Chapter 20 Thermal Properties and Processes

28 You have a copper collar and a steel shaft. At 20C, the collar has an inside diameter of 5.9800 cm and the steel shaft has diameter of 6.0000 cm. The copper collar was heated. When its inside diameter exceeded 6.0000 cm is was slipped on the shaft. The collar fitted tightly on the shaft after they cooled to room temperature. Now, several years later, you need to remove the collar from the shaft. To do this you heat them both until you can just slip the collar off the shaft. What temperature must the collar have so that the collar will just slip off the shaft? Picture the Problem Because the temperatures of both the steel shaft and the copper collar change together, we can find the temperature change required for the collar to fit the shaft by equating their diameters for a temperature increase T. These diameters are related to their diameters at 20C and the increase in temperature through the definition of the coefficient of linear expansion. Express the temperature to which the collar and the shaft must be raised in terms of their initial temperature and the increase in their temperature: Express the diameter of the steel shaft when its temperature has been increased by T:
T = Ti + T

(1)

Dsteel = Dsteel,20C (1 + steel T )

Express the diameter of the copper collar when its temperature has been increased by T: If the collar is to fit over the shaft when the temperature of both has been increased by T: Solving for T yields:

DCu = DCu,20C (1 + Cu T )

DCu,20C (1 + Cu T )

= Dsteel,20C (1 + steel T )

T =

Dsteel,20C DCu,20C DCu,20C Cu Dsteel,20C steel Dsteel,20C DCu,20C DCu,20C Cu Dsteel,20C steel

Substitute in equation (1) to obtain:

T = Ti +

Substitute numerical values and evaluate T:

T = 20C +

6.0000 cm 5.9800 cm = 580C (5.9800 cm) 17 106 /K (6.0000 cm) 11106 /K

30 A car has a 60.0-L steel gas tank filled to the brim with 60.0-L of gasoline when the temperature of the outside is 10C. How much gasoline spills out of the tank when the outside temperature increases to 25C? Take the expansion of the steel tank into account. Picture the Problem The amount of gas that spills is the difference between the change in the volume of the gasoline and the change in volume of the tank. We can find this difference by expressing the changes in volume of the gasoline and the tank in terms of their common volume at 10C, their coefficients of volume expansion, and the change in the temperature.

Express the spill in terms of the change in volume of the gasoline and the change in volume of the tank: Relate Vgas to the coefficient of volume expansion for gasoline: Relate Vtank to the coefficient of linear expansion for steel:

Vspill = Vgas Vtank

Vgas = gasVT

Vtank = tankVT or, because steel = 3steel, Vtank = 3 steelVT

Vspill = gasVT 3 steelVT = VT ( gas 3 steel )

Substitute for Vgas and Vtank and simplify to obtain:

Substitute numerical values and evaluate

Vspill :

Vspill = (60.0 L )(25C 10C ) 0.950 10 3 K 1 3 11 10 6 K 1 0.8 L

)]

36 A copper cube and an aluminum, cube each with 3.00-cm-long edges, are arranged as shown in Figure 20-18. Find (a) the thermal resistance of each cube, (b) the thermal resistance of the two-cube combination, (c) the thermal current I, and (d) the temperature at the interface of the two cubes. Picture the Problem We can use R = x kA to find the thermal resistance of each cube and the fact that they are in series to find the thermal resistance of the twocube system. We can use I = T R to find the thermal current through the cubes

and the temperature at their interface. See Table 20-3 for the thermal conductivities of copper and aluminum. (a) Using its definition, express the thermal resistance of each cube: Substitute numerical values and evaluate the thermal resistance of the copper cube:

R=

x kA

RCu =

3.00 cm W 2 401 (3.00 cm ) mK

= 0.08313 K/W = 0.0831 K/W

Substitute numerical values and evaluate the thermal resistance of the aluminum cube:

RAl =

3.00 cm W 2 237 (3.00 cm ) mK

= 0.1406 K/W = 0.141 K/W

(b) Because the cubes are in series, their thermal resistances are additive:

R = RCu + RAl = 0.08313 K/W + 0.1406 K/W = 0.2237 K/W = 0.224 K/W

(c) Using its definition, find the thermal current:

I=

T 100C 20C = R 0.2237 K/W

= 357.6 W = 0.36 kW (d) Express the temperature at the interface between the two cubes: Express the temperature differential across the copper cube: Substitute for TCu to obtain: Substitute numerical values and evaluate Tinterface: Tinterface = 100C TCu

TCu = I Cu RCu = IRCu

Tinterface = 100C IRCu
Tinterface = 100C

(357.6 W )(0.08313 K/W )

70C

54 A copper-bottomed saucepan containing 0.800 L of boiling water boils dry in 10.0 min. Assuming that all the heat is transferred through the flat copper

bottom, which has a diameter of 15.0 cm and a thickness of 3.00 mm, calculate the temperature of the outside of the copper bottom while some water is still in the pan.
Picture the Problem We can find the temperature of the outside of the copper bottom by finding the temperature difference between the outside of the saucepan and the boiling water. This temperature difference is related to the rate at which the water is evaporating through the thermal-current equation.

Express the temperature outside the pan in terms of the temperature inside the pan: Relate the thermal current through the bottom of the saucepan to its thermal conductivity, area, and the temperature gradient between its surfaces:

Tout = Tin + T = 100C + T

(1)

Q T 1 Q = kA T = x x t kA t

Because the water is boiling: Substitute for Q to obtain:

Q = mLv
T = mLv x kAt
mLv x kAt

Substituting for T in equation (1) yields:

Tout = 100C +

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Tout: MJ 3 (0.800 kg ) 2.26 (3.00 10 m )

Tout = 100C +

kg

W 2 401 (0.150 m ) (600 s ) m K 4

= 101C

43 The heating wires of a 1.00-kW electric heater are red hot at a temperature of 900C. Assuming that 100 percent of the heat released is due to radiation and that the wires act as blackbody emitters, what is the effective area of the radiating surface? (Assume a room temperature of 20C.) Picture the Problem We can apply the Stefan-Boltzmann law to find the net power radiated by the wires of its heater to the room.

Relate the net power radiated to the surface area of the heating wires, their temperature, and the room temperature:

Pnet = eA T 4 T04 A =

Pnet e T 4 T04

Substitute numerical values and evaluate A:

A= 1.00 kW = 93.5 cm 2 W 4 4 (1) 5.6703 10 8 2 4 (1173 K ) (293 K ) m K