International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives 48 (2014) 59 66

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International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijadhadh

Finite element analysis of torsional free vibration of adhesively bonded single-lap joints
Xiaocong He n
Innovative Manufacturing Research Centre, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, PR China

art ic l e i nf o
Article history: Accepted 20 July 2013 Available online 25 September 2013 Keywords: Adhesive bonding Dynamic mechanical analysis Finite element analysis Joint design

a b s t r a c t
Adhesively bonding is a high-speed fastening technique which is suitable for joining advanced lightweight sheet materials that are dissimilar, coated and hard to weld. In this paper, the free torsional vibration characteristics of adhesively bonded single-lap joints are investigated in detail using nite element method. The effectiveness of nite element analysis technique used in the study is validated by experimental tests. The focus of the analysis is to reveal the inuence on the torsional natural frequencies and mode shapes of these joints caused by variations in the material properties of adhesives. It is shown that the torsional natural frequencies and the torsional natural frequency ratios of the adhesively bonded single-lap joints increases signicantly as the Young s modulus of the adhesives increase, but only slight changes are encountered for variations of Poisson's ratio. The mode shapes analysis show that the adhesive stiffness has a signicant effect on the torsional mode shapes. When the adhesive is relatively soft, the torsional mode shapes at the lap joint are slightly distorted. But when the adhesive is relatively very stiff, the torsional mode shapes at the lap joint are fairly smooth and there is a relatively higher local stiffening effect. The consequence of this is that higher stresses will be developed in the stiffer adhesive than in the softer adhesive. & 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction Adhesively bonding has widespread applications in various industrial elds. Reliability of adhesively bonded joints not only depends on design, materials and manufacturing methods but also on effective analysis of the characteristics of the joints [1 3]. For ef cient designs of adhesively bonded structures, a knowledge of dynamic characteristics of adhesive joints is essential. Most theoretical analysis of adhesively bonded joints are carried out using analytical equations or nite element (FE) methods. He and Rao [4,5] established an analytical model to study the coupled transverse and longitudinal vibration of a bonded lap-joint system consisting of a pair of parallel and identical beams which are lap-jointed over a certain length by a viscoelastic material. Miles and Reinhall [6] have presented a comprehensive model for the vibration of a sandwich beam by including the effects of both shear and thickness deformation in the adhesive layer. Saito and Tani [7] have investigated the natural frequencies and loss factors of coupled longitudinal and exural vibrations. Ko et al. [8], and Lin et al. [9] have used the FE analysis to predict the free vibration behavior of bonded plates.

Corresponding author. Tel.: 86 871 593 0928; fax: 86 871 519 4243. E-mail address: hhxxcc@yahoo.co.uk

To determine the physical nature of free vibration in adhesively bonded joints, the single-lap joints have been investigated by researchers owing to its simple and convenient test geometry. Most of other joints may be obtained through some combination or repetition of this basic type. The lap-joint problem is threedimensional although it has a simple geometry. In an early research, the present author and co-worker [10] investigated in detail the inuence of the characteristics of structural adhesives on the free transverse vibration of single-lap cantilevered bonded beams. In a recent study [11], the present author carried out the numerical and experimental investigations of the vibration behavior of adhesively bonded single-lap joint. An efcient numerical technique for the predictions of the dynamic response of the joints has been provided and validated via experimental tests. The focus of this paper is on numerical investigation of the in uence of the characteristics of structural adhesives on the free torsional vibration of adhesively bonded single-lap joints. The range of structural adhesive properties considered covers the mechanical properties of various types of structural adhesives including rubbers, elastomers, epoxies and ceramic glues. These investigations are performed by means of the FE method. The FE analyses are carried out using the commerciallyavailable ABAQUS FE analysis program. By means of a parametric analysis, the in uence of the Young's modulus and Poisson's ratios of the structural adhesives on the natural frequencies, natural frequency ratios and mode shapes of the adhesively bonded single-lap joints is deduced.

0143-7496/$ - see front matter & 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2013.09.017

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2. Conguration, and properties of adhesively bonded single-lap joint The adhesively bonded single-lap joint studied in the present work is shown in Fig. 1. The two adherends used were aluminum alloy plates of dimensions 200 mm long 25 mm wide 4 mm thickness. The mechanical properties of the adherends were as follows: Poisson's ratio 0.33, Young's modulus E 70 GPa. The mechanical properties of the adhesives investigated were: Poisson's ratio (ad) 0.30, 0.35, 0.40, 0.45, 0.49999 and Young's modulus (Ead) 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 70 GPa. The range of mechanical properties of the structural adhesives encompass the entire spectrum of viscoelastic behavior ranging from the rubbery region at the lower values of Young's modulus (down to 0.001 GPa) and higher values of Poisson's ratio (up to 0.5), to the rubber-to-glass transition region at the intermediate values of Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio, to the glassy region at the higher values of Young's modulus (up to 10 GPa) and lower values of Poisson's ratio (down to 0.3). This range of adhesive properties covers the mechanical properties of various types of structural adhesives including rubbers, elastomers, epoxies and ceramic glues as illustrated in Fig. 2. In this gure, the Young's modulus and Poisson ratio are plotted against the shore hardness of materials. The three different regions of viscoelastic behavior and some type of adhesives that fall under the categories are shown on the gure. It should be noted that the value of Young's modulus of adhesive Ead 70 GPa is not realistic for any polymeric structural adhesive or epoxy. It represents aluminium alloy adhesive which is in fact aluminium alloy welding. This value was used in the analysis in order to obtain a reference bound for the natural frequencies of the adhesively bonded single-lap joints.

3. FE modelling of adhesively bonded single-lap joint In the case of FE analysis of adhesively bonded joints the thickness of adhesive layer is much smaller than that of the adherends. The FE mesh must accommodate both the small dimension of the adhesive layer and the larger dimension of the remainder of the whole model. It is essential to model the adhesive layer by a FE mesh which is smaller than the adhesive layer thickness. The result is that the FE mesh must be several orders of magnitude more rened in a very small region than is needed in the rest of the joint. Thus the number of degrees of freedom in an adhesively bonded joint is rather high. It is also important that a smooth transition between the adherends and adhesive be provided for later distortion analysis. The original FE mesh is shown in Fig. 3 The FE mesh of the joint was created using the ABAQUS FEA pre-processing program operating in a X-window environment. Most of the adherends and adhesive were modelled using the 20-node quadratic brick solid elements. But at the transition zones from the adherends to the adhesive, some 15-node triangular prism elements were used. The 20-node quadratic brick solid element belongs to a class of second-order serendipity elements. The term serendipity refers to the interpolation, which is based on corner and midside nodes only. The 15-node triangular prism element belongs to a class of second-order wedge elements. The adhesive layer was divided into 64 equal parts along its length (x-direction) and 20 equal parts along its width (y-direction) and 5 equal parts along its thickness (z-direction) in order to obtain an accurate indication of the variation of distortion. The model consists of 16,160 elements. The model was so large because the adhesive layer, which was only 0.05 mm thick, required the use of many elements through its thickness and, hence, along its length and breadth. The nodal points were located by the ABAQUS input le as a function of the length and width of the adhesive layer, that is, in accordance with the geometric parameters of the model. Also the material parameters of the adhesive and adherends were input via the ABAQUS input le. The natural frequencies (eigenvalues) and mode shapes (eigenvectors)

z Adhesive layer 0 x

Upper adherend 0.05 mm

Lower adherend

25 mm
Fig. 1. An adhesively bonded single-lap joint.

z x The section between the lines is shown enlarged below

(very soft)

Relative degree of Shore hardness E

(very hard)

Youngs Modulus, E

Poissons ratio,

This region is enlarged below

shown

RR

TR

GR

Frequency RR = rubbery region (rubbers, elastomers e.g. Evostik and Bostik adhesives) TR = transition region (epoxies e.g. Araldite 2-part epoxy) GR = glassy region (e.g. ceramic glues)
Fig. 2. Typical master curve of viscoelatic behaviour of viscoelastic materials with a conceptual scale of relative degree of hardness superimposed (solid line denotes Young's modulus and dash line denotes Poisson's ratio).

Fig. 3. Original FE mesh of the adhesively bonded single-lap joint.

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of the free vibration of the adhesively bonded single-lap joints were extracted for different combinations of the Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of the adhesive.
Accelerometer LMS System Joint Computer Force transducer Shaker

4. Validation of the FE analysis technique In order to validate the effectiveness of the FE analysis technique used in the study of the free torsional vibration characteristics of the adhesively bonded single-lap joints, experimental tests were carried out for measuring the natural frequencies of the adhesively bonded single-lap joints. The adhesive used in the tests was very common two components acryloid cement which is commercially available. The mechanical properties of the adhesive investigated were: Young's modulus 2 GPa and Poisson's ratio 0.30 which had been proved as an excellent adhesive property [12]. The adhesive was applied on degreased surfaces and the two sheets were pressed together in order to squeeze sufcient adhesive out to avoid undue quilting of the nished joint which probably affects the natural frequencies of the joint. For getting expected adhesive layer thickness, the joint was bonded under constant pressure by using clips and cured at room temperature for at least 24 h. The experimental set-up used for free vibration measurements of the adhesively bonded single-lap joints is shown in Fig. 4. The LMS CADA-X software was used in conjunction with the LMS-DIFA Scadas II 48 channel data acquisition hardware for the following dynamic tests. The software has a high speed 12-bit or 16-bit analogue to digital converter (ADC), 48 channels with programmable dual ltering (PDF), and four channels of signal generation via a quadruple digital to analogue converter (QDAC) [13]. For measuring the natural frequencies of an adhesively bonded single-lap joint, one end of the joint was clamped in a heavy support. An electromagnetic exciter (shaker) was connected to the adhesively bonded single-lap joint, via a force transducer, at a location which was 20% of the length of the joint from the clamped end and very close to a free edge as shown in Figs. 4 and 5. The shaker was excited by a band limited random signal which was produced digitally in a computer by the LMS CADA-X experimental modal analysis software [14]. In the tests, the digital signal was converted into an analogue signal by the data acquisition system, amplied by the power amplier and applied to the shaker. An accelerometer was xed to selected points on the joint and was used to measure the frequency response of the joint at these points. The output of the force transducer and accelerometer were connected to LMS system which amplied and transduced the force and acceleration signals into voltages. These voltage signals were sampled and digitised by the data acquisition system which transferred the measured data to the computer for processing using the LMS CADA-X modal analysis software. The natural frequencies of the adhesively bonded single-lap joint predicted using the FE analysis technique and measured using the test rig were compared in Fig. 6. The gure shows good

Power amplifier

Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of the equipment used in the experimental tests.

Fig. 5. Experimental set up of the adhesively bonded single-lap joints.

7000 6000 Frequency (Hz) 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

FEA Experiment

Mode number
Fig. 6. Comparison of predicted and measured natural frequencies of the joint.

5000 4 Natural Frequency (Hz) Natural Frequency (Hz) 4000

11000 8 9000 7

3000

2000 2 1000 1 0 10-2 10-1 100 Young`s Modulus (GPa) 101 102

7000 6 5 5000 10-2 10-1 100 Young`s Modulus (GPa) 101 102

Fig. 7. Torsional natural frequencies versus Young's modulus of adhesive.

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agreement between the measured and predicted natural frequencies of the joint. It is also clear that the natural frequencies from experiment are lower than those predicted using FE analysis technique. This is because the support which clamps the joint is

not innitely rigid, there is an effect of the nite stiffness of the support on the measured modal characteristics. In addition, the variation in the natural frequencies was attributed to force transducer mass and accelerometer mass contributions to the
1.01
Natural Frequency Ratio

1.005
Natural Frequency Ratio

1 0.995 0.99 0.985 0.98 0.975 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 1 2

1 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.96 10-2 3 4

10-1

100

101

102

Young`s Modulus (GPa) 1.01

Natural Frequency Ratio Natural Frequency Ratio

Young`s Modulus (GPa) 1.02

1 0.99 6 0.98 0.97 0.96 10-2 5

0.98

8 7

10-1 100 101 Young`s Modulus (GPa)

102

0.96 10-2

10-1

100

101

102

Young`s Modulus (GPa)

Fig. 8. Torsional natural frequency ratios versus Young's modulus of adhesive.

1 Natural frequency ratio 0.995 0.99 0.985 0.98 0.975 0.97 0.965 0.3 0.35

Mode 1 Natural frequency ratio

1 0.995 0.99 0.985 0.98 0.975 0.97 0.965 0.3 0.35

Mode 3

0.4 0.45 Poissons ratio Mode 5

0.5

0.4 0.45 Poissons ratio Mode7

0.5

1 Natural frequency ratio 0.995 0.99 0.985 0.98 0.975 0.97 0.965 0.3 0.35

1 Natural frequency ratio 0.995 0.99 0.985 0.98 0.975 0.97 0.965 0.3 0.35

0.4 0.45 Poissons ratio

0.5

0.4 0.45 Poissons ratio

0.5

Fig. 9. Torsional natural frequency ratio of odd modes versus Poisson's ratio of adhesive.

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overall system mass. In FE analysis, however, the joint were clamped with innite rigidity and no any additional masses attached on. Above-mentioned experimental test results have validated the effectiveness of the FE analysis technique used in the study of the free torsional vibration characteristics of the adhesively bonded single-lap joints. In order to study the free torsional vibration characteristics of the adhesively bonded single-lap joints, the torsional natural frequencies were picked out from the natural frequencies of the joints and investigated in the following sections.

5. Effect of Young's modulus of adhesive on torsional natural frequencies In the FE analysis, each of the twelve values of Young's modulus of adhesive was used with each of the ve values of Poisson's ratio. The torsional natural frequencies and mode shapes of the adhesively bonded single-lap joints were derived from each computation corresponding to a pair of adhesive properties (Ead, ad). These results are presented in graphical formats and are discussed in the following. Fig. 7 shows a plot of the torsional natural frequencies versus Young's modulus of adhesive for ad 0.3 (solid line) and ad 0.49999 (dashed line). The number associated with each pair of curves indicates the corresponding mode number. Because the adhesives with Young's modulus smaller than 0.001 GPa are not commonly seen in practice, only the cases with Young's modulus from 0.01 GPa have been plotted in Fig. 7. It can be seen from Fig. 7 that there is an initial obvious increase in torsional natural frequency as the Young's modulus of the adhesive increases from 0.01 to 1 GPa. This is followed by a more gradual increase in torsional natural frequency as the Young's modulus of the adhesive increases further to 70 GPa.

Furthermore, Fig. 7 shows more interesting results. For the odd modes of torsional vibration, that is modes 1, 3, 5, and 7, the torsional natural frequencies corresponding to Poisson's ratio ad 0.3 are closer to the torsional natural frequencies corresponding to Poisson's ratio ad 0.49999. The even modes of torsional vibration for ad 0.3 and 0.49999 shows a relatively higher level of discrepancy. Fig. 8 shows the rst eight torsional natural frequency ratios versus Young's modulus of adhesive for ad 0.3 (solid line) and ad 0.49999 (dashed line). The natural frequency ratio is the ratio of the natural frequency of a mode calculated at a particular Poisson's ratio to the natural frequency of the same mode calculated for a similar lap jointed beam but with the adhesive being the same as the adherend i.e. for Young's modulus E 70 GPa and Poisson's ratio 0.33. From Fig. 8 it is seen that the torsional natural frequency ratios increase rapidly as the Young's modulus of the adhesive increases from 0.01 to 1.0 GPa. As the Young's modulus increases to values greater than 1.0 GPa, the gure shows that the torsional natural frequency ratios increase slowly. The gure also shows that the torsional natural frequency ratios for Poisson's ratio ad 0.49999 are generally higher in magnitude than those for Poisson's ratio ad 0.3.

6. Effect of Poisson's ratio of adhesives on torsional natural frequency ratios The variations of the rst eight torsional natural frequency ratios with Poisson's ratio of adhesive are investigated graphically. In order to show the relationship between the torsional natural frequency ratios versus Poisson's ratio of adhesive clearly, the cases of odd mode numbers and even numbers are plotted in Figs. 9 and 10 separately. These gures have been produced for adhesive modulus ranging from 0.1 to 70 GPa. In the case of odd mode numbers, it is seen from Fig. 9 that for the mode numbers 1,

1 Natural frequency ratio 0.995 0.99 0.985 0.98 0.975 0.3

Mode 2 Natural frequency ratio

1 0.995 0.99 0.985 0.98 0.975

Mode 4

0.35

0.4 Poissons ratio Mode 6

0.45

0.5

0.3

0.35

0.4 Poissons ratio Mode 8

0.45

0.5

1 Natural frequency ratio 0.995 0.99 0.985 0.98 0.975 0.3 0.35 0.4 Poissons ratio 0.45 0.5 Natural frequency ratio

1 0.995 0.99 0.985 0.98 0.975

0.3

0.35

0.4 Poissons ratio

0.45

0.5

Fig. 10. Torsional natural frequency ratio of even modes versus Poisson's ratio of adhesive.

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3, 5 and 7, the torsional natural frequency ratios of the torsional modes increase slowly as the Poisson's ratio of adhesive increases. It can also be seen from Fig. 9 that the bigger the odd mode

number, the lower the corresponding torsional natural frequency ratio in magnitude. In the case of the even mode numbers, it is clear from Fig. 10 that the torsional natural frequency ratios of the

Mode 1 (620.9 Hz)

Mode 1 (628, 629, 629 Hz)

Mode 2 (1823 Hz)

Mode 2 (1869, 1873, 1874 Hz)

Mode 3 (3153 Hz)

Mode 3 (3230, 3239, 3240 Hz)

Mode 4 (4348 Hz)

Mode 4 (4498, 4514, 4517 Hz)

Mode 5 (5868 Hz)

Mode 5 (5971, 5993, 5997 Hz)

Mode 6 (7122 Hz)

Mode 6 (7136, 7155, 7158 Hz)

Mode 7 (8690 Hz)

Mode 7 (8933, 8969, 8975 Hz)

Mode 8 (9989 Hz)

Mode 8 (10199, 10240, 10247 Hz)

Mode 9 (11704 Hz)

Mode 9 (12121, 12178, 12188 Hz)

Mode 10 (13076 Hz) RR -Joint

Mode 10 (13366, 13424, 13434 Hz) TR-, GR-, H-Joints

Fig. 11. First 10 torsional mode shapes of RR-, TR-, GR-, H-joints.

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torsional modes increase gradually as the Poisson's ratio of adhesive increases. But the increase is distinct only at relatively low values of Young's modulus. The results from Figs. 9 and 10 might indicate that the change of the torsional natural frequencies of the adhesively bonded single-lap joint does not appear to be very signicant with an increase in the Poisson's ratio.

7. Discussion of the torsional mode shapes In order to investigate the inuence of adhesive characteristics on the torsional free vibration of adhesively bonded single-lap joints, a great number of torsional mode shapes corresponding to different combinations of Young's modulus and Poisson's ratios were obtained from the parametric studies. However, only the mode shapes of the four typical combinations of Young's modulus and Poisson's ratios will be discussed in this section. In order to make it easy to describe the different combinations of Young's modulus and Poisson's ratios employed, the following nomenclature is used: RR-joint: ad 0.49999, Ead 0.001 GPa, bonded joint with adhesive properties in the rubbery region TR-joint: ad 0.40, Ead 1 GPa, bonded joint with adhesive properties in the rubber-to-glass transition region GR-joint: ad 0.30, Ead 10 GPa, bonded joint with adhesive properties in the glassy region H-joint: ad 0.33, Ead 70 GPa, homogeneous beam without joint From the results of the parametric studies, it was observed that the torsional mode shapes of the GR-joint and H-joint are almost the same as those of the TR-joint. Thus only the torsional mode shapes of the RR-joint and TR-joint are discussed here. However, the differences in the torsional natural frequencies of the four joint types are indicated alongside of the torsional mode shapes. The rst 10 torsional mode shapes of the RR-Joint and those of the TR-Joint are shown in Fig. 11. In addition, the corresponding torsional natural frequencies predicted for the RR-, TR-, GR- and H-joints are indicated below the mode shapes. An inspection of these mode shapes shows that most of the mode shapes are similar in both sets of gures. From the results of the parametric studies, it was observed that the mode shapes of the rst mode of the four typical joints are almost the same as their torsional natural frequencies are very close. By a careful and close-up examination, it can be seen from Fig. 11 that from the second mode to the higher modes, there are different deformations in the adhesive layer of different joints. For example, the mode shapes of mode 2 show that the deformation of the adhesive layer of RR-joint is obviously bigger than that of the other three joint types. That is, there is a signicant deformation in the through-the-thickness direction of the adhesive layer of the RR-joint. This effect occurs at other torsional modes of vibration. Consequently, the torsional natural frequencies and mode shapes of the RR-joint are signicantly different from those of the other joint types. Considering the relative effect of the adhesive stiffness on the mode shapes by comparing the mode shapes in Fig. 11, it is seen that when the adhesive is relatively softer, the mode shape at the lap joint is somewhat distorted. But when the adhesive stiffness is relatively very high, the mode shape at the lap joint is fairly smooth and there is a relatively higher local stiffening effect. This difference can be seen especially by comparing the mode shapes of modes 3 and 4 for the RR-joint with those of the TR-joint. The distortions of the mode shapes of the RR-joint become serious at higher modes, in particular modes 9 and 10. It is seen that the

lap-joint of the RR-joint becomes more distorted at these modes. The reason for the distortions is that the softer adhesive is not able to fully sustain the higher deformations of the adherends at these high modes of vibration. In other words, an adhesively bonded single-lap joint with softer adhesive is not behaving as a single rigid body at higher frequencies. Conversely, the stiffer adhesive enables a degree of continuity in the strain distribution across the adherends. The consequence of this is that higher stresses will be developed in the stiffer adhesive than in the softer adhesive.

8. Conclusions The torsional free vibration characteristics of the adhesively bonded single-lap joint have been investigated theoretically using FE method. The effectiveness of FE analysis technique used in the study has been validated by experimental tests. The modal frequencies and mode shapes of torsional free vibration of the joints have been analyzed using adhesives of various Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio properties. From the results, the following conclusions were obtained: (1) The torsional natural frequencies and the torsional natural frequency ratios of the adhesively bonded single-lap joints increase with an increase in the Young's modulus of adhesive. (2) In general, the torsional natural frequency ratios of the adhesively bonded single-lap joints increase slightly as the Poisson's ratio of adhesive increase. But only at relatively low values of Young's modulus the increase is distinct. These results might indicate that the change of the torsional natural frequencies of the adhesively bonded single-lap joints do not appear to be very signicant with an increase in the Poisson's ratio of adhesive. (3) The adhesive stiffness has a signicant effect on the torsional mode shapes. When the adhesive is relatively soft, the torsional mode shapes at the lap joint are slightly distorted. But when the adhesive is relatively very stiff, the torsional mode shapes at the lap joint are fairly smooth and there is a relatively higher local stiffening effect. The consequence of this is that higher stresses will be developed in the stiffer adhesive than in the softer adhesive. There are many typical classications of bonded joints which are commonly found in current engineering practice, but all have a number of common dynamic features. Thus a generic dynamic quality assurance model should be designed to cover most situations considering the major stages from design to nal assembly and inspection. The model can be used as guidance to the user in dening the specic dynamic quality requirements for a bonded assembly and the specic dynamic quality management actions needed to ensure dynamic quality requirements are met.

Acknowledgment This study is partially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50965009). References
[1] He X. A review of nite element analysis of adhesively bonded joints. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 2011;31:248. [2] Adams RD, Cooper DGA, Pearson S. Vibration damping. In: da Silva LFM, Ochsner A, Adams RD, editors. Handbook of adhesion technology. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag; 2011. p. 121. [3] He X, Ichikawa M. Effect of Thickness Control of Adhesive Layer on Strength of Adhesive Joints. In: Proceedings of the 70th JSME spring annual meeting (in Japanese). Tokyo; 1993. p. 166168.

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X. He / International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives 48 (2014) 59 66 [10] He X, Oyadiji SO. Inuence of adhesive characteristics on the transverse free vibration of single lap jointed cantilevered beams. Journal of Materials Processing Technology 2001;119:366. [11] He X. Study on forced vibration behavior of adhesively bonded single-lap joint. Journal of Vibroengineering 2013;15:211. [12] He X. Inuence of mechanical behavior of adhesives on shear stress distributions in the single-lap adhesive joints. Advanced Materials Research 2011;306307:1126. [13] LMS CADA-X user manual, Fourier monitor Rev.3.4; 1996. [14] LMS International, LMS CADA-X modal analysis manual, Interleuvenlaan 68, 3001 Heverlee (Leuven), Belgium; 1991.

[4] He S, Rao MD. Vibration analysis of adhesively bonded lap joint, Part 1: theory. Journal of Sound and Vibration 1992;152:405. [5] Rao MD, He S. Vibration analysis of adhesively bonded lap joint, Part 2: numerical solution. Journal of Sound and Vibration 1992;152:417. [6] Miles RN, Reinhall PG. An analytical model for the vibration of laminated beam including the effects of both shear and thickness deformation in the adhesive layer. ASME Journal of Vibration, Acoustics, Stress, and Reliability in Design ASME 1986;108:56. [7] Saito H, Tani H. Vibration of bonded beams with a single lap adhesive joint. Journal of Sound and Vibration 1984;92:299. [8] Ko TC, Lin CC, Chu RC. Vibration of bonded laminated lap-joint plates using adhesive interface elements. Journal of Sound and Vibration 1995;184:567. [9] Lin CC, Ko CT. Free vibration of bonded plates. Computers and Structures 1997;64:441.