GEO130 OCEANOGAPHY FILM STUDY GUIDE UPDATED 8)30)2010 TITLE: How The Earth Was Made, History Channel,

2007 Synopsis: 4.5 billion years ago Earth was an inhospitable planet of seething olten ro!". Today it is the only planet #so far$ "nown to be a ho e for life, a planet do inated by its o!eans, fro spa!e it is a bl%e planet. This fil do!% ents the e&ol%tion of o%r planet fro the hellish globe of olten ro!" to what it is today. Concepts: 'o!% entaries often (i ply) !on!epts and do not spe!ifi!ally spell the o%t. This fil !o&ers any !on!epts of whi!h yo% sho%ld be aware here are the ones * dee as i portant for this !lass. +. C !n"e is no#$!%& st!sis is not. , h% an lifeti e is a i!ros!opi! spe!" on the ti eline of Earth history and the slow pa!e of geologi! ti e is not part of the h% an life e-perien!e, so we often thin" of the en&iron ent in whi!h we li&e as what Earth is always li"e. 2. E!#t sciences 'o not e(ist in iso%!tion) This !lass !o&ers aterial fro eteorology, geology, astrono y, botany, .oology,e!ology, physi!s and o!eanography. /!ientists now re!ogni.e E!#t Syste$ Science whi!h integrates all these. 0. Co*e+o%,tion. Earth has e&ol&ed, the o!ean has e&ol&ed, so too has the at osphere and all life on Earth. /!ientists now spea" of all these e&ol&ing together, or !o1e&ol&ing. This eans ore that e&ol&ing together howe&er, it eans they all intera!t and infl%en!e the e&ol%tion of the others. E-a ple2 as photosyhtheti! plants e&ol&ed and o-ygenated the o!ean and at osphere all three !hanged. 3-ygen !reated the o.one layer whi!h allowed life to o&e onto land and in t%rn new for s e&ol&ed. *ron in the o!ean was o-idi.ed and the o!ean t%rned fro oli&e green to bl%e and a new o!ean !he istry de&eloped. Carbon was re o&ed fro the syste as bio ass was b%ried and at ospheri! and o!eani! le&els of !arbon dio-ide de!resed. 4. Change o!!%rs and both the ,ni-o#$it!#i!n and the c!t!st#op is$ &iews !an be %sed to e-plain the e&iden!e that e-ists. 5. Fee'b!ck 1 Beedba!" o!!%rs when a pro!ess operates within a syste and odifies the syste . The odifi!ations !an a!!elerate !hange #positi&e feedba!"$ or slow !hange #negati&e feedba!"$. Gegati&e feedba!" is self1li iting while positi&e feedba!" !an lead to r%naway !hanges. *n the earth1o!ean1at osphere1!hryosphere1biosphere !li ate syste r%naway positi&e feedba!" is ill%strated in the (/nowball Earth) era of Earth history. 5. 4eader, &iewer, b%yer beware yo% !annot belie&e e&erything presented. ;e espe!iall aware of ad&o!a!y Io%rnalis . 5. /!ien!e is always a wor" in progress.

 Modern geology began in /!otland with 6a es H%tton7s obser&ation of layerd ro!"s t%rned &erti!ally %nder neath hori.ontal layered ro!"s. 8ord 9el&in !al!%lated the age of Earth %sing ther odyna i!s. He esti ated it was 20 illion years old. He did not "now abo%t radiaa!ti&ity. 4adio etri! dating %sing the de!ay of :rani% to 8ead pins the age of Earth at 4.5 billion years. ;y 4.4 ;<;= there was a relati&ely thin solid !r%st <o%ng Earth 4.0 ;<;= 1 +st 4adi!al Change2 Molten Earth >>> Water World 1 ?0@ of s%rfa!e origin of water a ystery, so e fro o%tgassing, so e fro !o ets <o%ng at osphere A C32 and H20 C32 aybe +000- today7s !on!entration a hot #200B$ planet with &ery high at ospheri! press%re Be ri!h seas C green C32 ri!h at osphere C red 0.4 ;<;= 1 2nd 4adi!al Change Water World >>> Dranite =lanet %ps%rge of antle &ol!anis !ra!"ed !r%st basalt E water >>> granite !ratons #graniti! !ore of !ontinents. 2.5 ;<;= 1 0rd 4adi!al Change green o!ean and red at osphere >>> bl%e planet !ontinents growing >>> !hanged Earth >>> near shore shallow water en&iron ents stro atolites 1 algae ats, green plants, world wide blosso s, p otosynt esis >>> O2 dis!o&ered at /har" ;ay, ,%stralia stro atolites also se!rete CaC30 #!al!i% !arbonate$ whi!h re o&es C32 fro the syste Here is where the fil was wrong. 3-ygen did in fa!t dil%te the !arbon dio-ide b%t for the greenho%se effe!t to be red%!ed and the press%re to be lowered C32 had to be re o&ed fro the syste . How did that happenF =hotosynthesis !reated bio ass, pri arily !al!i% !arbonate shells that were b%ried re o&ing !arbon and Dranite !ontinental !r%st weathered and the !he i!al rea!tion lead to pre!ipitation of !al!i% !arbonate in the o!ean. ,t the sa e ti e photosystnesis also released o-ygen !a%sing the iron to o-idi.e and the o.one layer to for and allowing for the f%t%re e&ol%tion of o-ygen based etabolis .

 /!ientifi! 4e&ol%tion A eteorologist ,lfred Wegner A !ontinental drift he was la%ghed at be!a%se there was no "nown e!hanis to o&e a h%ge !ontinent, /C*EGT*/T/23pen inded and s"epti!al.. /!ientifi! ;rea"thro%gh A WW** A :./. Ga&y !harted the sea floor id1o!ean ridges A new !r%st !reated plates A !ra!"ed !r%st antle !on&e!tion !%rrents o&ed the plates aterial destroyed and re!y!led at s%bd%!tion .ones. *n *!eland the Mid ,tlanti! 4idge separates abo%t +) per year +.0 ;<;= 4hodinia A lifeless s%per!ontinent at the so%th pole life was bloo ing in o-ygenated o!ean water great re o&al of !arbon fro syste

700 M<;= /nowball Earth, still not !o pletely a!!epted !ontinent at so%th pole >>> !old re o&al of !arbon dio-ide >>> wea"er greenho%se effe!t >>>!old s%n still relati&ely wea" >>> !old i!e1albedo feedba!" A i!e refle!ts s%nlight >>> !older >>> ore i!e >>> ore refle!tion >>> a!!elerating feedba!" #!alled positi&e feedba!"$. life al ost e-ting%ished 550M<;= 140oB a&erage Earth te p. How did Earth re!o&erF 4hodinia brea"ing %p A &ol!anis greenho%se effe!t heat b%ilding %nder thi!" i!e

adds C32 to at osphere >>> greater

550M<;= shallow seas open o-ygen in!reasing !o ple- life for s had e&ol&ed ;%rgess /hale A dis!o&ered 0H.0+.+?0? A Canadian 4o!"ies A fossils of Ca brian e-plosion

 400 M<;= >>> 000 M<;= !ontinents !on&erge A Tropi!al Earth Carbonifero%s A age of great &egetation, !oal, oil nat%ral gas fro

this

250M<;= antle pl% e er%ption A /iberia #/iberian traps$ A the word traps fro the /wedish (trappa) for stairs referring to the step li"e hills in the regions lands!ape. 8asted for + illion years + illion !%bi! iles of aterial, eno%gh to b%ry the :./. %nder +000 ft. of aterial ?5@ of spe!ies be!a e e-tin!t. 240 M<;= new s%per !ontinent =angaea 'inosa%rs C (terrible li.ard) +H0M<;= =angaea brea"s %p >>> e&iden!e is dia ond ines in /. ,fri!a >>>&ery &iolent er%ptions C32 %p 500@ >>> greenho%se gone wild tropi!al Earth >>> all the way to the poles >>> dinosa%r planet 55M<;= dinosa%rs gone # aybe A today7s birds ay be their des!endants$ 70@ of spe!ies be!a e e-tin!t at the 91T ;o%ndary #Creta!eo%s1Tertiary$ rare ineral iridi% inI a layer world wide dis!o&ered by father and son tea Walter ande l%is ,l&ere. 'eath fro abo&e >>> asteroid i pa!t, 5 i. dia eter hit near Can!%n tra&elling at 20 " Jse! C 40,000 ph !rater +00 iles wide blew debris into the air, blotted o%t the s%n at the sa e ti e in *ndia 'e!!an Traps A not as big as /iberia 50M<;= the age of a als 1 ,lps b%ilt A fro !ontinental !ollisions Drand Canyon A fro %plift and down !%tting

 2M<;= %ltiple i!e ages begin +0,000 years ;= last i!e ad&an!e ends, rapid

elting begins

- MID 1700'S -industrial revolution -increasing use of fossil fuels -increasing length of life span -increasing numbers of people -life once again making major modifications to Earth systems - ,$!n !cti+ity #i+!%s !ppe!#!nce o- p otosynt esis !n' c!#bon!te s e%%s in i$p!ct