6 THE ANIMAL BONES: DATA by Andy Hammon 6.

1 Appendix 1: methods Taxonomic identification

All specimens were identified to species or taxonomic group where possible. Ribs and vertebrae (excluding the axis and atlas) and unidentifiable specimens were assigned to size class (large/medium). The English Heritage vertebrate skeleton reference collection (held at Fort Cumberland, Portsmouth) was used for identification purposes in addition to published criteria (see below). Sheep/goat The distinction between sheep (Ovis aries) and goat (Capra hircus) was attempted on the mandibular third and fourth deciduous premolars using the criteria of Payne (1985) and on the permanent dentition when in situ using the criteria of Halstead et al. (2002). Distinction of the following elements was attempted using a combination of Boessneck (1969) and Prummel and Frisch (1986): horncore, humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpal, tibia, astragalus, calcaneum and metatarsal. Additionally, the criteria of Kratochvil (1969) was used for the distal tibia. Pig/wild boar Metrical data for the mandibular teeth and distal humerus were used to distinguish between domestic pig and its progenitor wild boar (Sus scrofa) following Payne and Bull (1988). Equids Species distinction was attempted on the maxillary and mandibular dentition when in situ using the criteria of Davis (1987b, 1980), primarily in the effort to separate horse (Equus caballus) from donkey (E. asinus). Red/fallow deer The distinction between red deer (Cervus elaphus) and fallow deer (Dama dama) was attempted on all elements using the criteria of Lister (1996). Lagomorphs The distinction between hare (Lepus sp.) and rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) was attempted on all elements using the criteria of Callou (1997). Domestic fowl The distinction between chicken (Gallus gallus) and the closely related species of Guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) and pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) was attempted on the following elements using the criteria of Albarella (pers. comm.) and MacDonald (1992): scapula, carpometacarpus, femur and tarsometatarsus.

Recording
Identified or classified (rib and vertebrae) fragments were recorded on a Microsoft Access XP database. Each fragment was given an identification number and the following information was recorded: site code; context number; taxa/taxonomic group; skeletal element; side; presence/absence of bone zone (see below); mandibular tooth eruption and wear; post-cranial epiphyseal proximal and distal fusion; whether foetal/neonatal or juvenile; and articulation with other specimens. In addition, other variables were recorded relating to taphonomy and biometry (see below).

Taphonomy
The recovery method, state of surface preservation, presence/absence of root etching, angularity of breaks, gnawing, burning and completeness were all recorded. The type of burning was recorded because it provides a crude measure of temperature and may indicate cooking or disposal method. The type and location of butchery was recorded, the latter using Serjeantsons (1996, 195200) zones. This will be especially useful when assessing diachronic butchery patterns and in discussions regarding the acculturation of the indigenous population.

Quantification
Three methods of quantification were used to compare the frequencies of the main taxa/taxonomic groups. These methods mirror those used in the earlier reports to make results directly comparable between the hillfort (Grant 1984), DEP (Hamilton 2000a, 2000c, 2000d, 2000e, 2000f; Roncaglia and Grant 2000) and other DERP (Vol. 2 parts 26) assemblages. Number of Identified Fragments All fragments identified to species were included in the Number of Identified Fragments (NIF) count; classified vertebrae and ribs have been excluded. NIF equates to Number of Identified Specimens/Skeletal Parts (NISP). The fragmentation of specimens was recorded following the zoning system devised by Cohen and Serjeantson (1996, 10912) and Serjeantson (1996, 195200); each element has up to eight zones for which the presence (>50%) or absence is recorded. Epiphyses Only The epiphysis only (EO) method is described in Grant (1975, 379). In summary, it only includes bones with part of an epiphysis or diaphysis (shaft) fusion surface present, plus mandibles with at least one tooth. Whole bones, except phalanges, are counted twice, once for each epiphysis. Skull fragments, carpals, patella, tarsals, third phalange, sacrum, vertebrae and ribs are excluded.

Minimum Number of Individuals Minimum Number of Individuals (MNI) was calculated for whole phases following the methodology used by Hamilton (2000b, 75, pers. comm.) for the DEP sites. MNI for individual anatomical elements equates to Minimum Number of Elements (MNE). For the long bones, MNI was calculated from the greater number of left or right ends for each element taking into account fusion. Foetal/neonatal and juvenile bones were treated separately and added to produce a total long bone MNI. A range of methods were used to calculate MNI from mandibles (see Table 7); the greater number of Zone 1 (area of symphysis) or Zone 8 (jaw articulation) taking into account side; the number of mandibles with teeth in situ taking into account wear stage and side; the number of mandibular deciduous fourth premolars (dP4) and third molars (M3), in situ or isolated taking into account side. The overall MNI was the highest element MNE. Skeletal representation for the main species (sheep/goat, cattle, pig, equid and dog) was calculated using the same method as Grant (1984, 498500). The percentage for each element is calculated relative to the most common element and corrections are made when there are fewer than two particular bones per skeleton; dog metapodials divided by four, equid phalanges divided by two and cattle/sheep/pig phalanges divided by four.

Ageing
Tooth eruption and wear Tooth wear was recorded for mandibular teeth in situ and isolated: dP4, permanent fourth premolar (P4), first molar (M1), second molar (M2) and M3. Tooth eruption and wear for cattle and pig were recorded and Mandible Wear Stages (MWS) assigned using Grant (1982). Payne (1973, 1987) was used for recording eruption and wear stage and assigning age for sheep/goat. Post-cranial epiphyseal fusion Epiphyseal fusion stages were recorded and ages assigned using Silver (1969). The fusion stages for mammalian long bones were recorded as unfused, fusing and fused. A bone was recorded as fusing when spicules had formed between the shaft and epiphyses with open spaces still present and fused when the line of fusion was closed (Albarella and Davis 1996, 5). Specimens were also classed as foetal/neonatal and juvenile where pertinent to provide greater resolution. The data in the epiphyseal fusion tables show figures that have been minimized following the method used in the DEP reports, Hamilton (2000a, 756) for instance; the greater number of either unfused epiphyses or number of corresponding shaft fusion surfaces taking side into account. Discrepancies between tooth eruption and wear and the post-cranial epiphyseal fusion data are the result of small datasets and taphonomic factors, including recovery. Immature mandibles are especially prone to greater levels of post-depositional destruction (Munson 2000; Munson and Garniewicz 2003).

Sexing
An attempt was made to sex the pelvis of the main domesticates using Grigson (1982). Domestic fowl (chicken) was sexed on the tarsometatarsus using the presence of spurs and spur-scars. This is not always a reliable indicator because hens also occasionally develop spurs (see Sadler 1991; West 1985). No attempt was made to sex (and age) the horncores of cattle and sheep/goat.

Measurements
Measurements were taken following the standards of von den Driesch (1976). The standardized method allows for the measurements to be compatible with animal bone measurements from the hillfort (Grant 1984, microfiche 16:A317:E8) and DEP assemblages, Hamilton (2000a, microfiche 14:B1D11) for instance, in addition to other Iron Age and Romano-British datasets. The extra measurements to distinguish domestic pig and wild boar are described in Payne and Bull (1988). Additional measurements (BatF, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, a and b) were taken for cattle, sheep/goat and deer using Davis (1992). Skeletally immature specimens were not measured because to do so would introduce a bias into the dataset. The dimensions of a bone when burnt alter so they were excluded also (see Davis 1987a, 26). Withers heights for dog were calculated using the factors of Harcourt (1974) and von den Driesch and Boessneck (1974), and for equid using May (1985).

References
ALBARELLA, U. and DAVIS, S.J.M. 1996: Mammals and Birds from Launceston Castle, Cornwall: Decline in Status and the Rise of Agriculture. Circaea, J. Ass. Envir. Archaeol. 12, 1156. BOESSNECK, J. 1969: Osteological Differences between Sheep (Ovis Aries Linn) and Goat (Capra Hircus Linn). In Brothwell, D.R. and Higgs, E.S. (eds.), Science in Archaeology: A Comprehensive Survey of Progress and Research (London), 33158. CALLOU, C. 1997: Diagnose Diffrentielle Des Principaux lments Squelettiques Du Lapin (Genre Oryctolagus) Et Du Livre (Genre Lepus) En Europe Occidentale (Paris, Centre de Recherches Archologiques du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Fiches D'ostlogie Animale Pour L'archlogie Srie B: Mammifres 8). COHEN, A. and SERJEANTSON, D. 1996: A Manual for the Identification of Bird Bones from Archaeological Sites (London, Birkbeck College, University of London). DAVIS, S. 1987a: The Archaeology of Animals (London). DAVIS, S. 1987b: Especial Study 1: The Dentition of an Iron Age Pony (525). In Ashbee, P. and Hook, P., Warsash, Hampshire excavations, 1954. Proc. Hampshire Field Club Archaeol. Soc. 43, 2162.

DAVIS, S.J.M. 1980: Late Pleistocene and Holocene Equid Remains from Israel. Zoological J. Linnan Soc. 70, 289312. DAVIS, S.J.M. 1992: A Rapid Method for Recording Information About Mammal Bones from Archaeological Sites (Ancient Monuments Laboratory Report 19/92) (Unpublished report, English Heritage). GRANT, A. 1975: The Animal Bones. In Cunliffe, B. (ed.), Excavations at Portchester Castle. Vol. I Roman (London, Rep. Res. Comm. Soc. Antiq. London 32), 378406. GRANT, A. 1982: The Use of Tooth Wear as a Guide to the Age of Domestic Ungulates. In Wilson, B., Grigson, C. and Payne, S. (eds.), Ageing and Sexing Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites (Oxford, BAR Brit. Ser. 109), 91108. GRANT, A. 1984: Animal Husbandry. In Cunliffe, B., Danebury: an Iron Age Hillfort in Hampshire. Vol. 2 The excavations 19691978: the finds (London, CBA Res. Rep. 52), 496527; 3148; Microfiche 16:A317:E8. GRIGSON, C. 1982: Sex and Age Determination of Some Bones and Teeth of Domestic Cattle: A Review of the Literature. In Wilson, B., Grigson, C. and Payne, S. (eds.), Ageing and Sexing Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites (Oxford, BAR Brit. Ser. 109), 723. HALSTEAD, P., COLLINS, P. and ISAAKIDOU, V. 2002: Sorting Sheep from Goats: Morphological Distinctions between the Mandibles and Mandibular Teeth of Adult Ovis and Capra. J. Archaeol. Sci. 29, 54553. HAMILTON, J. 2000a: Animal Bones. In Cunliffe, B. and Poole, C., The Danebury Environs Programme. The Prehistory of a Wessex Landscape. Vol. 2 Part 6 Houghton Down, Stockbridge, Hants, 1994 (Oxford, English Heritage and OUCA Monogr. 49),46; 131 Microfiche 14:B1D11. HAMILTON, J. 2000b: Animal Husbandry: The Evidence from the Animal Bones. In Cunliffe, B., The Danebury Environs Programme. The Prehistory of a Wessex Landscape. Vol. 1 Introduction (Oxford, English Heritage and OUCA Monogr. 48), 5976. HAMILTON, J. 2000c: The Animal Bones. In Cunliffe, B. and Poole, C., The Danebury Environs Programme. The Prehistory of a Wessex Landscape. Vol. 2 Part 2 Bury Hill, Upper Clatford, Hants, 1990 (Oxford, English Heritage and OUCA Monogr. 49), 73; 67 Microfiche 3:C19. HAMILTON, J. 2000d: The Animal Bones. In Cunliffe, B. and Poole, C., The Danebury Environs Programme. The Prehistory of a Wessex Landscape. Vol. 2 Part 5 Nettlebank Copse, Wherwell, Hants, 1993 (Oxford, English Heritage and OUCA Monogr. 49), 101 16; Microfiche 10:D11G14. HAMILTON, J. 2000e: The Animal Bones. In Cunliffe, B. and Poole, C., The Danebury Environs Programme. The Prehistory of a Wessex Landscape. Vol. 2 Part 4 New Buildings, Longstock, Hants, 1992 and Fiveways, Longstock, Hants, 1996 (Oxford, English Heritage and OUCA Monogr. 49), 816; Microfiche 8:E113.

HAMILTON, J. 2000f: The Animal Bones. In Cunliffe, B. and Poole, C., The Danebury Environs Programme. The Prehistory of a Wessex Landscape. Vol. 2 Part 3 Suddern Farm, Middle Wallop, Hants, 1991 and 1996 (Oxford, English Heritage and OUCA Monogr. 49), 17593; Microfiche 6:E10G14. HARCOURT, R.A. 1974: The Dog in Prehistoric and Early Historic Britain. J. Archaeol. Sci. 1, 15175. KRATOCHVIL, Z. 1969: Species Criteria on the Distal Section of the Tibia in Ovis Ammon F. Aries L. And Capra Aegagrus F. Hircus L. Acta Veterinaria (Brno) 38, 48390. LISTER, A. 1996: The Morphological Distinction between Bones and Teeth of Fallow Deer (Dama Dama) and Red Deer (Cervus Elaphus). Int. J. Osteoarchaeol. 6, 11943. MACDONALD, K. 1992: The Domestic Chicken (Gallus Gallus) in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Background to Its Introduction and Its Osteological Differentiation from Indigenous Fowls (Numidinae and Francolinus Sp.). J. Archaeol. Sci. 19, 30318. MAY, E. 1985: Widerristhe Und Langknochenmae Bei Pferden Ein Immer Noch Aktuelles Problem. Zeitschrift fur Saugertierkunde 50, 36882. MUNSON, P.J. 2000: Age Correlated Differential Destruction of Bones and Its Effect on Archaeological Mortality Profiles of Domestic Sheep and Goats. J. Archaeol. Sci. 27, 391407. MUNSON, P.J. and GARNIEWICZ, R. 2003: Age Mediated Survivorship of Ungulate Mandibles and Teeth in Canid Ravaged Faunal Assemblages. J. Archaeol. Sci. 30, 40516. PAYNE, S. 1973: Kill-Off Patterns in Sheep and Goats: The Mandibles from Asvan Kale. Anatolian Stud.: J. Brit. Inst. Archaeol. Ankara 23, 281303. PAYNE, S. 1985: Morphological Distinctions between the Mandibular Teeth of Young Sheep, Ovis, and Goats, Capra. J. Archaeol. Sci. 12, 13947. PAYNE, S. 1987: Reference Codes for the Wear States in the Mandibular Cheek Teeth of Sheep and Goats. J. Archaeol. Sci. 14, 60914. PAYNE, S. and BULL, G. 1988: Components of Variation in Measurements of Pig Bones and Teeth, and the Use of Measurements to Distinguish Wild from Domestic Pig Remains. Archaeozoologia 2, 2766. PRUMMEL, W. and FRISCH, H.-J. 1986: A Guide for the Distinction of Species, Sex and Body Side in Bones of Sheep and Goat. J. Archaeol. Sci. 13, 56777. RONCAGLIA, N. and GRANT, A. 2000: Animal Husbandry. In Cunliffe, B. and Poole, C., The Danebury Environs Programme. The Prehistory of a Wessex Landscape. Vol. 2 Part 1 Woolbury and Stockbridge Down, Stockbridge, Hants, 1989 (Oxford, English Heritage and OUCA Monogr. 49), 702.

SADLER, P. 1991: The Use of Tarsometatarsi in Sexing and Ageing Domestic Fowl (Gallus Gallus L.), and Recognising Five Toed Breeds in Archaeological Material. Circaea, J. Ass. Envir. Archaeol. 8, 418. SERJEANTSON, D. 1996: The Animal Bones. In Needham, S. and Spence, T. (eds.), Runnymede Bridge Research Excavations. Vol. 2 Refuse and Disposal at Area 16 East, Runnymede (London, British Museum), 194223. SILVER, I.A. 1969: The Ageing of Domestic Animals. In Brothwell, D.R. and Higgs, E.S. (eds.), Science in Archaeology: A Comprehensive Survey of Progress and Research (London), 283302. VON DEN DRIESCH, A.E. 1976: A Guide to the Measurement of Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites (Cambridge, Massachusetts, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University Bulletin 1). VON DEN DRIESCH, A.E. and BOESSNECK, J. 1974: Kritische Anmerkungen Zur Widerristhohenberechung Aus Langenmassen Vor- Und Frhgeschichlicher Tierknochen. Saugetierkndliche Mitteilungen 22, 32548. WEST, B. 1985: Chicken Legs Revisited. Circaea, J. Ass. Envir. Archaeol. 3, 1114.

6.2 Appendix 2: measurements Taxa codes

OVA CAH O B BOP? EQC EQ CAF CAF? VUV? GAG GN GP GNP Sheep (Ovis aries) Goat (Capra hircus) Sheep (O. aries)/goat (C. hircus) Cattle (Bos taurus) Aurochs? (cf. B. primigenius) Horse (Equus caballus) Equid (Equus sp.) Dog (Canis familiaris) Dog? (cf. Canis familiaris) Ref fox? (cf. Vules vulpes) Chicken (Gallus gallus) Chicken (G. gallus)/Guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) Chicken (G. gallus)/pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) Chicken (G. gallus)/Guinea fowl (N. meleagris)/pheasant (P. colchicus)

Sheep/goat
FOURTH DECIDUOUS PREMOLAR Phase Context number Taxa EIA HD P392 (1) OVA LIA HD P399 (2) OVA LIA HD P399 (1) OVA LIA HD F511/2 (1) OVA LIA HD F511/6 (1) OVA LIA HD F516/2 (1) OVA LIA HD F516 (1) OVA LIA HD F515/6 (1) OVA LIA HD F513/4 (2) OVA ERB HD 302 OVA ERB HD 302 OVA ERB HD 302 OVA LRB HD 291 OVA LRB HD 285 OVA LRB HD 285 OVA LRB HD 285 OVA LRB HD 286 OVA LRB HD 316 OVA LRB HD 325 OVA LRB HD 326 OVA LRB HD 322 OVA Na HD F546 (1) OVA FIRST MOLAR Phase Context number EIA HD P392 (1) EIA HD P392 (1) LIA HD P399 (2) LIA HD F511/2 (1) LIA HD F511/18 (1) LIA HD F511/6 (1) LIA HD F511/6 (1) LIA HD F511 + LIA HD F515/4 (2) LIA HD F515/3 (1) LIA HD F513/4 (1) LIA HD F513/4 (2) ERB HD F584 (1) LRB HD 291 LRB HD 285 LRB HD 285 LRB HD 286 LRB HD 286 LRB HD 308 LRB HD 312 LRB HD 314 LRB HD 325 LRB HD 326 Bone ID 3397 3291 3343 3451 3488 3620 3642 3723 3729 4535 4536 4549 4141 4220 4226 4279 4353 4409 4578 4595 4628 3784 W 5.8 6.4 7.0 5.8 6.2 5.8 5.6 5.4 6.3 6.2 6.1 6.2 6.0 6.5 5.9 6.0 6.5 6.0 6.5 6.3 6.9 6.3 Comments

Articulated; ID 4534-8 (SK & MDs); left Articulated; ID 4534-8 (SK & MDs); right

Taxa OVA OVA OVA OVA OVA OVA OVA OVA OVA OVA OVA OVA OVA OVA OVA OVA OVA OVA OVA OVA OVA OVA OVA

Bone ID 3397 3398 3291 3451 3470 3488 3489 3574 3592 3624 3703 3729 3922 4141 4225 4227 4353 4354 4440 4458 4482 4579 4595

W 6.4 6.8 7.1 6.4 6.0 6.9 6.4 6.9 6.6 7.0 7.2 7.2 6.8 6.9 7.1 7.4 6.5 6.4 7.4 7.8 7.2 7.0 7.0

LRB na na na na na

HD 322 HD F456 (2) HD F546 (1) HD F546 (1) HD F547 (1) HD F548 (2)

OVA OVA OVA O OVA OVA

4628 3440 3784 3785 3818 3893

8.2 6.6 6.8 6.5 7.0 7.4

SECOND MOLAR Phase Context number EIA HD P392 (1) LIA HD F511/2 (1) LIA HD F511/18 (1) LIA HD F511/6 (1) LIA HD F511/6 (1) LIA HD F511 + LIA HD F515/4 (2) LIA HD F515/3 (1) LIA HD F513/4 (1) ERB HD F604 (1) LRB HD 285 LRB HD 286 LRB HD 300 LRB HD 308 LRB HD 312 LRB HD 312 LRB HD 312 LRB HD 314 LRB HD 324 LRB HD 325 LRB HD 322 na HD F456 (2) na HD F546 (1) na HD F546 (1) na HD F547 (1) na HD F549 (1) THIRD MOLAR Phase Context number EIA HD P392 (2) EIA HD P392 (2) EIA HD P392 (2) LIA HD P399 (2) LIA HD F511/18 (1) LIA HD F511/8 (1) LIA HD F511 + LIA HD F511 + LIA HD F515/4 (2) LIA HD F515/3 (1) LIA HD F513/6 (1) LIA HD F513/4 (1) LIA HD F515/6 (1) ERB HD F554 (2) ERB HD F604 (1) ERB HD F595 (1) ERB HD 302 (1923) LRB HD 291 LRB HD 291 LRB HD 285 LRB HD 285 LRB HD 300 LRB HD 312 LRB HD 312 LRB HD 314 LRB HD 314 LRB HD 324 LRB HD 322 LRB HD 322 na HD F546 (1) na HD F547 (1) na HD F548 (1) na HD F548 (2) na HD F549 (1) SCAPULA Phase Context number LRB HD 294 LRB HD 312 HUMERUS Phase LIA LIA LIA LRB RADIUS Phase EIA

Taxa OVA OVA OVA OVA OVA OVA OVA OVA OVA OVA OVA OVA OVA OVA OVA OVA OVA OVA OVA OVA OVA OVA O OVA OVA OVA

Bone ID 3397 3451 3470 3488 3489 3574 3592 3624 3703 3996 4221 4354 4412 4440 4455 4457 4458 4482 4571 4579 4629 3440 3785 3786 3818 3909

W 7.0 7.4 6.9 6.9 7.1 7.7 7.4 7.5 7.3 7.5 8.1 7.1 7.5 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.7 7.8 7.2 7.6 7.8 7.0 6.8 7.4 7.5 7.5

Taxa O O O O OVA O O OVA OVA OVA O OVA O O OVA O O O O O O OVA OVA OVA OVA O OVA O OVA OVA OVA O O OVA

Bone ID 3367 3368 3369 3294 3470 3503 3573 3574 3592 3624 3677 3703 3724 3898 3996 4036 4513 4145 4152 4281 4285 4412 4455 4457 4482 4483 4571 4626 4629 3786 3818 3877 3892 3909

W 7.6 7.7 7.9 8.5 7.4 8.1 7.9 7.9 7.8 8.0 7.5 7.5 7.5 8.7 7.5 7.6 8.6 7.3 7.6 7.4 7.8 8.3 8.6 8.5 8.0 7.3 7.6 7.6 8.2 7.2 7.9 8.4 7.6 7.9

Taxa O O

Bone ID 4452 4465

SLC 17.6 17.4

Context number HD P399 (2) HD P399 (2) HD F511/8 (1) HD 285

Taxa OVA OVA OVA OVA

Bone ID 3296 3297 3526 4286

BT 24.6 24.4 28.5 25.9

HT 15.6 16.1 17.8 17.3

HTC 12.0 12.6 14.0 12.8

Context number HD P392 (1)

Taxa O

Bone ID 3403

Bp 26.0

METACARPAL Phase Context number LIA HD F516 (1) LRB HD 291 LRB HD 312 LRB HD 326 LRB HD 322 PELVIS Phase LIA TIBIA Phase ERB LRB LRB LRB

Taxa OVA OVA OVA O OVA

Bone ID 3648 4160 4471 4594 4640

GL 113.2

SD 10.5

Bp 18.2 19.9

BatF

Bd 21.3 26.0 65.7 20.4

4 9.0 10.6 8.9

5 13.6 15.9 13.2

6 12.1 14.2 12.0

a 10.0 11.9 9.2

b 9.7 11.9 9.4

113.6

10.7

18.4

25.7 59.1 20.4

10.8 9.3

16.2

14.1 11.7

Context number HD F513/6 (1)

Taxa O

Bone ID 3678

LA 23.7

Context number HD 302 (1923) HD 291 HD 291 HD 291

Taxa OVA OVA O OVA

Bone ID 4515 4167 4168 4169

Bd 25.9 22.7 21.1 23.4

Dd 19.1 17.1 16.5 18.6

ASTRAGALUS Phase Context number EIA HD F603/3 (2) LIA HD F516 (1) LIA HD F516 (1)

Taxa OVA OVA OVA

Bone ID 4025 3655 3656

GLl 24.4 26.4 25.7

GLm 23.7 25.3 25.0

Dl 13.4 14.5 14.0

Bd 15.5 16.1

Cattle
FOURTH DECIDUOUS PREMOLAR Phase Context number Bone ID LIA HD F511/6 (2) 3547 LIA HD F511 + 3567 FIRST MOLAR Phase Context number LIA HD F511/8 (1) LIA HD F511/8 (1) LIA HD F511/8 (1) LIA HD F511/6 (2) LRB HD 323 SECOND MOLAR Phase Context number LIA HD F511/8 (1) LIA HD F511/8 (1) LIA HD F511/6 (2) LRB HD 308 LRB HD 323 THIRD MOLAR Phase Context number EIA HD P392 (2) LIA HD F511/2 (1) LIA HD F511/6 (1) LIA HD F511/8 (1) LIA HD F511/8 (1) LIA HD F515/4 (1) LRB HD 285 LRB HD 285 LRB HD 308 LRB HD 323 Na HD Ph928 (1) HORNCORE Phase Context number ERB HD F584 (1) ERB HD F584 (1) ERB HD F604 (1) ERB HD F604 (1) Na HD F547 (1) SCAPULA Phase LIA LIA ERB ERB ERB LRB Na Na W 14.0 13.1

Bone ID 3501 3506 3507 3547 4667

W 13.5 14.9 14.4 15.1 14.0

Bone ID 3501 3506 3547 4445 4667

W 15.3 15.5 14.2 15.3 15.3

Bone ID 3353 3447 3473 3501 3506 3602 4197 4198 4445 4667 4087

L 38.1 37.9 33.3 35.0 35.3 34.5 36.7 36.4 37.3

W 15.9 15.9 15.2 16.0 14.9 16.0 15.4 14.9 15.8 15.7 16.0

Bone ID 3915 3915 3990 3990 3823

45 53.7 54.7 44.1 45.0 43.7

46 30.8 32.3 33.9 34.3 35.3

Comments Left Right Left Right

Context number HD F511/6 (2) HD F615 (3) HD F584 (1) HD F604 (1) HD 302 HD 291 HD F546 (1) HD F547 (1)

Bone ID 3548 4004 3916 3993 4528 4120 3777 3829

SLC 47.5 52.6 51.2 58.4 45.1 42.7 52.4 48.9

HUMERUS Phase Context number LIA HD F511/12 (1) LIA HD F511/12 (1)

Bone ID 3456 3457

BT 60.5

HT 38.8

HTC 30.3 29.9

LIA LIA ERB LRB RADIUS Phase LIA LIA LIA LIA LRB LRB Na

HD F511 + HD F516 (1) HD P396 (1) HD 285

3570 3638 3331 4260

62.6 69.5 66.4 62.2

41.4 45.1 42.2

26.7 31.1 32.3 31.9

Context number HD F511/16 (1) HD F511/2 (1) HD F511/8 (1) HD F513/4 (1) HD F517/1 (2) HD 285 HD F547 (1)

Bone ID 3429 3448 3512 3697 3798 4261 3830

Bp 81.3 68.3 83.8 68.7 85.3

BFp 60.3 75.8 62.4 75.3 62.7 77.2

Bd

BFd

70.7

64.5

METACARPAL Phase Context number EIA HD P392 (1) LIA HD F511/4 (1) LIA HD F515/1 (2) LRB HD 291 LRB HD 285 LRB HD 322 LRB HD 322 Na HD F547 (1) Na HD Ph942 (1) TIBIA Phase EIA LIA LRB LRB Na Na

Bone ID 3388 3583 3599 4126 4262 4603 4604 3832 4065

Bp 52.8 50.1 54.2 49.2 52.7 49.2

BatF

Bd

4 20.2

5 27.2

6 25.0

57.4 47.2

65.5 51.1

24.4 21.5

32.2 28.2

29.0 25.1

23.1 20.2

31.4 27.5

28.9 25.3

31.1 24.3

31.4 24.1

Context number HD P392 (1) HD F511/6 (2) HD 286 HD 324 HD F456 (3) HD 292

Bone ID 3391 3557 4346 4570 3443 4129

Bd 62.4 53.6 61.5 64.4 53.4

Dd 44.2 43.6 41.3 46.1 49.4 40.7

ASTRAGALUS Phase Context number LIA HD F511/6 (1) LIA HD F511/8 (1) LIA HD F511/6 (2) LIA HD F515/6 (1) LRB HD 285 LRB HD 285 LRB HD 285 LRB HD 322 Na HD F547 (1) CALCANEUM Phase Context number Na HD F547 (1)

Bone ID 3481 3520 3558 3720 4207 4265 4266 4610 3838

GLl 52.4 60.1 66.4 55.3 55.5 58.4 66.4

GLm 47.0 53.4 51.5 60.9 50.2 50.2 52.1 60.1

Dl 30.3 34.1 34.2 36.0 29.5 29.2 32.7 36.4

Bd 33.3 39.3 41.0 33.5 33.8 38.5 44.6

Comments

Articulated; ID 3838-9 (NC)

Bone ID 3843

C 49.7

C+D 28.2

Pig
FOURTH DECIDUOUS PREMOLAR Phase Context number Bone ID Na HD F549 (1) 3913 Na HD Ph957 (1) 4057 FIRST MOLAR Phase Context number LRB HD 324 LRB HD 323 LRB HD 323 SECOND MOLAR Phase Context number LIA HD F516 (1) LRB HD 324 LRB HD 323 LRB HD 323 LRB HD 323 THIRD MOLAR Phase Context number LIA HD F511/8 (1) LIA HD F511/8 (1) LIA HD F515/4 (2) LIA HD F515/5 (2) LRB HD 285 LRB HD 308 LRB HD 312 LRB HD 324 L 19.3 WP 8.5 8.7

Bone ID 4573 4674 4679

WA 10.1 9.7

WP 11.2 10.7

Bone ID 3658 4573 4674 4679 4680

WA 12.9 13.4 13.4 12.6 12.9

WP 14.1 13.7 14.1 13.3

Bone ID 3535 3536 3593 3617 4338 4449 4477 4573

L 34.0 30.9 31.0 33.5 31.1

WA 14.1 14.4 14.4 13.6 15.0 14.9 15.8 14.5

WC 11.3 10.9 10.5 10.9 10.4

HUMERUS Phase Context number LIA HD F515/4 (2) PELVIS Phase LIA

Bone ID 3595

BT 31.4

HT 27.0

HTC 17.4

Context number HD F511/8 (1)

Bone ID 3539

LA 33.0

ASTRAGALUS Phase Context number ERB HD F604 (1)

Bone ID 4000

GLl 41.5

GLm 38.6

Equid
THIRD PREMOLAR Phase Context number LIA HD F513/6 (1) FOURTH PREMOLAR Phase Context number LIA HD F513/6 (1) FIRST MOLAR Phase Context number LIA HD F513/6 (1) SECOND MOLAR Phase Context number LIA HD F513/6 (1) HUMERUS Phase Context number LIA HD F513/6 (1) Na HD F546 (1) RADIUS Phase Na Taxa EQC Bone ID 3682 Wa 12.7

Taxa EQC

Bone ID 3682

Wa 13.9

Taxa EQC

Bone ID 3682

Wa 13.9

Wd 4.1

Taxa EQC

Bone ID 3682

Wa 12.2

Wd 3.4

Taxa EQ EQ

Bone ID 3683 3793

BT 63.7

HT 45.3 48.0

HTC 31.1 34.2

Context number HD F549 (1)

Taxa EQ

Bone ID 3905

Bd 69.6

METACARPAL Phase Context number EIA HD P392 (1) LRB HD 291 LRB HD 285 TIBIA Phase LIA Na

Taxa EQ EQ EQ

Bone ID 3407 4175 4251

Bp 43.9 45.3 48.4

Dp 28.4 29.3

Context number HD F516 (1) HD F547 (1)

Taxa EQ EQ

Bone ID 3659 3814

GL 296.7

SD 32.1

Bd 61.6 68.7

Dd 41.4 44.6

ASTRAGALUS Phase Context number LRB HD F517/1 (2) METATARSAL Phase Context number LIA HD F516 (1) LRB HD 285 LRB HD 322 Na HD F549 (1) FIRST PHALANGE Phase Context number LRB HD 322

Taxa EQ

Bone ID 3806

GH 57.8

LmT 57.4

GB 57.7

BFd 49.8

Taxa EQ EQ EQ EQ

Bone ID 3660 4250 4662 3906

Bp 31.4 35.5

Dd 33.8

35.1

Taxa EQ

Bone ID 4663

GL 67.4

SD 27.0

Bp 44.6

BFp 41.7

Dp 28.7

Bd 37.2

Dog
SKULL Phase LRB Context number HD F517/3 (2) Taxa CAF Bone ID 3773 1 222.0 8 110.8 30 120.1 36 44.9

FIRST MOLAR Phase Context number LRB HD F517/2 (1) LRB HD 286 Na HD 284 HUMERUS Phase Context number Na HD F549 (5)

Taxa CAF CAF CAF

Bone ID 3771 4365 4398

L 22.0 21.3 19.2

W 8.9 8.6 8.2

Comments

Articulated; ID 4396-401 (SK & MDs)

Taxa CAF?

Bone ID 3927

Bd 20.6

Comments Skeleton; ID 3924-86

RADIUS Phase Na

Context number HD F549 (5)

Taxa CAF?

Bone ID 3928

Bp 11.0

Comments Skeleton; ID 3924-86

SECOND METACARPAL Phase Context number LIA HD F511/16 (1) THIRD METACARPAL Phase Context number LIA HD F511/16 (1) FOURTH METACARPAL Phase Context number LIA HD F511/16 (1) PELVIS Phase Na Na FEMUR Phase Na

Taxa CAF

Bone ID 3433

GL 51.9

Bd 8.8

Comments Articulated; ID 3433 (MC2-4)

Taxa CAF

Bone ID 3434

GL 60.2

Bd 8.7

Comments Articulated; ID 3433 (MC2-4)

Taxa CAF

Bone ID 3435

GL 59.9

Bd 8.5

Comments Articulated; ID 3433 (MC2-4)

Context number HD F549 (5) HD F549 (5)

Taxa CAF? CAF?

Bone ID 3930 3931

LA 13.9 14.1

Comments Skeleton; ID 3924-86; left Skeleton; ID 3924-86; right

Context number HD F549 (5)

Taxa CAF?

Bone ID 3932

GL 117.3

GLC 118.9

SD 8.7

Bd 19.9

Comments Skeleton; ID 3924-86

CALCANEUM Phase Context number Na HD F549 (5) SECOND METATARSAL Phase Context number Na HD F549 (5) THIRD METATARSAL Phase Context number Na HD F549 (5) FOURTH METATARSAL Phase Context number Na HD F549 (5) Na HD F549 (5) FIFTH METATARSAL Phase Context number Na HD F549 (5) Na HD F549 (5)

Taxa CAF?

Bone ID 3936

GL 29.1

Comments Skeleton; ID 3924-86

Taxa CAF?

Bone ID 3940

GL 52.7

Comments Skeleton; ID 3924-86

Taxa CAF?

Bone ID 3939

GL 57.7

Bd 5.8

Comments Skeleton; ID 3924-86

Taxa CAF? CAF?

Bone ID 3938 3942

GL 58.4 57.9

Bd 5.4 5.2

Comments Skeleton; ID 3924-86; left Skeleton; ID 3924-86; right

Taxa CAF? CAF?

Bone ID 3937 3943

GL 54.3

Bd 5.9 6.0

Comments Skeleton; ID 3924-86; left Skeleton; ID 3924-86; right

Domestic fowl
CORACOID Phase Context number LRB HD F595 (2) HUMERUS Phase Context number LRB HD 327 RADIUS Phase LRB ULNA Phase LRB Taxa GNP Bone ID 4034 GL 45.2 Lm 43.4 BF 10.1

Taxa GNP

Bone ID 4587

GL 63.1

SC 6.0

Bp 17.3

Bd 14.1

Context number HD 334

Taxa GNP

Bone ID 4574

GL 56.1

Context number HD 334

Taxa GNP

Bone ID 4575

GL 62.1

SC 4.3

Bp 8.7

CARPOMETACARPUS Phase Context number LRB HD 334 FEMUR Phase ERB LRB

Taxa GP

Bone ID 4576

GL 34.0

L 31.8

Bp 10.7

Did 6.7

Context number HD F554 (3) HD 335

Taxa GNP GN

Bone ID 3863 4563

Bp 13.7

Dp 9.1

Bd 14.4

Dd 12.5

TIBIOTARSUS Phase Context number LRB HD 325

Taxa GNP

Bone ID 4581

GL 100.0

La 97.2

SC 5.6

Dip 17.4

Bd 10.1

Dd 10.5

6.3 Appendix 3: mandibular tooth eruption and wear Taxa codes

OVA CAH O Sheep (Ovis aries) Goat (Capra hircus) Sheep (O. aries)/goat (C. hircus)

Element codes
dP4 P4 M1 M2 M3 M12 Deciduous fourth premolar Fourth premolar First molar Second molar Third molar First OR second molar

Sheep/goat
Phase EIA EIA EIA EIA EIA EIA EIA EIA EIA EIA EIA EIA LIA LIA LIA LIA LIA LIA LIA LIA LIA LIA LIA LIA LIA LIA LIA LIA LIA LIA LIA LIA LIA LIA LIA LIA LIA LIA LIA LIA LIA LIA ERB ERB ERB ERB ERB ERB ERB ERB Context number HD P392 (2) HD P392 (2) HD P392 (2) HD P392 (2) HD P392 (2) HD P392 (2) HD P392 (2) HD P392 (1) HD P392 (1) HD P392 (1) HD F603/1 (2) HD F603/1 (2) HD P399 (2) HD P399 (2) HD P399 (2) HD P399 (2) HD P399 (1) HD F511/16 (1) HD F511/2 (1) HD F511/12 (1) HD F511/18 (1) HD F511/6 (1) HD F511/6 (1) HD F511/8 (1) HD F511/8 (1) HD F511/8 (1) HD F511 + HD F511 + HD F515/4 (2) HD F515/3 (1) HD F515/3 (1) HD F516 (1) HD F516 (1) HD F513/6 (1) HD F513/6 (1) HD F513/4 (1) HD F513/8 (1) HD F515/6 (1) HD F513/4 (2) HD F513/4 (2) HD F544 (1) HD F615 (3) HD F575 (1) HD F554 (2) HD F554 (2) HD F584 (1) HD F584 (1) HD F604 (1) HD F604 (1) HD F595 (1) Bone ID 3363 3364 3365 3366 3367 3368 3369 3397 3398 3401 4020 4021 3291 3292 3293 3294 3343 3431 3451 3463 3470 3488 3489 3503 3523 3524 3573 3574 3592 3624 3625 3643 3644 3675 3676 3703 3712 3724 3729 3730 3747 4009 3859 3897 3898 3921 3922 3996 3997 4036 Taxa O O O O O O O OVA OVA O O O OVA O O O OVA O OVA O OVA OVA OVA O O O O OVA OVA OVA O O O O O OVA O O OVA O O O O O O O OVA OVA O O dP4 P4 M1 M2 M3 M12 9A 9A 10A 9A Articulated

4A 5A 11G 16L 8A 6A 2A 6A 5A 5A 14L 9A 8A 2A 11G 13L 17L 15A 14L 15A E 6A 9A 14A 8A 11B 6A 5A 9A 5A 9A 11G

11G 9A 8A 9A 12S 9A 9A 10A 9A 9A 9A 8G 8G 9G 11G 4A 7A 0 15A 7A 9A 9A 5A 9A 11G 14L 7A E 9A 7A B 5A 9A 6G 5A 9A 9A 9A 9G 7A 2A

ERB ERB ERB ERB ERB ERB ERB ERB ERB ERB ERB ERB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na

HD 302 (1923) HD 302 (1923) HD 302 (1923) HD 302 HD 302 HD 302 HD 302 HD 302 HD 302 HD 302 HD 302 HD 302 HD F517/2 (1) HD F517/2 (1) HD F517/1 (2) HD F517/1 (2) HD 291 HD 291 HD 291 HD 291 HD 291 HD 291 HD 291 HD 291 HD 291 HD 291 HD 291 HD 291 HD 285 HD 285 HD 285 HD 285 HD 285 HD 285 HD 285 HD 285 HD 285 HD 285 HD 285 HD 285 HD 285 HD 285 HD 286 HD 286 HD 286 HD 300 HD 308 HD 308 HD 312 HD 312 HD 312 HD 312 HD 312 HD 312 HD 314 HD 314 HD 324 HD 325 HD 326 HD 322 HD 322 HD 322 HD 322 HD 322 HD 322 HD 322 HD 322 HD 322 HD 322 HD 322 HD 323 HD F456 (2) HD F546 (1) HD F546 (1) HD F546 (1) HD F546 (1) HD F547 (1) HD F549 (2) HD F548 (1) HD F548 (1) HD F556 (3) HD F548 (2) HD F548 (2) HD F549 (1) HD F548 (1) HD F616 (1) HD Ph941 (1) HD Ph950 (2) HD 282

4511 4512 4513 4535 4536 4545 4546 4547 4548 4550 4551 4552 3764 3765 3801 3802 4141 4142 4143 4144 4145 4146 4147 4148 4149 4150 4151 4152 4221 4222 4223 4225 4226 4227 4228 4229 4230 4231 4280 4281 4284 4285 4353 4354 4355 4412 4440 4441 4455 4456 4457 4458 4462 4463 4482 4483 4571 4579 4595 4621 4622 4623 4624 4625 4626 4627 4628 4629 4630 4631 4669 3440 3784 3785 3786 3787 3818 3855 3874 3877 3887 3892 3893 3909 3923 4042 4077 4100 4107

O O O OVA OVA O O O O O O O O O O O OVA O O O O O O O O O O O OVA O O OVA OVA OVA O O O O O O O O OVA OVA O OVA OVA O OVA OVA OVA OVA O O OVA O OVA OVA OVA O O O O O O O OVA OVA O O OVA OVA OVA O OVA O OVA O OVA O O O OVA OVA O O O O O

3C 9A 9G 16L 14L 6A 6A C C 7A 8A 9A 9A 9A 9A 9A 9A 9A 9A 6A 16L 6A 7A 9A 9A 11G 9A 6A 9A 8A 7A 3A 8A 9G 10G 8A 8B 9A 13L 11S 9A 9A 9A 9A 7A 5A 9G 7A 7G 16L 2A 8A 8B 17L 12S 12S 9A 9A 9A 9A 9A 12A 9A 13B 9A 0 5A 7A 8B 7A 9A 9A 9A 9A 6G 4A 11G 11G V Y Y

9A 9A 8A 8A 6A 0 4A 6A 2A

16L

9A 8A

8A 9A 7A 7A 9A 8G 11G 14L 14S 6A 15A 9A 11G 9A 9A 7A 9A 16L 9A 8A 14A 8A 9A 6A 9A 9A

6A 8A 10G 9A 11G 9G 6A 3C

12S 14S

9A 12A

11S

9A 12A 11G 8A 7A 9A 0 9A

na na na na na

HD 282 HD 284 HD 284 HD 292 HD 293 +

4108 4381 4382 4435 4499

O O O O O

6A 7A 12A 9A 4A

Cattle
Phase EIA EIA EIA EIA EIA LIA LIA LIA LIA LIA LIA LIA LIA LIA LIA LIA LIA LIA LIA LIA ERB ERB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB Na Na Na Context number HD P392 (6) HD P392 (2) HD P392 (2) HD P392 (2) HD F609/2 (1) HD P399 (2) HD F511/10 (1) HD F511/2 (1) HD F511/2 (1) HD F511/6 (1) HD F511/6 (1) HD F511/8 (1) HD F511/8 (1) HD F511/8 (1) HD F511/6 (2) HD F511 + HD F515/1 (2) HD F515/4 (1) HD F515/3 (1) HD F515/6 (1) HD 302 (1923) HD 302 HD 291 HD 285 HD 285 HD 286 HD 308 HD 322 HD 322 HD 323 HD F456 (2) HD F546 (1) HD Ph928 (1) Bone ID 3337 3351 3352 3353 4040 3283 3418 3446 3447 3473 3475 3501 3506 3507 3547 3567 3597 3602 3622 3716 4505 4527 4118 4197 4198 4343 4445 4600 4601 4667 3437 3776 4087 dP4 P4 M1 M2 M3 M12 k k k l a j d E g k g g j j l l k g k k b g g V k e k f j a l l j a b f k f k k g k l j c

Pig
Phase LIA LIA LIA LIA LIA LIA LIA LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB Na Na Na Na Context number HD F511/8 (1) HD F511/8 (1) HD F515/4 (2) HD F515/5 (2) HD F516 (1) HD F515/2 (2) HD F513/10 (1) HD 285 HD 285 HD 308 HD 312 HD 324 HD 323 HD 323 HD 323 HD F549 (1) HD Ph957 (1) HD Ph919 (1) HD 284 Bone ID 3535 3536 3593 3617 3658 3694 3709 4315 4338 4449 4477 4573 4674 4679 4680 3913 4057 4103 4392 dP4 P4 M1 M2 M3 d e e c M12

f f C b e c b E

c b b e j e f

g e d m

d d c j

6.4 Tabulated data (Tables 119)

Table 1. Numbers of fragments (NIF) for all cases by phase and feature type
Phase/ Feature/ Taxa Cattle Sheep Sheep/Goat Pig Horse Equid Dog Dog? Dog/Fox Red deer Hare Chicken/Guinea fowl Chicken/Pheasant Chicken/Guinea fowl/Pheasant Aythyin Corvid Barn owl Total identified Large mammal Medium mammal Total classified TOTAL EIA Pit NIF 26 3 39 6 9 % 25.5 2.9 38.2 5.9 8.8 Ditch NIF 3 3 % 37.5 37.5 Other NIF 5 1 14 1 1 % 13.9 2.8 38.9 2.8 2.8 EIA Total NIF 34 4 56 7 11 % 23.3 2.7 38.4 4.8 7.5 LIA Pit NIF 3 4 21 1 1 % 8.3 11.1 58.3 2.8 2.8 Ditch NIF 129 18 110 29 1 22 9 % 33.4 4.7 28.5 7.5 0.3 5.7 2.3 LIA Total NIF 132 22 131 30 1 23 9 % 31.3 5.2 31.0 7.1 0.2 5.5 2.1 ERB Pit NIF 2 7 % 16.7 58.3 Ditch NIF 2 % 22.2 Structure NIF % 1 14.3 4 57.1 Well NIF % Quarry NIF 32 8 33 3 7 % 31.7 7.9 32.7 3.0 6.9 ERB Total NIF 37 8 48 4 7 % 26.8 5.8 34.8 2.9 5.1

4 1

44.4 11.1

12.5

1 2 5.6 2 1.4

11.1

0.7

83 8 11 19 102

7 7.8 10.8 1 1 8 12.5

24 6 6 12 36

16.7 16.7

114 14 18 32 146

9.6 12.3

30 2 4 6 36

5.6 11.1

318 36 32 68 386

9.3 8.3

348 38 36 74 422

9.0 8.5

9 1 2 3 12

8.3 16.7

2 2 5 7 9

22.2 55.6

5 1 1 2 7

14.3 14.3

6 1 2 3 9

11.1 22.2

83 6 12 18 101

5.9 11.9

105 11 22 33 138

8.0 15.9

Table 1 cont. Numbers of fragments (NIF) for all cases by phase and feature type
Phase/ Feature/ Taxa Cattle Sheep Sheep/Goat Pig Horse Equid Dog Dog? Dog/Fox Red deer Hare Chicken/Guinea fowl Chicken/Pheasant Chicken/Guinea fowl/Pheasant Aythyin Corvid Barn owl Total identified Large mammal Medium mammal Total classified TOTAL LRB Ditch NIF 4 20 % 9.5 0.0 47.6 Occupation NIF % 89 21.8 22 5.4 182 44.5 29 7.1 28 5 6.8 1.2 Demolition NIF % 10 9.8 12 11.8 38 37.3 14 13.7 2 1 2.0 1.0 LRB Total NIF 103 34 240 43 36 8 ND % 18.6 6.1 43.4 7.8 6.5 1.4 NIF 66 8 109 31 13 8 63 1 2 TOTAL NIF 372 76 584 115 1 90 25 63 1 5 4 1 1 12 2 1 1 1354 131 168 299 1653 % 22.5 4.6 35.3 7.0 0.1 5.4 1.5 3.8 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.1 7.9 10.2

6 2

14.3 4.8

1 1 1 1 8

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 2.0

2 3

2.0 2.9

1.0

3 4 1 1 9

0.5 0.7 0.2 0.2 1.6

2 1 1 305 39 50 89 394

32 5 5 10 42

11.9 11.9

367 16 26 42 409

3.9 6.4

83 8 11 19 102

7.8 10.8

482 29 42 71 553

5.2 7.6

Table 2. Surface preservation and root etching by phase and feature type
EIA Pit Ditch Other Total Poor 5 2 1 8 % 6.0 28.6 4.2 7.0 Moderate 74 5 21 100 % 89.2 71.4 87.5 87.7 Good 4 2 6 % 4.8 8.3 5.3 Yes 6 3 3 12 % 7.2 42.9 12.5 10.5 No 77 4 21 102 % 92.8 57.1 87.5 89.5 Total 83 7 24 114

LIA Pit Ditch Total

Poor 4 6 10

% 13.3 1.9 2.9

Moderate 19 301 320

% 63.3 94.7 92.0

Good 7 11 18

% 23.3 3.5 5.2

Yes 5 23 28

% 16.7 7.2 8.0

No 25 295 320

% 83.3 92.8 92.0

Total 30 318 348

ERB Pit Ditch Structure Well Quarry Total

Poor 1 2 4 1 11 19

% 11.1 100.0 80.0 16.7 13.3 18.1

Moderate 6 1 5 65 77

% 66.7 20.0 83.3 78.3 73.3

Good 2

% 22.2

Yes 1 1 2 26 31

% 11.1 50.0 40.0 31.3 29.5

7 9

8.4 8.6

No 8 1 3 6 57 74

% 88.9 50.0 60.0 100.0 68.7 70.5

Total 9 2 5 6 83 105

LRB Ditch Occupation Demolition Total

Poor 5 58 46 109

% 15.6 15.8 55.4 22.6

Moderate 24 302 31 357

% 75.0 82.3 37.3 74.1

Good 3 7 6 16

% 9.4 1.9 7.2 3.3

Yes 8 123 51 182

% 25.0 33.5 61.4 37.8

No 24 244 32 300

% 75.0 66.5 38.6 62.2

Total 32 367 83 482

Table 3. Butchery marks by phase and taxa, excluding isolated teeth

EIA Chopped Cut Sawn Shave marks Split axially Unbutchered Total Cattle % Sheep/goat 1 % 3.1 Pig % Equid %

24 24

100.0

31 32

96.9

7 7

100.0

7 7

100.0

LIA Chopped Cut Sawn Shave marks Split axially Unbutchered Total

Cattle 2 9

% 1.9 8.7

Sheep/goat 1 7

% 1.3 9.2

Pig 2 1

% 9.5 4.8

Equid 2

% 10.5

1 91 103

1.0 88.3

68 76

89.5

18 21

85.7

17 19

89.5

ERB Chopped Cut Sawn Shave marks Split axially Unbutchered Total

Cattle 1

% 3.8

Sheep/goat

Pig

Equid

25 26

96.2

25 25

100.0

2 2

100.0

3 3

100.0

LRB Chopped Cut Sawn Shave marks Split axially Unbutchered Total

Cattle 7 3 1 59 70

% 10.0 4.3 1.4 84.3

Sheep/goat 4

% 2.6

Pig 1

% 3.6

Equid 2

% 7.1

147 151

97.4

27 28

96.4

26 28

92.9

Table 4. Burning frequencies by phase, excluding isolated teeth

EIA Singed Burnt Calcined Unmodified Total Pit 8 2 47 57 % 14.0 3.5 82.5 Ditch 1 Other 2 % 18.2 ALL 11 2 61 74 % 14.9 2.7 82.4

5 6

9 11

81.8

LIA Singed Burnt Calcined Unmodified Total

Pit 3

% 16.7

Ditch 46

% 21.1

ALL 49

% 20.8

15 18

83.3

172 218

78.9

187 236

79.2

ERB Singed Burnt Calcined Unmodified Total

Pit 1

Ditch 1

Structure

Well

Quarry 6

% 13.6

ALL 8

% 13.8

5 6

1 2

3 3

3 3

38 44

86.4

50 58

86.2

LRB Singed Burnt Calcined Burnt & calcined Unmodified Total

Ditch 3

Occupation 44 2 1 193 240

% 18.3 0.8 0.4 80.4

Demolition 4

% 7.1

ALL 51 2 1 262 316

% 16.1 0.6 0.3 82.9

17 20

52 56

92.9

Table 5. Gnawing frequencies by phase, excluding isolated teeth

EIA Canid Felid Rodent Part digested Unmodified Total ALL exc. 16 % 21.6 ART. % Inc. 16 % 21.6

1 57 74

1.4 77.0

1 57 74

1.4 77.0

LIA Canid Felid Rodent Part digested Unmodified Total

ALL exc. 64 1 2 169 236

% 27.1 0.4 0.8 71.6

ART.

Inc. 64 1 2 172 239

% 26.8 0.4 0.8 72.0

3 3

100.0

ERB Canid Felid Rodent Part digested Unmodified Total

ALL exc. 16

% 27.6

ART.

Inc. 16

% 25.8

1 41 58

1.7 70.7

4 4

100.0

1 45 62

1.6 72.6

LRB Canid Felid Rodent Part digested Unmodified Total

ALL exc. 78 1 1 1 235 316

% 24.7 0.3 0.3 0.3 74.4

ART.

Inc. 78 1 1 1 235 316

% 24.7 0.3 0.3 0.3 74.4

Table 6. Numbers of identified fragments (NIF), Epiphyses only (EPIF) and minimum numbers of individuals (MNI) by major domesticate and phase
EIA Cattle Sheep Pig Equid Dog Total All except articulated NIF % Epiph. 34 30.4 10 60 53.6 13 7 6.3 2 11 9.8 4 112 29 % 34.5 44.8 6.9 13.8 MNI 3 3 1 1 8 Articulated NIF Epiph. MNI 2 All NIF 34 60 7 11 112 % 30.4 53.6 6.3 9.8 Epiph. 10 13 2 4 29 % 34.5 44.8 6.9 13.8 MNI 3 5 1 1 10 % 30.0 50.0 10.0 10.0

LIA Cattle Sheep Pig Equid Dog Total

All except articulated NIF % Epiph. 132 38.3 40 153 44.3 25 30 8.7 10 24 7.0 10 6 1.7 1 345 86

% 46.5 29.1 11.6 11.6 1.2

MNI 6 10 6 1 1 24

% 25.0 41.7 25.0 4.2 4.2

Articulated NIF Epiph.

MNI 3

3 3

2 2

1 4

All NIF 132 153 30 24 9 348

% 37.9 44.0 8.6 6.9 2.6

Epiph. 40 25 10 10 3 88

% 45.5 28.4 11.4 11.4 3.4

MNI 6 13 6 1 2 28

% 21.4 46.4 21.4 3.6 7.1

ERB Cattle Sheep Pig Equid Dog Total

All except articulated NIF % Epiph. 37 37.4 14 51 51.5 3 4 4.0 1 7 7.1 4 99 22

% 63.6 13.6 4.5 18.2

MNI 2 4 1 2 9

Articulated NIF Epiph. 5 2

MNI 2

All NIF 37 56 4 7 104

% 35.6 53.8 3.8 6.7

Epiph. 14 5 1 4 24

% 58.3 20.8 4.2 16.7

MNI 2 6 1 2 11

% 18.2 54.5 9.1 18.2

LRB Cattle Sheep Pig Equid Dog Total

All except articulated NIF % Epiph. 103 22.2 37 274 59.1 39 43 9.3 6 36 7.8 18 8 1.7 1 464 101

% 36.6 38.6 5.9 17.8 1.0

MNI 4 15 6 2 1 28

% 14.3 53.6 21.4 7.1 3.6

Articulated NIF Epiph.

MNI 1

All NIF 103 274 43 36 8 464

% 22.2 59.1 9.3 7.8 1.7

Epiph. 37 39 6 18 1 101

% 36.6 38.6 5.9 17.8 1.0

MNI 4 16 6 2 1 29

% 13.8 55.2 20.7 6.9 3.4

Table 7. Minimum Number of Individuals, using different methods

Cattle Longbone Prox/dist mandible dP4/M3 Teeth in situ EIA ALL exc. 2 3 1 LIA ALL exc. 5 2 6 1 ERB ALL exc. 2 LRB ALL exc. 4 1 4 1

Sheep Longbone Prox/dist mandible dP4/M3 Teeth in situ

EIA ALL exc. 1 2 3

ART.

LIA ALL exc. 6 1 10

ART. 3

ERB ALL exc. 3 4

ART. 1 1 2

LRB ALL exc. 6 12 15 1

ART. 1

Pig Longbone Prox/dist mandible dP4/M3 Teeth in situ

EIA ALL exc. 1 1

LIA ALL exc. 1 1 6 4

ERB ALL exc. 1

LRB ALL exc. 1 6 3

Equid Longbone Prox/dist mandible dP4/M3 Teeth in situ

EIA ALL exc. 1

LIA ALL exc. 1 1 1

ERB ALL exc. 2

LRB ALL exc. 2

Dog Longbone Prox/dist mandible dP4/M3 Teeth in situ

LIA ALL exc. 1

ART. 1

LRB ALL exc. 1

Table 8. Sheep mandible wear stages following Payne (1973 and 1987)
EIA A B C D E F G H I Total Def. Attrib. Range Range BCD 1 2 FGH 1 1 Suggested age 0-2 mnths 2-6 mnths 6-12 mnths 1-2 yrs 2-3 yrs 3-4 yrs 4-6 yrs 6-8 yrs 8-10 yrs

LIA A B C D E F G H I Total

Def. 1 1 1 3 3

Attrib.

Accum. 1 3 3 4 7 10 10 10

Accum. % 10.0 30.0 30.0 40.0 70.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Range

Range

Accum. min. % 7.7 23.1 23.1 30.8 53.8 100.0 100.0 100.0

Accum. max. % 7.7 23.1 23.1 30.8 76.9 100.0 100.0 100.0

FGH

Suggested age 0-2 mnths 2-6 mnths 6-12 mnths 1-2 yrs 2-3 yrs 3-4 yrs 4-6 yrs 6-8 yrs 8-10 yrs

ERB A B C D E F G H I Total

Def.

Attrib.

Range

Range

(2) 2 2

Suggested age 0-2 mnths 2-6 mnths 6-12 mnths 1-2 yrs 2-3 yrs 3-4 yrs 4-6 yrs 6-8 yrs 8-10 yrs

4(2)

LRB A B C D E F G H I Total

Def.

Attrib.

Accum.

Accum. %

Range

Range BCD 1

Accum. min. %

Accum. max. % 4.3 26.1 26.1 56.5 87.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

3 5 5 3

2 1

5 5 11 16 19 19 19

26.3 26.3 57.9 84.2 100.0 100.0 100.0

EFG FGH

1 2

26.1 26.1 52.2 78.3 100.0 100.0 100.0

Suggested age 0-2 mnths 2-6 mnths 6-12 mnths 1-2 yrs 2-3 yrs 3-4 yrs 4-6 yrs 6-8 yrs 8-10 yrs

16

NB. Articulated specimens in parenthesis, excluded from calculations

Table 9. Sheep epiphysial fusion data following Silver (1969), excluding articulated specimens
Phase Element/Fusion 6-8 mnths Scapula 10 mnths Humerus D Radius P Total/Average 13-16 mnths 1st phalange 2nd phalange Total/Average 1.5-2 yrs Tibia D Metapodial D Total/Average 2.5-3 yrs Radius D Ulna Femur P Total/Average 3-3.5 yrs Humerus P Femur D Tibia P Calcaneum Total/Average NB. Metatarsal 20-28 mnths EIA U F LIA U F F% ERB U F LRB U F 2 F% 100.0

1 1 1 1

5 2 7

100.0 100.0 100.0

3 3

1 3 4

100.0 50.0 57.1

1 1 1 1

2 2

100.0 100.0

5 5

100.0 100.0

1 2 2 2 2 100.0 100.0 1

2 1 3

3 2 5

60.0 66.7 62.5

4 1 1

1 2 1 1 100.0 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 3 50.0 66.7 60.0

66.7

Table 10. Sheep anatomical representation by phase

Phase/ Articulation/ Element Horncore Skull Mandible Atlas Axis Scapula Humerus P Humerus D Radius P Radius D Ulna Metacarpal P Metacarpal D Pelvis Femur P Femur D Patella Tibia P Tibia D Astragalus Calcaneum Navicular cuboid Metatarsal P Metatarsal D 1st phalange 2nd phalange 3rd phalange EIA ALL exc. N 1 5 5 LIA ALL exc. N 1 10 18 1 1 1 1 9 6 6 4 3 5 1 1 1 5 10 3 1 4 4 1 1 % 5.6 55.6 100.0 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 50.0 33.3 33.3 22.2 16.7 27.8 5.6 5.6 5.6 27.8 55.6 16.7 5.6 22.2 22.2 5.6 5.6 ERB ALL exc. N 4 8 ART. N 1 2 LRB ALL exc. N 1 17 31 % 3.2 54.8 100.0

1 1 2 4 4 1 2 1

1 2 2 4 2

7 5 7 22 18 1 11 22 3 4

22.6 16.1 22.6 71.0 58.1 3.2 35.5 71.0 9.7 12.9 29.0 74.2

1 2 4 1 1 1 1 1

3 5 1 1 2 2

9 23

9 12 2 1

29.0 38.7 6.5 3.2

Table 11. Cattle mandible wear stages following Grant (1982)

EIA 1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 Total Def. Attrib. Range 1-10 6-15 11-20 16-25 21-30 26-35 31-40 36-45 41-50 46-55 Range 1-15 6-20 11-25 6-25 26-40 36-50 41-55 1 Suggested age <6 mnths

2-2.5 yrs 2-3 yrs

LIA 1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 Total

Def.

Attrib.

1 1 1 1 2 2

Range 1-10 6-15 11-20 16-25 21-30 26-35 31-40 36-45 41-50 46-55

Range 1-15 6-20 11-25 6-25 26-40 36-50 41-55 2

Suggested age <6 mnths

2-2.5 yrs 2-3 yrs

LRB 1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 Total

Def.

Attrib.

1 1 1 1 1 3

Range 1-10 6-15 11-20 16-25 21-30 26-35 31-40 36-45 41-50 46-55

Range 1-15 6-20 11-25 6-25 26-40 36-50 41-55

Suggested age <6 mnths

2-2.5 yrs 2-3 yrs

Table 12. Cattle epiphysial fusion data following Silver (1969), excluding articulated specimens
Phase Element/Fusion 7-10 mnths Scapula 12-16 mnths Humerus D Radius P 1st phalange 2nd phalange Total/Average 2-3 yrs Tibia D Metapodial D Total/Average 3.5-4 yrs Humerus P Radius D Ulna Femur P Femur D Tibia P Calcaneum Total/Average EIA U F LIA U F 3 F% 100.0 ERB U F 4 F% 100.0 LRB U F 1 F% 100.0

2 1 3

6 6 3 15

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

1 2 1 1 5

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

1 1

3 1 4 1 9

100.0 100.0 80.0 100.0 90.0

2 1 3

1 1

2 2 4

100.0 66.7 80.0

1 1

100.0 100.0

1 2 3

100.0 100.0 100.0

1 1

1 2

50.0 100.0

1 1

100.0 1 1 1 1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

1 1 2 2 3 60.0 1 2 1 33.3

Table 13. Cattle anatomical representation by phase

Phase/ Articulation/ Element Horncore Skull Mandible Atlas Axis Scapula Humerus P Humerus D Radius P Radius D Ulna Metacarpal P Metacarpal D Pelvis Femur P Femur D Patella Tibia P Tibia D Astragalus Calcaneum Navicular cuboid Metatarsal P Metatarsal D 1st phalange 2nd phalange 3rd phalange EIA ALL exc. N 2 4 LIA ALL exc. N 1 8 7 ERB ALL exc. N 1 3 2 1 6 1 2 2 1 LRB ALL exc. N 7 4 2 3 1 4 1 4 6 6 1 5

3 2 1 1 1 1

5 2 8 6 3 8 6 2 2

2 1 1

3 2 5 1 3 3 1

1 1 1 3 2 1 1

3 2 6 1 3 2 2 1

Table 14. Pig mandible wear stages following Payne (1973 and 1987)
LIA 1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 Total Def. Attrib. Range 1-10 6-15 11-20 16-25 21-30 26-35 31-40 36-45 41-50 46-55 Range Suggested age <6 mnths <12 mnths <15 mnths c. 15 mnths <2 yrs >2 yrs

11-35 21-50 1

1 1 2

LRB 1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 Total

Def.

Attrib.

Range 1-10 6-15 11-20 16-25 21-30 26-35 31-40 36-45 41-50 46-55

Range

11-35 21-50 1 1

2 3

Suggested age <6 mnths <12 mnths <15 mnths c. 15 mnths <2 yrs >2 yrs

Table 15. Pig epiphysial fusion data following Silver (1969), excluding articulated specimens
Phase Element/Fusion 1 yr Scapula Humerus D Radius P 2nd phalange Total/Average 2-3 yrs Tibia D Calcaneum Metapodial D 1st phalange Total/Average 3.5-4 yrs Humerus P Radius D Ulna Femur P Femur D Tibia P Total/Average EIA U F LIA U F LRB U F

1 1 1 1

1 1 2

1 2 2 1 1 1

Table 16. Pig anatomical representation by phase

Phase/ Articulation/ Element Skull Mandible Atlas Axis Scapula Humerus P Humerus D Radius P Radius D Ulna Metacarpal P Metacarpal D Pelvis Femur P Femur D Patella Tibia P Tibia D Astragalus Calcaneum Navicular cuboid Metatarsal P Metatarsal D 1st phalange 2nd phalange 3rd phalange EIA ALL exc. N 1 LIA ALL exc. N 2 6 1 2 4 ERB ALL exc. N LRB ALL exc. N 2 6

1 1 1 1 5 1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2

Table 17. Equid epiphysial fusion data following Silver (1969), excluding articulated specimens
Phase Element/Fusion 1 yr Scapula 1st phalange 2nd phalange Total/Average 15-18 mnths Humerus D Radius P Metapodial D Total/Average 20-24 mnths Tibia D 3-3.5 yrs Humerus P Radius D Ulna Femur P Femur D Tibia P Calcaneum Total/Average EIA U F LIA U F ERB U F LRB U F 2 1 1 4 F% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

1 1 1 1

1 1 2 1 1

1 1 4 6

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

100.0

1 1 1 2 1 3

100.0

100.0

100.0

NB. Scapula 12 mnths; Metatarsal 16-20 mnths; 1st phalange 13-15 mnths; 2nd phalange 9 mnths

Table 18. Equid anatomical representation by phase

Phase/ Articulation/ Element Skull Mandible Atlas Axis Scapula Humerus P Humerus D Radius P Radius D Ulna Metacarpal P Metacarpal D Pelvis Femur P Femur D Patella Tibia P Tibia D Astragalus Calcaneum Navicular cuboid Metatarsal P Metatarsal D 1st phalange 2nd phalange 3rd phalange EIA ALL exc. N 1 LIA ALL exc. N 1 1 1 2 1 1 ERB ALL exc. N 1 1 LRB ALL exc. N 1 1

1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1

3 3 1 1

1 2 2 3 4 1 1

Table 19. Dog anatomical representation by phase

Phase/ Articulation/ Element Skull Mandible Atlas Axis Scapula Humerus P Humerus D Radius P Radius D Ulna Metacarpal P Metacarpal D Pelvis Femur P Femur D Patella Tibia P Tibia D Astragalus Calcaneum Navicular cuboid Metatarsal P Metatarsal D 1st phalange 2nd phalange 3rd phalange LIA ALL exc. N ART. N LRB ALL exc. N 1 2

1 1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1

1 1

6.5 Small mammal bones: data by Jim Williams

Table 1. Small mammal bones from Houghton Down Species code: 6 = water vole; 20 = indet. Rodentia; 20 (large) = possibly rat or water vole SITE CONTEXT SAMPLE SPECIES No. of bones Right mandible R M1 R M2 R M3 Left mandible L M1 L M2 L M3 mandibular incisors maxillary incisors humerus tibia HD97 337 HC 20 1 HD97 F609/4 (1) (1) 6 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 HD97 F609 (1) 20 (large) 1