Practical Hints

Calculation of Draft and Twist in Ring Spinning

by Dr. H.R. Sheikh, Professor Emeritus, Textile Institute of Pakistan
Ring Spinning Frame is the last stage in the process of conversion of fibers into yarn. Major machinery manufacturers of the world are marketing modern highly sophisticated models of their respective Ring Spinning Frames. These machines can be operated at high efficiency and productivity for the manufacture of excellent quality yarn. Some of the latest models of these machines are listed as follows:

1. Range of draft and twist

It is possible to achieve very high range of draft and twist on modern long spinning frames. This is due to the provision of pairs of draft and twist change gears in the mechanism as shown in the illustration (Figure 1) and explanation as follows: 1.1 Draft change wheel G: An adjustment in G changes the speed of the back rollers d2 and d3. Since the delivery speed remains constant, material is drafted to a higher or lower degree between d1 and d2. Main draft is changed. 1.2 Draft Change Counter Wheel H: This auxiliary wheel also makes adjustment of the main draft possible. 1.3 Break Draft Change Wheel-K: Substitution of this wheel raises or lowers the speed of d2. Since speeds of d1 and d3 remain unchanged, resultant change occurs in the draft between d3 and d2 (Break Draft) with simultaneous change in the draft between d2 and d1 (Main Daft). The draft distribution changes without any change in the total draft. 1.4 Twist change Pair A/B: By changing A/B, delivery speed of the front roller is changed and therefore Turns per Inch. 1.5 Twist Auxiliary Change Pair C/D: After utilizing twist change by changing A/B, further substantial change of twist can be achieved by changing C/D. With reference to the gearing diagram of modern ring spinning frame Draft and Twist are calculated as follows:

Latest Models of Ring Spinning Frames S. No Manufacturers Model No. of Spindles

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Shanghai Efrangi Rieter Toyoda Suessen Howa Savio Marzoli Zinser EJM 130 G 33 RX 240 Fiomax 1000 UAM Alfa 25 RST- 1 RM 350 1008 1200 1056 1056 960 960 1296 1488

It is obvious from the information tabulated above that almost all major textile manufacturers are marketing long Ring Spinning Frames. It is well known that cost incurred at the ring spinning stage is about 60% of the total cost of conversion of fibers into yarn. It is therefore, higher than the cost incurred at the preparatory stages of blowing, carding, doubling, drafting and roving formation. Possibilities of reduction of the conversion cost involving the use of long spinning frames are briefly listed below: Saving in the area of the ring shed as compared to short ring spinning frames for the same number of spindles of the spinning mill. Saving in the expenditure on electric power consumption for air-conditioning and illumination of the ring shed. Saving in the cost of cotton consumed on account of improvement in the yield of yarn. Saving in production loss on account of change of count. Saving in mechanical and electrical machinery maintenance work. Gearing Diagram of Modern Ring Spinning Frame

2. Calculation of draft
All drafting rollers are of one inch diameter. Draft between middle roller and back roller:
30 50 47 21 = 1. 343 or 30 115 47 21 = 0.584

Draft between front roller and middle roller:

26 60 112 50 26 110 112 115 = 44.11 = 10.46 or 20 30 29 30 48 29 20 48

Total Draft between front roller and back roller:

26 60 112 47 = 14.05 or 20 21 29 48 47 26 110 112 = 25.75 21 29 20 48

Thus, the range of draft varies from 14.05 to 25.75with the present draft gears. However, it can be further increased by change of Gear H to 150 T in which case the range will increase from 14.05 to 35.115 and if the Gear G is also changed to 24 the range will increase from 14.05 to 70.230.

3. Calculation of twist
Revolutions per minute (RPM) of spindles = 1500 RPM of Front Rollers =1500 10 = 20053.475 say 20054 RPM 0.748 32 130 30 150 6 26 26 = 334.78 18 115 28 40 29 44 115

Delivery by Front Rollers = TT1334.78= 1052.17 inches per minute

Turns per inch =

20054 1052.17

= 19.06

Figure 1

By changing the speed of the main pulley and adjustments in the twist change and auxiliary twist change gears wide range of twist can be achieved. Turns per inch of 19 to 20 is generally used by the spinners for spinning of 21 Ne warp yarn. In fact the spinners consider the fibre properties of cotton in deciding the twist multiplier for the particular count of yarn to be spun. The main focus is to use optimum twist level so that good quality yarn can be spun at commercially competitive and industrially profitable output rate.

42 PTJ November 2010