 5 6 544 205 304 344 340 510 3 2 337 343 766 273 13 44
756 3 838 2 76 255 18 25 367 288
17 101 27 247 25 611 26 460 20 520 25 262 1 507 665 1 146 77 579 1 572 882 1 212 427 2 084
16 784 18 219 24 987 25 109 19 844 20 993 1 506 665 1 140 48 37 11 304 2 047 4 409 5 998 757 2 260 2 777 1 536 877 1 138 49 37 11 811 2 321 5 034 6 289 979 2 512 3 035
586 2 124 6 24 279 7 8 1 78 7 3 39 24 480 386 30 101 5 8 4 333
11 856 13 790 2 047 4 630 6 302 757 2 260 3 930 2 472 6 472 6 289 997 2 569 4 841
1 146 1 720 1 200 2 526 46 475
17 497 19 656 4 735 7 462
16 152 16 345 4 220 4 289
269 1 133
IS NO
935
1 395
884
1 163
265
123
51 5
232 -
28 183 28 623
28 052 28 358
ENERGY 1.6.2
HR TR
2 072
2 060
2 072
2 060
21
14
72
18
24
9 895 13 022
9 863 12 905
60
ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS Installed Capacity for Electricity Generation From Renewables
200
180
160
140 120
GW
100
80
60 40
20 0 1995
Hydro
1997
1999
Wind
2001
Wood
2003
2005
Others
EU-27 Total Hydro Wind Wood Others
1995 1996 142 145 132 133 2 3 5 5 3 3
1997 1998 147 149 134 134 5 6 5 5 3 3
(GW) 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 154 161 166 176 179 188 197 136 137 139 142 137 138 139 9 13 17 23 29 34 39 6 6 6 6 7 8 10 4 4 5 5 7 7 10
EU-27 total RES capacity increased by almost 40% during the last decade mainly due to the development of Wind and Biomass technologies. Out of the 55MW total growth, 36MW is attributed to wind energy capacity while the combined capacity growth of wood, biogas and MSW was 10MW. However, Hydro power remains the largest sector, with a 70% share in 2005 followed by wind energy with a 20% share. In 2005, Germany further increased its lead in photovoltaic capacity, reaching 1 508MW and 89% of EU-27 total photovoltaic capacity. Germany and Spain lead the wind sector, with 69% of the total EU-27 wind capacity. Finland and Sweden, on the other hand, have 44% of the wood burning power plants. Italy with a 98% share of geothermal capacity is almost the sole player in the sector, which is represented also by Portugal.
61
ENERGY 1.6.2
Contribution of Electricity from RES to Total Electricity Consumption
RES electricity (GWh) 1995 EU-27 EU-25 BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK IS NO HR TR 358 069 339 622 948 1 751 2 407 2 091 27 283 8 729 3 564 24 590 75 630 41 628 2 937 373 137 163 1 955 38 224 2 236 9 389 16 696 3 241 4 961 19 574 70 651 6 903 4 972 121 666 5 270 35 849 2000 420 860 403 394 1 334 2 688 2 280 6 026 37 319 19 1 186 4 144 36 036 71 527 51 213 2 823 339 199 178 4 230 43 528 2 331 13 125 14 778 3 904 4 726 23 297 83 247 10 383 7 679 139 120 5 875 31 154 2005 464 567 440 015 2 630 4 339 3 141 10 619 64 662 97 1 873 6 406 43 964 58 288 49 751 1 3 414 458 239 1 929 8 918 39 578 4 166 8 555 20 213 3 575 4 645 23 564 82 045 17 497 8 681 136 681 6 347 39 748 2.1 70.6 1.6 27.5 28.0 29.5 17.9 27.0 48.2 2.0 99.8 104.6 42.6 41.9 1995 13.0 12.8 1.2 4.2 3.9 5.8 5.0 0.1 4.1 8.4 14.3 17.8 14.9 47.1 3.3 2.2 0.4
Share (%) 2000 13.8 13.7 1.5 7.4 3.6 16.4 6.5 0.3 4.9 7.7 15.7 15.2 16.0 47.7 3.4 2.9 0.5 3.9 72.0 1.7 29.4 28.8 31.7 16.9 28.5 55.4 2.7 99.9 112.2 40.0 24.3 2005 14.0 13.6 2.8 11.8 4.5 28.2 10.5 1.1 6.8 10.0 15.0 11.3 14.1 0.0 48.4 3.9 3.2 4.6 7.5 57.9 2.9 16.0 35.8 24.2 16.5 26.9 54.3 4.3 99.9 108.4 36.1 24.7
ENERGY 1.6.3
62
ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS Contribution of Electricity from RES to Total Electricity Consumption
500 18
450
400 16 350
300 Per Cent (%)
250 TWh
14
200
150 12 100
50
0 1995 1997
RES Electricity
10 1999 2001
EU-25 Share
2003
2005
EU-27 Share
EU-27 RES Electricity % Share EU-25 % Share
1995 1996 358 358 13.0 12.7
1997 1998 373 391 13.1 13.4
(TWh) 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 395 421 447 405 414 458 465 13.4 13.8 14.4 12.9 12.9 13.9 14.0
12.8
12.5
12.8
13.1
13.1
13.7
14.2
12.7
12.7 13.7 13.6
In 2005, EU-27 electricity generation from renewable energy sources was 465TWh and the contribution of renewables to total electricity consumption was 14.0%. During the period 1995-2005 total RES electricity increase was 106 TWh with 30% increase during the period, particularly exhibited since 2000 mostly due to the wind electricity increase (56TWh). It should be noted that hydroelectricity generation covers around 70% of the total RES generation. Hence, due to the large share of hydroelectric power together with the annual variation in precipitation and also the role of hydro plants in covering peak demands, electricity production from renewables and consequently their share in total electricity consumption fluctuate from year to year.
63
ENERGY 1.6.3
Gross Inland Consumption per Capita
(toe per capita) 1995 EU-27 EU-25 BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK IS 3.45 3.53 4.98 2.77 3.95 3.88 4.15 3.79 3.01 2.28 2.60 4.04 2.84 3.05 1.90 2.38 8.22 2.50 2.19 4.77 3.36 2.59 1.96 2.12 3.07 3.30 5.68 5.72 3.76 8.68 5.45 1.52 1.01 2000 3.55 3.66 5.58 2.27 3.92 3.69 4.14 3.38 3.79 2.58 3.06 4.28 3.03 3.45 1.66 2.01 8.37 2.45 2.02 4.79 3.59 2.35 2.36 1.69 3.23 3.24 6.28 5.40 3.94 11.58 5.82 1.76 1.16 2005 3.69 3.80 5.26 2.56 4.38 3.61 4.19 4.13 3.68 2.82 3.33 4.41 3.19 3.29 2.05 2.51 10.33 2.76 2.37 4.97 4.14 2.46 2.53 1.81 3.66 3.60 6.59 5.72 3.87 12.29 6.99 2.01 1.19
Index (1990=100) 1995 98.5 99.4 94.4 104.8 86.0 111.6 92.5 58.0 103.5 112.9 103.7 102.8 104.3 110.6 65.0 54.8 87.5 90.7 132.7 105.7 103.0 98.6 115.0 86.7 110.5 83.3 98.0 103.4 101.4 78.3 108.2 106.9 87.2 2000 101.3 103.2 105.8 86.1 85.4 106.1 92.3 51.7 130.1 127.7 122.3 108.8 111.4 124.9 56.6 46.3 89.1 88.6 122.7 105.9 109.9 89.3 139.0 69.1 116.2 81.7 108.4 97.6 106.1 104.4 115.6 124.0 99.5 2005 105.3 106.9 99.7 97.1 95.4 103.8 93.4 63.2 126.4 139.5 133.1 112.0 117.4 119.0 69.8 57.7 109.9 100.2 143.7 109.9 126.8 93.6 148.9 73.8 131.7 90.9 113.7 103.4 104.3 110.9 138.8 141.3 102.3
ENERGY 1.7.1
NO HR TR
Data Source: Eurostat, national sources
64
Gross Inland Consumption per Capita, 2005

EU-27 EU-25 RO LV MT PL LT PT BG HU EL IT CY ES SK DK SI IE UK EE AT DE CZ FR NL BE SE FI LU
10
11
12
toe per capita (toe per capita) 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 3.53 3.55 3.63 3.60 3.67 3.70 3.69 3.64 3.66 3.74 3.71 3.78 3.81 3.80
EU-27 EU-25
1995 1996 3.45 3.57 3.53 3.65
1997 1998 3.53 3.56 3.62 3.66
Over the period 1995-2005, the EU-27 gross inland consumption per capita increased by 6.9%, a bit slower than that of the EU-25, which increased by 7.5%. The EU-27 average was 3.69 toe per capita in 2005 and fourteen Member States had figures within the range of 25% of that average. Outside this range, variation can be quite wide, extending from Luxembourg and Finland (2.8 and 1.8 times the EU 27 average) to Latvia and Romania, with the latter having GIC per capita half of the EU 27 average. Noteworthy is that the per capita consumption of Households is a very limited share of GIC per capita. In the case of EU-27, Households consumption per capita is only 0.63 toe out of total gross consumption of 3.69 toe per capita. However it must be noted that Households consumption doesnt include consumption of transport fuel by Households.
65
ENERGY 1.7.1
Final Electricity Consumption per Capita
(kWh per capita) 1995 EU-27 EU-25 BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK IS 4 704 4 881 6 756 3 404 4 648 5 921 5 550 3 096 4 128 3 217 3 582 5 776 4 182 3 444 1 772 1 742 12 318 2 684 3 407 5 386 5 788 2 322 2 875 1 638 4 717 4 057 12 791 14 130 5 073 15 951 23 863 2 119 1 064 2000 5 218 5 437 7 573 2 946 4 802 6 089 5 874 3 621 5 370 3 957 4 706 6 361 4 788 4 339 1 864 1 757 13 183 2 880 4 122 6 174 6 503 2 502 3 764 1 548 5 293 4 077 14 589 14 526 5 604 24 771 24 458 2 656 1 433 2005 5 614 5 832 7 676 3 309 5 405 6 193 6 273 4 470 5 926 4 593 5 628 6 758 5 138 5 286 2 472 2 315 13 534 3 202 4 271 6 409 6 921 2 589 4 399 1 803 6 379 4 243 15 456 14 690 5 748 26 563 24 296 3 230 1 795
Index (1990=100) 1995 103.6 104.5 84.6 115.9 100.0 105.1 98.3 71.5 114.4 110.6 111.2 121.9 109.9 112.6 57.2 53.6 113.0 88.1 132.0 109.1 103.7 92.2 121.2 74.0 96.7 91.6 108.1 100.1 105.2 103.6 104.4 73.5 132.1 2000 114.9 116.4 94.9 100.3 103.3 108.1 104.1 83.6 148.8 136.1 146.0 134.2 125.9 141.8 60.1 54.0 120.9 94.6 159.6 125.1 116.5 99.4 158.7 70.0 108.5 92.1 123.3 102.9 116.2 160.9 107.0 92.1 177.9 2005 123.7 124.9 96.1 112.6 116.3 109.9 111.1 103.2 164.2 158.0 174.7 142.6 135.1 172.8 79.8 71.2 124.2 105.2 165.4 129.8 124.0 102.9 185.4 81.5 130.7 95.8 130.6 104.1 119.2 172.6 106.2 112.0 222.8
ENERGY 1.7.2
NO HR TR
66
Final Electricity Consumption per Capita, 2005

EU-27 EU-25 RO LT LV PL HU BG SK MT PT EE EL IT CY CZ ES UK IE DK DE SI NL FR AT BE LU SE FI
4 000
8 000
12 000
16 000
KWh per capita (kWh per capita) 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 4 704 4 833 4 902 4 993 5 067 5 218 5 365 5 365 5 480 5 561 5 614 4 881 5 007 5 089 5 191 5 278 5 437 5 584 5 584 5 698 5 780 5 832
EU-27 EU-25
Households and services are responsible for more than half of final electricity consumption during the period 1995-2005 starting with a 51.6% share in 1995 and reaching 54.4% in 2005. On average, EU-27 final electricity consumption per capita was 5 614 kWh in 2005 almost 24% higher than in 1995. Spain, Portugal and Cyprus experienced more than 50% total period increase reaching or even surpassing the EU 27 average. However, Sweden, Finland and Luxembourg have the highest values more than double the EU-27 average.
67
ENERGY 1.7.2
Price of Brent Crude Oil
Price of Brent Crude Oil

55 50 45 40 ECU/Euro per barrel 35 30 25 20 15 10 5
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
Current prices
Constant (2005) prices
Current prices Constant (2005) prices
1996 16.3 19.2
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 16.8 11.3 16.8 30.9 27.3 26.5 19.5 13.0 19.0 34.2 29.6 28.1
(ECU/Euro per barrel) 2003 2004 2005 2006 25.5 30.8 43.8 51.9 26.5 31.4 43.8 50.8
Data Source: Platts European Marketscan, BP Statistical Review
Crude oil prices behave much as any other commodity with wide price swings in times of shortage or oversupply. The crude oil price cycle may extend over several years responding to changes in demand as well as in supply. For almost 10 years, between 1987 and 1996 crude oil prices were within the range 15-20 USD per barrel, only in 1990, when Iraq invaded to Kuwait, price of crude oil spiked at almost 35USD per barrel, soon however returned at 15 $/bbl. In 1996 price of Brent was 20.6 $/bbl with a decreasing trend which ended by the end of 1998. Afterwards, price of Brent started its increasing trend reaching 65 $/bbl on average in 2006. At 2005 constant and exchange rate adjusted prices, price of Brent recorded a huge increase of more than 160% during the last decade, starting from 19 /bbl in 1996 to reach the average 2006 price of 51 /bbl.
ENERGY 1.8.1
68
Average Gas Import Prices

EU Average Natural Gas Import Prices
7.0 6.0 ECU/Euro per GJ 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 1996 1998
Current prices
2000
2002
2004
2006
EU Average Liquified Natural Gas Import Prices

6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 1996 1998
Current prices
ECU/Euro per GJ
2000
2002
2004
2006
(ECU/Euro per GJ) Natural gas 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Current prices 2.22 2.40 2.09 1.76 3.01 3.91 3.35 3.46 3.40 4.41 5.98 Constant (2005) prices 1.88 2.07 1.83 1.56 2.72 3.61 3.16 3.32 3.33 4.41 6.11 Liquified natural gas (LNG) Current prices 2.19 Constant (2005) prices 1.87 Data Source: OECD/IEA 2.51 2.17 2.14 1.88 3.34 3.95 1.87 1.67 3.02 3.64 3.31 3.12 3.20 3.07 3.13 3.06 4.11 5.28 4.11 5.40
Unlike the global crude oil market, which is highly sensitive to geopolitics, natural gas is a continental market and prices are affected primarily by supply and demand fundamentals thus, natural gas prices fluctuate less than oil prices on daily or even monthly level. However, the trend of annual average natural gas prices is similar to that of oil prices the last decade. After having been rather stable in the 90s, average import prices for natural gas and LNG recorded high increase since 1999 which led prices of 2006 to almost three times higher than the average level of the previous decade. At 2005 constant prices, natural gas prices rose by 225% from 1996 to 2006 while the rose of LNG prices in the same period was quite lower, 190%. Noteworthy is that LNG import prices were higher than natural gas prices until 2002 when the situation change so that in 2006 LNG import prices appear with a discount of 12%.
69
ENERGY 1.8.2
Vat-free Industrial Fuel Prices

ELECTRICITY EU-27 EU-25 Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Germany Estonia Ireland Greece Spain France Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Finland Sweden United Kingdom Croatia Norway NATURAL GAS EU-27 EU-25 Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Germany Estonia Ireland Greece Spain France Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Finland Sweden United Kingdom Croatia 1995 : : : : : 3.62 5.18 : 3.19 : 3.17 3.51 3.67 : : : 4.40 2.75 : 3.69 : : : : 3.91 : 3.86 : 3.32 : 2000 : : : : 3.01 5.13 5.38 : 3.59 : 4.05 4.49 4.63 : : : 4.94 2.74 : 4.71 4.62 : : : 5.30 : 4.99 6.13 3.53 : 2005 6.50 6.64 5.32 3.78 5.11 6.79 8.87 2.75 : : 4.68 6.42 6.64 : 3.48 3.61 6.95 6.03 : 7.47 8.19 5.30 6.03 3.68 5.89 5.08 6.91 9.20 6.10 6.73 1995 : : 7.76 : : 4.99 10.03 : 6.29 5.67 7.31 6.50 8.62 : : : : 2.91 5.88 5.97 8.07 : 7.99 : 5.48 : 4.49 : 6.06 : 3.49 2000 : : 7.34 : 4.67 5.71 6.88 : 6.62 5.71 6.68 5.67 9.44 8.78 : : : 5.10 6.75 6.95 : : 6.43 : 6.04 : 4.20 3.75 6.64 : 3.56 (ECU/Euro per 100kWh) (GCV) 2005 2006 2007 7.56 8.42 9.20 7.59 8.47 9.26 7.75 4.29 6.01 7.15 9.03 4.72 9.30 6.45 7.21 5.78 10.93 8.10 4.09 4.98 : 7.09 7.06 8.99 8.27 5.55 7.13 7.69 6.11 7.03 5.73 4.68 5.93 5.56 6.49 9.69 4.60 7.31 8.01 9.94 5.11 10.11 6.68 7.57 5.78 12.08 11.36 4.09 4.98 : 7.61 7.11 9.57 8.63 5.96 8.17 7.73 6.51 7.73 5.63 5.93 8.22 5.96 6.46 9.69 4.70 7.83 7.06 10.69 5.34 11.25 6.98 8.51 5.87 13.87 10.70 4.43 5.48 : 8.20 8.97 10.30 9.53 5.93 8.60 8.42 7.50 9.32 5.65 6.31 9.74 5.97 8.47
(ECU/Euro per GJ) (GCV) 2006 2007 8.62 9.40 8.76 9.52 7.11 4.50 7.34 6.97 11.58 2.84 : : 7.24 8.25 7.64 : 4.05 4.45 9.01 8.18 : 9.37 10.82 6.77 7.63 6.23 7.96 7.66 7.79 12.26 9.21 6.88 7.03 5.22 6.56 6.52 13.27 3.69 : : 7.07 7.83 8.98 : 5.29 6.02 9.85 9.70 : 9.74 11.06 7.54 7.76 7.32 8.13 8.00 8.09 12.21 10.85 6.89
ENERGY 1.8.3
Data Source: Eurostat DG for Energy and Transport
70

RESIDUAL FUEL OIL EU-27 EU-25 Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Germany Estonia Ireland Greece Spain France Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Finland Sweden United Kingdom 1995 : : 114.50 : : 130.83 122.55 : 133.74 155.72 143.73 141.44 144.57 : : : 123.10 : : 164.02 117.37 : 148.11 : : : : 327.05 121.41 2000 : : 142.17 : : 194.66 155.02 : : 209.39 194.30 165.07 188.27 : : : 157.64 : : 200.12 164.97 : 204.86 : : : 207.48 418.91 : 2005 : : 166.18 : 163.97 530.48 169.90 113.25 259.23 201.76 213.36 193.36 245.89 : : 224.17 170.59 212.95 : 223.00 216.70 168.90 235.27 : 253.09 194.44 307.85 623.92 227.78 (ECU/Euro per ton) 2006 2007 : : : : 264.44 : 261.99 652.84 286.00 : 404.22 336.77 349.88 302.81 361.72 : : : : 316.49 : 338.00 337.70 263.34 379.91 : 362.68 245.39 433.92 750.82 400.24 216.19 : 240.66 575.00 238.25 : 348.10 257.56 285.97 239.69 275.78 : : : : 303.39 : 300.51 294.70 308.54 329.02 : 325.97 270.50 361.17 674.05 341.96
EU-15 Average Vat-Free Industrial Fuel Prices

220 200 180 160 Index 1996=100 140 120 100 80 60 40
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
constant 2005 prices 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Residual fuel oil ( per ton) 174 185 166 143 Natural gas ( per GJ GCV) 4.57 5.01 4.94 4.28 Electricity ( per 100 kWh GCV) 8.48 8.32 8.03 7.72 217 5.06 7.44 247 229 7.00 6.54 7.53 7.18 268 6.28 7.64 235 6.11 7.36 254 6.78 7.75 371 8.73 8.47
71
ENERGY 1.8.3
Residual Fuel Oil
Natural Gas
Electricity
Tax-inclusive Household Fuel Prices

ELECTRICITY EU-27 EU-25 Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Germany Estonia Ireland Greece Spain France Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Finland Sweden United Kingdom Croatia Norway 1995 : : 15.00 : : 14.78 15.87 : 8.25 7.64 12.25 12.96 19.82 : : : 11.31 5.10 4.84 9.93 : : 13.22 : 7.38 : 8.57 : 10.21 : 8.91 2000 : : 14.33 : 5.78 19.66 15.26 : 8.94 6.09 10.91 11.79 20.00 9.14 : : 11.19 6.97 6.09 14.40 12.26 : 12.56 : 9.88 : 8.73 10.20 11.08 : 10.16 (ECU/Euro per 100kWh) 2005 2006 13.36 13.97 13.51 14.11 14.81 6.44 8.68 22.78 17.85 6.78 14.36 6.88 10.97 11.94 19.70 10.74 8.28 7.18 14.78 10.64 7.64 19.55 14.13 10.64 13.81 7.79 10.33 13.38 10.57 13.97 8.77 8.48 15.71 14.42 6.60 9.85 23.62 18.32 7.31 14.90 7.01 11.47 11.94 21.08 14.31 8.29 7.18 16.03 10.75 9.49 20.87 13.40 11.90 14.10 9.43 10.49 14.48 10.78 14.35 10.20 9.22 15.33 (GCV) 2007 15.28 15.44 15.81 6.60 10.67 25.79 19.49 7.50 16.62 7.20 12.25 12.11 23.29 13.76 6.88 7.76 16.84 12.22 9.87 21.80 15.45 11.84 15.00 10.17 10.64 15.37 11.60 17.14 13.16 9.23 18.56
NATURAL GAS EU-27 EU-25 Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Germany Estonia Ireland Greece Spain France Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania 9.05 Slovenia Slovakia Finland Sweden United Kingdom Croatia Data Source: Eurostat 1995 : : 8.75 : : : 8.87 : 8.03 : 10.04 8.42 13.58 : : : 5.45 2.95 : 7.39 : : : 5.66 : 6.57 : 6.42 : 2000 : : 9.41 : 4.36 18.14 9.16 : 8.19 : 10.62 8.26 15.98 : : : 6.02 3.32 : 9.04 10.67 : : : 7.19 : : 12.99 6.97 : 2005 11.21 11.34 11.16 6.73 7.49 28.44 13.56 4.63 9.98 : 11.90 10.57 15.34 : 4.54 5.41 8.14 5.10 : 15.17 13.36 7.55 12.34 : 10.33 8.14 : 22.18 7.26 7.99
(ECU/Euro per GJ) (GCV) 2006 2007 12.92 14.95 13.02 15.07 13.50 7.70 10.03 29.82 15.98 4.63 12.51 : 13.63 12.72 16.50 : 5.34 6.24 10.33 5.28 : 16.92 15.65 9.46 14.52 4.79 12.99 10.88 : 25.95 8.24 8.18 12.89 8.83 9.45 30.84 18.45 5.89 16.73 : 14.23 13.46 18.34 : 7.50 7.04 11.52 7.16 : 18.42 15.99 10.69 13.88 7.66 13.86 11.48 : 26.58 11.76 8.18
ENERGY 1.8.4
72

HEATING GAS OIL EU-27 EU-25 Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Germany Estonia Ireland Greece Spain France Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Finland Sweden United Kingdom 1995 : : 177.54 : : 528.68 213.97 : 219.81 315.29 252.70 308.07 615.80 : : : 196.62 : : 292.78 313.98 : : : : : : 472.06 176.71 2000 : : 278.38 : : 682.98 327.43 : 405.17 278.19 359.54 410.97 799.48 : : : 280.12 : : 490.54 395.26 : 334.19 : : : 347.31 547.65 293.69 2005 : 493.67 372.40 : 492.01 837.85 430.90 431.40 525.70 415.00 446.20 477.62 952.42 622.78 473.50 376.51 377.00 937.02 370.20 700.00 492.74 430.95 500.00 : 487.13 428.12 449.00 853.38 372.82 (ECU/Euro per 1000l) 2006 2007 : : 650.13 597.33 549.40 : 610.65 1 002.37 587.73 541.14 685.10 589.00 584.75 632.44 1 102.09 720.32 600.57 521.32 504.00 1 019.61 556.72 854.00 644.83 600.77 649.00 : 583.75 583.46 621.00 992.47 538.69 494.20 : 554.35 913.35 537.01 506.50 630.25 544.00 551.59 572.36 1 045.66 743.32 588.76 469.76 457.00 970.17 559.05 820.00 581.98 527.90 622.00 : 563.00 559.67 543.98 976.49 499.24
EU-15 Average Tax-Inclusive Household Energy Prices

180
160
140
120
Index 1996=100
100
80
60
40 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
Natural Gas
Electricity
Heating Gas Oil
constant 2005 prices 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Natural gas ( per GJ GCV) 10.40 11.22 11.27 10.59 11.09 12.63 12.14 11.97 11.16 11.81 13.22 Electricity ( per 100 kWh GCV) 15.77 15.50 15.20 14.63 14.64 14.27 14.18 14.11 13.87 13.82 14.09 Heating gasoil ( per 1000l) 365 424 353 309 439 468 394 460 415 494 637
73
ENERGY 1.8.4
ENERGY 1.8.5
Unleaded Gasoline
Automotive Diesel
74
Retail Prices of Transport Fuels (tax-Inclusive)

(ECU/Euro per litre)
CY
: : : : 0.74 : : 1.06 0.87 : 0.80 : : : 0.63 : : 0.87 0.76 : 0.79 : :
EU-25
BE
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
IT
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL
AT
PL
PT
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK
1995
0.78
: 0.75 0.81
: 0.69
0.64 0.64 0.85 0.79
: 0.82 0.68
2000
0.96
: 1.00 0.96
: 0.82
0.67 0.75 1.04 1.00
: 1.06 1.00 1.22
2005
1.04
1.07 0.81 1.10 1.11 0.67 0.94
0.77 0.84 1.04 1.09 0.76 0.72 0.71 0.90 0.96 0.87 1.25 0.91 0.88 1.00 0.82 0.86 1.14 1.10 1.13
2006
1.20
1.30 0.98 1.27 1.26 0.84 1.08
0.94 1.00 1.22 1.26 0.89 0.85 0.89 1.07 1.05 1.09 1.41 1.05 0.97 1.20 0.92 1.04 1.23 1.21 1.30
2007
1.16
1.20 0.98 1.17 1.20 0.78 1.03
0.91 0.95 1.17 1.21 0.86 0.84 0.80 1.01 1.00 0.99 1.34 0.99 0.94 1.24 0.97 1.02 1.17 1.14 1.31
1995 : : : 0.63 : : 0.78 0.73
0.62
: 0.62 0.59
: 0.66
0.47 0.51 0.59 0.63
: 0.51
: 0.61 0.62
: 0.54 : 0.55
: :
: 0.78 0.69 : 0.77 0.81 1.26
2000
0.73
: 0.82 0.76
: 0.77
0.62 0.62 0.81 0.84
2005
0.94
0.85 0.82 0.91 0.97 0.70 0.95
0.77 0.81 0.91 1.00 0.72 0.70 0.72 0.72 0.94 0.83 0.91 0.84 0.83 0.83 0.82 0.87 0.88 0.98 1.20
2006
1.08
1.03 0.97 1.07 1.09 0.86 1.08
0.92 0.93 1.05 1.16 0.87 0.85 0.88 0.88 1.02 0.94 1.04 1.05 0.97 1.20 0.91 1.04 1.00 1.13 1.36
2007
1.04
0.93 0.98 0.99 1.05 0.81 1.03
0.92 0.89 1.01 1.10 0.83 0.86 0.81 0.85 0.97 0.91 1.01 0.94 0.92 1.02 0.92 1.03 0.96 1.06 1.38
Current prices Data Source: DG for Energy and Transport
EU-15 Average Retail Prices of Transport Fuels (tax-Inclusive)

1.30
1.20
1.10
1.00
0.90
ECU/Euro per litre
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
Unleaded Gasoline
Automotive Diesel
(ECU/Euro per litre) (Constant 2005 prices)

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Unleaded Gasoline Automotive Diesel 0.95 0.76 1.01 0.82 0.99 0.94 1.12 1.11 1.04 1.09 1.04 1.06 0.95 1.20 1.06 0.77 0.72 0.90 0.93 0.86 0.90 0.86
Data Source: DG for Energy and Transport
In 2006, like crude oil, both unleaded gasoline and automotive diesel recorded all time high prices at 1.20 /lt and 1.06 /lt respectively. At 2005 constant prices and on EU-15 average, the retail (tax inclusive) price of diesel increased by 41% during the period 1996-2006 while average price of unleaded gasoline rose by 26%. However, retail prices of both unleaded gasoline and automotive diesel exhibit significant lower increase than crude oil prices mainly due to the fact that excise tax and other taxes on gasoline and diesel increased by less than 25% in most Member States.
75
ENERGY 1.8.5
Of all the Member States, unleaded gasoline costs more in the Netherlands, followed closely by UK, while the lowest price can be found in Estonia and Lithuania where diesel is also the least expensive within the EU-25 countries. Diesel is most expensive in the United Kingdom while in the Netherlands and Belgium there is a discount of almost 25% compared to unleaded gasoline.
TRANSPORT INDICATORS
Railway Density
Length(km)/surface (1000km2)
EU-27 EU-25 Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Germany Estonia Ireland Greece Spain France Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Finland Sweden United Kingdom Iceland Liechtenstein * Norway Switzerland Croatia Turkey
1999 : 52 114 39 120 64 105 21 27 17 28 58 53 38 29 106 82 68 67 73 31 46 59 75 17 25 69 119 12 123 31 11
2000 : 51 114 39 120 64 102 21 27 18 28 57 53 36 29 106 82 67 66 72 31 46 59 75 17 25 69 119 13 123 31 11
2001 : 51 113 39 121 64 101 21 27 18 28 57 53 36 26 106 83 68 71 68 31 46 61 75 17 24 69 119 13 122 31 11
2002 : 51 115 39 122 64 100 21 27 18 27 57 53 35 27 106 83 68 67 67 31 46 61 75 17 25 70 119 13 122 31 11
2003 : 51 115 39 122 65 101 21 27 18 29 56 54 35 27 106 83 68 68 66 32 46 61 75 17 25 69 119 13 122 31 11
2004 : 50 116 38 122 65 97 21 27 19 29 53 54 35 27 106 85 68 68 65 32 45 61 75 17 25 67 119 13 122 31 11
TRANSPORT 2.1.1
* The 19km of railways in Liechtenstein are operated by the Austrian railways Data Source: Eurostat, DG for Energy and Transport
78
ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS Railway Density (km/1000km2) EU-27, 2005
Not applicable
km
CY
km
km
MT
Between 1999 and 2004, the total length of the railway network decreased by 3.9% on EU-27 level as is reflected on the network density but since this decrease is not reflected in the transport performance one can draw the conclusion that the utilisation rate is increasing. The network density and the utilisation rate depend, among other things, on the topographic characteristics of the individual countries and their population densities. In general, rail network density seems to be low in the periphery of the European Union and high in the centre. In 2004, the railway network of Germany (>35 000 km) was the longest one among the EU-27 countries, followed by the network of France (30 880 km) and Poland (20 250 km). In 2004, the Czech Republic had the highest density (122) with total railway network length of 9 602 km, followed closely by Belgium with a density of (116km/km2 surface).
79
TRANSPORT 2.1.1
Motorway Density
EU-27 EU-25 Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Germany Estonia Ireland Greece Spain France Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Netherlands * Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Finland Sweden United Kingdom Iceland Liechtenstein Norway Switzerland ** Croatia Turkey
1999 : 13 55 3 6 21 32 2 1 3 18 18 21 23 6 44 5 55 19 1 16 0 20 6 2 3 15 0 31 : 2
2000 : 14 56 3 6 22 33 2 1 5 18 18 21 26 6 44 5 55 19 1 17 0 21 6 2 3 15 0 31 5 2
2001 : 14 57 3 7 23 33 2 2 6 19 18 21 28 6 49 5 60 20 1 19 0 21 6 2 3 15 0 32 5 2
2002 : : 57 3 7 23 34 2 2 : 19 19 21 29 6 57 6 61 20 1 21 0 23 6 2 3 15 1 33 5 2
2003 : : 57 3 7 24 34 2 3 : 20 19 21 29 6 57 6 61 20 1 22 1 24 6 2 4 15 1 33 6 2
2004 : : 57 3 7 24 34 2 3 : 21 19 22 29 6 57 6 56 20 2 23 1 24 6 2 4 15 1 32 8 2
TRANSPORT 2.1.2
* break in 2001. Data on roads with separated lanes are reported since 2001-2002. ** only state motorways Data Source: Eurostat, DG for Energy and Transport
80
ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS Motorway Density (km/1000km2) EU-27, 2005
Not applicable
km
CY
km
km
MT
It is important to realise that a length-per-area indicator cannot be used per se to compare the level of infrastructure development between different countries or regions. Population density and other factors must also be considered in such a comparison.
81
TRANSPORT 2.1.2
The density of the motorway network in the EU-25 is about 14 km per 1 000 km2. The highest density is to be found in the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxemburg, and, at quite a distance, in Germany.
Inland Waterways Density
EU-27 EU-25 Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Germany Estonia Ireland Greece Spain France Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Finland Sweden United Kingdom Iceland Liechtenstein Norway Switzerland Croatia Turkey
1999 9 9 50 4 8 19 7 0 0 10 5 6 14 15 122 4 12 1 7 4 23 1 5 30 8 -
2000 9 9 50 4 8 19 7 0 0 11 5 6 14 15 122 4 12 1 7 4 23 1 5 30 8 -
2001 9 9 50 4 8 19 7 0 0 10 5 7 14 16 122 4 12 1 7 4 23 1 5 30 8 -
2002 9 9 50 4 8 19 7 0 0 10 5 7 14 15 122 4 12 1 7 4 23 1 4 30 8 -
2003 9 9 50 4 8 19 7 0 0 10 5 7 14 15 122 4 12 1 7 4 23 1 4 30 8 -
2004 9 9 50 4 8 19 7 0 0 10 5 7 14 15 122 4 12 1 7 4 24 1 4 30 9 -
TRANSPORT 2.1.3
Data Source: Eurostat, DG for Energy and Transport
82
ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS Inland Waterways Density (km/1000km2) EU-27, 2005
Not applicable
km
CY
km
km
MT
Inland waterways density in the EU-27 was practically constant over the period 1999-2004 but the network is very unbalanced across the EU-27 with some countries completely lacking inland waterways and, on the other hand, countries such as the Netherlands and Belgium with a very extensive waterway system. This leads to the exceptionally high density of 122 km/1000km2 for the Netherlands, compared to the average within the EU-27 of 9 km/1000km2. In terms of inland waterways length, Finland was in first place with a network of 7 884 km in 2004 consisting of mainly lakes, followed by Germany with 6 636 km; France was third with a network of 5 372 km.
83
TRANSPORT 2.1.3
Oil Pipelines Density
1999 8 7 10 5 9 8 7 7 10 14 12 8 22 10 9 7 19 16 2 3 7 3
2000 8 7 10 5 9 8 7 7 10 14 12 8 22 10 9 7 19 16 2 3 7 3
2001 8 7 10 5 9 8 7 7 10 14 12 8 22 10 9 7 19 18 2 3 7 3
2002 8 7 10 5 9 8 7 1 8 10 15 12 8 22 10 9 7 18 18 3 3 7 3
2003 8 7 10 5 9 8 7 1 8 10 15 12 8 22 10 9 7 20 18 3 3 7 3
2004 8 7 10 5 9 8 7 1 8 10 15 12 8 22 10 9 7 20 18 3 3 7 3
TRANSPORT 2.1.4
Data Source: Eurostat, DG for Energy and Transport
84
ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS Oil Pipelines Density (km/1000km2) EU-27, 2005
Not applicable
km
CY
km
km
MT
The total length of pipelines for the EU-27 in 2004 was approximately 34 300 km, with France (5 746 km) in first place, followed by Romania (about 4 800 km) and United Kingdom (4 405 km). Please note that data on oil pipelines only are collected and that oil pipelines between land and drilling platforms at sea are included.
85
TRANSPORT 2.1.4
The average density of oil pipelines in the EU-27 was constant at 8 km/1000km2 throughout the reported period. In 2004, Hungary had the highest density among the EU-27 countries (22 km/1000km2) while Romania, not yet a member state at the time, was a close second at 20 km/1000km2.
Number of Main Sea Ports

Ports handling more than 1 million tonnes per year or with more than 200 000 passengers movements per year
EU-27 EU-25 Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Germany Estonia Ireland Greece * Spain ** France Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Finland *** Sweden United Kingdom Iceland Liechtenstein Norway Switzerland Croatia Turkey
2001 421 : 4 2 48 39 5 9 53 27 28 67 : 3 1 : 10 6 8 2 1 24 32 52 1 : 23 16
2002 441 : 4 2 50 39 5 8 69 27 28 66 3 4 1 : 10 6 7 3 1 23 33 52 1 20 24 17
2003 447 442 4 2 52 39 5 8 70 27 27 67 3 3 1 2 10 5 7 3 1 24 34 53 1 22 24 :
2004 452 447 4 2 53 39 5 8 75 28 27 68 3 4 1 2 10 5 7 3 1 24 33 50 1 22 25 :
2005 481 471 4 2 54 41 5 8 74 28 27 70 6 3 2 2 14 5 9 8 1 23 37 58 1 26 24 :
TRANSPORT 2.1.5
* the statistical coverage of data has considerably improved between 2001 and 2002 ** the statistical coverage has significantly improved in 2001 *** national maritime traffic is included only since 2001 Data Source: Eurostat
86
ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS Number of Main Sea Ports, 2005 EU-27 Top Ten Countries
Other Countries, 55 Netherlands, 14 Finland, 23 France, 27
Greece, 74
Italy, 70 Spain, 28
Sweden, 37
United Kingdom, 58
Germany, 41 Denmark, 54
In 2005 at the EU-27 level, there were 481 ports, each handling more than 1 million tonnes of freight or more than 200 000 passengers per year. This threshold on handling is the reason the number of main sea ports changes from year to year and not a real rapid change in infrastructure. The largest number of ports is to be found in Greece, Italy, Denmark and in the United Kingdom.
87
TRANSPORT 2.1.5
Number of Main Commercial Airports
Commercial Airports with more than 150 000 passenger units movements* per year
2003 258 253 4 3 3 6 25 1 5 18 33 36 29 2 1 1 1 1 1 4 6 6 8 2 1 1 10 20 30 3 16 5 : 12
2004 269 262 5 3 3 6 25 1 6 18 33 39 30 2 1 1 1 1 1 5 6 6 8 4 1 1 11 19 32 3 16 3 3 14
2005 276 269 5 3 3 7 24 1 6 19 34 42 30 2 1 1 1 1 1 5 6 6 8 4 1 2 11 19 33 3 16 4 4 14
TRANSPORT 2.1.6
* One passenger unit is equivalent to either one passenger or 100 kg of freight and mail Data Source: Eurostat
88
ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS Number of Main Sea Ports, 2005 EU-27 Top Ten Countries
Other Countries, 49
France, 42
Denmark, 7 Portugal, 8 Finland, 11 Spain, 34
Sweden, 19 United Kingdom, 33 Greece, 19 Germany, 24 Italy, 30
In 2005, at the EU-27 level there were 276 commercial airports, each handling more than 150 000 passenger movements per year. The largest number of main commercial airports is to be found in France, Spain, the United Kingdom and Italy.
89
TRANSPORT 2.1.6
Motorization Rate of Passenger Cars

Number of passenger cars/1000 inhabitants
EU-27 EU-25 Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Germany Estonia Ireland Greece Spain France Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia * Finland Sweden United Kingdom Iceland Liechtenstein Norway Switzerland Croatia Turkey
1999 412 428 448 232 334 346 516 333 338 269 422 468 563 374 220 309 611 220 480 401 502 240 329 136 428 229 403 439 420 544 656 407 485 236 61
2000 423 440 456 244 335 347 532 339 347 293 433 475 572 386 235 335 626 232 490 411 511 260 337 143 437 236 412 451 426 565 667 412 493 253 66
2001 432 449 461 260 345 350 539 299 363 313 446 483 583 399 249 326 636 244 497 418 520 275 349 148 444 240 417 452 436 561 682 415 502 269 66
2002 439 456 463 276 357 351 541 295 374 332 453 487 590 405 265 340 643 259 510 424 493 288 375 136 459 247 422 453 446 563 683 418 508 280 66
2003 444 461 465 295 363 352 546 321 383 348 445 491 596 419 279 364 651 274 524 426 499 294 380 142 446 252 436 455 452 604 704 424 518 291 67
2004 449 466 465 315 373 354 550 350 381 367 450 502 580 443 298 385 656 280 524 428 499 314 389 149 455 222 447 456 462 591 691 428 512 301 :
TRANSPORT 2.2.1
* Slovakia - Break of series 2003-2004 Due to diffrent definitions, comparisons between countries should be done with caution Data Source: Eurostat, DG for Energy and Transport
90
Motorization Rate of Passenger Cars

Luxembourg 1999 2004 Germany
Italy
Malta
France
Austria
EU-25
Belgium
United Kingdom
Sweden
Slovenia
EU-27
0
2004 Top Ten
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Number of passenger cars / 1000 inhabitants
Note: There are still some problems of definitions applied differently, mainly on the distinction between a lorry and a passenger car (i.e. vans, pick-ups, etc.). Therefore one should be cautious when interpreting the figures.
91
TRANSPORT 2.2.1
The number of passenger cars per 1000 inhabitants has almost continuously increased from 1999 to 2004 in every EU-27 country. Therefore, a total increase of 9% is observed over these years, from 412 in 1999 to 449 in 2004 for a total of 221 million cars in the EU-27 by 2004. The most significant increase in the order of 30% to 36% was recorded in countries with low motorization rates in the past, namely Bulgaria, Greece, Latvia and Poland.
Renewal Rate of Passenger Cars

Passenger cars first registration/ total passenger cars (%)
EU-27 * EU-25 * Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Germany Estonia Ireland Greece Spain France Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Finland Sweden United Kingdom Iceland Liechtenstein Norway Switzerland Croatia Turkey
1999 8.4 8.5 11.0 5.4 5.8 7.8 9.0 1.5 13.4 9.2 8.9 7.8 7.2 7.8 8.7 13.0 15.6 6.2 7.3 9.6 7.8 6.5 10.5 5.3 9.6 4.7 6.6 8.6 9.8 11.3 10.0 6.8 9.1 : 5.8
2000 7.9 8.0 11.4 4.9 6.0 6.1 7.7 2.2 17.1 9.5 8.4 7.6 7.2 7.1 6.4 9.9 15.5 6.3 6.9 9.1 7.6 5.2 9.9 4.8 7.5 4.3 6.3 8.9 9.7 9.3 9.8 6.9 8.9 8.2 7.9
2001 7.7 7.8 10.5 5.6 5.9 5.1 7.5 3.1 11.5 8.5 8.3 7.9 7.2 8.8 6.5 6.3 15.4 7.7 5.3 7.9 7.0 4.3 8.4 3.0 6.3 5.2 5.1 7.2 10.3 4.8 9.1 6.5 8.7 9.1 2.6
2002 7.3 7.5 9.9 5.6 6.0 5.9 7.3 3.7 10.2 7.6 7.5 7.4 6.6 9.8 6.5 7.9 15.2 9.1 5.1 7.5 7.0 3.8 6.9 : 5.7 5.1 5.4 7.3 10.4 4.6 9.0 6.4 7.9 7.6 1.5
2003 7.0 7.1 9.6 6.2 3.9 5.1 7.2 3.6 9.3 7.1 7.4 6.8 6.5 9.9 7.7 9.4 14.9 6.8 5.1 7.1 7.4 2.4 4.8 : 6.2 5.3 6.5 7.5 10.1 6.2 7.4 6.3 7.1 8.1 3.7
2004 7.0 7.0 9.9 : 3.8 6.3 7.2 3.5 9.7 7.1 7.8 6.6 6.7 13.1 8.4 10.2 16.1 6.7 : 6.9 7.6 2.7 4.8 4.6 6.5 6.0 6.1 6.4 9.2 6.8 7.5 7.4 3.0 7.5 :
TRANSPORT 2.2.2
* Based on estimates for MT and BG Due to different definitions, comparisons between countries should be done with caution Data Source: Eurostat, DG for Energy and Transport, national statistics
92
Renewal Rate of Passenger Cars

Luxembourg
Cyprus
Lithuania
Belgium
Ireland
United Kingdom
Latvia
Spain 1999 Austria 2004
Germany
EU-25
EU-27
0
2004 Top Ten
8 Per Cent (%)
12
16
Note: There are still some problems of definitions applied differently, mainly on the distinction between a lorry and a passenger car (i.e. vans, pick-ups etc.). Another problematic area is if the countries include only brand new vehicles in the first registrations or if they also include imported used vehicles. Therefore one should be cautious when interpreting the figures.
In 2004 the average renewal rate in the EU-27 was approximately 7%, while the highest rate of 16.1% was reported by Luxembourg. It is notable that the renewal rate has been decreasing in recent years in most of the Member States and in the EU-27 as a whole. More specifically, the renewal rate dropped by 16% from 1999 to 2004 at the EU-27 level.
93
TRANSPORT 2.2.2
Motorization Rate of Lorries and Road Tractors

Lorries and road tractors/1000 inhabitants
1999 56 58 51 36 28 70 32 62 52 94 94 90 58 162 38 27 68 34 122 53 42 44 156 20 26 30 58 41 50 64 79 36 38 : 17
2000 59 61 53 37 29 72 34 63 56 97 97 91 61 165 41 28 69 36 118 56 43 49 167 20 27 28 60 43 51 69 70 36 39 27 18
2001 61 63 56 39 31 73 34 62 59 99 101 93 64 168 42 29 59 37 117 59 43 52 176 21 28 30 61 45 52 70 73 36 39 29 19
2002 62 65 57 41 34 75 34 63 59 101 103 93 68 166 44 30 61 39 114 61 42 57 182 20 30 32 63 47 51 71 79 95 40 31 19
2003 63 65 58 38 36 77 34 62 63 102 100 93 68 166 45 32 62 39 112 62 43 61 187 21 27 34 64 48 53 80 75 96 40 31 20
2004 65 68 60 41 39 80 33 64 64 104 102 100 69 155 47 34 62 41 110 63 43 63 : 22 33 28 69 49 55 78 75 97 40 33 26
TRANSPORT 2.2.3
* Based on estimates for PT Due to different definitions, comparisons between countries should be done with caution Data Source: Eurostat, DG for Energy and Transport, national statistics
94
ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS Motorization Rate of Lorries and Road Tractors
Portugal
Cyprus
Malta
Greece 1999 Spain 2004
France
Denmark
Finland
Italy
EU-25
EU-27
Ireland
0
2004 Top Ten
50
100
150
200
PT 2003 data
Lorries and road tractors/1000 inhabitants
Note: There are still some problems of definitions applied differently, mainly on the distinction between a lorry and a passenger car (i.e. vans, pick-ups etc.). Therefore one should be cautious when interpreting the figures.
Portugal most likely still had in 2004 the highest number of lorries and road tractors (185 per 1000 inhabitants in 2003) among the EU-27 countries, with Cyprus coming second (155 per 1000 inhabitants) and Malta third at a distance (110 per 1000 inhabitants). These high figures are partly explained by the fact that there is little or no rail network in these countries or even waterways networks, so most of the inland transport of goods is done by road.
95
TRANSPORT 2.2.3
Like passenger cars, an increase is monitored in the motorization rate of lorries and road tractors from 1999 to 2004 and the countries having high increase in passenger car motorization do not necessarily have also high increases in the motorization of these vehicles.
Renewal Rate of Lorries and Road Tractors

Lorries and road tractors first registration/total lorries and road tractors (%)
1998 : 8.4 12.2 3.6 8.9 9.6 10.4 6.4 13.9 4.3 8.1 7.6 6.2 6.8 6.9 13.4 10.9 8.9 6.3 14.9 10.1 7.3 7.4 6.5 7.8 6.4 6.9 9.3 10.4 9.3 : 4.4 8.1 : 11.6
1999 : 8.8 13.2 3.6 8.6 10.0 10.9 4.8 15.8 4.5 9.0 8.1 6.2 6.1 7.4 8.0 12.3 9.5 5.3 13.8 10.2 8.8 7.1 7.2 8.9 4.8 6.6 10.0 10.8 10.4 : 3.4 8.5 : 7.0
2000 : 8.8 12.0 3.4 8.5 9.4 9.9 5.6 16.2 4.4 8.3 8.8 7.0 6.0 5.6 8.0 12.6 9.3 4.7 12.6 10.4 7.9 7.6 1.4 8.3 5.6 6.0 10.5 11.6 11.2 : 3.7 9.6 5.8 9.8
2001 : 8.3 12.2 4.3 9.6 9.1 9.0 6.7 13.9 4.3 7.5 8.9 6.8 6.8 5.0 6.8 13.4 9.0 4.1 10.6 9.1 5.7 5.7 9.4 7.7 8.5 5.7 9.2 11.9 6.2 : 3.5 10.0 7.9 3.6
2002 : 7.9 9.9 4.6 8.5 8.8 8.3 7.1 16.1 4.2 6.8 8.2 7.8 6.2 4.9 7.3 12.6 10.5 3.3 9.6 8.6 7.5 4.5 : 7.8 7.4 5.6 8.8 10.2 4.9 : : 8.3 9.5 3.8
2003 : : 10.1 : 6.3 8.8 8.2 : 13.5 4.3 7.9 7.6 6.1 4.2 5.6 8.5 16.6 : 4.1 8.9 9.7 8.2 3.7 : 8.8 8.8 5.7 8.6 11.1 7.2 : : 7.2 10.4 8.1
TRANSPORT 2.2.4
Data Source: Eurostat, DG for Energy and Transport, national statistics
96
ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS Renewal Rate of Lorries and Road Tractors
Luxembourg
Ireland
United Kingdom
Hungary 1998 Belgium 2003
Austria
Netherlands
Slovenia
Slovakia
Denmark
EU-25
EU-27
N/A
0
2003 Top Ten
12
16
20
Per Cent (%)
Note: There are still some problems of definitions applied differently, mainly on the distinction between a lorry and a passenger car (i.e. vans, pick-ups etc.). Another problematic area is if the countries include only brand new vehicles in the first registrations or if they also include imported used vehicles. Therefore one should be cautious when interpreting the figures.
In 2003, Luxembourg had the highest renewal rate of 16.6%, followed by Ireland, the United Kingdom, Hungary and Belgium, all of them with a renewal rate of more than 10%. It can be noted though, that the above countries with the exception of Hungary, had motorization rates very close to the EU-25 average. The renewal rates of the countries with high ratio of lorries and road tractors per 1000 inhabitants were rather low: 3.7% for Portugal, 4.2% for Cyprus and 4.1% for Malta.
97
TRANSPORT 2.2.4
Airfleet by Operator Country
EU-27 EU-25 Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark * Germany Estonia Ireland Greece Spain France Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Finland Sweden * United Kingdom Iceland Liechtenstein Norway ** Switzerland Croatia Turkey
2nd quarter 2006 5 945 5 822 152 75 79 161 977 29 209 89 565 588 467 22 36 29 80 68 25 255 252 92 205 48 19 28 88 162 1 145 45 3 101 260 27 263
TRANSPORT 2.2.5
* Includes those SAS passenger aircraft registered in Denmark and Sweden respectively, for which the operator country is 'multinational' ** Excludes SAS passenger aircraft Data Source: Airclaims
98
ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS Airfleet by Operator Country at 2rd quarter of 2006 EU-27 Top Ten Countries
Other Countries, 1 120
United Kingdom, 1 145
Sweden, 162 Portugal, 205 Ireland, 209 Germany, 977 Austria, 252 Netherlands, 255 Italy, 467 Spain, 565 France, 588
Note: All military aircrafts excluded
At the end of the second quarter of 2006, there were 5 945 commercial aircrafts in EU-27. Countries having the major share of air fleet in the total of EU-27 are: United Kingdom with 1 145 aircrafts and a share of 19.2%, Germany with 977 aircraft and a share of 16.4%, followed by France with 588 aircrafts and 9.9% -a sharp decrease compared to 2005s share of 11%. The comparison between the air fleet of a country and its population shows a different picture: Luxembourg comes first with 175 aircrafts per million of inhabitants, followed by Malta and Ireland with 62 and 50 aircrafts per million of inhabitants respectively. The average for EU-27 is 12 aircrafts per million of inhabitants while the United Kingdom, Germany and France have ratios of 19, 12 and 10 aircrafts per million of inhabitants respectively.
99
TRANSPORT 2.2.5
Index of Inland Freight Transport Volume Relative to GDP

Inland Freight Transport Volume measured in tonne-km / GDP (in constant 1995 Euro), 2000=100
EU-27* EU-25* Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Germany Estonia Ireland Greece Spain France Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Finland Sweden United Kingdom Iceland Liechtenstein Norway Switzerland Croatia Turkey
2000 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 : 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 : 100.0 : : 100.0
2001 99.1 98.9 100.8 101.5 94.3 91.4 100.3 97.0 95.2 : 103.3 96.9 97.8 93.4 97.3 107.1 111.8 93.9 : 94.4 103.6 88.0 106.7 107.3 100.9 92.4 93.0 103.5 99.3 121.4 : 98.2 : : 112.3
2002 98.6 98.0 99.6 101.3 86.3 91.4 97.8 99.2 103.8 : 111.8 93.6 96.6 103.1 96.9 100.4 113.2 100.6 : 89.5 104.2 92.1 102.1 122.9 95.4 85.8 94.8 104.9 97.1 116.6 : 93.1 : : 96.5
2003 99.0 98.3 95.0 109.3 93.7 91.8 97.3 99.6 110.4 83.5 111.4 90.9 85.8 97.8 106.1 107.3 112.6 109.5 : 88.5 103.1 111.8 91.6 132.0 99.4 84.6 93.6 104.1 105.1 119.8 : 100.7 : : 86.9
2004 104.0 102.9 90.0 120.8 71.7 91.5 103.1 96.0 118.3 : 122.0 91.3 93.5 107.7 115.2 109.8 111.3 104.9 : 97.6 102.3 124.3 130.6 146.4 115.9 80.8 96.3 105.8 103.0 127.7 : 110.3 : : 81.5
2005 104.8 103.0 83.6 132.1 83.5 88.1 104.6 86.9 119.9 94.7 123.0 86.2 97.6 110.2 126.2 111.9 96.7 117.5 : 95.7 98.6 111.8 133.5 152.2 134.2 86.4 94.2 111.0 101.2 123.5 : 100.8 : : :
TRANSPORT 2.3.1
* EU totals include estimates for Malta and Greece ** EL: road transport data for 1999 instead of 2000 Break in series appearing in 2004 for IT, PL, PT, RO and EU totals due to changes in the surveys methodology. When interpreting the index, please, consider the breaks in series. Data Source: Eurostat 100
ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS Index of Inland Freight Transport Volume Relative to GDP
Romania
Bulgaria
Hungary
Portugal
Spain
Slovenia
Ireland
Latvia
Lithuania
Cyprus
EU-27
EU-25
0
2005 Top Ten
100 (Index 2000=100)
200
101
TRANSPORT 2.3.1
The index of EU-27 freight transport volume measured in tkm/GDP shows an increase of 4.8% in 2005 compared to 2000. It is notable that the absolute values of the Inland Freight Transport Volume Relative to GDP indicator for Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia are 10 times higher than the EU-27 average while values of transport volume relative to GDP for the Czech Republic and Slovakia are 5 times higher than that average.
Index of Transport Growth

Total transport of road, rail, inland waterways and oil pipelines in tonne-kilometres, 2000=100
EU-27 * EU-25 * Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Germany Estonia Ireland Greece ** Spain France Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Finland Sweden United Kingdom Iceland Liechtenstein Norway Switzerland Croatia Turkey
2000 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 : 100 : : 100
2001 101 101 103 109 103 94 101 102 101 : 108 99 101 96 99 110 112 103 : 99 105 99 111 113 104 96 96 96 100 110 : 101 : : 91
2002 103 103 104 113 108 96 100 108 115 : 122 98 103 108 98 107 116 126 : 98 108 101 110 133 102 94 99 100 99 113 : 101 : : 86
2003 104 103 100 124 114 98 101 114 126 91 126 97 94 106 101 114 121 139 : 99 108 108 102 147 109 100 97 102 101 116 : 105.1 : : 81
2004 112 111 97 144 91 100 108 112 137 : 144 99 106 121 113 119 122 140 : 110 109 122 149 174 128 105 101 104 103 126 : 116 : : 79
2005 115 113 92 163 113 99 111 107 143 110 151 95 113 127 130 129 110 163 : 110 107 126 156 227 150 119 99 108 103 140 : 120.1 : : :
TRANSPORT 2.3.2
* EU totals include estimates for Malta and Greece ** EL: road transport data for 1999 instead of 2000 Break in series appearing in 2004 for IT, PL, PT, RO and EU totals due to changes in the surveys methodology. When interpreting the index, please, consider the breaks in series. Data Source: Eurostat 102
Index of Inland Freight Transport Growth

Romania
Bulgaria
Hungary
Portugal
Spain
Slovenia
Ireland
Latvia
Lithuania
Cyprus
EU-27
EU-25
0
2005 Top Ten
100
200 (Index 2000=100)
300
103
TRANSPORT 2.3.2
The average EU-27 freight transport, in terms of tonne-kilometres, grew by 15% in the period 2000-2005. The increase between 2003 and 2004 is 8%, partially attributed to the change in the methodology of road and rail freight transport surveys. It must be noted that due to the change in the methodology of freight transport surveys many breaks in series resulted in the table on the left hand page.
Modal Split of Freight Transport Shares of Road, IWW, Rail and Oil Pipelines in Total Inland Transport
(% of total tonne-kilometres) 2005
Oil Total Rail Road IWW Oil Total
2000
Rail Road IWW
EU-27 EU-25 BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL * ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK IS LI NO CH HR TR
18 18 11 44 31 7 18 63 4 2 7 19 10 54 44 8 27 4 27 36 8 47 30 42 24 36 9 : 14 : : 5
70 70 76 51 66 78 64 37 96 98 89 70 85 100 20 39 88 64 100 61 57 49 93 41 70 53 76 64 85 100 : 70 : : 76
6 6 11 3 0 15 0 : 3 0 0 4 3 31 4 1 : 8 5 0 0 0 : : -
6 6 2 3 3 15 3 4 8 5 26 17 6 5 12 14 4 6 16 : : 19
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 : 100 : : 100
17 17 13 25 25 7 20 65 2 3 5 15 9 63 38 4 23 4 29 27 5 21 23 30 23 36 11 : 12 : 21 :
73 73 70 70 72 77 64 35 98 97 92 75 86 100 27 49 92 65 100 63 57 60 95 65 77 70 77 64 83 100 : 70 : 68 :
6 5 14 4 0 13 0 : 3 0 0 4 5 29 3 0 : 11 0 0 0 0 : 1 -
5 5 3 2 4 17 3 : 3 7 4 11 13 7 4 12 14 : 3 5 18 : 11 :
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 : 100 : 100 :
TRANSPORT 2.3.3
* EL: 1999 data instead of 2000. IWW: Inland Waterways Data Source: Eurostat
104
Modal Split of Inland Freight Transport, 2005

EU-27 EU-25 BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK
0% Road
20% Rail
40%
60%
80%
100%
Inland Waterways
Oil Pipelines
Note: EL, SK:oil pipelines not included in the calculation ES: inland waterways not included in the calculation PT: oil pipelines and inland waterways not included in the calculation Break in series appearing between 2000 and 2005 in some countries (i.e. PL, PT, RO) have an effect on the calculated transport modes shares for these countries and for EU totals.
In 2005, 73% of the EU-27 freight inland transport (in tonne-km) was done by road. In most of the countries, road transport was the dominant mode with the exception of Estonia and Latvia where rail transport performance was double or more the road transport performance. For most of the countries, there was an increase in the share of road freight transport in 2005 when compared to 2000, with some exceptions, most notably Belgium, followed by the United Kingdom, Denmark, Estonia and Greece. Rail freight transport had a share of 18% at the EU-27 level in 2000 which dropped to 17% in 2005. There was also a full percentage point decrease in the combined shares of inland waterways and pipelines: from 11.8% in 2000 to 10.8% in 2005.
105
TRANSPORT 2.3.3
Tonnage of Freight Transport by Rail

(million tonnes)
2003 : 1 525 56 20 93 8 297 66 2 3 26 121 74 48 43 15 43 30 82 162 9 69 17 51 44 58 89 : 21 : 12 16
2004 : 1 729 58 20 89 8 310 66 2 3 29 117 84 51 46 17 52 30 93 283 10 73 16 50 43 60 119 2 23 : 12 18
2005 : : : : 86 8 317 68 2 3 30 108 90 55 49 11 51 29 102 270 10 69 16 49 41 63 121 2 25 : 14 19
TRANSPORT 2.3.4
Since 2004, small rail companies are included for some countries (break in series). * The values of this table include national, international incoming, international outgoing and transit rail transport of each country. In consequence, some volumes are calculated twice or even three times. The estimated double counting is in order of the magnitude of 30%. Data Source: Eurostat, UIC, national statistics
106
Tonnage of Freight Transport by Rail

Germany
Poland
United Kingdom 2003 France 2005 Austria
Italy
Czech Republic
Romania
Estonia
Sweden
0
2005 Top Ten
100
200 (million tonnes)
300
107
TRANSPORT 2.3.4
The tonnage of goods transported by rail in the 27Member States in 2004 was close to 1 700 million tonnes, an increase of 13% over 2003, while in 2005 the same practically tonnage was transported. The growth from 2003 to 2004 and 2005 is mainly attributed to the significant increase in some countries such as Poland that recorded an impressive 75%, the United Kingdom with 33% and to a lesser extent, Germany and Austria.
Tonnage of Freight Transport by Road

(million tonnes)
2003 : : 378 155 448 206 2 744 28 252 225 1 850 1 982 1 243 55 44 52 52 214 : 571 297 982 266 : 69 174 400 312 1 724 : : 230
2004 : 15 202 347 145 466 192 2 768 26 278 444 2 013 2 077 1 424 43 46 51 53 213 : 614 283 732 326 : 74 178 400 325 1 829 : 0 244
2005 : 15 711 338 : 461 206 2 765 30 297 433 2 210 2 060 1 509 54 52 55 50 229 : 613 288 863 333 : 83 195 400 355 1 830 : 1 245
TRANSPORT 2.3.5
52 :
55 :
: :
108
Tonnage of Freight Transport by Road

Germany
Spain
France
United Kingdom
Italy 2003 Poland 2005
Netherlands
Czech Republic
Greece
Finland
0
2005 Top Ten
1 000
2 000 (million tonnes)
3 000
109
TRANSPORT 2.3.5
Road freight transport in the EU-25 accounted for approximately 15.7 billion tonnes in 2005, with a growth of 16% in the last two years since 2003. European road transport in 2005 was dominated by Germany, France, Spain, the United Kingdom and Italy where, with the exception of Germany, the trend in recent years was increasing. In these countries, a 3% increase was recorded between 2004 and 2005, on top of a 6% increase between 2003 and 2004.
Tonnage of Freight Transport by Inland Waterways

(million tonnes)
EU-27 * EU-25 * Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Germany Estonia Ireland Greece Spain France Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania ** Luxembourg Hungary Malta Netherlands Austria Poland ** Portugal Romania ** Slovenia Slovakia ** Finland Sweden United Kingdom Iceland Liechtenstein Norway Switzerland Croatia ** Turkey
2000 : 792 120 : 2 242 : 71 : 0 12 4 314 11 10 13 2 1 4 : 1 -
2001 826 808 128 6 2 236 68 : 0 11 6 329 12 10 11 2 0 4 : 2 -
2002 813 792 134 6 2 232 67 : 11 7 312 12 7 14 3 0 4 : 1 -
2003 : 756 137 7 1 220 64 : 10 6 293 11 8 : 3 0 3 : 1 -
2004 846 811 147 4 1 236 67 : 11 7 319 9 7 30 3 0 3 : 2 -
2005 : : 160 5 2 237 68 : 10 8 318 9 7 33 2 : : : : -
TRANSPORT 2.3.6
* EU totals exclude Italy and Estonia ** Inland waterways operators data are reported for: LT, PL (up to 2003), SK (up to 2002), RO (up to 2003) and HR Data Source: Eurostat
110
ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS Tonnage of Freight Transport by Inland Waterways
Netherlands
Germany
Belgium
France
2000 2005
Romania
Luxembourg
Austria
Hungary
Poland
Bulgaria
0
2005 Top Ten
100
300
400
111
TRANSPORT 2.3.6
In 2005, the total volume of inland waterways transport in the EU-27 was about 860 million tonnes, increased substantially with the admission of Bulgaria and Romania. The Netherlands and Germany continue to dominate this mode of transport, constituting 65% of the total tonnage transported by the EU-27 inland waterways network. Belgium, with 19% of the total inland waterways transport, has recorded the most significant increase (34%) in the period 2000-2005.
Tonnage of Freight Transport by Sea
(million tonnes)
2000 : : 179 : 97 243 : 45 128 235 326 447 : : : : 406 : 56 : : 81 159 573 5 : : :
2001 : : 174 20 94 246 40 46 122 315 318 445 : 57 21 : 406 46 56 28 9 96 153 566 5 : : :
2002 : : 174 20 94 246 45 45 148 326 319 458 7 52 24 : 413 48 56 33 9 99 155 558 5 190 : :
2003 3 451 3 393 181 21 104 255 47 46 163 344 330 477 7 55 30 3 410 51 57 36 11 104 161 556 5 187 : :
2004 3 568 3 505 188 23 100 272 45 48 158 373 334 485 7 55 26 3 441 52 59 41 12 107 167 573 5 198 : :
2005 3 718 3 645 207 25 100 285 47 52 151 400 341 509 7 60 26 4 461 55 65 48 13 100 178 586 6 202 26 :
TRANSPORT 2.3.7
112
Tonnage of Freight Transport by Sea

United Kingdom
Italy
Netherlands
Spain
2000 2005
France
Germany
Belgium
Sweden
Greece
Finland
0
2005Top Ten
400
600
Note: Caution must be observed when considering the total figures (inwards + outwards), as the national transport includes some double-counting (goods loaded and unloaded).
Italy, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, the top three nations by tonnage transported, traditionally handle higher quantities of seaborne goods and reached a total share of 42% in 2005.
113
TRANSPORT 2.3.7
In 2005, 3.7 billion tonnes of goods were handled at EU-27 seaports. The total tonnage handled in 2005 rose by 4.2% compared to the previous year, accelerating even further compared to the growth recorded between 2002 and 2003. Most of the Member States recorded an increase in 2005.
Passenger Transport by Rail

(passenger-km per inhabitant)
EU-27 EU-25
2000 760 778
2001 761 781 781 378 713 1 068 920 133 392 159 477 1 165 820 300 153 783 982 966 1 026 587 379 489 359 521 633 989 665
2002 745 769 799 330 647 069 865 130 416 167 472 190 804 318 144 800 037 960 027 543 379 390 375 499 638 020 673
2003 731 754 796 322 635 081 864 134 401 143 460 162 786 328 125 582 015 853 016 514 343 392 390 431 640 010 691 : 530 : 262 84
2004 742 766
2005 758 784
TRANSPORT 2.4.1
Belgium 756 Bulgaria 431 Czech Republic 707 Denmark 1 037 Germany 917 Estonia 192 Ireland 365 Greece 173 Spain 465 France 1 146 Italy 828 Cyprus Latvia 301 Lithuania 175 Luxembourg 761 Hungary 949 Malta Netherlands ** 967 Austria 1 024 Poland 630 Portugal 375 Romania 518 Slovenia 410 Slovakia 531 Finland 658 Sweden 936 United Kingdom 655 Iceland Liechtenstein * Norway Switzerland Croatia Turkey : 636 1 787 221 87
832 870 309 309 645 651 096 1 099 883 909 143 184 389 428 154 167 476 487 191 1 257 783 787 351 389 82 82 558 595 006 977 866 903 061 1 121 483 469 352 361 398 368 382 387 414 405 641 661 963 988 723 742 : 572 : 273 74 : 586 : 285 70
: : 612 549 1 867 1 661 279 81 269 75
* Rail transport data are included in Austrian data ** Up to 2002, rail data are based on the movements of the Dutch inhabitants on Dutch territory Data Source: Eurostat, DG for Energy and Transport, national statistics
114
Passenger Transport by Rail

France
Austria
Denmark
Sweden 2000 Hungary 2005
Germany
Netherlands
Belgium
Italy
EU-25
EU-27
United Kingdom
0
2005 Top Ten
200
400
600
800
1 000
1 200
1 400
Note: Rail passenger data are not harmonised at EU level. Transit transport is included for some countries.
115
TRANSPORT 2.4.1
Rail passenger transport reached a total of 373 billion passengerkilometres at the EU-27 level in 2005. Passenger transport by rail, expressed in terms of passenger-kilometres per inhabitant, exhibited a slight drop in EU-27 between 2000 and 2005. In relative terms, it is France that in 2005 recorded the largest number of passenger-kilometres per inhabitant (1 257 p-km per inhabitant). In absolute terms, it is also France that recorded in 2005 the highest number of 76 billion passengerkilometres, followed closely by Germany (75 billion) and, at a distance, Italy (46 billion).
Passenger Transport by Buses and Coaches

EU-27* EU-25* Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Germany Estonia Ireland Greece Spain France Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Finland Sweden United Kingdom** Iceland Liechtenstein Norway Switzerland Croatia Turkey
1999 1 052 1 072 1 320 1 795 1 502 1 390 828 1 616 1 571 1 976 1 262 690 1 619 : 991 756 1 347 1 767 : 474 1 843 860 1 128 371 2 084 1 452 1 471 1 050 773 1 687 : 940 435 734 1 376
2000 1 065 1 087 1 294 1 810 1 582 1 389 839 1 920 1 607 1 988 1 260 708 1 643 : 989 787 1 421 1 835 : 471 1 852 830 1 156 343 1 760 1 562 1 488 1 071 801 1 750 : 922 441 740 1 297
2001 1 063 1 086 1 309 1 892 1 718 1 368 834 1 804 1 620 1 989 1 284 676 1 678 : 979 814 1 494 1 827 : 474 1 843 810 1 084 316 1 703 1 534 1 484 1 034 795 1 748 : 909 452 783 1 123
2002 1 053 1 073 1 407 2 158 1 621 1 357 818 1 715 1 621 2 002 1 211 686 1 700 : 1 010 869 1 614 1 840 : 446 1 828 766 959 242 1 673 1 531 1 481 1 042 792 1 750 : 909 457 800 :
2003 1 058 1 074 1 559 1 841 1 500 1 349 818 1 697 1 627 1 991 1 172 688 1 707 : 1 097 897 1 644 1 866 : 462 1 830 785 1 006 434 1 727 1 442 1 471 1 016 789 1 907 : 877 463 837 1 136
2004 1 068 1 088 1 629 1 674 1 382 1 351 821 1 830 1 610 1 953 1 252 705 1 716 : 1 201 1 103 1 700 1 851 : 461 1 853 789 1 029 433 1 611 1 464 1 455 990 802 1 897 : 921 458 763 1 100
TRANSPORT 2.4.2
* EU totals include estimates for Cyprus and Malta ** buses and coaches data refer to Great Britain Data Source: Eurostat, DG for Energy and Transport, national statistics
116
ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS Passenger Transport by Buses and Coaches
Greece
Austria
Hungary
1999 2004
Estonia
Italy
Luxembourg
Bulgaria
Belgium
Slovenia
Ireland
EU-25
EU-27
0
2004 Top Ten
600
1 200
1 800
2 400
Note: Buses and coaches data are asked to be based on movements on national territory, regardless of the nationality of the vehicle. However, data collection methodology is not harmonised at the EU level.
117
TRANSPORT 2.4.2
In terms of passenger-kilometres per capita, Greece, Austria and Hungary are the countries that led the ranking in 2004 in the EU-27. On the other hand, in terms of passenger-kilometres, Italy is in first place with over 100 billion passenger-kilometres, followed by Germany (68 billion pkm) and Spain (54 billion pkm).
International Passenger Transport by Air
(passengers per thousand inhabitants)
2000 : : 2 107 : : : 1 468 : 4 389 2 813 2 754 1 587 1 181 : : : 3 795 : : 2 551 958 : 1 586 : : : 2 071 2 742 2 768 : : 4 469 4 579 : :
2001 : : 1 924 : : 3 694 1 435 418 4 483 : 2 805 1 544 1 059 9 322 265 : 3 664 450 7 217 2 535 951 : 1 580 105 : 77 2 075 2 710 2 758 : : 4 430 4 271 : :
2002 : : 1 312 392 645 3 708 1 387 444 4 655 : 2 717 1 569 1 141 : 271 : 3 373 440 6 666 2 593 1 849 : 1 677 111 : 92 1 980 2 469 2 844 : : 4 106 3 659 : 479
2003 : : 1 455 457 760 3 631 1 468 525 4 970 2 555 2 863 1 555 1 283 8 408 306 209 3 221 495 6 642 2 537 1 945 : 1 699 125 : 116 2 017 2 282 2 986 5 385 : 4 124 3 499 : 479
2004 1 340 1 410 1 676 544 974 3 887 1 646 734 5 125 2 668 3 040 1 650 1 396 8 677 457 289 3 331 638 6 953 2 733 2 239 160 1 754 147 524 201 2 254 2 219 3 211 6 468 : 4 273 3 595 : 624
2005 1 458 1 532 1 700 649 1 101 4 091 1 770 1 035 5 832 2 774 3 311 1 773 1 500 8 950 814 420 3 364 798 6 834 2 845 2 390 186 1 922 161 608 282 2 354 2 536 3 388 7 114 : 4 019 3 883 881 743
TRANSPORT 2.4.3
118
ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS International Passenger Transport by Air

Cyprus
Malta
Ireland
Denmark 2001 United Kingdom 2005
Luxembourg
Spain
Netherlands
Greece
Sweden
EU-25
EU-27
0
2005 Top Ten
2 000
4 000
6 000
8 000
10 000
The picture of the EU-27 Member States is diverse: the indicator for international passengers per thousand inhabitants varies considerably for 2005. Figures below 500 appear for Romania, Poland, Slovakia and Lithuania while, on the other hand, Ireland, Malta and Cyprus have values higher than 5 000. The United Kingdom with 204 million passengers led the international air transport in 2005 followed by Germany (146 million) and Spain (144 million).
119
TRANSPORT 2.4.3
Note: In principle, data on air passengers used for this indicator, are based on On Flight Origin/Destination information rather than Flight Stage. Flight Stage information is used when no On Flight Origin/Destination data were available and in these cases direct transit passengers are included. Air passenger figures exclude double counting of national passenger transport, i.e. counting the same passengers twice, once reported by the origin airport as departures and once by the partner airport as arrivals. Similarly, the aggregated figures for the EU exclude the double counting effect on intra-EU traffic. For example, a person flying from Paris to London will be counted in France as a departure passenger and in the United Kingdom as an arrival passenger but only once at EU level.
Passenger Transport by Sea

EU-27 EU-25 Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Germany Estonia Ireland Greece * Spain France Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Netherlands ** Austria Poland Portugal ** Romania Slovenia Slovakia Finland Sweden United Kingdom Iceland Liechtenstein Norway Switzerland Croatia Turkey
2000 : : 145 : 9 564 380 : 1 014 2 510 336 458 1 474 : : : : 123 : 51 : : 3 043 4 050 562 1 071 : : :
2001 : : 131 0 8 832 386 4 264 936 4 516 429 455 1 482 : 11 30 : 125 116 51 : 17 3 189 3 583 573 1 213 : : :
2002 : : 107 1 8 890 403 3 816 936 9 115 437 478 1 411 447 10 31 : 135 87 48 : 21 3 160 3 556 591 1 325 1 315 : :
2003 : 892 71 0 8 977 390 3 842 901 9 254 462 450 1 409 379 51 40 411 123 84 58 : 23 3 115 3 627 560 1 372 1 007 : :
2004 : 879 75 1 8 959 362 4 793 854 8 713 500 445 1 422 326 56 43 558 123 53 62 : 21 3 204 3 690 545 1 361 1 252 : :
2005 : 834 88 2 8 843 358 5 115 629 7 751 516 424 1 344 257 62 49 441 130 43 63 : 18 3 262 3 612 502 1 422 1 441 4 992 :
TRANSPORT 2.4.4
Data include ferry and cruise passengers starting and finishing a voyage * EL from 2000 to 2001: partial data; Up to 2003, data exclude cruise passengers 2004 value for passengers excluding cruise : 96 416 2005 value for passengers excluding cruise : 85 392 ** NL and PT: Data excluding cruise passengers Data Source: Eurostat
120
Passenger Transport by Sea

Denmark
Greece
Estonia
Sweden 2001 Finland 2005
Italy
EU-25
EU-27
N/A
Ireland
Spain
United Kingdom
Malta
0
2005 Top Ten
2 000
4 000
6 000
8 000
10 000
Note: Caution should be observed when interpreting the figures since they take into account passengers having made national, international intra-EU and extra-EU journeys. Thus passengers in national and international intra-EU traffic are double counted, once at embarkation and once at disembarkation.
Sea transport of passengers per thousand inhabitants was reduced by an approximate 5% in the EU-27 in the last reporting year, with Greece responsible for the greatest part of this reduction. Denmark is in the first position with 8.8 passengers per capita followed closely by Greece with 7.8 passengers per capita. Italy ranks several places below, although approximately 80 million passengers were embarked and disembarked at Italian ports. It is notable that in Greece and Italy, two of the three countries with large passenger movement figures, important ferry connections are included, which cover short national journeys as well.
121
TRANSPORT 2.4.4
Persons Killed in Road Accidents
Persons killed in road accidents / 100 000 inhabitants
EU-27 EU-25 Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Germany Estonia Greece Spain France Ireland Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Finland Sweden United Kingdom Iceland Liechtenstein Norway Switzerland Croatia Turkey
2000 12 12 14 13 14 9 9 15 19 14 13 11 11 16 25 18 17 12 4 7 12 16 18 11 16 12 8 7 6 11 9 8 8 15 8
2001 11 11 14 13 13 8 8 15 17 14 13 11 12 14 22 20 16 12 4 7 12 14 16 11 14 12 8 7 6 8 6 6 8 15 6
2002 11 11 13 12 14 9 8 16 15 13 12 10 12 13 22 20 14 14 4 6 12 15 16 11 13 12 8 6 6 10 0 7 7 14 6
2003 10 10 12 12 14 8 8 12 15 13 10 8 10 13 21 21 12 13 4 6 11 15 15 10 12 12 7 6 6 8 : 6 7 16 6
2004 10 9 11 12 14 7 7 13 15 11 9 9 10 16 22 22 11 13 3 5 11 15 12 11 14 11 7 5 6 8 : 6 7 14 6
2005 9 9 10 12 13 6 7 12 15 10 9 10 9 13 19 22 10 13 4 5 9 14 12 12 13 10 7 5 6 6 : 5 5 13 6
TRANSPORT 2.5.1
Persons killed are all persons deceased within 30 days of the accident. For the countries not following it, corrective factors were applied. Data Source: Eurostat, DG for Energy and Transport (CARE Community Road Accident Database)
122
ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS Persons Killed in Road Accidents / 100 000 inhabitants EU-27, 2005
km
CY
km
km
MT
In 2004 and 2005 the slightly decreasing trend in the number of persons killed in road accidents per inhabitants has continued. Only in Bulgaria, Latvia, Lithuania and Romania, there was no decrease in 2005 although these countries have relatively low motorization rates. Cyprus has rebounded from the peak observed in 2004. In addition to these countries, Greece, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland had in 2005 a high (more than 130) number of deaths per million inhabitants. In 2005, there were about 47 thousand deaths in road accidents for EU-27, 2 thousand less than 2004.
123
TRANSPORT 2.5.1
ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS
Emissions of Tropospheric Ozone Precursors by Country

(Tropospheric ozone forming potential in kilo tonnes of NMVOC equivalent)
1995 37 728 30 844 889 601 860 563 392 117 297 847 099 486 028 48 145 190 54 471 23 014 569 664 748 257 137 372 555 714 590 0 1 711 393 195 2 121
2000 31 212 25 533 776 599 698 449 300 105 284 847 258 485 779 53 140 152 41 474 23 807 513 029 734 024 135 249 511 583 165 0 1 703 310 215 2 334
2003 2004 2005 28 625 28 112 27 474 22 973 22 374 21 760 697 460 670 445 778 109 250 844 235 838 328 51 145 165 39 446 23 722 531 192 714 029 125 238 477 542 532 0 1 600 268 211 2 333 674 483 673 426 719 106 244 794 278 747 183 40 149 157 33 453 20 692 517 272 713 019 127 239 454 528 372 0 1 564 255 212 2 332 661 520 584 416 489 94 241 794 278 574 183 38 152 178 33 495 20 673 513 267 717 009 124 234 408 519 261 0 1 514 246 212 2 334
3 5 5
3 4 3
3 3 3
3 3 3
3 3 3
ENVIRONMENT 3.1.1
1 2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
Data Sources: European Environment Agency / European Topic Centre on Air and Climate Change.
126
Emissions of Tropospheric Ozone Precursors in 2005 by Country

France Germany Spain United Kingdom Italy Poland Romania Greece Portugal Netherlands Belgium Czech Republic Bulgaria Sweden Austria Hungary Denmark Finland Ireland Slovakia Lithuania Latvia Slovenia Estonia Luxembourg Malta Cyprus
500
1 000
1 500
2 000
2 500
3 000
3 500
4 000
kilo tonnes of NMVOC equivalent
Ozone is a colourless gas with an acrid odour, and a powerful oxidant. Up in the stratosphere (at a height of 20 to 30 km) it absorbs the bulk of harmful ultra-violet radiation from the sun (at wavelengths between 240 and 320 nm) which can cause skin cancer and damage vegetation. Down in the troposphere (below a height of 10 km) however, ozone is a health and environmental hazard and a greenhouse gas. Tropospheric ozone is produced by photochemical reactions in the troposphere via its precursors: NOx, NMVOC, CO, CH4. Emissions of these pollutants are covered by the 1999 Gothenburg Protocol under the United Nations Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution, and by the EU national emission ceilings directive (NEC Directive 2001/81/EC). For the new Member States the targets are specified in the 2003 Treaty of Accession. Total ozone precursor emissions decreased in the EU-27 by 27.2% between 1995 and 2005. The highest contribution still comes from the transport sector.
127
ENVIRONMENT 3.1.1
ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS EU-27 Emissions of Tropospheric Ozone Precursors by Sector
million tonnes of NMVOC equivalent
40
30
20
10
0
1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005
Energy excl. Transport Industry (Processes)
Transport Other (Non Energy)
Agriculture
ENVIRONMENT 3.1.2
(Tropospheric ozone forming potential in million tonnes of NMVOC equivalent) 1995 1997 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Total 37.7 35.3 32.8 31.2 30.2 29.3 28.6 28.1 27.5 Energy excl. Transport 11.4 10.8 9.9 9.6 9.5 9.3 9.5 9.3 9.4 Transport 19.0 17.6 16.1 14.8 14.1 13.2 12.7 12.1 11.5 Agriculture 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 Industry (Processes) 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.4 Other (Non Energy) 4.0 4.0 3.9 3.8 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.9 3.9
Data Sources: European Environment Agency / European Topic Centre on Air and Climate Change
In 2005 in the EU-27, 75.8% of the photochemical ozone is connected with energy use and only 24.2% with non-energy use. Motor vehicles and combustion sources are the major contributor of nitrogen oxides and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC). The sector "Solvent and other product use" is another major source for NMVOC emissions. On a European scale roughly a quarter of the total anthropogenic NMVOC emission are from road transport and more than one third from solvents. Most solvents are part of a final product, e.g. paint, and sooner or later evaporate. A small fraction of the solvents ends up in waste or as emission to water and may finally also contribute to air pollution by evaporation from these compartments.
128
ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS EU-27 Emissions of Tropospheric Ozone Precursors in 2005 by Sector
Fugitive Emissions from Fuels
Other (energy)
Other (non-energy)
Fuel combustion in Transport
Industrial Processes
Agriculture Waste
Fuel combustion of Energy Industries Fuel combustion of Manufacturing Industries and Construction
Industrial Processes Agriculture Waste Other (non-energy) (On the basis of their tropospheric ozone forming potential in NMVOC equivalent)
5.2 3.1 1.8 14.1
Data Sources: European Environment Agency / European Topic Centre on Air and Climate Change, Eurostat
129
ENVIRONMENT 3.1.2
Sector % of Fuel combustion of Energy Industries Fuel combustion of Manufacturing Industries and Construction Fuel combustion in Transport Fugitive Emissions from Fuels Other (energy)
total 11.3 9.2 41.7 3.2 10.3
ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS EU-27 Emissions of Tropospheric Ozone Precursors by Pollutant
40 35 million tonnes of NMVOC equivalent 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1995
NOx NMVOC CO
2005
CH4
ENVIRONMENT 3.1.3
(Tropospheric ozone forming potential in million tonnes of NMVOC equivalent)
Nitrogen Oxides NMVOC Carbon Monoxide Methane Total
1995 17.8 13.9 5.6 0.4 37.7
2005 13.8 9.9 3.5 0.3 27.5
In 2005, emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) together were responsible for about 86.2% of the tropospheric ozone emissions in the EU-27. Between 1995 and 2005, the reduction for NOx is 22.7% and is mainly due to the expansion in the use of low NOx combustion technology and catalysts for cars. The 28.9% reduction of NMVOCs is also attributed to the use of catalysts for cars and a reduction in fugitive emissions from fuel handling processes (e.g. recovering fuel gases in tanking operations). However, substantial reductions of both NMVOCs and NOx are still required to achieve 2010 targets of the EU national emissions ceilings directive (NEC Directive 2001/81/EC). Carbon monoxide (CO) and methane (CH4) are of minor importance for the formation of ground-level ozone.
130
131
ENVIRONMENT 3.1.3
Emissions of Particulate Matter by Country

(Particulate Matter in kilo tonnes of PM10 equivalent, primary and secondary sources)
1995 27 788 20 080 601 1 199 1 010 416 3 480 138 284 693 2 568 3 133 2 812 43 84 133 34 657 31 662 286 2 794 572 1 113 149 356 331 383 3 826 0 1 288 186 129 1 720
2000 21 979 16 397 504 825 516 302 2 557 125 283 667 2 552 2 662 2 088 51 60 82 25 518 31 529 285 2 041 583 982 127 224 317 315 2 729 0 1 281 159 135 1 997
2003 20 558 15 149 457 838 515 305 2 364 125 232 706 2 498 2 397 1 827 48 61 98 23 436 30 489 307 1 926 512 1 029 105 195 322 300 2 411 0 0 265 146 138 1 962
2004 20 019 14 788 441 825 503 285 2 305 116 228 674 2 577 2 354 1 739 45 62 103 21 392 22 472 300 1 860 523 1 012 100 192 303 293 2 273 0 0 263 143 130 1 950
2005 19 523 14 407 428 828 441 274 2 162 102 227 674 2 577 2 292 1 739 43 63 110 21 351 22 463 299 1 871 529 994 94 197 268 288 2 166 0 0 257 140 130 1 938
ENVIRONMENT 3.1.4
Data Source: European Environment Agency/European Topic Centre on Air and Climate Change
132
ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS Emissions of Particulate Matter in 2005 by Country
Spain France United Kingdom Germany Poland Italy Romania Bulgaria Greece Portugal Netherlands Czech Republic Belgium Hungary Austria Sweden Denmark Finland Ireland Slovakia Lithuania Estonia Slovenia Latvia Cyprus Malta Luxembourg
500
1 000
1 500
2 000
2 500
3 000
kilo tonnes of PM10 equivalent
Particulate Matter with diameters less than 10 micrometers PM10 can be carried deep into the lungs where it causes inflammation and other problems. It is estimated that only its finer fraction PM2.5 shortens the statistical life expectancy in EU by more than 8 months and even over 2 years in the most polluted areas [source Clean Air for Europe programme]. Primary PM10 refers to particulate matter emitted directly into the atmosphere. PM10 precursors considered in this publication are sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and ammonia (NH3) that are partly transformed into particles by chemical reactions in the atmosphere (secondary PM10). There are no specific EU emission targets for primary PM10. However, emissions of the precursors NOx, SOx and NH3 are covered by the EU National Emission Ceilings Directive (NEC Directive 2001/81/EC) and the Gothenburg Protocol under the United Nations Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution. The total PM10 emissions in the EU-27 have decreased by 29.7% since 1995. The enlarged Union has managed to reduce its overall emissions of air pollutants and looks on track to meet the overall targets for 2010, as set in the NEC Directive, although the situation varies across individual Member States.
133
ENVIRONMENT 3.1.4
ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS EU-27 Emissions of Particulate Matter by Sector
30
million tonnes of PM10 equivalent
20
10
0
1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005
Energy excl. Transport
Transport
Agriculture
Industry (Processes)
ENVIRONMENT 3.1.5
(Particulate Matter in million tonnes of PM10 equivalent) 1995 1997 1999 Total 27.8 25.5 23.0 Energy excl. Transport 15.0 13.4 11.4 Transport 8.5 8.0 7.6 Agriculture 3.1 3.1 3.0 Industry (Processes) 1.0 0.9 0.8 Waste 0.2 0.2 0.2 Other (Non Energy) 0.0 0.1 0.1 Unallocated -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 22.0 21.7 21.0 20.6 20.0 19.5 10.7 10.8 10.3 10.1 9.7 9.5 7.2 7.1 6.8 6.6 6.3 6.1 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 0.9 0.9 1.5 2.1 2.7 3.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 -0.2 -0.4 -0.7 -1.3 -2.0 -2.6
Data Sources: European Environment Agency / European Topic Centre on Air and Climate Change.
Energy use is the major source of total PM10 emissions, accounting for 79.8% of the total in 2005. Agriculture was an important sector too with almost 15% of the total PM10 emissions in 2005. Ammonia emissions from animal husbandry and use of nitrogen fertilisers are important PM10 precursors.
134
ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS EU-27 Emissions of Particulate Matter in 2005 by Sector
Fugitive Emissions from Fuels Other (energy)
Fuel combustion in Transport
Industrial Processes Fuel combustion of Manufacturing Industries and Construction Other (non-energy) Fuel combustion of Energy Industries
Agriculture Waste
Industrial Processes Agriculture Waste Other (non-energy) Unallocated (On the basis of PM10 equivalent, primary and secondary sources)
17.1 14.7 1.2 0.4 -13.3
Data Source: European Environment Agency / European Topic Centre on Air and Climate Change, Eurostat
135
ENVIRONMENT 3.1.5
Sector % of Fuel combustion of Energy Industries Fuel combustion of Manufacturing Industries and Construction Fuel combustion in Transport Fugitive Emissions from Fuels Other (energy)
total 26.9 12.3 31.2 1.0 8.4
ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS EU-27 Emissions of Particulate Matter by Pollutant
30
million tonnes of PM10 equivalent
25
20
15
10
0 1995
NOx SOx NH3
2005
PM10
ENVIRONMENT 3.1.6
(Particulate Matter in million tonnes of PM10 equivalent, primary and secondary sources)
Oxides of nitrogen Sulphur oxides Ammonia Particulate Matter Total
1995 12.9 9.3 2.8 2.8 27.8
2005 9.9 4.5 2.6 2.5 19.5
The substantial decrease in PM10 emissions is mainly due to reduction of sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions following a switch from high sulphur fuels to natural gas, use of low sulphur coal and introduction of flue gas desulphurisation in power plants. Additionally, there have been significant reductions in emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from road transport and energy industries. This is to a large extent due to the introduction of catalysts on new cars and the introduction of combined cycle gas turbine power generation. In 2005, 92.6% of the ammonia (NH3) emissions are from agriculture; emissions from road transport were only 1.9% of the EU-27 ammonia emission total in 2005 but there is a strong positive trend in connection with vehicles fitted with threeway catalysts. Reducing emissions of the pollutants causing PM10 emissions will also reduce the acidification of the soil.
136
137
ENVIRONMENT 3.1.6
Greenhouse Gas Emissions per Capita

(Global Warming Potential in tonnes of CO2 equivalent per capita)
EU-27 EU-15 Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Germany Estonia Ireland Greece Spain France Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Finland Sweden United Kingdom Iceland Norway Switzerland Croatia
1990 11.9 11.7 14.6 13.3 19.0 13.4 15.5 27.8 15.8 10.7 7.4 9.9 9.2 10.4 9.9 13.0 33.2 9.5 6.3 14.2 10.3 12.8 6.0 10.7 9.2 13.8 14.3 8.4 13.5 13.2 11.7 7.9 6.5
1995 11.0 11.1 15.0 10.3 15.0 14.6 13.4 16.1 16.4 10.6 8.1 9.4 9.4 11.1 5.0 6.0 23.9 7.9 7.3 14.6 10.1 11.7 7.1 8.4 9.3 9.9 14.0 8.4 12.2 11.7 11.4 7.3 4.8
2000 2003 10.6 10.7 10.9 11.0 14.4 8.3 14.5 12.8 12.4 14.4 18.2 12.1 9.5 9.2 9.7 12.6 4.2 5.3 21.9 7.7 7.4 13.5 10.1 10.5 8.0 6.3 9.4 9.0 13.5 7.7 11.4 13.1 11.9 7.2 5.7 14.3 8.9 14.5 13.8 12.5 15.9 17.2 12.5 9.7 9.0 10.0 13.2 4.6 5.8 25.0 8.1 7.8 13.4 11.4 10.5 7.9 7.2 9.8 9.3 16.4 7.9 11.1 12.5 11.9 7.2 6.5
2004 10.6 10.9 14.2 8.9 14.4 12.6 12.4 15.7 16.9 12.4 10.0 8.9 10.0 13.3 4.6 6.1 28.2 7.9 8.1 13.4 11.2 10.4 8.1 7.4 10.0 9.2 15.5 7.7 11.0 12.6 12.0 7.2 6.6
2005 10.5 10.8 13.7 9.0 14.2 11.8 12.1 15.3 16.8 12.5 10.2 8.8 9.9 13.0 4.7 6.6 27.6 8.0 8.5 13.0 11.3 10.5 8.1 7.1 10.1 9.0 13.2 7.4 10.9 12.5 11.7 7.2 6.7
ENVIRONMENT 3.2.1
Data Source: European Environment Agency / European Topic Centre on Air and Climate Change, UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
138
ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS Greenhouse Gas Emissions per Capita ranked for the EU-27 MS in 2005
Luxembourg Ireland Estonia Czech Republic Belgium Finland Cyprus Netherlands Greece Germany Denmark Austria United Kingdom EU-15 EU-27 Poland Spain Slovenia Italy Slovakia Bulgaria France Malta Portugal Hungary Sweden Romania Lithuania Latvia
10
15
20
25
30
tonnes of CO2 equivalent per capita
There is scientific evidence that emission of greenhouse gases from human activities, such as the burning of coal, oil and gas, are causing an overall warming of the earths atmosphere and that climate change is the most likely result with potentially major economic and social consequences (Winning the battle against global climate change, COM(2005) 35). In 2005, the Member States with the highest per capita emissions were Luxembourg and Ireland and the Member States with the lowest per capita emissions were Latvia and Lithuania. The data for Luxembourg includes emissions from road fuel sold in Luxembourg, but consumed abroad (fuel tourism). Although overall per capita emissions in EU-15 and EU-27 have fallen since 1990, they have risen in nine countries; in Spain, Malta, Portugal, Cyprus, Greece, Austria, and Ireland, they have increased by more than one tonne between 1990 and 2005. For the same period, the largest reductions, of 4 or more tonnes, were in Estonia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Bulgaria.
139
ENVIRONMENT 3.2.1
Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Targets according to Kyoto Protocol for 2008-2012
Kyoto Base Year emissions: index = 100
EU-27 EU-15 Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Germany Estonia Ireland Greece Spain France Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Finland Sweden United Kingdom Iceland Norway Switzerland Croatia Turkey
1990 100.0 99.5 99.2 87.9 100.0 99.6 99.6 101.3 99.3 97.9 99.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 102.1 99.9 100.0 80.2 100.0 99.2 100.1 82.8 98.3 88.1 91.1 99.5 100.1 99.9 98.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
1995 2000 2003 93.4 90.7 92.8 96.9 96.6 98.7 103.6 65.6 78.7 110.0 88.9 53.8 106.4 101.9 110.0 99.1 102.5 119.5 48.2 45.3 77.0 65.9 122.4 104.9 101.7 77.2 116.7 66.2 91.4 72.3 100.6 102.0 91.1 100.4 50.7 75.9 98.4 82.7 45.9 123.9 118.6 132.8 99.3 106.6 144.7 38.8 38.9 75.2 64.3 129.0 99.9 102.7 69.0 135.0 49.1 92.6 65.8 98.5 94.5 86.4 100.8 52.7 75.2 107.0 83.6 50.1 123.4 123.6 141.5 98.6 110.8 158.4 41.7 41.7 88.6 66.8 140.0 101.1 117.7 68.4 136.1 55.8 96.8 68.0 119.9 97.9 85.0
2004 92.8 98.8 100.5 52.2 75.0 98.4 83.2 49.2 123.1 123.9 146.9 98.6 111.7 163.4 41.4 43.8 100.8 64.7 145.9 101.8 115.5 67.6 138.9 56.7 98.4 67.5 114.1 96.4 84.7 109.7 110.3 100.5 94.0 172.7
2005 92.1 98.0 97.9 52.8 74.2 92.2 81.3 48.0 125.4 125.4 152.3 98.1 112.1 163.7 42.0 46.9 100.4 65.5 154.8 98.9 118.1 68.0 140.4 54.4 100.4 66.4 97.4 92.6 84.3 110.5 108.8 101.7 95.5 184.0
Target 08-12 : 92.0 92.5 92.0 92.0 79.0 79.0 92.0 113.0 125.0 115.0 100.0 93.5 : 92.0 92.0 72.0 94.0 : 94.0 87.0 94.0 127.0 92.0 92.0 92.0 100.0 104.0 87.5 110.0 101.0 92.0 95.0 :
ENVIRONMENT 3.2.2
93.6 109.9 107.9 100.2 107.6 109.0 96.8 98.0 99.7 70.4 81.1 93.3 129.8 164.0 167.0
140
ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS Index of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Targets According to Kyoto Protocol for 2008-12
EU-27 EU-25 Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Germany Estonia Ireland Greece Spain France Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Finland Sweden United Kingdom
25
50
2005
75
100
Target 08-12
125
150
The greenhouse gas emissions are reported under Kyoto Protocol and the EU Decision 280/2004/EC. In the first quantified emission limitation and reduction commitment period, from 2008 to 2012, the EU has agreed to an 8% reduction in its greenhouse gas emissions compared to 1990. Individual targets for each of the EU-15 countries have been agreed under the EU burden sharing agreement (Council Decision 2002/358/EC). The new EU Member States and candidate countries have differing targets under the Kyoto Protocol. Overall, since the Kyoto base year, emissions in EU-15 have shown a decrease of 2.0% in 2005, determined largely by considerable emission cuts by the EUs two greatest emitters which account for about 40% of total EU-15 GHG emissions: Germany (-18.7%), which is now close to its burden-sharing target and the United Kingdom (-15.7%) which has exceeded its target. Italy and France, the third and fourth largest emitters, increased (12.1%) and decreased (-1.9%) their emissions between 1990 and 2005. Emissions in Cyprus, Malta, Spain, Portugal, Greece, and Ireland have increased by more than 20% since 1990.
141
ENVIRONMENT 3.2.2
Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Country
(Global Warming Potential in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent)
Base year 1995 5 621 5 249 4 279 4 148 147 132 196 69 1 233 43 56 111 289 564 519 6 26 48 13 123 2 215 79 587 61 282 20 73 71 72 780 3 0 50 53 31 170 152 87 154 76 1 096 23 59 113 318 559 533 7 12 22 10 81 3 225 80 453 71 187 18 53 72 74 710 3 0 50 51 22 221
2000 5 100 4 134 148 67 149 68 1 020 20 69 132 384 560 554 9 10 19 10 79 3 214 81 405 82 139 19 48 70 68 674 4 0 54 52 25 279
2003 5 215 4 222 148 70 148 74 1 031 22 69 137 409 556 575 10 11 20 11 82 3 217 93 402 83 158 20 50 85 71 663 4 0 54 53 29 284
2004 5 215 4 227 148 69 147 68 1 025 21 69 138 425 556 580 10 11 21 13 80 3 218 91 397 85 160 20 49 81 70 660 4 0 55 53 29 294
2005 5 177 4 192 144 70 146 64 1 001 21 70 139 441 553 582 10 11 23 13 81 3 212 93 399 86 154 20 49 69 67 657 4 0 54 54 30 313
ENVIRONMENT 3.2.3
142
Greenhouse Gas Emissions in 2005 by Country

Germany United Kingdom Italy France Spain Poland Netherlands Romania Czech Republic Belgium Greece Austria Portugal Hungary Ireland Bulgaria Finland Sweden Denmark Slovakia Lithuania Estonia Slovenia Luxembourg Latvia Cyprus Malta
200
400
600
800
1 000
million tonnes of CO2 equivalent
From base year to 2000, significant reductions of 9.3% in EU-27 GHG emissions were achieved, mainly as a result of fuel switching, in particular due to the replacement of coal-fired power stations with more efficient and less carbon-intensive gas-fired plants, combined with an increased use of cogeneration. The decrease in emissions in Germany was partly due to structural change after reunification. In the United Kingdom the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions was partly a result of the liberalisation of the energy market and subsequent changes in the choice of fuel used in electricity production from oil and coal to gas. But between 2000 and 2005, greenhouse gas emissions from the EU-27 have increased, by 1.5%, mainly as a result of a marked increase in energy use, particularly for electricity and transport, combined with a slowdown in fuel switching to lower carbon sources in power stations.
143
ENVIRONMENT 3.2.3
ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS EU-27 Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector
5 500 5 000 4 500 4 000 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent 3 500 3 000 2 500 2 000 1 500 1 000 500 0
1995 1999 2001 2003 2005
Energy excl. Transport Industry (processes)
Transport Waste
Agriculture
ENVIRONMENT 3.2.4
(Global warming potential in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent) Total Energy excl. Transport Transport Agriculture Industry (processes) Waste Other (Non Energy) 1995 1997 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 5 249 5 262 5 098 5 100 5 155 5 111 5 215 5 215 5 177 3 216 3 198 3 072 3 076 3 146 3 104 3 199 3 174 3 142 844 879 927 928 943 956 966 989 990 515 517 510 502 494 487 482 481 476 454 459 393 404 392 389 399 409 412 211 198 185 179 170 165 158 153 149 11 11 11 11 10 10 10 10 10
Energy use in 2005 accounted for about 79.8% of total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Energy efficiency increased during the 1990s and therefore GHG emissions decreased over the decade. Emissions from the sector Other (energy), accounting for about 15% of the total GHG emissions, are dominated by fuel combustion from households which is more or less stable depending on weather conditions. In 2005, agriculture accounted for about 9% of EU-27 GHG emissions, with a reduction of about 8% between 1995 and 2005. This is mainly due to declining numbers of cattle and lower emissions from agricultural soils. Emissions from the transport sector increased continuously between 1995 and 2005 (+17.3%), due to high growth in both passenger and freight transport by road. The increase in carbon dioxide emissions from international aviation and navigation was even higher, but these are currently not addressed in the Kyoto Protocol.
144
ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS EU-27 Greenhouse Gas Emissions in 2005 by Sector
Fugitive Emissions from Fuels Other (energy) Fuel combustion in Transport
Industrial Processes
Fuel combustion of Manufacturing Industries and Construction Other (non-energy)
Agriculture Waste
Fuel combustion of Energy Industries
Sector
(%) of total 30.5 13.3 19.1 1.8 15.1 8.0 9.2 2.9 0.2
Fuel combustion of Energy Industries Fuel combustion of Manufacturing Industries and Construction Fuel combustion in Transport Fugitive Emissions from Fuels Other (energy) Industrial Processes Agriculture Waste Other (non-energy) On the basis of their global warming potential in CO2 equivalent
Data Sources: European Environment Agency / European Topic Centre on Air and Climate Change, Eurostat
145
ENVIRONMENT 3.2.4
ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS EU-27 Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Pollutant
5 000 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent
4 000
3 000
2 000
1 000
0 1995
CO2 CH4 N2O
2005
F-gases
(Global warming potential in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent)
ENVIRONMENT 3.2.5
CO2 CH4 N2O F-gases Total
1995 4 165 540 473 71 5 249
2005 4 269 419 417 72 5 177
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is by far the most important greenhouse gas, accounting for about 82.5% of the global warming potential due to all EU-27 anthropogenic GHG emissions covered by the Kyoto Protocol in 2005. The main source of CO2 is the burning of fossil fuels. Agriculture is the dominant source of anthropogenic methane (CH4) emissions; the other two important sources are waste management (e.g. landfills) and fugitive emissions by the energy use (e.g. coal mining). The largest source of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions is agriculture (fertilisers and manure use) followed by the chemical industries (adipic and nitric acid production). For both CH4 and N2O, emissions have decreased between 1995 and 2005 (-22.5% and-12% respectively). Fluorinated gases [F-gases: hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)] increased by 2.7% between 1995 and 2005. The production of PFCs has halved during this period and the SF6 emission has also decreased significantly. However, HFC-emissions have increased dramatically by 38.9% between 1995 and 2005, mainly as the result of the expanding use of HFCs as a substitute for ozonedepleting substances that were gradually phased out in the 1990s.
146
147
ENVIRONMENT 3.2.5
Municipal Waste Generated
(kg/capita)
1995 474 505 453 693 302 567 624 368 514 302 510 476 454 600 263 424 592 460 332 549 438 285 385 350 596 295 414 386 499 427 : 626 598 : 445
1998 497 540 460 495 293 593 647 400 557 378 566 508 472 664 247 443 629 484 378 593 532 306 423 284 584 259 466 431 543 452 : 647 616 : 510
2001 522 572 467 491 273 658 633 372 705 417 658 528 516 703 302 377 650 451 542 615 578 290 472 345 479 239 466 442 592 469 : 635 659 : 457
2004 516 567 474 471 278 696 587 449 745 433 608 543 538 739 311 366 688 454 642 625 620 256 436 345 417 274 465 464 605 506 : 724 668 : 421
2005 512 560 476 475 289 737 564 436 742 438 597 542 542 739 310 376 705 460 615 624 619 245 446 377 423 289 474 482 584 521 : 759 666 : 438
2006 517 563 475 446 296 737 566 466 804 443 583 553 548 745 411 390 702 468 652 625 617 259 435 385 432 301 488 497 588 534 : 793 715 : 434
ENVIRONMENT 3.3.1
148
Municipal Waste Generated per Capita

Ireland Cyprus Denmark Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Austria United Kingdom Spain Germany EU-15 France Italy EU-27 Sweden Finland Belgium Hungary Estonia Bulgaria Greece Portugal Slovenia Latvia Lithuania Romania Slovakia Czech Republic Poland 1995 2006
200
400 (kg per capita)
600
800
The total amount of municipal waste generated is growing. The upward trend has slowed down slightly since 2000 and indeed shows signs of stabilising, though at high levels. Over the period 1995 to 2005 both the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the generation of municipal waste grew by about 20 %; there is no evidence of decoupling of these trends. For 2003 some countries reported smaller amounts of (garden) waste due to the warm and dry summer. The amount of municipal waste generated per person is generally higher in the old Member States (EU-15) than in the new Member States although Cyprus and Malta do have a relatively high production of waste. Ireland has the highest generation of municipal waste in the European Union. Municipal waste consists of waste generated by households and waste collected within the municipal waste collection scheme from businesses and institutions. The inclusion of businesses and institutions depends on individual countries' waste management procedures.
149
ENVIRONMENT 3.3.1
Municipal Waste Landfilled
(kg/capita)
1995 296 292 198 530 302 96 245 365 398 311 308 214 422 600 247 424 161 346 305 158 205 280 200 259 457 168 268 136 414 322 : 456 77 : 326
1998 285 280 101 382 272 67 199 399 478 344 317 230 365 601 230 443 146 396 338 54 186 300 310 230 512 181 294 121 456 338 : 417 66 : 371
2001 279 275 54 392 214 47 160 295 540 380 364 215 346 634 285 335 131 375 494 50 192 278 355 272 358 209 284 99 474 353 : 274 40 : 360
2004 243 233 40 396 222 31 104 283 451 389 309 203 306 659 259 334 133 381 588 11 126 241 291 273 313 222 273 42 419 365 : 243 3 : 345
2005 223 209 37 405 209 38 48 274 444 387 292 195 295 653 243 343 134 382 546 11 80 226 278 296 330 228 282 23 376 368 : 233 1 : 362
2006 213 193 24 356 234 37 4 278 471 386 289 192 284 652 292 356 131 376 562 12 59 236 274 326 362 234 286 25 353 370 : 245 1 : 364
ENVIRONMENT 3.3.2
150
Municipal Waste Landfilled per Capita

Cyprus Malta Ireland Greece Hungary Slovenia Bulgaria Lithuania United Kingdom Romania Latvia Spain Finland Italy Estonia Portugal Poland Czech Republic Slovakia EU-25 EU-15 France Luxembourg Austria Denmark Sweden Belgium Netherlands Germany 1995 2006
100
200
300 (kg per capita)
400
500
600
700
The amount of waste landfilled depends on the national policy on waste management; that is, it depends on the importance given to waste avoidance, recycling and incineration. For many countries landfill remains the major treatment method, e.g. for more than 80 % in Lithuania, Malta, Cyprus, Bulgaria, Greece and Romania. In such countries the amount of municipal waste going to landfill will be in parallel with the rise in municipal waste generated. On the other hand there has been a sharp decline in the amount of waste landfilled in some other Member States. In the Netherlands, Denmark and Belgium less than 10 % of municipal waste go to landfill. In recent years landfilling was also significantly reduced in Sweden, Germany, Italy, Austria and Estonia. The result of these mixed developments among the Member States is a steady decline in landfill for the EU as a total. Although landfill is still the most important way to dispose of municipal waste, nowadays less than half of the municipal waste generated is disposed of by deposit/land treatment.
151
ENVIRONMENT 3.3.2
Municipal Waste Incinerated
(kg/capita)
1995 65 82 163 0 0 294 97 0 0 0 24 178 24 0 0 0 312 32 0 139 54 0 0 0 0 28 0 149 45 82 : 84 288 : 0
1998 71 89 164 0 17 312 112 0 0 0 38 167 34 0 0 0 288 35 0 198 55 0 0 0 0 34 28 165 37 70 : 85 280 : 0
2001 82 102 160 0 35 374 135 1 0 0 37 175 45 0 4 0 275 35 0 199 65 0 104 0 0 25 41 169 43 53 : 99 315 : 0
2004 89 111 153 0 39 379 144 0 0 0 41 183 61 0 6 0 271 15 0 202 136 1 95 0 8 34 55 217 49 45 : 118 341 : 0
2005 94 117 160 0 37 397 160 0 0 0 44 183 65 0 3 0 272 30 0 202 169 1 98 0 1 34 43 242 49 37 : 133 329 : 0
2006 98 122 155 0 29 405 179 1 0 0 41 183 65 0 2 0 266 39 0 213 181 1 95 0 3 36 42 233 55 47 : 132 355 : 0
ENVIRONMENT 3.3.3
152
Municipal Waste Incinerated per Capita

Denmark Luxembourg Sweden Netherlands France Austria Germany Belgium EU-15 EU-27 Portugal Italy United Kingdom Finland Spain Hungary Slovakia Czech Republic Slovenia Latvia Estonia Poland Bulgaria Ireland Greece Cyprus Lithuania Romania 1995 2006
100
200 (kg per capita)
300
400
The levels of municipal waste incinerated vary over the Member States, depending on the number and location of suitable incinerators and on national waste management policies. Denmark and Luxembourg have a high level of waste incineration. Countries that drastically reduced landfilling, as Germany and Sweden, have increased their incineration capacity. The other alternative to landfill is recycling; both Denmark and the Netherlands have banned landfilling, but while Denmark mainly uses incineration, the Netherlands has a more mixed strategy. Belgium is the only country having achieved a significant reduction of waste going to landfill without increasing incineration. Although more and more countries use incineration in their waste management its contribution is still small in some of them. The establishment of new waste incinerators takes a lot of time and resources. For Eight Member States the use of incineration for the treatment of municipal waste is insignificant. The data include both incinerators with and incinerators without energy recovery.
153
ENVIRONMENT 3.3.3
Malta
Energy Production from Incineration of Municipal Solid Waste
(ktoe)
EU-27 EU-15 Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Germany Estonia Ireland Greece Spain France Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Finland Sweden United kingdom Iceland Norway Croatia Turkey
1995 5 454 5 403 323 547 1 124 187 1 640 124 23 52 684 88 12 395 254 1 115 -
2000 7 482 7 334 323 88 726 1 362 229 1 857 334 27 58 1 189 149 2 174 45 498 420 2 124 -
2003 8 590 8 425 467 100 874 1 258 227 1 944 692 2 31 36 1 273 138 1 189 26 118 602 612 2 182 -
2004 9 090 8 921 454 106 883 1 248 377 1 862 986 1 38 33 1 325 181 1 189 29 149 635 593 2 182 -
2005 9 828 9 613 490 97 883 1 662 377 1 840 1 111 0 36 66 1 355 171 16 207 35 157 736 590 2 186 -
ENVIRONMENT 3.3.4
154
ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS Energy Production from Incineration of Municipal Solid Waste
10 000 9 000 8 000 7 000 6 000
ktoe
5 000 4 000 3 000 2 000 1 000 0

1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005
EU-27
EU-15
EU-27 EU-15
1995 1996 5 454 5 837 5 403 5 780
1997 1998 6 076 6 465 6 018 6 405
1999 2000 6 953 7 482 6 819 7 334
2001 7 947 7 755
2002 8 120 7 960
(ktoe) 2003 2004 2005 8 590 9 090 9 828 8 425 8 921 9 613
Incineration of municipal solid waste with energy recovery has been developed significantly since 1995. In 2005, the share of municipal solid waste to the primary production of biomass and wastes was over 14% from about 10% in 1995. It can be noted that in 2005 practically half of the energy production from waste incineration took place in France, the Netherlands and Germany. Noteworthy is also the increase of energy recovery from incineration of municipal solid waste in Italy and Finland, while UK and Spain have reduced their growth rates. In Italy particularly, the share was limited in 1995 and climbed to 11% in 2005.
155
ENVIRONMENT 3.3.4
Total Waste Generated (Hazardous, Non-hazardous) for Year 2004

Hazardous Waste 74 056 58 841 5 197 528 1 446 322 20 000 7 333 724 278 3 116 7 553 6 134 77 17 87 124 1 365 2 1 876 1 014 1 593 773 2 238 108 422 2 508 1 249 7 973 8 670 113 998 Non- Hazardous Waste 2 693 230 1 855 488 47 251 27 12 344 13 23 28 157 399 133 1 1 5 8 23 2 85 52 136 37 359 5 10 71 103 349 612 530 830 492 022 527 789 518 552 170 672 450 240 174 188 296 480 869 007 214 515 091 663 246 854 659 571 (thousand tonnes) Total Waste 2 767 290 1 914 332 52 252 29 12 364 20 24 28 160 406 139 1 1 5 8 24 2 87 53 137 38 361 5 10 74 104 357 809 058 276 814 022 861 513 796 668 723 806 527 257 261 313 661 482 744 021 807 288 329 771 668 361 910 544
ENVIRONMENT 3.3.5
493 6 784 7 095 57 823
501 7 454 7 209 58 820
Around 2 700 million tonnes of waste were generated in EU-27 in 2004 according to the first reporting under the Waste Statistics Regulation. Germany, France, Romania and the United Kingdom reported the highest amounts of waste generated with more than 300 million tonnes in each country. The ratio of hazardous waste to non hazardous waste is fairly scattered across the EU 27 Member States. The aggregated EU-27 share of hazardous waste is calculated as 2.7% of the total waste, however, in Estonia more than a third of the generated waste is classified as hazardous, with Belgium following with 9.8%. The lowest share of hazardous waste is reported by Latvia (1.7%). After the first analysis of the data received in 2006 the classification criteria for the hazardousness of waste and the allocation of waste streams to statistical waste categories are being further clarified in order to prepare for the second reporting in 2008.
156
157
ENVIRONMENT 3.3.5
Treatment of Waste for Year 2004
(thousand tonnes)
Recovery Waste EU-27 EU-15 Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Germany Estonia Ireland Greece Spain France Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Finland Sweden United Kingdom Iceland Norway Croatia Turkey
Energy Waste 74 485 67 118 1 451 48 788 3 168 11 392 268 169 46 3 174 15 469 2 641 16 31 162 54 285 600 3 630 3 979 993 889 392 526 9 324 10 767 4 224 17 1 169 164 -
Incineration
1 000 531 861 257 47 409 2 122 15 735 8 762 213 717 3 604 11 618 3 394 30 916 253 929 57 167 692 304 1 031 5 363 2 212 35 64 014 36 390 97 561 7 648 6 545 2 951 6 565 17 276 17 836 85 735 83 2 683 422 9 649
34 274 33 545 2 565 145 41 14 530 2 37 4 173 889 4 846 21 0 29 134 60 6 812 1 859 256 3 9 106 76 156 72 1 449 17 222 20 209
Deposit onto or into land 1 236 582 730 716 4 270 243 685 5 863 1 065 105 470 11 533 6 404 21 404 99 165 137 038 37 940 868 653 3 290 4 667 7 269 2 460 6 522 9 749 26 104 24 530 198 186 1 542 4 755 40 253 62 066 169 832 342 2 393 3 260 42 133
ENVIRONMENT 3.3.6
158
ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS Treatment of Waste for Year 2004
Belgium Denmark Netherlands Austria Poland Czech Republic Germany Slovenia France Ireland Italy Slovakia EU-15 Luxembourg EU-27 Cyprus Finland United Kingdom Latvia Sweden Lithuania Portugal Hungary Spain Estonia Greece Romania Bulgaria Malta
0% Landfill
20%
40% Incineration
60%
80%
100% Recovery
Energy recovery
Countries exhibit a wide variety of policies for the treatment of waste. Data from the first reporting under the Waste Statistics Regulation shows that new EU Member States still rely very much on disposal of waste by deposit/land treatment. As also reported for the sub-category municipal waste, the lowest rates with less than 20% of total waste going to landfill are reported by Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands and Austria. Recovery, including energy recovery from incineration, has gained a more important role in a majority of Member States and accounts for increasing shares of the treatment of total waste.
159
ENVIRONMENT 3.3.6
Recycling Rate for Package Waste

Per cent (%)
EU-27 EU-15 Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Germany Estonia Ireland Greece Spain France Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Finland Sweden United Kingdom
2001 : 53 71 : : 57 76 : 27 33 44 44 46 : : : 57 : : 56 64 : 38 : : : 47 63 42
2002 : 54 70 : 29 57 74 : 35 33 44 45 51 : : : 57 37 : 57 66 : 36 : : : 49 65 44
2003 : 54 74 : 51 54 71 : 51 33 43 48 51 : : : 60 : : 56 64 : 38 : : 36 41 60 47
2004 : : 76 : 58 53 70 36 56 38 47 51 53 22 46 33 61 43 : 59 66 28 41 : 34 38 40 50 50
2005 55 : 77 31 59 53 68 40 57 42 50 53 54 11 47 33 63 46 : 59 67 30 44 23 45 38 43 48 54
ENVIRONMENT 3.3.7
Data Source: European Commission, DG Environment - Reports on the implementation of Community waste legislation
The European Union has set targets for the recycling of packaging waste. (Recycling does not include energy recovery by the use of waste as a fuel). In 2001, 25% of all packaging put on the market had to be recycled, and all the then 15 EU Member States met the objective. For 2008 the recycling target for old Member States is set to 55%, for new Member States special transition periods apply. In 2005 seven countries under the 2008 target already met the objective, and many others are coming closer. Highest recycling rates are reported by Belgium, followed by Germany and Austria. However, the figures also suggest that some countries with a high recycling rate have problems to further increase or maintain this high level.
160
Recycling Rate for Package Waste
100
90
80
70
60
50
Per cent (%)
40
30
20
10
0
IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK
EU-27 EU-15
BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
2003 2004
2005
161
ENVIRONMENT 3.3.7
Renewable Fresh Water Resources
(billion (109) m3 per year)
2000 BE BG CZ DK DE EE GR ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT 24.1 : 15.0 : : 18.8 : : : 0.4 : 24.2 : 0.1 : 71.0 : 35.5 32.0 91.1 :
2001 28.4 : 16.2 : : 23.2 : : : 0.4 : 25.2 : 0.0 : 70.1 : 38.3 27.7 90.8 :
2002 26.1 : 24.1 : : 14.4 : : : 0.4 : 24.5 : : 0.1 : 73.4 : 39.9 26.6 97.6 : :
2003 : : : : : : : : 0.4 : 16.8 : : 0.1 : : : : 30.2 : 59.5 : :
2004 : : 12.8 : : : 91.1 : : 0.4 32.9 0.0 : : 0.1 78.9 : 50.4 : 40.0 : 71.3 : :
2005 : : 15.6 : : : : 57.9 : : 0.3 30.2 0.0 : : 0.1 74.8 : 56.7 : 63.8 : 82.2 : :
LTAA 20.7 15.8 16.0 16.3 188.0 21.1 72.0 111.1 : : : : 24.5 1.6 120.0 : 89.7 84.0 63.1 73.6 42.3 32.1 80.3 110.0 179.0 : 170.0 : 53.3 234.3
: 174.0
64.4 136.8
71.5 125.1
121.7 121.8
ENVIRONMENT 3.4.1
NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK IS NO CH TR
105.4 118.6 119.0
121.0 102.0
224.9 160.7 203.0 : : : : : : : : :
116.0 173.9 157.1 : : : : 44.3 : : 43.2 :
474.7 371.9 356.6 368.5 383.7 458.5
LTAA: Long Term Annual Average (>20 Years) Data Source: Eurostat
162
Renewable Fresh Water Resources

BE BG CZ DK DE* EE EL ES FR* IT* CY* LV* LT LU HU MT* NL AT* PL PT RO SI SK FI SE* UK* External Inflow Internal Flow
10
15
20
25
thousand m3 per capita per year

2002 data for population and Long Term Average data for Fresh Water Resources except for Member States indicated with "*" where last 5 available years for Fresh Water Resources used
Renewable fresh water resources for any given country are made up of two components: "external inflow", which is the inflow of water from neighbouring territories, be it at the surface (river flow) or subsurface (groundwater flow), and the "internal flow", which is the precipitation (all forms) minus the evaporation from surfaces and the evapotranspiration by plants. The amounts available per capita are a combined effect of a country's climate, its hydrology, its geography, and its population density. The absolute values of this indicator vary among countries over more than one order of magnitude, with the relative share of both constituents being extremely different. The external inflow per capita is high for relatively small countries with large rivers passing through the territory, like for Austria, Slovakia and Hungary in the Danube basin, the Netherlands at mouth of the river Rhine, Portugal with major river inflow from Spain, Latvia with the Daugava or Slovenia with alpine rivers flowing in. In contrast, large amounts of precipitation-fed resources (internal flow) are available in sparsely populated humid countries such as Finland, Sweden and Estonia or Alpine countries such as Slovenia and Austria. At the other end of the scale, some countries are relatively short in internal water resources due to their dense population (e.g. Belgium, Netherlands). The Southern European island states (Malta, Cyprus) face an especially difficult situation due to their semi-arid climate without any river inflow.
163
ENVIRONMENT 3.4.1
Total Fresh Water Abstraction
(million m3 per year)
Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Germany Estonia Ireland Greece Spain France Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Finland Sweden United Kingdom Iceland Norway Switzerland Croatia Turkey
1990 : 10 218 3 623 1 261 : 3 215 : 7 835 : : : : : 4 311 : : : 7 800 3 807 15 164 7 288 17 510 444 2 116 2 327 2 968 : : : 2 665 : 28 073
1995 : 6 326 2 743 887 43 374 1 780 : 7 733 33 288 : : : 418 4 582 57 6 054 20 : 3 449 12 924 : 10 300 387 1 386 2 535 2 725 : 165 : 2 571 : :
2000 : 6 132 1 918 726 : 1 471 : : 37 071 32 715 : 182 283 3 578 : 18 878 19 : : 11 994 : 7 967 304 1 172 : 2 688 : 163 : 2 564 : :
2003 : 6 918 : : : : : : 38 512 : : 215 254 3 325 : : 15 : : 11 548 : 6 500 : 1 041 : 2 676 : 165 : : : :
2004 : 6 282 : 680 : : : : 38 158 : : 226 230 3 278 : : 15 : : 11 477 : 5 850 : : : 2 676 : 165 : 2 532 : :
2005 : 6 017 : : : : : : : : : 222 238 2 365 : : 14 : : 11 522 : 5 301 : : : : : 165 : 2 507 : :
ENVIRONMENT 3.4.2
164
Fresh Water Abstraction by Source

BE 1994 BG 2005 CZ 2002 DK 2004 DE 2001 EE 2002 IE 1994 EL 1996 ES 2004 FR 2002 IT : CY 2005 LV 2005 LT 2005 LU 1999 HU 2002 MT 2005 NL 2001 AT 1999 PL 2005 PT 1998 RO 2005 SI 2001 SK 2003 FI 1999 UK 1989 Fresh surface water Fresh groundwater
N/A
HU: 1 995 m3 per capita
250
500
750
1 000
(m3 per capita per year)
The per-capita-abstraction of fresh groundwater is relatively uniform throughout Europe, with the exception of a few Mediterranean countries (Portugal, Greece, and Cyprus) where abstraction is higher, mainly due to the climate-triggered demand. The picture is completely different for surface water abstraction, which differs widely between countries, even neighbouring countries like Latvia and Lithuania. This is due to the use of surface water for cooling purposes in thermal power stations (generation of electricity, like in Belgium) or for agriculture, as in Spain. Depending on the structure of a country's energy supply, water for cooling purposes can be the dominant driving force for surface water abstraction. The table of total fresh water abstraction (page 164) shows that over the fifteen years covered by the table, there is a clear decrease in total abstraction in new Member States and in Association countries where structural changes in economic sectors and in particular in manufacturing industries have led to reducing the production and using water in a more efficient way. In industrialized countries that experienced fewer structural changes (e.g. Sweden, Switzerland), total abstraction remained relatively stable.
165
ENVIRONMENT 3.4.2
SE 2004
Population connected to urban wastewater treatment with at least secondary treatment
(% of national resident population)
1985 Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Germany Estonia Ireland Greece Spain France Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Finland Sweden United Kingdom Iceland Norway Switzerland Turkey : : : 62 : : : 9 16 : : : : : 74 17 : 74 58 : : : : : 72 93 : : 34 84 :
1990 : : : 71 80 : 21 : 42 : : : : : 87 15 : 92 67 : 11 : : : 76 94 68 0 44 90 :
1995 : 35 : 85 84 68 34 22 37 : 60 : : : 68 18 : 97 74 34 17 : : : 77 93 78 0 52 94 3
2000 : 36 : : 93 68 29 : 80 : : 35 : : : 30 : 99 : : : : 10 : 80 86 : 0 51 96 :
L.Av Year 38 38 73 87 93 71 29 24 92 78 60 35 64 58 88 36 13 98 88 58 32 17 23 : 81 85 78 2 57 97 24
ENVIRONMENT 3.4.3
* L.Av. Year: Latest Available Year Data Source: Eurostat
166
ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS Population Connected* to Urban Wastewater Treatment
BE 1998 BG 2005 CZ 2005 DK 1998 DE 2004 EE 2004 IE 2001 EL 1997 ES 2005 FR 2001 IT 1995 CY 2000 LV 2005 LT 2005 LU 2003 HU 2002 MT 2005 NL 2003 AT 2004 PL 2005 PT 2003 RO 2005 SI 2002 SK FI 2002 SE 2002 UK 1994
N/A
20
40
60
80
100
(% of national resident population) Primary Treatment Secondary Treatment Tertiary Treatment
* This includes transport of sewage to the wastewater treatment plant by truck
The treatment level of the wastewater before discharge and the sensitivity of the receiving waters affect the impact it has on the aquatic system. According to the Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive, urban wastewater in sensitive areas should receive tertiary treatment, whereas urban waste water in less sensitive areas should receive at least secondary treatment. Although not the whole of EU-27 territories is covered by urban wastewater collection systems, an average of around 70% of the wastewater receives at least secondary treatment. Germany, Spain and the Netherlands apply at least secondary treatment to the wastewater for more than 90% of their population. Moreover, in Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Austria, Finland and Sweden tertiary treatment is provided for the wastewater of more than 80% of their population. On the other hand, most water treatment is of only primary level in Ireland, Greece and Romania, as illustrated in the above graph.
167
ENVIRONMENT 3.4.3
ENVIRONMENT 3.5.1
168
Estimated Used Quantities of Plant Protection Products

(tonnes of active substances)
Type 154 919 64 405 5 888 16 765 241 976 19 464 20 716 21 778 6 118 6 603 9 621 8 781 22 371 70 022 64 202 90 585 88 670
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Fungicides
133 584 148 335 136 501 149 774 150 974
146 694 140 395 130 548 130 700 128 887 107 600 90 259 8 808 22 089 80 566 7 801 20 414
Herbicides
51 996
48 924
51 081
57 034
57 864
Insecticides
6 039
5 773
6 422
6 277
5 741
Other PPP
1 990
2 465
3 484
3 219
3 067
Total
193 609 205 497 197 487 216 304 217 647
242 299 231 917 252 531 250 523 250 043 216 381
EU-15 data 1992-1999, EU-25 data 2000-2003
Estimated Quantities of PPP Used in the MS in 2003

FR ES IT DE UK PT PL EL HU NL BE + LU CZ DK SE AT SKI IE FI LT SI RO LV EE CY MT Fungicides Herbicides Insecticides Others
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
thousand tonnes of active substances
The statistics on pesticides collected by Eurostat relate to plant protection products (PPP), which are mainly used in agriculture. Sales statistics provided by the Member States on a voluntary basis give only a broad picture of PPP use in the Member States. A proper assessment of the risk associated with PPP can only be done with reliable use data. Thanks to a grant to the European Crop Protection Association detailed estimates of PPP use by country, crop, and category are now available for EU-15 from 1992 to 2003 and for EU-25 from 2000 to 2003. Sales and estimated use data show similar trends with a constant difference of nearly 30% between both sets of data. The huge impact of fungicides -and among them of sulphur used to protect vineson the overall PPP consumption is evident. A detailed analysis confirms that beside the country size some crops have a clear influence on the total amount of PPP used: grapes for fungicides, cereals for herbicides and olives, citrus or fruit trees for insecticides. To allow a more in-depth risk analysis, in the context of its Thematic Strategy on the Sustainable Use of Pesticides, the Commission is proposing to adopt a Regulation aiming at regular collection of comparable PPP use data.
169
ENVIRONMENT 3.5.1
ENVIRONMENT 3.5.2
170
Production of Toxic Chemicals by Toxicity Class

(million tonnes) EU-15 Total EU-25 Total
Toxicity Class CMR - chemicals Chronic toxic chemicals Very toxic chemicals Toxic chemicals Harmful chemicals Production volume of toxic industrial chemicals Total volume of chemicals produced 181 301 177 284 178 267 177 270 189 310 189 314 186 316
1995 28 6 28 54 39
1996 1997 1998 30 30 30 7 8 8 29 30 30 57 62 62 38 40 41
1999 28 7 29 55 37
2000 2001 34 33 8 7 30 32 63 63 44 42
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 32 33 35 34 33 8 7 7 8 7 33 31 34 36 33 63 63 67 67 67 42 43 47 46 45
2004 2005 2006 37 37 36 8 8 8 38 39 38 74 75 75 51 50 49 208 345 209 350 207 351
156 248
160 259
171 274
171 275
154 248
Derived from production statistics. Confidential data have been excluded, but make no significant difference to the result
Data Source: Eurostat 2007
ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS Production of Toxic Chemicals by Toxicity Class
250
200
million tonnes
150
100
50
0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2004 2005 2006
Harmful chemicals Chronic toxic chemicals
Toxic chemicals CMR - chemicals
Very toxic chemicas
Definition: This indicator presents the trend in aggregated production volumes of toxic chemicals, broken down into five toxicity classes. The toxicity classes, beginning with the most dangerous, are: Carcinogenic, mutagenic and reprotoxic (CMR-chemicals); Chronic toxic chemicals; Very toxic chemicals; Toxic chemicals and chemicals classified as harmful. There are some 30 000 man-made chemicals currently in use in the EU, which are produced or imported in quantities over 1 tonne per year. Since June 2007 the new EU chemicals policy, known as REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and restriction of CHemicals) is in force: Basic information on toxicological properties of chemicals, their use patterns and quantities on the market will become available in the coming years. An important objective of REACH is to reduce risks by substitution of hazardous by less hazardous substances. This indicator monitors progress in shifting production from the most toxic chemicals to less toxic classes. (The indicator does not provide information on the risk from the use of chemicals: Production and consumption are not synonymous with exposure, as some chemicals are handled in closed systems, or as intermediates in controlled supply chains.) Between 1995 and 2005 the total production of chemicals has grown by 31% (EU-15). The production of chemicals classified as toxic increased by 23%, with a 25% growth for CMR chemicals. Over the 10 years statistics highlight the steady growth of chemicals production volume, and no decoupling from the growth of GDP can be observed. The coming years will show if the lower figures for 2006 will be the initiation of a downward trend. The high share of the most toxic categories of chemicals, the CMR chemicals, represents a worrying trend if continued.
171
ENVIRONMENT 3.5.2
Protected Areas for Biodiversity
EU-25 Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Germany Estonia Ireland Greece Spain France Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Finland Sweden United Kingdom
2003 : 9.88 : 7.37 6.99 10.74 16.40 22.61 6.77 14.66 14.76 9.52 10.58 17.41 : 12.65 13.94 6.53
2004 10.08 9.96 : 7.37 6.99 10.21 16.40 22.57 6.79 13.86 14.75 9.52 10.59 17.41 : 12.65 13.62 6.52
Terrestrial Coverage (%) 2005 2006 2007 12.07 12.24 12.70 9.96 : 9.19 7.37 9.83 15.86 10.21 16.40 22.57 6.90 13.86 4.96 10.98 9.96 14.75 14.97 12.45 9.52 10.59 4.20 17.41 : 31.37 11.75 12.65 13.62 6.53 9.96 : 9.19 7.37 9.86 15.86 10.21 16.40 22.57 7.89 14.18 7.15 10.98 9.96 14.75 14.97 12.57 8.39 10.60 4.20 17.41 : 31.37 11.75 12.74 13.67 6.53 9.96 : 9.19 7.37 9.86 16.53 10.21 16.40 23.41 8.48 14.21 7.15 10.99 9.96 15.35 14.97 12.57 8.39 10.60 7.44 17.41 : 31.37 11.75 12.74 13.72 6.53
ENVIRONMENT 3.6.1
172
Protected Areas for Biodiversity, 2007

Slovenia Spain Portugal Estonia Greece Luxembourg Hungary Italy Sweden Finland EU-25 Malta Slovakia Latvia Austria Ireland Belgium Lithuania Germany Czech Republic France Netherlands Poland Denmark Cyprus Romania Bulgaria United Kingdom
N/A 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Terrestrial Coverage %
The EU policy on nature conservation is mainly based on the two Directives 92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora and 79/409/EEC on the conservation of wild birds, which include the setting up of a coherent European ecological network of sites under the title Natura 2000. This indicator is based on territories that countries propose should be designated for the protection of natural and semi-natural habitats, wild fauna and flora according to the Habitat Directive. The assumption for this indicator is that the establishment of this network will enable the hosted natural habitats and species of Community importance to be maintained or restored at a favourable conservation status in their natural range and therefore contribute to halting the loss of biodiversity in the European Community by 2010. The indicator shows the progress in designating sites under the Habitats Directive; it does not show the conservation status of habitats and species within the sites yet and only focus on the nationally designated areas proposed under the Habitat Directive. The site proposal phase, now close to finalisation, will be concluded with the adoption of lists of sites of community interest for all bio-geographical regions. Until then, updates of information are provided regularly by Member States and consolidated twice a year by the European Environment Agency (European Topic Centre for Biological Diversity) and published by DG Environment as Natura 2000 Barometer (see http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/barometer/index_en.htm).
173
ENVIRONMENT 3.6.1
ENVIRONMENT 3.6.2
174
EU Common Bird Index

(Base Year 1990)
Farmland birds Forest birds All common birds
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 100.00 94.79 93.72 94.18 94.60 100.00 100.74 95.77 88.49 91.42 100.00 97.08 95.09 95.38 96.98
1995 1996 1997 1998 91.27 79.25 79.99 80.86 87.41 89.22 87.57 86.58 92.48 90.17 91.04 89.73
1999 80.51 80.09 88.08
2000 2001 80.01 79.45 77.13 80.98 87.43 90.06
2002 2003 2004 2005 76.66 76.56 75.86 78.76 83.37 85.04 87.40 82.46 89.02 90.49 90.65 89.50
Data Source: EBCC/RSPB/BirdLife/Statistics Netherlands
EU Common Bird Index

120
100 Index 1990=100
80
60
40
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
Farmland birds
Forest birds
All common birds
175
ENVIRONMENT 3.6.2
Following a strong reduction in the populations of common birds during the 90s, the past years have seen a stabilizing trend. Although at first declining, Farmland Species Population is rebounding to levels close to the 2000 ones, while at the same time, Forest Species Population inched towards early 90s levels when declining trends reappeared. The combined population has varied within 5% during the past ten years.
Environmental Taxes by Revenue Type by Country

(Millions of euro) Transport Taxes on taxes Pollution/ Resources 60 521 10 376 58 548 9 706 1 898 254 3 951 7 740 7 1 693 1 649 3 379 9 524 7 975 242 40 16 31 437 81 6 372 1 952 696 1 344 140 62 1 877 884 8 280 548 29 1 895 23 5 108 2 587 437 13 16 198 1 2 866 57 262 62 67 55 157 990
EU-25 EU-15 BE CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT SI SK FI SE UK
Total environmental taxes 279 736 266 393 6 896 2 414 10 804 56 011 198 3 661 3 992 16 831 40 455 39 294 507 291 354 839 2 369 138 18 974 6 339 5 285 4 478 900 887 4 884 8 054 44 881
Energy taxes 208 839 198 140 4 450 2 131 4 958 48 271 168 1 963 2 343 13 344 28 344 30 882 264 238 321 808 1 734 56 9 736 4 330 4 328 3 133 699 758 2 952 7 014 35 611
ENVIRONMENT 3.7.1
Data Source: Commission Services
176
% of Environmental Tax by Revenue Type 2004

EU-25 EU-15 BE CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT SI FI SE
0.2
Energy
0.4
Transport
0.6
0.8
Pollution/Resources
1.0
Environmental taxes are a market-based instrument that aims to integrate the cost of adverse environmental impacts into prices. Through them, producers and consumers are given an incentive to assess the environmental consequences of their behaviour in their production and consumption decisions and thus encouraged to limit environmental pressures and use natural resources responsibly. However, environmental interests also have to be weighed against other concerns, such as competitiveness, regional policy and employment. Levels of environmental tax are therefore adjusted to reflect these other concerns. The concept of environmental taxes includes four categories; energy, transport, pollution and resource taxes. In 2004, energy taxes accounted for roughly 75% of total environmental taxes in both EU-15 and EU-25. The second largest contributor to total environmental taxes in the EU comes from transport taxes. They include mainly taxes on the ownership of vehicles, such as tax on vehicle registration, road tax and tax on imports of vehicles. Only Malta has higher tax on transport than on energy, but the share is also high in Cyprus and in Ireland.
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ENVIRONMENT 3.7.1 3.1.1
UK
Energy Taxes as a % of GDP
1996 EU-25 EU-15 BE CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT SI SK FI SE UK NO : 2.1 1.6 2.2 2.3 1.8 0.9 1.7 2.8 1.8 2.0 3.0 0.5 1.5 1.1 2.8 2.4 0.8 1.8 1.4 1.4 2.6 0.0 0.0 2.1 2.7 2.4 1.0
1998 : 2.1 1.6 2.0 2.4 1.7 1.6 1.7 2.3 1.9 2.0 2.8 0.5 2.7 1.7 2.8 2.9 1.6 1.9 1.6 1.5 2.4 0.0 1.8 2.2 2.7 2.5 1.0
2000 2002 2004 Max of period 1996-2004 (%) 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.2 1.5 2.2 2.5 2.0 1.2 1.4 1.7 1.7 1.8 2.6 0.7 1.8 1.8 2.7 2.4 1.4 2.0 1.6 1.8 1.6 2.5 1.7 2.0 2.4 2.4 0.7 1.4 2.2 2.6 2.2 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.8 2.3 1.0 1.8 1.9 2.6 2.2 1.4 1.9 1.7 2.0 2.1 2.8 1.9 2.0 2.5 2.2 0.6 1.5 2.4 2.5 2.2 1.8 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.7 2.2 2.1 2.1 1.8 3.0 2.1 1.3 2.0 1.8 2.1 2.2 2.7 2.2 1.9 2.5 2.0 0.5 1.6 2.4 2.7 2.3 1.8 1.7 2.8 1.9 2.0 3.0 2.1 2.7 2.2 3.0 2.9 1.6 2.0 1.8 2.1 2.6 2.8 2.2 2.3 2.7 2.5 1.0
ENVIRONMENT 3.7.2
Data Source: Commission Services
In 2004 the members of EU-25 collected revenues from environmental taxes of 280 billion Euro (266 billion Euro in EU-15 Member States). This is about 2.7% of GDP within both EU-25 and EU-15. The percentage of energy taxes was 2.0% of GDP. Between 1996 and 2004 14 countries have increased the revenues from energy taxes in relation to GDP. Taxes on energy consist of taxes on fuel, mineral products and production of electricity. With the exception of Malta and Cyprus the increase of energy taxes took place in countries located in the north of Europe such as in Estonia, Denmark, and in Germany. In 2004, Luxembourg had the highest share of energy tax in GDP with 3.0%, up from 2.8% in 1996, followed by Slovenia, at 2.7% of GDP, and Denmark at 2.5%.
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Energy Taxes as % of GDP
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
Per cent (%)
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT SI SK FI SE UK
EU-25 EU-15
BE
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
IT
CY
1996
2004
Max of period 1996-2004
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ENVIRONMENT 3.7.2
EU-15 Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Economic Activity in 2003

GHG*
(kilotonnes CO2 equivalent
GVA**
GHG*
CO2
CH4
N2O
(Million (tonnes CO2 equivalent/million euro) euro)
Total NACE sections A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O
3 432 272
8 491 839
404
333
35
36
508 062 9 332 73 539 958 969 1 065 406 52 809 87 744 18 426 383 703 19 060 40 055 30 854 23 247 33 530 127 534
163 866 7 834 61 666 1 504 288 159 576 491 880 972 956 252 319 595 138 472 050 1 891 705 540 217 445 550 602 084 330 711
3 100 1 191 1 193 637 6 676 107 90 73 645 40 21 57 52 56 386
792 1 177 837 591 6 479 104 88 72 633 40 21 52 52 47 136
1 010 3 347 5 134 0 0 0 2 0 0 4 0 0 224
1 299 12 9 41 64 2 2 1 10 1 0 1 0 8 25
ENVIRONMENT 3.7.3
* GHG comprises CO2, CH4 and N2O; no data for the other Kyoto GHG ** GVA at current prices, date of extraction: Nov 2007 Data Source: Eurostat NACE: "Nomenclature statistique des Activits conomiques dans la Communaut Europenne". For definitions of the sections see Glossary.
Greenhouse gas [GHG, which includes carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane (CH4)] emissions and environmental pressure can be analysed by economic activity given by NACE sections. NACE is the statistical classification of economic activities in the European Community. In 2003, section E (Electricity, gas and water supply) represented 31% of GHG emitted by economic activities. Together with section D (Manufacturing), these economic activities accounted for 59% of GHG emissions. The environmental pressure due to GHG emissions from economic activities can be measured by the ratio between the GHG emissions and the Gross Value Added (GVA). It was considerably higher for section E than for all other sections: 6 676 tonnes of CO2 equivalent per million Euro of GVA, followed by sections A-B (Agriculture, hunting and forestry, and Fishing) with 3 013 tonnes, section C (Mining and quarrying) with 1 193 tonnes, section I (Transport, storage and communication) with 645 tonnes and section D with 637 tonnes of CO2 equivalent per million Euro of GVA.
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EU-15 GHG Emissions by Economic Activity in 2003

1 200 2 400 000
1 000
2 000 000
GHG (million tonnes CO2 equivalent)
800
1 600 000
600
1 200 000
400
800 000
200
400 000
0
A-B C D E F G H I J K L M N O
NACE sectios CO2 CH4 N2O
GVA
Note: : NACE: "Nomenclature statistique des Activits conomiques dans la Communaut Europenne". For definitions of the sections see Glossary.
The environmental pressure due to methane (CH4) is more important in sections A and C with total methane emissions being respectively 1 010 and 347 tonnes of CO2 equivalent per million Euro of GVA; for nitrous oxide (N2O), the environmental pressure concerns almost exclusively the Agriculture sector. On the other hand, the economic performance in relation to the environmental pressure due to GHG emissions is quite favourable in sections F to N (excluding section I). In all these NACE sections, the environmental pressure is relatively small and the GVA is relatively high. For further information about GVA and NACE including a description of the NACE sections, please consult the Glossary in page 182.
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ENVIRONMENT 3.7.3
Annex A: Glossary of Terms used in the Energy and Environment sections

Abstraction (of water):
Withdrawal of water from groundwater or surface water resources by technical means (e.g. pumping).
Acidifying substances:
The acidifying substances considered in this publication are sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) and ammonia (NH3). Emissions of these gases are associated with the formation of acid rain.
Acid Equivalent:
In the concept of Acid Equivalents weighting factors are used to aggregate the emissions of acidifying substances and present a single figure for this in kilo tonnes acid equivalents. They represent an oversimplified approach to a very complex process of chemical interactivity. Acid equivalents are estimated as follows: sulphur dioxide * 1/32; nitrogen oxide * 1/46 and ammonia * 1/17.
Carcinogenic Substance:
A carcinogenic substance is a chemical which is capable of causing cancer. A cancer is a malignant tumour which can spread to other organs of the body. For the purpose of classification and labelling, and having regard to the current state of knowledge, such substances are divided into three categories: Category 1: Substances known to be carcinogenic to man. There is sufficient evidence to establish a causal association between human exposure to a substance and the development of cancer. Category 2: Substances which should be regarded as if they are carcinogenic to man. There is sufficient evidence to provide a strong presumption that human exposure to a substance may result in the development of cancer, generally on the basis of: - appropriate long-term animal studies, - other relevant information. Category 3: Substances which cause concern for man owing to possible carcinogenic effects but in respect of which the available information is not adequate for making a satisfactory assessment. There is some evidence from appropriate animal studies, but this is insufficient to place the substance in Category 2. For more details, see: Dangerous Substances Directive (67/548/EEC, as last amended in 2001), http://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/
CHP:
See Combined Heat and Power
CO2 Equivalent:
Emissions of some substances resulting from burning of fossil fuels and other activities like industrial processes or agriculture significantly change the composition of the atmosphere and cause the anthropogenic greenhouse effect: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). These substances have individual global warming potentials (GWP) ranging from 1 (CO2) to 23 900 (SF6). In order to aggregate
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the emissions of the different substances and present a single figure for the climate change issue they are expressed in CO2 equivalents.
Cogeneration:
See Combined Heat and Power
Combined Heat and Power:

A combined heat and power (also referred to as a cogeneration or a CHP) unit is an installation in which heat energy released from fuel is transmitted to electrical generator sets which are designed and operated in such a way that energy is partly used for generating electrical energy and partly for supplying heat for various purposes. The thermal efficiency of a combined heat and power unit is significantly higher than that of a unit producing electricity only.
CMR Chemicals:
Carcinogenic substances (C), Mutagenic substances (M) and substances that can harm Reproduction (R) are called CMR-substances. Some substances in this group can cause several of these effects. Substances assigned CMR are jointly decided upon in the EU. In the work to reach a non-toxic environment CMR-substances are given priority. The long-term goal is that they must not be used at all.
Constant Price:
The constant price of a commodity is its price considered in constant terms, taking account of inflation.
CORINAIR CORe INventory of AIR emissions:

This is a project performed since 1995 by the European Topic Centre on Air Emissions under contract to the European Environment Agency. The aim is to collect, maintain, manage and publish information on emissions into the air, by means of a European air emission inventory and database system. Before 1995 the CORINAIR project was developed under the CORINE programme of the EU (CO-oRdination d'INformation Environnementale, a programme established by Council Decision 85/338/EEC).
CRF Common reporting format for source and sink categories:

The CRF is used by countries for reporting of greenhouse gas inventories since 2000 under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Kyoto Protocol, and EU GHG Monitoring Mechanism (Decision 280/2004/EC). It is in line with the 1996 IPCC Guidelines (IPCC 19971), and is described in the Reporting guidelines (http://www.unfccc.int/resource/docs/cop5/07.pdf). The sources categories in the highest aggregated levels are the following: CRF 1 Energy CRF 2 Industrial Processes CRF 3 Solvent and Other Product Use CRF 4 Agriculture CRF 5 Land-Use Change & Forestry CRF 6 Waste CRF 7 Other Please note that the fuel combustion for energy use in the industry and in the agriculture as well as the waste incineration with energy use all these emissions count to the CRF source and sink categories "Energy".
Current Price:
The current (or nominal) price of a commodity is its price considered in current terms, without taking account of inflation.
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Energy Dependency:
Energy dependency shows the extent to which a country relies upon imports in order to meet its energy needs. It is calculated using the following formula: net imports / (gross inland consumption + bunkers).
Energy Intensity:
Energy intensity gives an indication of the effectiveness with which energy is being used to produce added value. It is defined as the ratio of Gross Inland Consumption of energy to Gross Domestic Product.
Environmental taxes
An environmental tax is defined as a tax on an environmentally harmful tax base. The concept consists of the revenues from four types of taxes: energy-, transport-, pollution- and resource taxes. Carbon dioxide taxes are included under energy as they are often an integral part of general energy taxes. Excluded are general Value Added Tax (VAT) on environmentally harmful tax bases as well as royalty payments and other special taxes related to oil and gas extraction.
Final Energy Consumption:

Final energy consumption is the energy finally consumed in the transport, industrial, commercial, agricultural, public and household sectors. It excludes deliveries to the energy transformation sector and to the energy industries themselves.
Fluorinated gases (F-gases):

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) are greenhouse gases with a very high global warming potential. The main uses of HFCs are as refrigerants, cleaning solvents and foam blowing agents. PFCs are used in semi-conductor manufacture and as cleaning solvents, and SF6 is used in high-voltage switch gear and magnesium production.
GCV:
See "Gross Calorific Value"
GDP:
See "Gross Domestic Product"
Global Warming Potential (GWP):

The global warming potential is the estimated potential of a greenhouse gas contributing to global warming in the atmosphere. It is based on its effect over a 100-year time horizon. These substances have individual GWP ranging from 1 (carbon dioxide), 21 (methane), 310 (nitrous oxide) to 23 900 (sulphur hexafluoride). Hydrofuorocarbons and perfluorocarbons comprise a large number of different gases that have different GWPs (IPCC, 1996).
Greenhouse Gases (GHG):

These emissions are reported under 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and for the EU member states under the Decision 280/2004/EC. According to the Kyoto Protocol anthropogenic emissions of the six greenhouse gases (the Kyoto basket) are aggregated using the global warming potential: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) and hydrofuorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6).
Gross Calorific Value:

The gross calorific value (GCV) is the total amount of heat released by a unit quantity of fuel, when it is burned completely with oxygen, and when
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the products of combustion are returned to ambient temperature. This quantity includes the heat of condensation of any water vapour contained in the fuel and of the water vapour formed by the combustion of any hydrogen contained in the fuel.
Gross Domestic Product:

The gross domestic product (GDP) is the value of the output of all goods and services produced within the borders of a country.
Gross Inland Consumption:

Gross inland consumption is the quantity of energy consumed within the borders of a country. It is calculated using the following formula: primary production + recovered products + imports + stock changes exports bunkers (i.e. quantities supplied to sea-going ships).
Gross Value Added (GVA) (ESA 1995, 9.23):

It is the net result of output valued at basic prices less intermediate consumption valued at purchasers' prices. GVA is calculated before consumption of fixed capital. Intermediate consumption consists of the value of the goods and services consumed as inputs by a process of production, excluding fixed assets whose consumption is recorded as consumption of fixed capital. The goods and services may be either transformed or used up by the production process (ESA 1995, 3.69). Data extraction: Gross value added at current prices; Million euro; New Cronos 28.02.2006.
Hard Coal and Derived Products:

Hard coal and derived products include hard coal, patent fuels, hard coke, gasworks coke and coal semi-coke.
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Kyoto base year:

In general, the base year it is 1990 for carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and 1995 for the fluorinated gases (hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride). Some countries have selected different base years: Bulgaria (1988), Hungary (average 198587), Poland (1988), Romania (1989) and Slovenia (1986).
Kyoto reduction targets:

In the first quantified emission limitation and reduction commitment period, from 2008 to 2012, the EU-15 has agreed to an 8% reduction in its greenhouse gas emissions compared to 1990. Individual targets for each of the EU-15 countries have been agreed under the EU burden sharing agreement (Council Decision 2002/358/EC4) which allows five countries (Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Spain and Sweden) to increase emissions, provided these are off set by reductions in the other Member States. The new EU Member States and candidate countries have differing targets under the Kyoto Protocol which became binding to its Parties worldwide in February 2005. No targets exist for Cyprus, Malta and Turkey.
Lignite and Derived Products:

Lignite and derived products include lignite, peat, brown coal briquettes and peat briquettes.
Mutagenic Substance:
A mutagenic substance is a chemical capable of producing a mutation or a chemical which gives rise to an enhanced occurrence of mutations. A mutation is a permanent change in the genetic material of cells. Effects on whole chromosomes may involve structural or numerical changes. A
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mutation in the germ cells in sexually reproducing organisms may be transmitted to the offspring. For more details, see: Dangerous Substances Directive (67/548/EEC, as last amended in 2001), http://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/
NACE:
Nomenclature statistique des Activits conomiques dans la Communaut Europenne; in English: Statistical classification of economic activities in the European Community. NACE is organised in sections and sub-sections. Sections A Agriculture, hunting and forestry B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q Fishing Mining and quarrying Manufacturing Electricity, gas and water supply Construction Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles and personal and household goods Hotels and restaurants Transport, storage and communication Financial intermediation Real estate, renting and business activities Public administration and defence; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Other community, social and personal service activities Activities of households Extra-territorial organizations and bodies
Sub-sections DA Manufacture of food products, beverages and tobacco DB Manufacture of textiles and textile products DC Manufacture of leather and leather products DD Manufacture of wood and wood products DE Manufacture of pulp, paper and paper products; publishing and printing DF Manufacture of coke, refined petroleum products and nuclear fuel DG Manufacture of chemicals, chemical products and man-made fibres DH Manufacture of rubber and plastic products DI Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products DJ Manufacture of basic metals and fabricated metal products DK Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. DL Manufacture of electrical and optical equipment DM Manufacture of transport equipment DN Manufacturing n.e.c
NAMEA National Accounts Matrix including Environmental Accounts:

Data in page 168 are extracted from the New Cronos database, sub-theme Environmental Accounts in Eurostat. The central framework of NAMEA is the national accounts. The national accounts present the development of an economy over time. It shows not only economic activities but also the
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levels of an economys productive assets and the wealth of its inhabitants at particular points in time. If environmental aspects were directly included in national accounts these would be overburdened with information. A satellite approach is therefore applied, where some conceptual freedoms exist for compiling the accounts. The satellite accounts, in this case the environmental accounts, can therefore be linked directly with relevant economic and environmental statistics and classifications and provide harmonised comparable accounts across any country applying this methodology. The NAMEA Air methodology follows the national accounts principle that all air emissions from the production processes (both mobile and stationary sources) should be allocated to the producer who creates value added with his products. NAMEA Air therefore follow the residential principle of the national accounts while the UNFCCC reporting presented in previous pages follows the territorial principle.
Natural Gas:
See "Net Calorific Value"
NCV:
See Net Calorific Value
Net Calorific Value:

The net calorific value (NCV) is the amount of heat released by a unit quantity of fuel, when it is burned completely with oxygen, and when the products of combustion are returned to ambient temperature. This quantity does not include the heat of condensation of any water vapour contained in the fuel nor of the water vapour formed by the combustion of any hydrogen contained in the fuel.
Nitrogen oxides (NOx):

Nitrogen oxides (NOx) mean nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide, expressed as nitrogen dioxide.
NMVOC Volatile organic compounds without methane:

Non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) are to be understood as all hydrocarbons which are volatile under ambient air conditions, excluding carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, halogenated carbons. It is a collective term comprising a large variety of compounds with widely diverging characteristics. Often is named also VOC (Volatile organic compounds).
NMVOC equivalent:
The emissions of ozone precursors can be aggregated using their ozone forming potential in NMVOC equivalent. This represents an oversimplified approach to a very complex process of chemical interactivity. The following weighting factors are applied to estimate the emissions in NMVOC equivalents: nitrogen oxides=1.22, volatile organic compounds without methane=1, carbon monoxide=0.11, methane=0.014 (de Leeuw 2002).
NFR Nomenclature For Reporting:

The NFR is used by countries for reporting of air emissions under the United Nations Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP), the 1999 Gothenburg Protocol, and the EU national emission ceilings directive (NEC Directive 2001/81/EC). This nomenclature is based on SNAP (selected nomenclature for air pollution). In 1995, the European Topic Centre on Air Emissions (ETC/AE) developed the CORINAIR nomenclature further resulting in SNAP94 and in 1998 ETC/AE developed
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the nomenclature still further, resulting in SNAP97. The new NFR and the CRF are now widely compatible.
PM10 the medium fraction particulate matter:

Particles which passes through a size-selective inlet with a 50% efficiency cut-off at 10 _m aerodynamic diameter (diameter of a spherical particle having a density of 1 gm/cm3 that has the same inertial properties in the gas as the particle of interest).
PM10 equivalent:
To obtain the total particulate formation potential of air emissions, the sum of primary (direct emissions) and secondary (formation by photo-chemical reactions in the atmosphere) aerosols is calculated. The emissions are aggregated in the PM10 equivalent. The following weighting factors are used for aggregation: PM10=1, sulphur oxides=0.54, nitrogen oxides =0.88, ammonia=0.64 (de Leeuw, 2002).
Power Station Efficiency:

The efficiency of a thermal or nuclear power station is defined as the ratio between the output, i.e. the gross electricity generated, and the fuel input. In the case of a combined heat and power installation the output is the gross electricity generated plus the heat produced.
Primary Energy Production:

Primary energy production is the extraction of energy from a natural source. The precise definition depends on the fuel involved: Hard coal, lignite: Quantities of fuels extracted or produced, calculated after any operation for removal of inert matter. In general, production includes the quantities consumed by the producer during the production process (e.g. for heating or operation of equipment and auxiliaries) as well as any quantities supplied to other on-site producers of energy for transformation or other uses. Crude oil: Quantities of fuels extracted or produced within national boundaries, including off-shore production. Production includes only marketable production, and excludes any quantities returned to formation. Production includes all crude oil, natural gas liquids (NGL), condensates and oil from shale and tar sands, etc. Natural gas: Quantities of dry gas, measured after purification and extraction of natural gas liquids and sulphur. The production includes only marketable production, and excludes any quantities re-injected, vented and flared, and any extraction losses. The production includes all quantities used within the natural gas industry, in gas extraction, pipeline systems and processing plants. Nuclear heat: Quantities of heat produced in a reactor. Production is the actual heat produced or the heat calculated on the basis of the gross electricity generated and the thermal efficiency of the nuclear plant. Hydropower, Wind energy, Solar photovoltaic energy: Quantities of electricity generated. Production is calculated on the basis of the gross electricity generated and a conversion factor of 3 600 kJ/kWh. Geothermal energy: Quantities of heat extracted from geothermal fluids. Production is calculated on the basis of the difference
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between the enthalpy of the fluid produced in the production borehole and that of the fluid disposed of via the re-injection borehole. Biomass / Wastes: In the case of municipal solid wastes (MSW), wood, wood wastes and other solid wastes, production is the heat produced after combustion and corresponds to the heat content (NCV) of the fuel. In the case of anaerobic digestion of wet wastes, production is the heat content (NCV) of the biogases produced. The production includes all quantities of gas consumed in the installation for the fermentation processes, and excludes all quantities of flared gases. In the case of biofuels, the production is the heat content (NCV) of the fuel.
Reprotoxic Substance:
This category of chemicals includes substances that cause reproductive impairment in adults and developmental impairment or death in the unborn child. Reproductive impairment can include infertility, impotence, menstrual irregularities, spontaneous abortion and damage to offspring. Individuals may vary widely in their exposure and susceptibility to reproductive hazards. For more details, see: Dangerous Substances Directive (67/548/EEC, as last amended in 2001), http://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/
RES:
See Renewable Energy
Renewable Energy:
Renewable energy includes hydroelectricity, biomass, wind, solar, tidal and geothermal energies.
SNAP Selected Nomenclature for sources of Air Pollution:

This nomenclature was designed by the ETC/AE (European Topic Centre on Air Emissions) to estimate not only emissions of greenhouse gases but all kind of air pollutants.
Sulphur oxides (SOx):

Sulphur oxides (Sulphur dioxide-SO2 and sulphur trioxide-SO3 are reported as SOx) are estimated and reported under the Geneva Convention on Longrange Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP), the Gothenburg Protocol and National Emission Ceilings Directive (NEC Directive 2001/81/EC).
Tropospheric Ozone Forming Potential (TOFP):

The emissions of ozone precursors can be aggregated using the ozone forming potential of four gases (nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds without methane (NMVOC), carbon monoxide, methane) and presented in a single figure in kilotonnes NMVOC equivalents.
Tropospheric Ozone Precursors (TOP):

The ozone precursors considered in this publication are nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds without methane (NMVOC), carbon monoxide (CO), and methane (CH4). Emissions of these four gases are associated with the formation of tropospheric ozone (or ground-level ozone) which means ozone in the lowermost part of the troposphere.
VOC see NMVOC
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Annex B: Terms and Methodology used in the Transport Section

The main terms used in the field of transport statistics are defined in the "Eurostat concepts and definitions database (CODED)" accessible under the Eurostat web site at "http://forum.europa.eu.int/irc/dsis/coded/info/data/coded/en/Theme7.htm" The indicators presented in the transport section of this pocket book represent a small part of the very detailed data collected by Eurostat in the framework of legal acts and voluntary data agreements. According to a commonly agreed breakdown, the indicators are presented on the one hand by domains of interest (infrastructure, equipment, quantity and performance for the transport of freight and passengers, safety) and on the other hand, by modes of transport (rail, road, inland waterways, pipelines, maritime and aviation). To facilitate the comparisons between smaller and bigger countries, most of the indicators combine basic transport figures with surface, population or Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Eurostats on-line database has been used as the main source for the indicators, while figures from the DG for Energy and Transport have been used as an additional source. For some missing data, figures from miscellaneous international or national bodies have been used and some estimates (put in italics) have been made.
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Two main channels are used by Eurostat to collect statistical data: 1. Legal acts on transport statistics which cover detailed data collections for all the main modes of transport: Rail freight: Council Directive 80/1177/EEC of 4 December 1980 (O.J. L 350 of 23.12.1980) replaced by Regulation (EC) No 91/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2002 (rail freight, passengers, traffic and accidents) (O.J. L 14 of 21.1.2003) Road freight: Council Regulation (EC) 1172/98 of 25 May 1998 (O.J. L 163 of 6.6.1998) Inland waterways: Council Directive 80/1119/EEC of 17 November 1980 (O.J. L 339 of 15.12.1980) Maritime freight, passengers and traffic: Council Directive 95/64/EC of 8 December 1995 (O.J. L 320 of 30.12.1995) Aviation passengers, freight and traffic: Regulation (EC) No 437/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 February 2003 (O.J. L 66 of 11.3.2003) Road accidents: Council Decision 93/704/EC of 30 November 1993 (O.J. L 329 of 30.12.1993) 2. The "Common Questionnaire" of Eurostat, UNECE and ECMT, which is used to collect, on a voluntary basis, annual aggregated data covering many aspects of inland modes of transport (rail, road, inland waterways and pipelines). Other voluntary agreements cover the collection of other types of data such as regional transport indicators. The main dissemination channel used for Eurostat data is the on-line database which covers, from the early eighties, millions of transport figures from EU countries plus, to a lesser extent, statistics from EFTA, Mediterranean and Candidate countries. Some miscellaneous publications in paper and electronic formats are also available, such as the Panorama of transport and several "Statistics in Focus".
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Annex C: Methodology for the calculation of EU-wide average fuel prices

Electricity
Electricity prices are collected by Eurostat from the Member States of EU based on the principles of Directive 90/377/EEC for Price Transparency. The prices are as of 1 January in the year shown. Prices are collected at national level in each country and for a number of different standard consumers. For domestic prices, the standard consumer used is Dc - one with an annual consumption of 3 500 kWh which corresponds to a standard dwelling of 90 m2 with 4 rooms plus a kitchen. For industrial prices, the standard consumer used is Ie - one with an annual consumption of 2 GWh and a maximum demand of 500 kW. More detailed information on the collection of electricity prices can be found in Eurostats Electricity Prices publication. The average EU price is calculated by taking a weighted average of the prices in individual countries. Domestic prices are weighted by the final energy consumption of electricity in households recorded annually by Eurostat. Industrial prices are weighted by the final energy consumption of electricity in industry recorded by the same survey. Since price data are available for 2006 and 2007 but consumption data is not, the prices for 2006 and 2007 have been weighted by 2005 consumption; this should have only a small effect on the EU average. The survey collects prices all taxes included, prices without VAT and prices all taxes excluded. The domestic prices shown here are prices all taxes included while industrial prices are shown without VAT (i.e. what industry will actually pay for the energy).
Natural gas
Natural gas prices are collected by Eurostat on a similar basis to electricity prices following the same regulation. Again, the prices are as of 1 January in the year shown. The EU averages are also calculated in the same way albeit using different standard consumers and different consumption measures to weight the country prices. For domestic consumers, the standard consumer used is D3 (annual consumption of 83.70 GJ i.e. 23 260 kWh) while for industrial consumers it is I3-1 (annual consumption of 41 860 GJ i.e. 11.63 GWh). More detailed information on the collection of natural gas prices can be found in Eurostats Gas Prices publication. The average EU price is calculated by taking a weighted average of the prices in individual countries. Domestic natural gas prices are weighted
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by final energy consumption of gas in households while industrial prices are weighted by final consumption in industry. Since price data are available for 2006 and 2007 but consumption data is not, the prices for 2006 and 2007 have been weighted by 2005 consumption; this should have only a small effect on the EU average. The survey collects prices all taxes included, prices without VAT and prices all taxes excluded. The domestic prices shown here are prices all taxes included while industrial prices are shown without VAT (i.e. what industry will actually pay for the energy).
Petroleum products
The heating gas oil, residual fuel oil, unleaded gasoline and automotive diesel prices are supplied to DG TREN of the Commission by the Member States as those being the most representative price levels actually charged to consumers for the specific categories of sale listed below. This data collection is based on Council Decision 1999/280/EC and Commission Decision 1999/566/EC. The prices given are as of the first Monday after the 15 January of each year. The heating gas oil prices given are for deliveries of between 2 000 and 5 000 litres while those for residual fuel oil are for monthly deliveries of less than 2 000 tonnes or annual deliveries of less than 24 000 tonnes. Average pump prices are given for unleaded gasoline and automotive diesel fuel. The EU average prices are calculated by weighing the prices from each country by the national final energy consumption of each product. Price data for all petroleum product prices are available until 2007. The 2006 and 2007 data are weighted with 2005 consumption figures.
193
Annex D: Calorific Values and Conversion Factors

Calorific Values
kJ (NCV) Hard coal Recovered hard coal Patent fuels Hard coke Brown coal Black lignite Peat Brown coal briquettes Tar Benzol Oil equivalent* Crude oil Feedstocks Refinery gas LPG Motor spirit Kerosenes, jet fuels Naphtha Gas diesel oil Residual fuel oil White spirit, industrial spirit Lubricants Bitumen Petroleum cokes Others petroleum products (paraffins, waxes, etc.) 1 kg 1 kg 1 kg 1 kg 1 kg 1 kg 1 kg 1 kg 1 kg 1 kg 1 kg 1 kg 1 kg 1 kg 1 kg 1 kg 1 kg 1 kg 1 kg 1 kg 1 kg 1 kg 1 kg 1 kg 1 kg 17 200 - 30 700 13 800 - 28 300 26 800 - 31 400 28 500 5 600 - 10 500 10 500 - 21 000 7 800 - 13 800 20 000 37 700 39 500 41 868 41 600 - 42 800 42 500 50 000 46 000 44 000 43 000 44 000 42 300 40 000 44 000 42 300 37 700 31 400 30 000 kgoe (NCV) 0.411 - 0.733 0.330 - 0.676 0.640 - 0.750 0.681 0.134 - 0.251 0.251 - 0.502 0.186 - 0.330 0.478 0.900 0.943 1 0.994 - 1.022 1.015 1.194 1.099 1.051 1.027 1.051 1.010 0.955 1.051 1.010 0.900 0.750 0.717
Natural gas Coke-oven gas Blast-furnace gas Works gas Nuclear energy Biomass Solar energy Geothermal energy Hydro energy Wind energy Derived heat Electrical energy
1 MJ (GCV) 1 MJ (GCV) 1 MJ (GCV) 1 MJ (GCV) 1 MJ (GCV) 1 MJ (GCV) 1 MJ (GCV) 1 MJ (GCV) 1 kWh 1 kWh 1 MJ (GCV) 1 kWh
900 900 1 000 900 1 000 1 000 1 000 1 000 3 600 3 600 1 000 3 600
0.0215 0.0215 0.0239 0.0215 0.0239 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.086 0.086 0.024 0.086
194
* The tonne of oil equivalent is a conventional standardised unit defined on the basis of a tonne of oil with a net calorific value of 41 868 kilojoules/kg. The conversion coefficients from the specific units to kgoe (kilogramme of oil equivalent) are thus computed by dividing the conversion co-efficients to the kilojoules by 41 868.
The following prefixes are used for multiples of toe, joules, watts and watt hours: kilo (k) mega (M) giga (G) tera (T) peta (P) = = = = = 1 1 1 1 1 000 000 000 000 000 or or or or or 103 106 109 1012 1015
000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Conversion Factors
Energy From TJ Gcal Mtoe Mbtu GWh 1 4.1868 x 10-3 4.1868 x 10 4 1.0551 x 10-3 3.6 238.8 1 1 x 107 0.252 860 2.388 x10-5 1 x 10-7 1 2.52 x 10-8 8.6 x 10-5 947.8 3.968 3.968 x 107 1 3 412 0.2778 1.163 x 10-3 11 630 2.931 x 10-4 1 To TJ Gcal Mtoe MBtu GWh
195
European Commission Energy, transport and environment indicators 2007 edition Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities 2007 195 pp. 10.5 x 21 cm Theme: Environment and energy Collection: Pocketbooks ISBN 978-92-79-07044-0 ISSN 1725-4566
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KS-DK-07-001-EN-N

The multi-thematic pocketbook titled Energy, Transport and Environment Indicators comprises a broad set of data collected by Eurostat and the European Environment Agency. The objective of this publication is to provide an overview of the most relevant indicators on energy, transport and environment, with particular focus on sustainable development. It presents data for the EU Member States as well as for the candidate countries and EFTA countries.
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat
ISBN 92-79-07044-0
9 789279 070440

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ISSN 1725-4566

Energy, transport and environment indicators

Energy, transport and environment indicators

EUROSTAT L-2920 Luxembourg Tel. (352) 43 01-1 website http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat

Project management: Ruxandra Roman Enescu, Eurostat

1.2 Energy Intensity 1.3 Energy Supply

1.4 Final Energy Consumption

1.5 Energy Industry

1.6 Renewable Energy Sources

1.7 Energy Efficiency

1.8 Energy Prices

2.3 Freight Transport

2.4 Passenger Transport

3.2 Climate Change

3.5 Environmental Pressure Indicators

3.6 Protection of Nature and Biodiversity

3.7 Environmental Accounts

Table des Matires

1.2 Intensit nergtique 1.3 Approvisionnement nergtique

1.4 Consommation nergtique finale

1.5 Industrie nergtique

1.6 Sources d'nergie renouvelables

1.7 Efficacit nergtique

1.8 Prix de l'nergie

2 Indicateurs des transports

2.3 Transport de marchandises

104 106 108 110 112

2.4 Transport de passagers

3.2 Changement climatique

3.5 Indicateurs de pression sur l'environnement

3.6 Protection de la nature et de la biodiversit

3.7 Comptes environnementaux

1.2 Energieintensitt 1.3 Energieversorgung

1.6 Erneuerbare Energiequellen

104 106 108 110 112

3.6 Naturschutz und biologische Vielfalt

Symbols and abbreviations

ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS

Energy Dependency - All Products

Per cent (%)

ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS

Energy Dependency - All Products, 2005

20 Per cent (%)

ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS

Energy Dependency - Hard Coal and Derivatives

Per cent (%)

40 Per cent (%)

ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS

Energy Dependency - Oil

Per cent (%)

ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS

Energy Dependency - Oil, 2005

ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS

Energy Dependency - Natural Gas

Per cent (%)

-716.4 11.6 97.9

-1 161.4 41.0 95.4

-1 378.3 23.6 97.1

ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS

Energy Dependency - Natural Gas, 2005

0 Per cent (%)

ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS