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Development and identification for parental lines Multiplication of parental lines Crossing between parental lines and production of F1 3. Apomixes is advantageous bcos: Enhancement Farmers generate their own seeds from top cultivars Viral diseases minimized by cloning with seed cultures Reduction in cost and time of breeding Avoidance of difficulties related with sexual reproduction, such as pollinators and cross-compatibility preserves hybrid vigor through continuous seed generations MAO NI ANG EXPLAINATION NANO In agronomy, potentials would be the rapid generation and increase of superior forms through seed from original, currently underused germplasms; the reduction in cost and time of breeding; the avoidance of difficulties related with sexual reproduction, such as pollinators and cross-compatibility; and the avoidance of viral transfer in plants that are using vegetative propagation, such as potatoes. For farmers in the developed world, the greatest benefit is expected to be the economic production of new, advanced, high-yielding varieties for use in mechanized agricultural systems. On the contrary, for farmers in the developing world, the greatest benefits are expected to relate to the breeding of robust, high-yielding varieties for specific environments, improvements in the security of the food supply, and greater independence over variety ownership. Ultimately, apomixis is an attractive trait for the enhancement of crop species because it intercedes with the development of large genetically uniform populations and preserves hybrid vigor through continuous seed generations. Questions Easy What is Embryo Rescue? Moderate What are the most frequently used sources of inorganic N in embryo culture? Difficult What do you called a complex mixture of amino acids and is commonly used in embryo culture media to stimulate growth? Answers Easy It is one of the earliest and successful forms of invitro culture techniques that is used to assist in the development of plant embryos that might not survive to become viable plants. Moderate Ammonium nitrate and potassium nitrate Difficult Casein hydrolysate Causes of Graft Incompatibility. 2. Difference between Andromonoecious and Gynomonoecious. 3. Uses of Molecular Markers. Answers: 1. a. Adverse physiological responses between the grafting partners. b. Virus or phytoplasma transmission. c. Anatomical abnormalities of vascular tissue in the callus bridge. 2. Andromonoecious, having more male flowers than female flowers. Gynomonoecious, having more female flowers than male flowers. 3. a. Introgress specific traits and remove undesired trait or linkage drag.

b. Check the efficiency of the presence of the desired trait in the selection during repeated brackrossing. b. Screen diversity in available germplasm and to find loci involved in desired characteristics called Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL). It is otherwise known as genome doubling. 2. Comparison between Androgenesis and Ovary culture 3. Compare Polyploidization and Haploidization. 1. Polyploidization 2. Androgenesis is the production of haploid plants derived from male gamete (Anther), most common in vitro while Ovary culture usually involves parthogenic development in egg cell (From embryosacs in ovule) 3. Polyploidization is basically the multiplication of the whole chromosome or simply genome doubling. In polyploidy breeding, it is categorized into autopolyploid and allopolyploid. Autopolyploid is doubling of chromosome in 1 species while allopolyploid is doubling after hybridization of two species while Haploidization, on the other hand, is simply the production of haploid from a diploid by progressive chromosome loss. It involves Androgenesis, parthogenesis/ovary culture, and chromosome loss. Easy Q: Crosses of two different plants where parents are more distantly related which leads to a non viable offspring. A: Wide crosses Moderate Q: Give three plant breeding techniques to overcome incompatibility of the pollen tubes and stylar tissues. A: Pollination using sub- or supra-optimal stigma age, or suboptimal conditions, Pollination using application of chemicals, Pollination using treatment of pollen and/or pollen mixtures, Pollination following treatment of the style, Pollination following manipulation of the style and In vitro pollination. Hard Q: In the technique Pollination using application of chemicals, what happens when the plant growth regulator (hormone) is applied? A: The pollen tube growth accelerates or the viability of the pistil is being extended which promotes fruit and seed maturation. Questions: What plants does translocation mostly gives successful results? -Translocation mostly gives a successful result in polyploid crops. Translocation lines are more acceptable in polyploidy systems; wherein other chromosomes in the genome can compensate for a lost arm/part of chromosome eventuate in translocation events. What is the significance of chromosome addition/substitution? -Chromosome addition lines of different plant species are significant since it had been generated to introgress valuable genes from wild or cultivated relatives into host plant species to achieve desired trait. How can addition/substitution lines and translocation help plant breeding? -When a breeder is looking to incorporate alien genes into a line, he can use translocation. With a little luck, time, and effort their results can show great benefit to commercial crops. This method utilizes adding of DNA segments to an existing genome without conventional breeding methods. This method is used to add a desired gene(s) to a crop which lacks the gene of interest. Chromosome translocation is caused by the interchange of parts between non-homologous chromosomes. Define Explant, Somaclone, Tissue Culture Explant is part of an organism used in "in vitro" culture.

Somaclone refers to plants derived from any form of cell culture. Tissue culture simply means micropropagation What contains culture medium? nutrients, sugars, vitamins and hormones, which causes the plant part to grow at very rapid rates to produce new plantlets. Importance of Tissue Culture in Agriculture Plant improvement Disease elimination Mass propagation Questions: 1. It is the source of variability of all living forms, it is the ultimate source of variation, evolution is not possible without it. 2. Three types of Mutagenesis? 3. Give at least two advantages of Mutation for plant breeding. Answers: 1. Mutation 2. A. Induced Mutagenesis B. Insertion mutagenesis C. Site directed Mutagenesis 3. The time require to breed the improve variety can be relatively shorter. Generally supplement or partly replace hybridization as the source of variability in specific cases. 1 What is Self-incompatibility? 2 Give one technique to overcome incompatibility barrier and cite example/s: 3 Define and differentiate Cut Style Method and Grafted Style Method. ANSWERS 1. Self-incompatibility is a general name for all those genetic mechanisms in flowering plants /angiosperms, which prevent selfing. It is phenomenon with which a plant with functional pollen fails to set seed when self pollinated. It is incompatibility between the pollen and the stigmas of the same plant. 2. -Pollination following treatment of the style ex. Heat treatment, irradiation of the style, electric potential - Pollination following manipulation of the style ex. Cut-style method, grafted style method - In vitro pollination ex. Stigmatic pollination, ovarian pollination, placental pollination 3. CSM (Cut-style method) - removal of the stigma or shortening of the style -may result in removal of inhibiting factors for incompatible pollen tube growth. -help with pollen from short-styled species which may not equipped for long pollen tube growth. GSM (Grafted Style Method) a style with pollen germinated on a compatible stigma is cut and put on an ovary of the other desired, incompatible parent with some stigmatic exudate applied to connect the cut surfaces. -gave a better seed set, but was successful in only a small percentage of ovaries.

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